Article(id=1153433748059181117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929635300, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929635300, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929635300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929635300, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433748734464073, articleId=1153433748059181117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Quality analysis and storage stability of Arachis hypogaea L. natto during preparation, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of Bacillus natto fermentation on the quality characteristics and storage stability of Arachis hypogaea L. natto produced from red Arachis hypogaea L.. Methods A novel Arachis hypogaea L. product, Arachis hypogaea L. natto, was prepared through fermentation using Bacillus natto, and its quality characteristics and storage stability were systematically evaluated. In this study, the protein content, fat content and flavor compounds of Arachis hypogaea L. natto were determined. Sensory scores and L* were monitored during the storage period. Additionally, the levels of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), amino acid nitrogen and a* were assessed. Results The results indicated that compared with unfermented Arachis hypogaea L., the protein content of Arachis hypogaea L. natto decreased to 25.84%, and the fat content reduced to 17.72%. Fermentation promoted the production of alcohol and aromatic compounds, resulting in distinct flavor profiles characterized by sourness, saltiness, umami and bitterness. During fermentation, lipolysis produced linoleic acid, leading to a reduction in fat content. Moreover, some free water became less mobile, transitioning into weakly bound water. Over time, the sensory score and L* and b* of Arachis hypogaea L. natto declined, whereas the levels of TVB-N, amino acid nitrogen increased. Conclusion Bacillus natto fermentation significantly alters the nutritional composition and flavor characteristics of Arachis hypogaea L. natto. sensory quality deteriorates during storage. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for utilizing Bacillus natto in Arachis hypogaea L. fermentation and offer new insights into developing innovative Arachis hypogaea L. products.

, correspAuthors=Li-Na YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Chang NIE, Shu-Fang CAO, Meng-Xi XIE, Miao YU, Tai-Yuan SHI, Li-Na YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433783232614408, articleId=1153433748059181117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=花生纳豆制备过程中品质分析及贮藏稳定性研究, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵对红花生制成的花生纳豆品质特性及贮藏稳定性的影响。方法 通过采用纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵4粒红花生制得一款新型的花生制品——花生纳豆, 并对其品质特性及贮藏稳定性进行系统观察。本研究测定了花生纳豆的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、风味物质等, 并在贮藏期间监测了感官评分和L*, 同时测定了总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N)含量、氨基酸态氮含量和a*等指标。结果 与未接种花生相比, 花生纳豆的蛋白质含量降至25.84%, 脂肪含量降至17.72%。发酵促进了醇类和芳香族物质的产生, 使花生纳豆的风味与其他处理方式的花生呈现显著差异, 主要体现在酸味、咸味、鲜味和苦味上。发酵过程中脂肪水解产生亚油酸, 导致脂肪含量降低; 同时, 部分不易流动水向弱结合水迁移。贮藏期间, 花生纳豆的感官评分、L*b*随时间延长而降低, 而TVB-N含量与氨基酸态氮含量则随之升高。结论 纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵显著改变了花生纳豆的营养成分和风味特性; 在贮藏过程中, 花生纳豆的感官品质有所下降, 这些发现为利用纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵花生提供了理论依据, 并为开发新型花生制品提供了新的思路。

, correspAuthors=杨立娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨立娜(1987—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油食品加工与食品营养。E-mail:
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聂宇嫦(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程。E-mail:

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Poultry Science, 2021, 100(5): 101051., articleTitle=Effects of packaging methods on the quality of heavy metals-free preserved duck eggs during storage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1171733950616617761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, awardId=2021JH1/1040003402, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(2021JH1/1040003402), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171733946996933344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733947005321953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, companyId=1171733946996933344, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733947009516258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, companyId=1171733946996933344, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1171733947080819427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733947085013732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, companyId=1171733947080819427, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Food and Processing Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733947093402341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, companyId=1171733947080819427, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.辽宁省农业科学院食品与加工研究所, 沈阳 110161)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1171733949136028429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Nutrient composition of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways (dry weight), figureFileSmall=T2+Dz7pCc3iXTFUPRef2dw==, figureFileBig=ywvBR0v/0I/F/Tl0YzVrJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949228303118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理方式下花生的营养成分组成(干重计)

注: 同一物质字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05), 图78同。

, figureFileSmall=T2+Dz7pCc3iXTFUPRef2dw==, figureFileBig=ywvBR0v/0I/F/Tl0YzVrJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949299606287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Electronic nose analysis of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways, figureFileSmall=B9Ma5Uvk4rSK/mQ+98crbw==, figureFileBig=rcLbolWGsRF/UI7jxg7JVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949358326544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理方式下花生的电子鼻分析, figureFileSmall=B9Ma5Uvk4rSK/mQ+98crbw==, figureFileBig=rcLbolWGsRF/UI7jxg7JVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949412852497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Electronic tongue analysis of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways, figureFileSmall=w1T2uDDrua4chFzFGQUTsQ==, figureFileBig=Zn1iY2LvQ+BmHfRn4VrGDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949526098706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理方式下花生的电子舌分析, figureFileSmall=w1T2uDDrua4chFzFGQUTsQ==, figureFileBig=Zn1iY2LvQ+BmHfRn4VrGDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949593207571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Laser confocal micrographs of fat and protein of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways, figureFileSmall=cKXLlAy/HdXJkV021rNJ4A==, figureFileBig=L9+Apt990+FOTVbSbhB5OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949689676564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理方式下花生的脂肪和蛋白激光共聚焦显微图

注: 脂肪用尼罗红标记呈红色, 蛋白质用尼罗蓝标记呈蓝色。

, figureFileSmall=cKXLlAy/HdXJkV021rNJ4A==, figureFileBig=L9+Apt990+FOTVbSbhB5OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949765174037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=T2 inversion plots of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways, figureFileSmall=j64z98xoS+LfqFdrxMjvAw==, figureFileBig=1Ggi6fEgTnGIy2GgtiIVaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949857448726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理方式下花生的T2反演图, figureFileSmall=j64z98xoS+LfqFdrxMjvAw==, figureFileBig=1Ggi6fEgTnGIy2GgtiIVaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949924557591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=MRI imaging of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways, figureFileSmall=HOOtuKzPqZ0jE5sGdq974w==, figureFileBig=WgncMek1gUjYnBq23DyQNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733949979083544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理方式下花生的MRI图, figureFileSmall=HOOtuKzPqZ0jE5sGdq974w==, figureFileBig=WgncMek1gUjYnBq23DyQNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733950054581017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of sensory scoring, TVB-N, amino acid nitrogen and colonies number of Arachis hypogaea L. natto during storage period, figureFileSmall=17US/bGhlcD5C/EGkQiTxQ==, figureFileBig=VDWLxRMyh46QQ6z5Ua37Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733950113301274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图7, caption=贮藏期花生纳豆感官评分、TVB-N、氨基酸态氮和菌落总数变化情况, figureFileSmall=17US/bGhlcD5C/EGkQiTxQ==, figureFileBig=VDWLxRMyh46QQ6z5Ua37Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733950172021531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Color difference parameters of Arachis hypogaea L. natto during storage period, figureFileSmall=29gg+30k5/Qplr6nedKjpw==, figureFileBig=QyGCgX9ksc3pKjOMQetgjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733950230741788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=图8, caption=贮藏期花生纳豆色差变化, figureFileSmall=29gg+30k5/Qplr6nedKjpw==, figureFileBig=QyGCgX9ksc3pKjOMQetgjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733950302044957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Criteria for the sensory scoring of Arachis hypogaea L. natto

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价项目 评价标准 评分
色泽 黄色, 有明显光泽 21~25
暗黄色, 有光泽 16~20
暗黄色, 稍有光泽 11~15
褐色, 光泽不明显 6~10
暗褐色, 无光泽 1~5
气味 有纳豆制品特有的焦香味, 无氨味 21~25
焦香味较淡, 稍有氨味 16~20
无花生香气和焦香味, 有氨味 11~15
氨味较重 6~10
氨味浓烈 1~5
口感 软硬适中, 无苦味 21~25
软硬适中, 有略微苦味 16~20
较软或较硬, 较苦 11~15
较软或较硬, 苦 6~10
太软或太硬, 苦 1~5
拉丝和黏液量 拉丝多, 细长, 黏液量丰富 21~25
拉丝较多, 细长, 黏液量较多 16~20
拉丝略少, 短, 黏液量一般 11~15
拉丝极少且短, 黏液量少 6~10
无拉丝, 无黏液 1~5
), ArticleFig(id=1171733950360765214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

花生纳豆的感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价项目 评价标准 评分
色泽 黄色, 有明显光泽 21~25
暗黄色, 有光泽 16~20
暗黄色, 稍有光泽 11~15
褐色, 光泽不明显 6~10
暗褐色, 无光泽 1~5
气味 有纳豆制品特有的焦香味, 无氨味 21~25
焦香味较淡, 稍有氨味 16~20
无花生香气和焦香味, 有氨味 11~15
氨味较重 6~10
氨味浓烈 1~5
口感 软硬适中, 无苦味 21~25
软硬适中, 有略微苦味 16~20
较软或较硬, 较苦 11~15
较软或较硬, 苦 6~10
太软或太硬, 苦 1~5
拉丝和黏液量 拉丝多, 细长, 黏液量丰富 21~25
拉丝较多, 细长, 黏液量较多 16~20
拉丝略少, 短, 黏液量一般 11~15
拉丝极少且短, 黏液量少 6~10
无拉丝, 无黏液 1~5
), ArticleFig(id=1171733950415291167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Types and content of free fatty acids of Arachis hypogaea L. treated in different ways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称 游离脂肪酸含量/(mg/100 g)
生花生 浸泡花生 蒸花生 未接种花生 花生纳豆
癸酸 ND ND ND ND 0.28±0.01a
月桂酸 ND ND ND ND 2.55±0.18a
十五碳酸 ND 0.46±0.01a 0.15±0.01b 0.15±0.01b 0.46±0.01a
棕榈酸 114.61±4.50b 139.37±2.73a 111.93±2.88b 112.96±2.78b 112.75±3.55b
十七碳酸 1.12±0.01b 1.57±0.12a 1.12±0.01b 1.57±0.12a 1.12±0.01b
二十一碳酸 ND ND ND 0.26±0.01a 0.13±0.01b
二十三碳酸 ND 2.10±0.06a 1.75±0.03b 1.05±0.05c ND
二十四碳酸 ND 222.92±7.02c 595.70±11.55b 664.61±12.04a 664.61±12.04a
油酸 721.00±9.03b 876.75±6.49a 706.60±5.77cd 714.60±6.11bc 699.00±8.76d
反式油酸 13.09±0.62b 13.09±0.62b 12.04±0.12c 13.61±0.13b 15.45±0.49a
芥酸 2.17±0.01a 1.79±0.05c 1.53±0.06d 1.79±0.05c 1.92±0.01b
顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸 1.79±0.05a ND 1.43±0.06b 1.07±0.05c 1.43±0.06b
亚油酸 ND ND ND ND 588.59±6.57a
), ArticleFig(id=1171733950486594336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433748059181117, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理方式下花生游离脂肪酸种类及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称 游离脂肪酸含量/(mg/100 g)
生花生 浸泡花生 蒸花生 未接种花生 花生纳豆
癸酸 ND ND ND ND 0.28±0.01a
月桂酸 ND ND ND ND 2.55±0.18a
十五碳酸 ND 0.46±0.01a 0.15±0.01b 0.15±0.01b 0.46±0.01a
棕榈酸 114.61±4.50b 139.37±2.73a 111.93±2.88b 112.96±2.78b 112.75±3.55b
十七碳酸 1.12±0.01b 1.57±0.12a 1.12±0.01b 1.57±0.12a 1.12±0.01b
二十一碳酸 ND ND ND 0.26±0.01a 0.13±0.01b
二十三碳酸 ND 2.10±0.06a 1.75±0.03b 1.05±0.05c ND
二十四碳酸 ND 222.92±7.02c 595.70±11.55b 664.61±12.04a 664.61±12.04a
油酸 721.00±9.03b 876.75±6.49a 706.60±5.77cd 714.60±6.11bc 699.00±8.76d
反式油酸 13.09±0.62b 13.09±0.62b 12.04±0.12c 13.61±0.13b 15.45±0.49a
芥酸 2.17±0.01a 1.79±0.05c 1.53±0.06d 1.79±0.05c 1.92±0.01b
顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸 1.79±0.05a ND 1.43±0.06b 1.07±0.05c 1.43±0.06b
亚油酸 ND ND ND ND 588.59±6.57a
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花生纳豆制备过程中品质分析及贮藏稳定性研究
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聂宇嫦 1 , 曹淑芳 1 , 解梦汐 2 , 于淼 2 , 石太渊 2 , 杨立娜 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(8): 180-188
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(8): 180-188
花生纳豆制备过程中品质分析及贮藏稳定性研究
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聂宇嫦1 , 曹淑芳1, 解梦汐2, 于淼2, 石太渊2, 杨立娜1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013
  • 2.辽宁省农业科学院食品与加工研究所, 沈阳 110161
  • 聂宇嫦(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨立娜(1987—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油食品加工与食品营养。E-mail:
Quality analysis and storage stability of Arachis hypogaea L. natto during preparation
Yu-Chang NIE1 , Shu-Fang CAO1, Meng-Xi XIE2, Miao YU2, Tai-Yuan SHI2, Li-Na YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 2. Food and Processing Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109004
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目的 探究纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵对红花生制成的花生纳豆品质特性及贮藏稳定性的影响。方法 通过采用纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵4粒红花生制得一款新型的花生制品——花生纳豆, 并对其品质特性及贮藏稳定性进行系统观察。本研究测定了花生纳豆的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、风味物质等, 并在贮藏期间监测了感官评分和L*, 同时测定了总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N)含量、氨基酸态氮含量和a*等指标。结果 与未接种花生相比, 花生纳豆的蛋白质含量降至25.84%, 脂肪含量降至17.72%。发酵促进了醇类和芳香族物质的产生, 使花生纳豆的风味与其他处理方式的花生呈现显著差异, 主要体现在酸味、咸味、鲜味和苦味上。发酵过程中脂肪水解产生亚油酸, 导致脂肪含量降低; 同时, 部分不易流动水向弱结合水迁移。贮藏期间, 花生纳豆的感官评分、L*b*随时间延长而降低, 而TVB-N含量与氨基酸态氮含量则随之升高。结论 纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵显著改变了花生纳豆的营养成分和风味特性; 在贮藏过程中, 花生纳豆的感官品质有所下降, 这些发现为利用纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵花生提供了理论依据, 并为开发新型花生制品提供了新的思路。

花生  /  纳豆  /  品质分析  /  贮藏稳定性

Objective To investigate the effects of Bacillus natto fermentation on the quality characteristics and storage stability of Arachis hypogaea L. natto produced from red Arachis hypogaea L.. Methods A novel Arachis hypogaea L. product, Arachis hypogaea L. natto, was prepared through fermentation using Bacillus natto, and its quality characteristics and storage stability were systematically evaluated. In this study, the protein content, fat content and flavor compounds of Arachis hypogaea L. natto were determined. Sensory scores and L* were monitored during the storage period. Additionally, the levels of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), amino acid nitrogen and a* were assessed. Results The results indicated that compared with unfermented Arachis hypogaea L., the protein content of Arachis hypogaea L. natto decreased to 25.84%, and the fat content reduced to 17.72%. Fermentation promoted the production of alcohol and aromatic compounds, resulting in distinct flavor profiles characterized by sourness, saltiness, umami and bitterness. During fermentation, lipolysis produced linoleic acid, leading to a reduction in fat content. Moreover, some free water became less mobile, transitioning into weakly bound water. Over time, the sensory score and L* and b* of Arachis hypogaea L. natto declined, whereas the levels of TVB-N, amino acid nitrogen increased. Conclusion Bacillus natto fermentation significantly alters the nutritional composition and flavor characteristics of Arachis hypogaea L. natto. sensory quality deteriorates during storage. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for utilizing Bacillus natto in Arachis hypogaea L. fermentation and offer new insights into developing innovative Arachis hypogaea L. products.

Arachis hypogaea L.  /  natto  /  quality analysis  /  storage stability
聂宇嫦, 曹淑芳, 解梦汐, 于淼, 石太渊, 杨立娜. 花生纳豆制备过程中品质分析及贮藏稳定性研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 180 -188 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109004
Yu-Chang NIE, Shu-Fang CAO, Meng-Xi XIE, Miao YU, Tai-Yuan SHI, Li-Na YANG. Quality analysis and storage stability of Arachis hypogaea L. natto during preparation[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 180 -188 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109004
花生又名落花生, 豆科落花生属一年生草本植物。花生富含碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维及8种必需氨基酸。含有多种维生素和矿物质, 不含胆固醇, 含50%单不饱和脂肪酸, 有助于降低心血管疾病风险、改善血脂、保护心脏。植物甾醇可降低血液胆固醇。花生能降低结直肠癌、阿尔茨海默症、糖尿病风险, 含锌促进脑细胞发育, 增强记忆, 延缓衰老。高饱腹感使其成为理想的食品工业原料。
发酵是一种利用微生物将有机大分子转化为小分子的过程, 它能够为食品带来一系列理想的变化。通过发酵, 食品中的维生素和必需氨基酸含量得以增加, 同时减少有害及抗营养因子。此外, 发酵还能改善食品的外观和风味, 并延长其保质期, 提高产品的抗氧化能力[1]。微生物具有分解代谢和合成代谢的双重功能, 分解复杂的化合物, 合成维生素和其他生长因子[2]。纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto)作为一种革兰氏阳性好氧菌, 在生长繁殖过程中能够产生多种有助于营养物质消化吸收的酶类, 包括蛋白酶(尤其是碱性蛋白酶)、脂肪酶和淀粉酶等。在发酵过程中, 这种微生物能够水解蛋白质产生生物活性肽, 这些活性肽在抗氧化、抗高血压、抗血栓形成、抗脂肪生成、抗菌和抗炎以及免疫调节等方面发挥重要作用[3], 与人工合成的生物活性肽相比, 通过微生物发酵获得的生物活性肽在经济性和安全性上更具优势。研究表明, 发酵能够降低原料的原有异味, 并产生新的芳香化合物, 从而改善产品的风味[4]。此外, 发酵还能降低食品的致敏性, 相较于其他方法, 发酵是一种更安全、成本更低的处理方式。周阳[5]研究发现, 花生蛋白粉经枯草芽孢杆菌发酵44 h后, 其的Ara h 1和Ara h 2水平显著降低使其致敏性显著降低。因此, 选择纳豆芽孢杆菌进行发酵, 不仅可以提高食品的营养价值和健康益处, 还能改善食品的风味和安全性, 这使得纳豆芽孢杆菌成为发酵过程中一个理想的微生物选择。
目前, 纳豆在中国并未得到广泛食用, 主要是因为纳豆发酵后产生的刺鼻氨味让人望而却步。市场上的纳豆产品多采用传统黄豆作为原料, 口感单一且氨味过重。为解决这一问题, 许多学者正在通过调整原料和优化工艺的方法来改善纳豆的口感。与此同时, 国内对于纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵花生类物质的研究主要集中在发酵花生粕, 而对于发酵花生的研究较少, 花生作为一种备受喜爱且食用方式多样的食材, 如果用花生作为原料, 不仅可以使纳豆产品具有更丰富的营养价值, 还可以改良传统的纳豆发酵工艺, 为消费者提供更为健康美味的产品体验。
因此本研究通过用纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵四粒红花生制得一款新型的花生制品——花生纳豆, 并利用电子鼻、电子舌、激光共聚焦、低场核磁等手段对其品质特性以及贮藏期的稳定性进行观察, 为花生深加工提供了新方向, 对花生资源开发和利用十分有意义。
四粒红花生(锦州大润发超市); 纳豆芽孢杆菌(安琪酵母股份有限公司)。
正己烷(色谱纯)、甲醇(色谱纯)(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)(广州和为医药科技有限公司); 尼罗蓝、尼罗红(北京博奥拓达科技有限公司); 葡萄糖标准溶液(北京雷根生物技术有限公司); 氢氧化钠(NaOH)、氢氧化钾、硫酸、无水硫酸钠、盐酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
K9840自动凯氏定氮仪(山东海能科学仪器有限公司); SER148/6全自动脂肪测定仪(意大利威尔普公司); Airsense PE电子鼻(德国AIRSENSE公司); SA402B controller电子舌(味觉分析系统)(日本INSENT公司); GCMS-TQ8040NX三重四级杆气相谱质谱联用仪、UV-2550 紫外可见分光光度计(日本岛津仪器有限公司); MesoMR23-040H-I低场核磁共振仪(苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司); LEICA STELLA激光共聚焦显微镜(德国徕卡相机股份有限公司); ZD-2自动电位滴定仪(上海雷磁仪器有限公司); CR-400色彩色差计[柯尼卡美能达(中国)投资有限公司]; CM-1850冷冻切片机[徕卡显微系统(上海)贸易有限公司]。
参考李恋龙等[6]、刘野等[7]、王丽娜等[8]的方法并稍做修改。将10 g花生剥去花生红衣(生花生组)后, 室温下在水中浸泡9 h(浸泡花生组), 将花生隔水蒸40 min(蒸花生组), 待温度降到50 ℃以下, 接种0.6%纳豆芽孢杆菌, 41 ℃发酵36 h, 发酵结束后, 于4 ℃下后熟24 h, 即得花生纳豆(花生纳豆组)。蒸花生冷却后置于41 ℃下36 h为未接种花生组。
蛋白质含量测定参照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中凯氏定氮法进行测定。
脂肪含量测定参照GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中索氏抽提法进行测定。
总糖含量测定参考索化夷等[9]的方法。葡萄糖标准曲线的制备: 吸取0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、12、1.4、1.6 mL的1 mg/mL葡萄糖标准溶液, 加入25 mL比色管中, 加水至2 mL, 加1.5 mL DNS溶液, 混匀后于沸水浴中加热5 min, 冷却后加水至25 mL, 于540 nm波长处测定吸光度。以吸光度为纵坐标(Y), 葡萄糖的含量为横坐标(X, %), 绘制标准曲线, 回归方程为Y=0.5132X-0.0152, 相关系数(r2)为0.9991。
称取研磨均匀的样品1.0 g于烧杯中, 加入10 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸和15 mL蒸馏水, 沸水浴15 min, 冷却后加入一滴酚酞指示剂, 用6 mol/L NaOH溶液中和至微红色, 过滤, 将滤液定容于100 mL容量瓶中, 待用。取待测液1 mL于25 mL比色管中, 加水至2 mL, 然后加入1.5 mL DNS, 混匀后沸水浴5 min, 冷却后加水至25 mL, 于540 nm波长处测定吸光度, 样品中总糖的含量按式(1)计算:
X/%=(C×V1)/(m×V2)×0.9×100%
式中: X为样品中总糖的含量, %; C为查标准曲线所得水解后还原糖含量, %; V1为提取液总体积, mL; V2为测定时取用液体积, mL; m为样品质量, g; 0.9为校正系数, 将总还原糖含量转换为葡萄糖含量。
将10 g样品置于50 mL离心管中, 用保鲜膜封住管口, 静置15 min使气味均匀分散于离心管中, 将电子鼻针头插入离心管中进行测定。程序设置: 自清洗传感器90 s, 样品分析时间为120 s。10个传感器名称和对挥发物的响应特性如下: W1C(芳香族化合物)、W5S(氮氧化合物)、W3C(氨和芳香族化合物)、W6S(氢类化合物)、W5C(烯烃和芳香族化合物)、W1S(烃类)、W1W(硫化氢)、W2S(醇和部分芳香族化合物)、W2W(芳香族化合物和有机硫化物)、W3S[烷烃(甲烷等)]。
称取12.5 g样品碾碎, 均匀分散于50 ℃ 100 mL蒸馏水中, 50 ℃水浴1 h。冷却后过0.22 μm的滤膜得澄清透明的样品滤液, 将滤液装入电子舌专用杯中进行检测。电子舌系统包括5个测试传感器: 酸味传感器(CA0)、咸味传感器(CT0)、鲜味传感器(AAE)、苦味传感器(C00)、涩味传感器(AE1)和两个参考传感器。程序设置: (1)传感器清洗3次, 清洗时长分别为90、120、120 s。(2)测试前, 传感器平衡30 s。(3)测样时长30 s。
用切片机将样品切成10 μm的薄片, 置于载玻片上, 滴加0.1%尼罗红染料和0.1%尼罗蓝染料各10 μL, 染色10 min后盖上盖玻片, 指甲油封片, 488 nm处激发尼罗红, 633 nm处激发尼罗蓝。10×目镜镜检。
参考WU等[10]的方法稍作修改。将3.0 g样品放入样品托中。对样品进行低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)实验, 回波个数为10000, 回波时间为0.20 ms。90°和180°脉冲的持续时间分别为12.52 s和22.56 s。用自旋回波成像序列获得质子密度加权图像。
参考谢艳华等[11]的方法稍作修改。粗脂肪提取: 准确称取干燥、粉碎样品0.12 g于试管中, 加入6 mL正己烷, 然后于超声波功率为350 W下, 40 ℃提取30 min。
脂肪酸甲酯化: 在提取出的粗脂肪中加入3 mL 0.5 mol/L氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液, 60 ℃水浴酯化15 min, 冷却至室温后, 加入3 mL 5%硫酸-甲醇溶液, 60 ℃水浴酯化15 min, 4000 r/min离心2 min, 静置, 吸取上清液于干燥洁净试管中, 加入适量无水硫酸钠, 通过0.22 μm的滤膜过滤后注入干燥洁净的2 mL顶空瓶中。
色谱条件: 取1 μL滤液进样分析, 流速为1.0 mL/min, 升温程序: 140 ℃保留2 min, 然后以6 ℃/min升温至200 ℃, 保留2 min, 以2 ℃/min升温至230 ℃保留2 min, 最后以4 ℃/min升温至250 ℃, 保留2 min。分流比20:1。质谱条件: 离子化方式为电子轰击电离(electron ionization, EI); 电离电压为70 eV; 质量扫描范围(m/z)全扫描。
活菌数测定参照GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验菌落总数的测定》进行测定。
随机选取5名男生和5名女生组成10人的专业评价小组, 对花生纳豆样品的色泽、气味、口感、拉丝和黏液量4方面进行感官并给予打分, 感官评分标准见表1
活菌数测定参照GB 4789.2—2022进行测定。
总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N)含量测定参照GB 5009.228—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》进行测定。
氨基酸态氮含量测定参照GB 5009.235—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸态氮的测定》中酸度计法进行测定。
每组花生纳豆选取10个颗粒, 使用色差计测量其L*(亮度)、a*(红度)、b*(黄度)并计算C*(平均色度和颜色), C*=(a*2+b*2)1/2 [12]
每个实验重复3次, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示, 用Origin 2022进行绘图。通过SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素方差分析, P<0.05为结果差异显著。
图1所示, 花生纳豆的蛋白质含量为25.84%、脂肪含量为17.72%、总糖含量为8.02%, 相较于未接种花生, 花生纳豆的蛋白质含量降低了2.19%, 脂肪含量降低了7.13%。这与焦迎春等[13]的研究结果一致。花生纳豆蛋白质和脂肪含量降低的原因可能是由于在发酵过程中纳豆芽孢杆菌产生的蛋白酶和脂肪酶使花生中的蛋白质和脂肪水解[14]为各种小分子物质, 如氨基酸、多肽[15]、脂肪酸。
图2所示, 除未接种花生组其余不同方式处理的花生在W1C、W3C、W6S、W5C、W2W和W3S传感器的响应值差异很小, 主要源于不同处理方式引发的理化与微生物代谢变化: 花生纳豆组通过蛋白水解和脂质分解显著提升W2S/W3S响应值, 产生四甲基吡嗪、苯乙醇等醇类及芳香族物质; 未接种组发生脂质氧化(W3C响应值), 释放己醛、2-戊基呋喃等青草味成分。相较传统蒸煮仅引发物理性挥发性前体释放, 发酵通过微生物代谢重构了风味物质谱系, 尤其是苯环类及吡嗪类物质的特异性积累, 形成了发酵花生特有的复杂香气特征。电子鼻检测到的5种样品气味信号数据经过主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA), 其中第1主成分和第2主成分的累积方差贡献率为99.99%(图2B), 整体累积方差大于85%, 说明通过PC1-PC2的二维判别图可以很好地代表样品的主要信息特征。从图2B中可以看出5种样品处于第一象限, 样品之间未呈现聚集, 说明不同处理方法可使花生风味成呈现差异性。浸泡花生、蒸花生两者之间距离较近, 说明两者挥发性成分相差较小; 与生花生、花生纳豆组距离较远, 说明它们之间挥发性成分相差较大, 可能是因为在发酵过程中产生新的风味物质所导致[16]
图3所示, 生花生、浸泡花生、蒸花生、未发酵花生这4种不同方式处理的花生味觉差异不明显, 而花生纳豆与其他4种处理方式的花生味觉存在明显差异, 差异主要体现在酸味、咸味、鲜味和苦味, 花生纳豆的酸味和苦味低于其他4种处理方式的花生, 花生纳豆的鲜味和咸味明显高于其他4种处理方式的花生, 可能是由于发酵过程中纳豆芽孢杆菌对花生成分的深度代谢重构。微生物蛋白酶将花生蛋白分解为游离谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及鲜味短肽, 并生成肌苷酸等核苷酸类物质, 通过鲜味受体协同作用大幅提升鲜味强度; 同时, 乳酸、琥珀酸等有机酸与矿物质结合形成的盐类及钠离子释放增强了咸味感知[17]。发酵过程消耗原有酸性物质并水解多酚氧化产物、疏水性苦味肽, 转化为甘氨酸等甜味氨基酸, 结合γ-氨基丁酸的生成, 共同抑制酸苦味受体激活[18]
图4所示, 生花生中含有大量脂滴, 呈颗粒状结构清晰, 蛋白则较均匀的分布于细胞内; 浸泡花生脂肪含量较低, 但仍能观察到颗粒状脂肪, 这可能与浸泡使其水分含量升高有关; 蒸花生中的脂肪颗粒感下降, 可能是蒸煮使花生中脂肪水解结构被破坏[19]; 通过对比花生纳豆与未接种花生和蒸花生染色结果, 可以发现花生纳豆脂肪含量明显少于未接种花生和蒸花生, 蛋白分布得更加均匀, 因此发酵可以明显降低花生的脂肪含量, 同时蛋白的聚集体更小且网络结构更松散。脂肪含量的降低应该是在发酵过程中纳豆芽孢杆菌产生脂肪酶, 将脂肪水解所致[15]
样品中水分的自由度与弛豫时间(T2)紧密相关, T2越短表明水与底物紧密结合, 该状态下的水分越稳定, T2越长该状态下的水分自由度越高, 具有良好的流动性[20]。可以跟据水分峰位置的不同, 可以将水分的状态分为结合水(0.1~1.0 ms)、弱结合水(1.0~10.0 ms)、不易流动水(10.0~100.0 ms)、自由水(100.0~1000.0 ms)[21], 因此可以根据T2分析出样品中结合水、弱结合水、不易流动水、自由水的含量与变化情况。如图5所示, 对比蒸花生与花生纳豆的结果可以得出发酵可以使花生中部分不易流动水向弱结合水迁移, 可能与发酵造成水分吸附于极性基团上有关。峰面积代表样品中的水分含量, 如图5, 浸泡花生水分含量最高, 生花生水分含量最低, 花生纳豆水分含量高于未发酵花生, 说明发酵可以使花生的持水性增加[22]
磁共振成像技术可以直接将样品中水分子的空间分布可视化, 可有效分析食品在加工及贮藏过程中的水分迁移情况。信号强度的强弱能直接反映食品组分的质子密度及水分含量[21]。高核磁信号强度区域(红色区域)通常代表样品中的水分含量高, 质子密度高, 低核磁信号强度区域(蓝色区域)通常代表样品中的水分含量低, 质子密度低, 绿色和黄色则介于蓝色和红色之间。图6是不同处理方式下花生的核磁共振成像技术(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)图, 从图6中可以看出花生浸泡后水分含量明显升高, 花生纳豆中的水分分布更均匀。从MRI图中也可以看出, 花生纳豆的水分含量高于未接种纳豆芽孢杆菌的花生, 可能是由于发酵导致纤维素和半纤维素的降解, 从而形成更多的多孔疏松结构和多糖, 使其比表面积增加[23], 增加持水能力。而未接种花生水分含量降低可能是由于较高的防止温度使其水分蒸发所致。
表2, 生花生、浸泡花生、蒸花生、未接种花生和花生纳豆分别被检测到6种、8种、9种、10种、12种游离脂肪酸, 与蒸花生相比花生纳豆未检出二十三碳酸, 但检测出癸酸、月桂酸、二十一碳酸和亚油酸。生花生被检测到2种饱和脂肪酸, 3种单不饱和脂肪酸和1种多不饱和脂肪酸; 蒸花生被检测到5种饱和脂肪酸, 3单不饱和脂肪酸和1种多不饱和脂肪酸; 花生纳豆被检测到7种饱和脂肪酸, 3种单不饱和脂肪酸和2种多不饱和脂肪酸; 亚油酸是一种多不饱和脂肪酸具有降血脂、降血压、防治动脉粥样硬化及心血管疾病的作用[24], 亚油酸在花生纳豆中被检测出, 含量为588.59 mg/100 g, 却未在其他4种方式处理的花生中检测到, 表明发酵使脂肪分解产生亚油酸[25-26]
花生纳豆的色泽、气味、拉丝情况等能够直观地反映贮藏过程中花生纳豆品质的变化, 是消费者判断水产品的主要方法。于是在色泽、气味、口感、拉丝4个方面对花生纳豆进行评价。如图7A所示, 贮藏于25 ℃的花生纳豆, 其感官评分随着贮藏时间的延长呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势, 其原因可能是在贮藏过程中花生纳豆二次发酵, 使感官得分在贮藏期间呈现出先下降后上升的趋势, 由于在贮藏期间花生纳豆蛋白质分解和脂肪氧化及含氮物质的产生导致花生纳豆产生不愉快的气味[27], 质地变软, 口感下降, 拉丝效果变差, 感官评分也随之降低。贮藏于4 ℃的花生纳豆, 感官评分随着贮藏时间的延长而降低, 主要原因可能是随着贮藏时间的延长, 导致花生纳豆拉丝效果变差, 以及不良气味的增强。贮藏于4 ℃的花生纳豆在贮藏2 d之后其感官得分低于贮藏于25 ℃的花生纳豆, 可能是因为低温贮藏条件下, 虽然能够减缓化学反应的速率, 但同时低温贮藏可能不利于某些微生物的活性, 从而影响发酵过程中风味物质的形成, 进而影响花生纳豆的感官得分。
花生纳豆发酵过程中, 微生物代谢物料, 产生纳豆激酶的同时, 并生成特殊的氨臭味。TVB-N指氨及胺类碱性含氮物质, 能一定程度上反映花生纳豆的氨臭味大小[28]。花生纳豆贮藏期间TVB-N值的变化如图7B。由图7B可知, 花生纳豆初始TVB-N为259.11 mg/100 g, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 7 d内不同贮藏温度下花生纳豆的TVB-N值整体呈现随贮藏时间的延长而升高的趋势。25 ℃下贮藏的花生纳豆TVB-N值增长速率快, 第7 d 时, TVB-N值最高, 为341.76 mg/100 g; 4 ℃条件下贮藏的花生纳豆TVB-N值在第7 d增长至295.61 mg/100 g。由此可知, 贮藏温度越高, 花生纳豆产生挥发性盐基氮的速度越快, 导致花生纳豆氨臭味越重, 这与KUBO等[12]结果相一致。
氨基酸态氮主要是指以氨基酸形式存在的氮元素的含量。纳豆中富含多种氨基酸, 包括谷氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸等。纳豆中氨基酸态氮含量最低不得少于0.3 g/100 g。由图7C可知, 在25 ℃贮藏时, 花生纳豆中的氨基酸态氮含量呈现先上升后逐渐趋于稳定的波动趋势, 在4 ℃贮藏的过程中, 氨基酸态氮含量总体呈缓慢上升的趋势。贮藏温度为25 ℃时, 其氨基酸态氮含量在第5 d迅速上升至0.99 g/100 g, 贮藏温度为4 ℃时, 贮藏7 d的花生纳豆氨基酸态氮含量为0.74 g/100 g。这与KUBO等[12]的研究结果一致, 造成这一现象的原因可能是因为在贮藏期间, 微生物分解蛋白质用于生长繁殖, 温度越高越有利于微生物的生长繁殖, 微生物分解蛋白质产生的氨基酸就越多[29]
样品中的初始纳豆芽孢杆菌活菌数量为9.75 Log (CFU/g), 纳豆芽孢杆菌在储存过程中继续存活, 贮藏于25 ℃的花生纳豆, 其活菌数随着贮藏时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势, 贮藏于4 ℃的花生纳豆, 其活菌数随着贮藏时间的延长呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势(图7D)。纳豆芽孢杆菌在储存过程中继续存活, 活菌转变成孢子形态, 后在稳定温度下繁殖, 最后由于营养物质的缺乏导致活菌减少。贮藏于4 ℃的花生纳豆在第5 d时出现肉眼可见的菌斑, 贮藏于25 ℃的花生纳豆在第3 d时出现肉眼可见的菌斑。
色差值能够客观准确地反映样品颜色的变化情况。其中, L*表示花生纳豆的亮度, 高L*的花生纳豆更有利于被消费者接受。由图8A可知, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 不同贮藏温度花生纳豆的L*均呈下降趋势, 新鲜花生纳豆的L*为57.65, 贮藏1 d后花生纳豆亮度显著降低, 可能是由于脂质的氧化以及美拉德反应导致的[30]。25 ℃条件下贮藏的花生纳豆的L*的降低速率较4 ℃快, 说明贮藏温度对花生纳豆的亮度影响较大。a*代表产品红度, b*代表产品黄度, 与第0 d的样品相比, 在25 ℃和4 ℃下贮藏2 d以上样品的a*显示出显著差异(P<0.05)(图8B)。b*也受到温度的影响, 在贮藏温度为4 ℃时, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 花生纳豆的b*呈先上升后降低的趋势, 贮藏温度25 ℃时, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 花生纳豆的b*呈逐渐降低的趋势(图8C)。贮藏温度越高b*下降时间越早, 以上结果表明, 纳豆的颜色变化很大程度上是由于褐变引起的, 褐变通常受到储存温度的影响, 这种颜色变化可能与美拉德反应有关。C*为产品平均色度和颜色, 在贮藏过程中不同贮藏温度的C*b*趋势相似, 随着储存期的延长, C*有降低的趋势, 这种趋势在更高的温度下更为明显(图8D)。
本研究制备的花生纳豆蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为25.84%和17.72%, 较未接种组明显降低, 发酵过程通过脂肪水解促进亚油酸释放; 挥发性物质以吡嗪类(如四甲基吡嗪)为主, 辅以苯乙醇等醇类及芳香族化合物, 赋予其独特烘烤香与醇香; 味觉特征呈现“鲜咸突出、酸苦抑制”的差异性, 主要源于谷氨酸、肌苷酸等鲜味物质与有机酸盐的协同作用; 低场核磁结果表明发酵可以使花生中部分不易流动水向弱结合水迁移。贮藏期间随贮藏时间的延长感官评分、L*b*下降, TVB-N与氨基酸态氮升高, 表明美拉德反应持续驱动品质劣变。本研究通过系统性解析花生纳豆加工与贮藏中的多尺度变化规律, 为风味强化型产品开发及传统工艺革新提供了科学基础与方法论支持。
  • 辽宁省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(2021JH1/1040003402)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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辽宁省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(2021JH1/1040003402)
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    1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013
    2.辽宁省农业科学院食品与加工研究所, 沈阳 110161

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* 杨立娜(1987—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油食品加工与食品营养。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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