Article(id=1153433748470222914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929635397, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929635397, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929635397, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929635397, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=206, endPage=218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433749401358415, articleId=1153433748470222914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Application of reference materials in the study of migration of contaminated food by different volatile photoinitiators, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Currently, widespread concerns have been raised regarding food contamination caused by the migration of photoinitiators in food packaging materials. This article presented a review of the research on different volatile photoinitiators and their applications as standard substances both domestically and internationally. Based on the research focus, several compounds were selected as representatives of highly volatile and less volatile photoinitiators, including benzophenone (BP), 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDB), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (PI-184), methyl-o-benzoylbenzoate (OMBB), 2,2-dimethoxy-2- phenylacetophenone (PI-651), 2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EHA) and 2-isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX). This paper summarized the mechanisms of photoinitiators migration and contamination, discussed analytical detection methods, compared the types of sample matrices used in the contamination and migration studies of different volatile photoinitiators both domestically and internationally, also analyzed the proportion of standard substances used in domestic and international research, their sources, and the demand for new standard substances. It was found that the current national standard substance resource sharing platform provides the most extensive collection of BP and ITX standard substances for photoinitiators research; however, it was recommended that other widely discussed photoinitiators, such as EDB, PI-651, PI-184 and OMBB, be included in new planning. Suggestions for the development of standard substances for photoinitiators in China were provided in this article, offering broader technical support for the study of photoinitiators contamination in the country.

, correspAuthors=Yan-Qiu CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-Yan HOU, Jia-Ning WANG, Mei-Qi GAO, Ai-Jun GONG, Yan-Qiu CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433800840303056, articleId=1153433748470222914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=标准物质在不同挥发性光引发剂迁移污染食品研究中的应用, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前, 食品包装材料中的光引发剂通过迁移污染食品已引起广泛关注。本文综述了国内外不同挥发性光引发剂对食品的污染研究以及标准物质在其中的应用情况。根据研究热度选择二苯甲酮(benzophenone, BP)、4-甲基二苯甲酮(4-methylbenzophenone, 4-MBP)、对-N,N-二甲氨基苯甲酸乙酯[ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, EDB]、1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮(1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, PI-184)和2-苯甲酰苯甲酸甲酯(methyl-o-benzoylbenzoate, OMBB)、2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮(2-methyl-1-2-morpholino-1- propanone, PI-651)、对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯[2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, EHA)]和2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮(2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-ITX)分别作为挥发性较强和较弱两类光引发剂的代表, 总结了光引发剂迁移污染机制、分析检测方法, 对比了国内外不同挥发性光引发剂污染、迁移研究的样品基质类型。并分析了国内外研究中的标准物质应用比例、标准物质来源及对新增标准物质的需求。分析发现, 目前国家标准物质资源共享平台可以提供本领域光引发剂研究最多的BP和ITX标准物质, 但对于其他目前关注较多的光引发剂, 如EDB、PI-651、PI-184和OMBB, 应列入新增计划。本文对我国光引发剂类标准物质的研制工作提供了建议, 为我国光引发剂污染研究提供了更广泛的技术支持。

, correspAuthors=曹艳秋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 曹艳秋(1972—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与环境分析、色谱分析和复杂体系组分的分离提纯及分析。E-mail:
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侯欣妍(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品中光引发剂的检测及迁移。E-mail:

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侯欣妍(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品中光引发剂的检测及迁移。E-mail:

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orderNo=3, keyword=迁移), Keyword(id=1171734171673207795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748470222914, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=污染)], refs=[Reference(id=1171734174131068947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748470222914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=2162, pageEnd=2167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=赵镭, 袁琳嫣, 韩陈, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵镭, 袁琳嫣, 韩陈. 气相色谱-质谱法测定食品包装行业用UV油墨中11种光引发剂的含量[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2020, 11(7): 2162-2167., articleTitle=气相色谱-质谱法测定食品包装行业用UV油墨中11种光引发剂的含量, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171734174210760724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748470222914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=2162, pageEnd=2167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHAO L, YUAN LY, 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Types of standard substances for photoinitiators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 光引发剂名称
挥发性较强光引发剂 对甲氧基苯甲酰甲基
2-羟基苯基苯甲酮
2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基丙酮
EDB
BP
2-甲基二苯甲酮
3-甲基二苯甲酮
4-MBP
4-氯二苯甲酮
PI-184
3,4-二甲基二苯甲酮
挥发性较弱光引发剂 OMBB
安息香乙醚
安息香异丙醚
4-羟基二苯甲酮
4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮
2,2’,4,4’-四羟基二苯甲酮
2,2’-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮
2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮
PI-651
2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮
对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯
EHA
2-ITX
2-羟基-4’-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮
2-氯硫杂蒽酮
PBZ
2-甲基-1-(4-甲硫基)苯基2-吗啉基-1-丙酮
4,4-双(二甲基氨基)二苯酮
2,4-二乙基硫杂蒽酮
1(-联苯基-4-基)-2-甲基-2-吗啉基丙烷-1-酮
2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基磷酸乙酯
1-氯-4-丙氧基硫杂蒽-9-酮
4,4-双(二乙基氨基)二苯酮
2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦
2-苯基苄-2-二甲基胺-1-(4-吗啉苄苯基)丁酮
2-(4-甲基苄基)-2-(二甲基氨基)-1-(4-吗啉苯基)-1-丁酮
苯基双(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基)氧化膦
), ArticleFig(id=1171734173808107536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748470222914, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光引发剂标准物质种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 光引发剂名称
挥发性较强光引发剂 对甲氧基苯甲酰甲基
2-羟基苯基苯甲酮
2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基丙酮
EDB
BP
2-甲基二苯甲酮
3-甲基二苯甲酮
4-MBP
4-氯二苯甲酮
PI-184
3,4-二甲基二苯甲酮
挥发性较弱光引发剂 OMBB
安息香乙醚
安息香异丙醚
4-羟基二苯甲酮
4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮
2,2’,4,4’-四羟基二苯甲酮
2,2’-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酮
2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮
PI-651
2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮
对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯
EHA
2-ITX
2-羟基-4’-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮
2-氯硫杂蒽酮
PBZ
2-甲基-1-(4-甲硫基)苯基2-吗啉基-1-丙酮
4,4-双(二甲基氨基)二苯酮
2,4-二乙基硫杂蒽酮
1(-联苯基-4-基)-2-甲基-2-吗啉基丙烷-1-酮
2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基磷酸乙酯
1-氯-4-丙氧基硫杂蒽-9-酮
4,4-双(二乙基氨基)二苯酮
2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦
2-苯基苄-2-二甲基胺-1-(4-吗啉苄苯基)丁酮
2-(4-甲基苄基)-2-(二甲基氨基)-1-(4-吗啉苯基)-1-丁酮
苯基双(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基)氧化膦
), ArticleFig(id=1171734173879410705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748470222914, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Photoinitiator reference materials in the national sharing platform for reference materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标物名称 编号 规格
纯度标准物质 2-ITX纯度标准物质 GBW(E)100186 200 mg
BP-3纯度标准物质 GBW(E)091167 -
气相色谱/质谱联用仪检定用标准物质(BP) GBW(E)130179 0.5 g分装
溶液标准物质 气相色谱/质谱联用仪校准用标准物质(异辛烷中BP溶液) GBW(E)130247 1.0 mL/瓶
异辛烷中BP溶液标准物质 GBW(E)130345 1 mL/瓶
), ArticleFig(id=1171734173946519570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748470222914, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国家标准物质资源共享平台中光引发剂标准物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标物名称 编号 规格
纯度标准物质 2-ITX纯度标准物质 GBW(E)100186 200 mg
BP-3纯度标准物质 GBW(E)091167 -
气相色谱/质谱联用仪检定用标准物质(BP) GBW(E)130179 0.5 g分装
溶液标准物质 气相色谱/质谱联用仪校准用标准物质(异辛烷中BP溶液) GBW(E)130247 1.0 mL/瓶
异辛烷中BP溶液标准物质 GBW(E)130345 1 mL/瓶
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标准物质在不同挥发性光引发剂迁移污染食品研究中的应用
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侯欣妍 , 王家宁 , 高美琪 , 弓爱君 , 曹艳秋 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(8): 206-218
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(8): 206-218
标准物质在不同挥发性光引发剂迁移污染食品研究中的应用
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侯欣妍 , 王家宁, 高美琪, 弓爱君, 曹艳秋*
作者信息
  • 北京科技大学化学与生物工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 侯欣妍(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品中光引发剂的检测及迁移。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 曹艳秋(1972—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与环境分析、色谱分析和复杂体系组分的分离提纯及分析。E-mail:
Application of reference materials in the study of migration of contaminated food by different volatile photoinitiators
Xin-Yan HOU , Jia-Ning WANG, Mei-Qi GAO, Ai-Jun GONG, Yan-Qiu CAO*
Affiliations
  • Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927007
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目前, 食品包装材料中的光引发剂通过迁移污染食品已引起广泛关注。本文综述了国内外不同挥发性光引发剂对食品的污染研究以及标准物质在其中的应用情况。根据研究热度选择二苯甲酮(benzophenone, BP)、4-甲基二苯甲酮(4-methylbenzophenone, 4-MBP)、对-N,N-二甲氨基苯甲酸乙酯[ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, EDB]、1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮(1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, PI-184)和2-苯甲酰苯甲酸甲酯(methyl-o-benzoylbenzoate, OMBB)、2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮(2-methyl-1-2-morpholino-1- propanone, PI-651)、对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯[2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, EHA)]和2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮(2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-ITX)分别作为挥发性较强和较弱两类光引发剂的代表, 总结了光引发剂迁移污染机制、分析检测方法, 对比了国内外不同挥发性光引发剂污染、迁移研究的样品基质类型。并分析了国内外研究中的标准物质应用比例、标准物质来源及对新增标准物质的需求。分析发现, 目前国家标准物质资源共享平台可以提供本领域光引发剂研究最多的BP和ITX标准物质, 但对于其他目前关注较多的光引发剂, 如EDB、PI-651、PI-184和OMBB, 应列入新增计划。本文对我国光引发剂类标准物质的研制工作提供了建议, 为我国光引发剂污染研究提供了更广泛的技术支持。

挥发性光引发剂  /  标准物质  /  迁移  /  污染

Currently, widespread concerns have been raised regarding food contamination caused by the migration of photoinitiators in food packaging materials. This article presented a review of the research on different volatile photoinitiators and their applications as standard substances both domestically and internationally. Based on the research focus, several compounds were selected as representatives of highly volatile and less volatile photoinitiators, including benzophenone (BP), 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDB), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (PI-184), methyl-o-benzoylbenzoate (OMBB), 2,2-dimethoxy-2- phenylacetophenone (PI-651), 2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EHA) and 2-isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX). This paper summarized the mechanisms of photoinitiators migration and contamination, discussed analytical detection methods, compared the types of sample matrices used in the contamination and migration studies of different volatile photoinitiators both domestically and internationally, also analyzed the proportion of standard substances used in domestic and international research, their sources, and the demand for new standard substances. It was found that the current national standard substance resource sharing platform provides the most extensive collection of BP and ITX standard substances for photoinitiators research; however, it was recommended that other widely discussed photoinitiators, such as EDB, PI-651, PI-184 and OMBB, be included in new planning. Suggestions for the development of standard substances for photoinitiators in China were provided in this article, offering broader technical support for the study of photoinitiators contamination in the country.

volatile photoinitiator  /  reference material  /  migration  /  pollution
侯欣妍, 王家宁, 高美琪, 弓爱君, 曹艳秋. 标准物质在不同挥发性光引发剂迁移污染食品研究中的应用. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 206 -218 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927007
Xin-Yan HOU, Jia-Ning WANG, Mei-Qi GAO, Ai-Jun GONG, Yan-Qiu CAO. Application of reference materials in the study of migration of contaminated food by different volatile photoinitiators[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 206 -218 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927007
光引发剂是紫外固化油墨的重要组成部分, 在紫外固化体系中, 光引发剂吸收适当光能后, 生成自由基或离子等, 引发聚合反应。在食品包装材料外表面的油墨印刷过程中, 光引发剂不能被完全利用或去除时, 光引发剂可能从食品包装材料外表面迁移至与食品接触的内表面, 进而与食品接触, 造成食品污染。
光引发剂的挥发性不同会对其透过食品包装向内迁移造成不同的影响, 挥发性强的光引发剂更容易迁移到食品中。由于物质的挥发性与其自身的沸点和蒸气压有关, 根据英国食品标准局(Food Standards Agency, FSA)项目编号A03027最终报告中的假设, 沸点/蒸汽压力低于350 ℃的物质有可能通过气相转移, 将沸点温度低于350 ℃的光引发剂定为挥发性较强的光引发剂, 沸点温度高于350 ℃的光引发剂定为挥发性较弱的光引发剂[1]
目前光引发剂迁移污染食品的现象在国内外都有报道, 如2022年CHEN等[2]在包装果汁和牛奶中检测到二苯甲酮(benzophenone, BP)、4-甲基二苯甲酮(4-methylbenzophenone, 4-MBP)、2-苯甲酰苯甲酸甲酯(methyl-o-benzoylbenzoate, OMBB)、联苯基苯甲酮(4-benzoylbiphenyl, PBZ)和对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯[EHA)]等5种光引发剂; 2019年VAVROUS等[3]在脂肪类食品中检测到BP、2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮(2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-ITX)、对-N,N-二甲氨基苯甲酸乙酯([ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate, EDB)]和OMBB等。研究表明光引发剂具有致癌性、生殖毒性和皮肤过敏性等[4], 因此光引发剂会对人类健康造成潜在威胁。
标准物质(reference material, RM)是具有一种或多种足够均匀和很好地确定了特性的量值, 用以校准测量装置、评价测量方法或给材料赋值的一种材料或物质。光引发剂类RM是食品中光引发剂污染研究的基础, 可以保证研究结果具有一致性、准确性和可靠性。本文以“标准物质在不同挥发性光引发剂迁移污染食品研究中的应用”为主题, 检索了近20年刊登在中国知网和Web of science数据库的文献(中文文章占比30.4%, 英文文章占比69.6%), 对光引发剂标准物质来源、使用光引发剂标准物质研究者所在单位、光引发剂研究热度以及光引发剂标准物质在食品污染研究中的应用进行分析, 比较国内外食品中光引发剂污染研究中相关标准物质的应用情况, 对我国光引发剂类标准物质的研制工作提供建议, 为我国光引发剂污染研究提供更广泛的技术支持。
由于近20年(2003—2023年)文献研究的光引发剂种类较多(38种), 光引发剂按照挥发性不同的具体分类如表1所示。
为了便于文献分析, 选择文献中研究频次较高(前25%)的8种光引发剂(包括挥发性较强的光引发剂和挥发性较弱的光引发剂各4种)为代表进行深度分析(图1)。其中挥发性较强的典型光引发剂有BP、4-MBP、EDB和1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮(1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, PI-184); 挥发性较弱的典型光引发剂有OMBB、2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮(2-methyl-1-2-morpholino-1-propanone, PI-651)、EHA和2-ITX。
毒理学研究表明BP和4-MBP有致癌的可能[5], 也有生殖毒性和皮肤接触毒性, 2-ITX和EHA会破坏细胞膜的结构, 对人体激素分泌产生影响[6]。欧洲化学品管理局(European Chemicals Agency, ECHA)分类和标签清单中提到EDB具有生殖毒性; EHA不仅具有生殖毒性, 还会引起呼吸道、眼睛和皮肤刺激; 2-甲基-2-(4-吗啉基)-4’-(甲硫基)苯丙酮[PI-907)]具有生殖毒性和皮肤过敏性; PI-184具有细胞毒性[7], 并且会引起皮肤刺激、呼吸道刺激和眼睛刺激; PI-651和OMBB具有皮肤过敏性, 长时间暴露会对人体器官造成损害[8]。且近年来研究发现, 光引发剂不仅会残留在人体血液中, 还会通过母婴传播影响后代[9]
为限制光引发剂的使用, 很多国家颁布相关法规和标准, 将光引发剂列入食品包装高危风险物质。欧盟的ResAP(2002)1决议中禁止在食品接触的纸和纸板材料及制品中使用光引发剂EDB和4,4-双(二甲基氨基)二苯酮[MK)]。2013年, 欧盟印刷油墨协会(European Printing Ink Association, EuPIA)针对印刷用油墨中的光引发剂颁布了《低迁移UV光引发剂许可使用名单》, 并规定了各种低迁移光引发剂的特定迁移量。欧盟《化学品注册、评估、授权和限制法规》(Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, REACH)的高度关注物质(substances of very high concern, SVHC)清单中, 在2020年新增加了对PI-907的使用规定, 由于其具有生殖毒性被限制用于聚合物的生产。欧洲印刷油墨协会针对光引发剂的使用, 推出了《欧洲印刷油墨协会食品接触材料用光引发剂和光引发助剂的适用清单》, 列出了21种可用的光引发剂和光引发助剂的清单。我国GB 9685—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》中也规定食品接触用油墨中BP特定迁移限量为0.6 mg/kg。2016年, 中国环境保护部公告第63号, 发布了标准HJ 2542—2016《环境标志产品技术要求 胶印油墨》, 该标准明确提出能量固化油墨不添加BP、2-ITX和PI-907[10]
本文关注的食品中光引发剂的迁移指光引发剂从食品包装材料向包装内食品的转移。印刷油墨是食品包装材料中常用的物质, 油墨中的光引发剂在油墨固化后可能会残留在食品包装外表面, 通过迁移的方式对食品造成污染。
光引发剂的迁移按照迁移方式的不同可以分为间接迁移和直接迁移。间接迁移即挥发性或半挥发性的光引发剂在生产、储存和食用的过程中通过气相转移到食品中[8]。直接迁移即光引发剂通过渗透和偏移的方式转移到食品中[11]。渗透指低分子量的光引发剂从包装外表面穿过包装材料的空隙转移到包装内表面, 与食品进行接触。偏移可以发生在食品包装之前, 指印刷后的包装材料在以卷轴或者堆叠的形式储存或相互嵌套时, 包装材料的内部食品接触层与外部印刷层接触, 导致其外表面印刷过程中残留的光引发剂转移到包装材料食品接触内表面[12]
光引发剂的迁移受多种因素的影响, 首要影响因素是光引发剂自身的物理化学性质, 包括分子量、物质的挥发性、亲脂性和极性等。一般来说, 物质的分子量越小越容易发生迁移; 物质的挥发性与其沸点和蒸气压有关, 蒸气压越大, 沸点越低, 物质的挥发性越强, 挥发性强的光引发剂更容易发生迁移; 亲脂性高的光引发剂更容易迁移到脂肪含量高的食品中[13]; 极性大的光引发剂往往迁移能力更强。其次, 温度会影响光引发剂的扩散和分配, 在较高温度下, 光引发剂的迁移率较高[8]。再者, 食品的性质和组成是影响迁移的重要因素, 食物的孔隙率对迁移有强烈的影响[14]。最后, 包装材料的性质对光引发剂的迁移污染也有很大影响, 与金属、玻璃等包装材料相比, 通常容易发生迁移的包装材料是纸、纸板和塑料[13]
自2005年意大利在雀巢奶粉中检测出光引发剂2-ITX后, 许多国家相继报道各种光引发剂污染食品的事件。VAVROUS等[3]对捷克市场上的脂肪类食品中的4种光引发剂(BP、2-ITX、EDB、OMBB)进行检测, 发现EDB在黄油中的检出率为100%, 在巧克力中的检出率为15%, 同时也检测到少量的BP、2-ITX和OMBB, 说明光引发剂在脂肪食品中的残留情况较为严重。SANCHES-SILVA等[15]对西班牙市场26个商业包装材料, 包括婴儿配方奶粉包装和酸奶、奶酪等乳制品包装中6种常见光引发剂(BP、2-ITX、EHA、PI-184、PI-651、PI-907)进行了检测, BP含量远超欧盟标准(0.6 mg/kg), 且在乳制品内部检测到光引发剂, 说明光引发剂迁移情况严重。SAGRATINI等[16]对意大利市场40种食品饮料(牛奶、果汁和葡萄酒样品)及其包装中5种常见光引发剂(BP、EDB、EHA、2-ITX、PI-184)进行检测, 结果发现在40种饮料中, 最显著的污染是BP, 在所有样品中发现的质量浓度范围为5~217 µg/L, 有11种饮料中发现了光引发剂EDB, 质量浓度范围为0.13~0.8 µg/L。VAN等[17]对比利时市场97种干燥食品(谷物、面包、意大利面、大米)中17种光引发剂进行了检测, 在89%的样品中, 至少检测到一种光引发剂, 发现频率最高的是BP、PI-651和EDB。
在国内, 食品包装上的光引发剂污染食品的情况也较为严重。CHEN等[2]对台湾地区各类包装果汁和牛奶中16种常用光引发剂进行了同时检测, 在市场上购买的102份不同包装材料的果汁牛奶样品中全部检出BP, 质量浓度范围为4.15~23.64 ng/mL, 同时还检测出联苯基苯甲酮(4-biphenylbenzophenone, PBZ)、4-MBP、OMBB、EHA等5种光引发剂。GAN等[18]同时检测食用植物油中的3种光引发剂(4-MBP、OMBB、PI-651), 在浙江购买的7个食用植物油样品中, 有一个样品检测出PI-651, 含量为4.47 µg/g, 有一个样品中检测出OMBB, 含量为4.04 µg/g。LIU等[19]对牛奶中10种光引发剂同时检测, 在河北市售的12种不同品牌的牛奶样品中检测出3份含有BP的样品, 1份样品中检测出EHA, 2份样品中检测出2-ITX。LIU等[20]检测了25种大米谷物中的10种光引发剂, 其中, BP和4-MBP的检出率分别为100%和88%。陶运来等[21]对15份市售的牛奶样品进行BP和4-MBP两种光引发剂含量的检测。检测结果表明, 在3份牛奶样品中检出BP, 含量在0.05~0.25 mg/kg之间。
由于食品样品基质较为复杂且通常目标分析物(光引发剂)的含量很低, 因此需要对食品样品进行前处理以准确检测食品中光引发剂含量。目前食品中光引发剂的前处理方法主要有液液萃取法(liquid-liquid extraction, LLE)[17,21-25]、固相萃取法(solid-phase extraction, SPE)[19,26-30]和QuEChERS法[2,20,31-32]等。LLE萃取结果准确度高, 稳定性强, 但通常需要其他操作辅助萃取, 比如振荡、超声和涡旋等, 溶剂消耗量大, 存在一定的环境污染风险[33]。SPE与传统的LLE相比较可以提高分析物的回收率, 更有效地将分析物与干扰物质分离, 减少样品预处理过程, 操作简单、省时、省力[34], 但是重复结果不够稳定, 相对标准偏差较高。QuEChERS法命名是根据其快速(Quick)、简单(Easy)、便宜(Cheap)、高效(Effective)、耐用(Rugged)和安全(Safe)的特点而来的[35], 该方法操作简单、安全性高、提取效率高且成本低廉, 常用于提取各种食品中的残留物, 但是不适用于含水量低或者脂肪含量高的食品样品。
目前文献报道较多的关于食品接触材料或食品中光引发剂的检测方法, 主要包括气相色谱-质谱法[16,34,36-38](gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)、高效液相色谱-质谱/串联质谱法[3,39-40](high performance liquid chromatography- mass/tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS)和高效液相色谱法[14,41-43](high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)等。
GC-MS结合了气相色谱的分离能力和质谱的结构解析优势, 有灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强等优点, 在统计文献范围内应用最为广泛, 但是其分析对象限于在300 ℃左右及以下可以汽化、并且能离子化的样品, 如果样品不能汽化需采取其他方法分析。HPLC-MS/MS由于具有对热不稳定性和难挥发大分子有机物的高分离能力, 又结合了质谱检测器的高定性能力和灵敏性, 可实现对复杂有机混合物准确的定性和定量分析[44], 在统计的光引发剂检测方法中占到四分之一, 但是其仪器较为昂贵, 检测成本较高。HPLC法适用于分析检测分子量较大、沸点高、不易挥发、热稳定性差、极性强、有生理活性的物质, 在调查的全部文献中HPLC法应用占比为15%。HPLC可以根据检测物质的性质不同选择不同的检测器, 比如高效液相色谱-串联二极管阵列检测器[45-46](high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, HPLC-DAD)可以检测紫外光至可见光区的吸收光谱, 使用方便, 便于分析复杂样品[41-42]; 如果检测单一光引发剂或检测的多种光引发剂具有相同的最大吸收波长时, 可以使用高效液相色谱-串联紫外检测器[15,47](high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detector, HPLC-UV)进行检测[48], 但是其检测灵敏度低于GC-MS和HPLC-MS/MS。
在统计的文献范围内, 检测中常用的典型挥发性光引发剂标准物质有BP、4-MBP、EDB、PI-184、OMBB、PI-651、EHA和2-ITX。目前, 国家标准物质资源共享平台研制的光引发标准物质有2-ITX、2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, BP-3)和BP(表2), 样品数量为5种。其中, BP标准物质的应用形式最为丰富, 平台可以提供3种类型的BP标准物质—应用于GC-MS检定用纯度标准物质、应用于GC-MS校准用溶液标准物质和BP的异辛烷混合溶液标准物质, 可以满足研究最多的典型光引发剂BP的GC-MS检测需求。平台还提供2-ITX和BP-3纯度标准物质, 但缺少光引发剂的食品基体标准物质。
近20年不同挥发性光引发剂污染研究的文献使用的标准物质主要来自21家公司。其中美国Sigma-Aldrich公司[39,49-52]提供最大比例的光引发剂标准物质, 占40.2%, 其次为日本东京化成工业株式会社[53-55](Tokyo Chemistry Industry), 占13.1%, 德国Fluka公司[56-58], 占9.3%, 德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司[59-61], 占7.5%, 其他公司提供的标准物质占比均在5%以下。国内有一家公司, 上海安普实验科技股份有限公司[44,62-63]能提供光引发剂标准物质, 但提供比例较小(图2)。
综合食品中光引发剂研究的整体情况, 食品中光引发剂污染研究的研究者所在单位大体可以分为3种类型: 高校/科研院所, 政府部门以及检测机构。其中, 高校/科研机构的研究者[4,29,64-66]所占比例最高, 为82.8%, 政府部门[67-68]和检测机构[69-70]的研究者所占比例较小, 分别为9.2%和8.0%(图3)。由此可见, 对于食品中光引发剂的污染研究主要集中于高校/科研院所的实验室中。
在国内外研究中, 高校/科研院所、政府部门和检测机构的标准物质使用比例均达到50%以上(图4), 对光引发剂类标准物质的需求量较大。在国内研究中, 高校/科研院所、政府部门和检测机构[61]的标准物质使用比例均超过60%, 政府部门和检测机构使用标准物质比例较高, 均为80%以上(图4a)。在国外研究中, 检测机构100%使用标准物质进行研究, 政府部门使用比例为66.7%, 高校/科研院所使用比例为52.8%(图4b)。可以看出在国内外的研究中, 我国高校/研究院所和政府部门使用标准物质的比例均高于国外平均水平, 但应用比例还有较大提高空间。
目前国内外关于食品中光引发剂污染研究中对不同挥发性的光引发剂的关注度不同。由于挥发性较弱的光引发剂种类多于挥发性较强的光引发剂, 因此国内外对于挥发性较弱的光引发剂研究报道较多, 接近全部文献的六成, 其中国外研究报道文献贡献更大(图5)。
根据文献统计, 受关注度较高的挥发性较强的典型光引发剂有BP、4-MBP、EDB和PI-184(图6), 其中BP由于其结构简单、毒性较强且容易发生迁移, 受到最多关注。挥发性较弱的典型光引发剂有ITX、EHA、PI-651和OMBB, 其中研究最多的是ITX。就8种典型光引发剂研究整体情况分析, 由于挥发性较强的光引发剂更容易迁移到食品中造成食品污染, 因此4种挥发性强的光引发剂关注度高于挥发性弱的光引发剂。
在统计文献范围内, 国内外对光引发剂标准物质的使用量均有较大的需求。在国内研究中, 光引发剂EDB、PI-184、OMBB、PI-651和ITX的标准物质应用比例均高于70%(图7)。在国外研究中, 除OMBB外, 挥发性较强的典型光引发剂标准物质的使用比例与挥发性较弱的光引发剂相比整体较高, 光引发剂BP、4-MBP和OMBB的标准物质使用比例高于70%(图7)。因此建议国家标准物质资源共享平台在提供BP、ITX的基础上, 优先提供或者研发国内研究中需求较高的EDB和PI-651标准物质, 其次提供光引发剂PI-184、OMBB、4-MBP和EHA标准物质, 以满足研究需要。
食品中光引发剂的污染主要来源于食品包装材料中光引发剂的迁移, 食品中光引发剂污染研究基体包括食品包装材料[71-76]和食品[77-80]/食品模拟物[81-85]两部分。在统计的文献范围内, 以食品/食品模拟物为研究对象的文章占比较高, 为76.7%, 以食品包装材料[86-91]为研究对象的文章占23.3%(图8)。在食品包装材料中光引发剂的研究中, 常用的食品包装材料有纸和塑料, 纸质材料包括牛皮纸、铜版纸以及再生纸等, 塑料材料有聚乙烯、聚丙烯以及复合塑料材料等。
按照WS/T 464—2015《食物成分数据表达规范》中关于食品分类的规定, 将食品检测研究中用到的食品基质分为谷类及制品(谷物、面条、大米等)、乳类及制品(牛奶、奶粉、酸奶等)、饮料(果汁、酒等)、油脂类(黄油、植物油)和休闲食品(巧克力、蛋糕、饼干等)。在近20年的国内外食品中光引发剂污染研究的文献范围内, 乳类及制品食品基质[49]的研究比例最高, 为30.6%, 这是由于光引发剂更容易迁移到脂肪含量高的食品中, 因此乳类及制品中更容易检测到光引发剂; 其次是谷类及制品[92]和饮料类[48]食品基质的研究文献, 占比分别为27.4%和21.0%; 以休闲食品[93]和油脂类[94]为检测基质的文献所占比例较低, 为12.9%和8.1%(图9)。
在调查的文献中, 国外研究中比例最高的食品基质为谷类及制品[24], 其次为乳类及制品[33]和休闲食品[38], 最低的为油脂类[3]; 国内研究中比例最高的食品基质为乳类及制品[95], 其次为饮料类[96]和谷类及制品[20], 最低为油脂类[18](图10)。这表明乳类及制品食品基质在国内研究最为广泛, 而国外研究则更关注谷类及制品中光引发剂的污染情况。
在光引发剂迁移污染食品的研究中, 由于食品基质较为复杂, 在探究光引发剂的迁移时可以用真实食品或食品模拟物进行实验, 但是食品模拟物与真实食品有较大差异, 得到的迁移结果与真实食品样品的迁移结果有偏差, 对实验结果的准确度和可靠性有一定影响。在调查的国外研究中, 使用真实食品[97-98]进行探究所占比例高于使用食品模拟物[99-100](图11), 说明国外研究更倾向于使用真实食品进行迁移研究。国内研究中真实食品[96,101]所占比例远低于食品模拟物[102-103], 建议国内在进行迁移研究时多使用真实食品进行研究以保证迁移结果的真实可靠性。
从检索的文献整体分析, 使用真实食品进行光引发剂迁移污染研究的食品基质主要分布在谷类及制品、乳类及制品和休闲食品。国外研究中选择谷类及制品的文献最多(46.7%), 休闲食品为食品基质的迁移研究文献数量其次(33.3%), 文献比例最低的基质为乳类及制品, 仅占20%; 国内研究中有三分之二的文献选择乳类及制品进行迁移研究, 选择谷类及制品和休闲食品的文献较少, 分别占22.2%和11.1%(图12), 这与国内外检测研究中选择的食品基质情况一致。迁移研究中食品模拟物根据食品基质形态的不同可以分为固态模拟物和液态模拟物。在国内研究中, 使用液态模拟物进行迁移研究的文献比例(65.2%)高于使用固态模拟物的比例(34.8%), 而在国外研究中更多文献选择固态模拟物(57.1%)进行研究。
文献分析表明, 目前食品中光引发剂污染研究主要有检测[9,16,104-106]和迁移[107-111]两个方向, 检测是对食品中光引发剂的含量进行检测, 迁移研究的是食品包装材料中的光引发剂向食品/食品模拟物中迁移污染的情况。在调查的全部文献中, 检测研究文献比例高于迁移研究(图13), 这主要是由于国内研究中检测研究文献比例高于迁移研究, 国外研究中检测研究文献与迁移研究文献所占比例相同。由此可见, 目前食品中光引发剂的检测研究更为广泛, 对于不同食品基质类标准物质的需求较大。食品中污染物的研究进程一般包括发现-探因-去除/控制, 所以从光引发剂研究发展的趋势看, 国内研究略晚于国外研究。
同时本文统计了近20年国内外关于食品中光引发剂类物质的污染研究情况。整体来看, 国内外对于食品中光引发剂类物质的关注度呈现上升趋势(图14), 说明国内外研究者对食品中光引发剂类物质的关注度不断提升。在2003—2012年期间, 国内对于食品中光引发剂类物质研究的文献比例少于国外, 说明国内的相关研究起步较晚。在2013—2023年期间, 国内的研究文献比例多于国外的研究文献比例, 说明国内对于食品中光引发剂类物质的研究正在不断加强, 且近年来国内对于食品中光引发剂类物质的关注度高于国外。
食品包装材料中光引发剂迁移污染包装内食品的研究日益引人关注。不同光引发剂在迁移污染中表现不同, 这些研究都离不开相关标准物质对检测结果准确性的保障。
文献分析表明, 食品中光引发剂检测方法包括GC-MS、HPLC-MS、HPLC-MS/MS等, 检测到的光引发剂有38种, 包括挥发性较强光引发剂11种, 挥发性较弱光引发剂27种, 根据文献报道频次, 选取报道热度较高的BP、4-MBP、EDB、PI-184和OMBB、PI-651、EHA、ITX分别代表挥发性较强和较弱两类光引发剂, 对比国内外光引发剂研究情况发现:
(1)关于食品中光引发剂的迁移及污染研究, 国内外都尚处于初步探索阶段, 我国在研究中使用标准物质的比例高于国外平均水平, 但仍有提高空间;
(2)本领域研究中, 国内外对相关标准物质需求不同, 国内需求较多的标准物质包括EDB、PI-651、ITX、PI-184和OMBB; 国外需求较多的包括OMBB、BP、4-MBP和PI-184; 而且国内对标准物质的需求更紧迫;
(3)国内外关注食品中光引发剂的迁移及污染研究侧重不同。与国外在迁移和检测研究关注度持平相比, 国内更关注检测研究, 表明我国在这个领域的研究深度上略晚于国外;
(4)在光引发剂迁移研究中, 对于食品模拟物和真实食品的选择, 国内以前者为主, 国外主要选择后者;
(5)在食品中光引发剂检测研究中, 国外检测的样品基体侧重谷类及制品、乳类及制品, 而国内检测的样品基体突出关注乳类及制品, 对饮料及谷类基体样品也有所侧重。
整体来看, 食品中光引发剂的迁移及污染研究关注的光引发剂种类较多, 除了文中讨论的具有代表性的8种光引发剂, 像PBZ、PI-907、DEAB和 4-HBP关注度也在逐年上升。随着国内本领域研究深度的拓展, 对相关光引发剂标准物质的种类和类型都会产生更多的需求。因此, 为完善标准物质资源库, 提高标准物质供给能力, 建议国家标准物质研制工作考虑以下几个方面:
(1)在调研的38种光引发剂中, 8种典型挥发性光引发剂的关注度较高。建议优先提供或者研制国内研究中使用比例较高的光引发剂EDB和PI-651标准物质, 其次提供光引发剂ITX、PI-184、OMBB、BP、4-MBP和EHA标准物质, 以满足研究需要。
(2)目前国家标准物质资源共享平台已经研制了各种光引发剂纯度标准物质和溶液标准物质, 建议增设关注度较高的基体标准物质, 如谷类及制品标准物质和乳类及制品标准物质。
(3)由于目前食品中挥发性光引发剂污染研究集中于高校/科研院所, 因此建议加强沟通, 针对潜在社会需求研制光引发剂标准物质, 同时进一步提高高校和科研单位研究使用的光引发剂标准物质比例。可与国内相关科技公司合作制备相关标准物质, 加速丰富国内标准物质供应。
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927007
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
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    北京科技大学化学与生物工程学院, 北京 100083

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* 曹艳秋(1972—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与环境分析、色谱分析和复杂体系组分的分离提纯及分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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