Article(id=1153433747190965098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250213005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739376000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929635092, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929635092, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929635092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929635092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433747899802506, articleId=1153433747190965098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Rapid identification and drug resistance analysis of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in food based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the contamination distribution and drug resistance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in 3 types of food in Handan Area, and to build a contamination database of foodborne Enterobacteriaceae. Methods Food and drug substances, food for special diet, nuts and seeds and their processed products were collected in Handan City from 2023 to 2024. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and quantitative count and drug sensitivity test of Enterobacteriaceae were performed. Results Among 196 food samples, 22 samples were positive for Enterobacteriaceae, positive rate 11.2%. The detection rate of Enterobacteriaceae in bulk food was 20.0% higher than 6.3% in pre-packaged food, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8.415, P<0.05). The total contamination of Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 1.00-4.67 lg CFU/g. The 31 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were identified in 22 positive foods, including 17 kinds of bacteria from 9 genera. In the drug susceptibility test of 15 kinds of antibiotics, 32.26% of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were drug-resistant strains, and the resistance rates of ampicillin (25.81%) and ceftazidime (12.90%) were relatively high, while the resistance rates of chloramphenicol,compound sulfamethoxazole tablets, colistin, cefotaxime, ampicillin/sulbactam and tetracycline were relatively low (all resistance rates≤10.00%). The sensitivity to ertapenem, meropenem, ceftazidime/avibactam, tigacycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and amikacin was 100.00%. One strain of Leclercia adecarboxylata was detected in bulk jujube, which was resistant to the most types of antibiotics. Conclusion There is a certain degree of Enterobacteriae bacteria contamination in food in Handan Area, and the contamination rate of bulk food is significantly higher than that of pre-packaged food. A wide variety of Enterobacteriae bacteria are detected, and the drug resistance of different bacteria is significantly different. Targeted monitoring should be further strengthened to prevent and control foodborne diseases.

, correspAuthors=Wei-Hao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu ZHANG, Teng GAO, Liang HUANG, Shi-Jie WANG, Hui LI, Pei-Bei ZHAO, Ying-Ying LIAN, Yan-Fei FANG, Rui-Ling LU, Wei-Hao LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433760025534840, articleId=1153433747190965098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法快速鉴定食品中肠杆菌科细菌及耐药性分析, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解邯郸地区3类食品中肠杆菌科细菌的污染分布与耐药情况, 构建食源性肠杆菌科的污染数据库。方法 采集邯郸市2023—2024年市售食药物质、特殊膳食用食品和坚果与籽类及其加工制品类食品, 通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱进行肠杆菌科分离鉴定, 同时对肠杆菌科开展定量计数和药敏检测。结果 196份食品中, 检出肠杆菌科阳性样品22份, 阳性率11.2%。散装食品中肠杆菌科检出率20.0%高于预包装食品中的检出率6.3%, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.415, P<0.05)。肠杆菌科细菌污染量总范围在1.00~4.67 lg CFU/g之间。22份阳性食品中鉴定出31株肠杆菌科细菌, 其中包括9个属17种细菌。15种抗生素的药敏实验中32.26%的肠杆菌科细菌为耐药株, 其中氨苄西林(25.81%)和头孢他啶(12.90%)耐药率相对较高, 氯霉素、复方新诺明、粘菌素、头孢噻肟、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和四环素耐药率较低(耐药率均≤10.00%), 而对厄他培南、美罗培南、头孢他啶/阿维巴坦、替加环素、环丙沙星、萘啶酸和阿米卡星的敏感率均为100.00%。散装红枣中检出1株非脱羧勒克氏菌耐抗生素种类最多。结论 邯郸地区食品中存在一定程度的肠杆菌科细菌污染, 散装食品明显比预包装食品污染率高, 肠杆菌科细菌检出种类繁多, 不同细菌耐药性差异明显, 需进一步加强针对性监测工作, 以防控食源性疾病。

, correspAuthors=李伟昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李伟昊(1976—), 男, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为生化与分子生物学。E-mail:
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张璐(1989—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

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张璐(1989—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

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张璐(1989—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 2017, 29(5): 610-615., articleTitle=Survey of Enterobacteriaceae and Cronobacter spp.in the dry-mix process of powdered infant formula, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1171733744378486915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, awardId=23422083171, language=CN, fundingSource=邯郸市科技计划项目(23422083171), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171733738380632120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733738389020729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, companyId=1171733738380632120, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Handan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan 056008, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733738397409338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, companyId=1171733738380632120, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=邯郸市疾病预防控制中心, 邯郸 056008)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1171733742923063413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Colony morphology of Enterobacter hormaechei on VRBGA (a) and NA (b) plates, figureFileSmall=QB2mKM8YNgiWpG8BteyWuA==, figureFileBig=a0fXiRdGi422qNmO773jhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733743048892534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=图1, caption=霍氏肠杆菌在VRBGA (a)和NA (b)平板上的菌落形态, figureFileSmall=QB2mKM8YNgiWpG8BteyWuA==, figureFileBig=a0fXiRdGi422qNmO773jhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733743099224183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Proportion of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria detected in food (a) and abundance detected in different types of food (b), figureFileSmall=wEf0GIkMz1PphOSC9yraOQ==, figureFileBig=SoDCQK2hax1KEpQAnNjQ7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733743208276088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肠杆菌科细菌在食品中检出比例(a)与不同种类食品中检出丰度(b), figureFileSmall=wEf0GIkMz1PphOSC9yraOQ==, figureFileBig=SoDCQK2hax1KEpQAnNjQ7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733743300550777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection rates of Enterobacteriaceae in different food categories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别 样品份数 阳性份数 检出率/%
食药物质 113 17 15.0
特殊膳食用食品 42 1 2.4
坚果与籽类及其
加工制品
41 4 9.8
合计 196 22 11.2
), ArticleFig(id=1171733743371853946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类别食品中肠杆菌科检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别 样品份数 阳性份数 检出率/%
食药物质 113 17 15.0
特殊膳食用食品 42 1 2.4
坚果与籽类及其
加工制品
41 4 9.8
合计 196 22 11.2
), ArticleFig(id=1171733743447351419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection rates of Enterobacteriaceae in food from different sampling sites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点类型 样品份数 阳性份数 检出率/%
餐饮服务环节 饭店/酒店 4 0 0
流通环节 便利店/零售店 27 3 11.1
超市 81 14 17.3
农贸市场 41 2 4.9
网店 42 3 7.1
路边摊位 1 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1171733743527043196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同采样地点类型食品中肠杆菌科检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点类型 样品份数 阳性份数 检出率/%
餐饮服务环节 饭店/酒店 4 0 0
流通环节 便利店/零售店 27 3 11.1
超市 81 14 17.3
农贸市场 41 2 4.9
网店 42 3 7.1
路边摊位 1 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1171733743581569149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contamination of Enterobacteriaceae in food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 肠杆菌科计数/(lg CFU/g)
最小值 最大值 平均值±标准偏差
食品类别 食药物质 1.00 4.67 2.86±0.99
特殊膳食用食品 1.00
坚果与籽类及其加工制品 1.60 4.26 2.35±1.27
食品来源 便利店/零售店 1.93 4.26 3.14±1.17
超市 1.00 4.34 2.30±0.95
农贸市场 2.70 4.67 3.69±1.40
网店 2.32 4.58 3.66±1.19
采样时间 第一季度 4.26
第二季度 1.00 4.67 2.75±1.27
第三季度 1.00 4.34 2.61±1.13
第四季度 2.30 2.70 2.50±0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1171733743757729918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

食品中肠杆菌科细菌污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 肠杆菌科计数/(lg CFU/g)
最小值 最大值 平均值±标准偏差
食品类别 食药物质 1.00 4.67 2.86±0.99
特殊膳食用食品 1.00
坚果与籽类及其加工制品 1.60 4.26 2.35±1.27
食品来源 便利店/零售店 1.93 4.26 3.14±1.17
超市 1.00 4.34 2.30±0.95
农贸市场 2.70 4.67 3.69±1.40
网店 2.32 4.58 3.66±1.19
采样时间 第一季度 4.26
第二季度 1.00 4.67 2.75±1.27
第三季度 1.00 4.34 2.61±1.13
第四季度 2.30 2.70 2.50±0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1171733743975833727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of drug susceptibility test of 31 strains of Enterobacteriaceae

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别 抗生素名称 耐药株数 中介株数 耐药率/%
氯霉素类 CHL 2 2 6.45
叶酸途径拮抗剂 SXT 3 0 9.68
脂肽类 COL 1 0 3.23
碳青霉烯类 ETP 0 1 0
MEM 0 0 0
头孢类 CTX 2 0 6.45
CAZ 4 0 12.90
β-内酰胺复合剂 CZA 0 0 0
SAM 2 3 6.45
四环素类 TCY 1 0 3.23
TGC 0 0 0
喹诺酮类 CIP 0 1 0
NAL 0 0 0
氨基糖苷类 AMK 0 0 0
青霉素类 AMP 8 5 25.81
), ArticleFig(id=1171733744072302720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

31株肠杆菌科细菌药物敏感实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别 抗生素名称 耐药株数 中介株数 耐药率/%
氯霉素类 CHL 2 2 6.45
叶酸途径拮抗剂 SXT 3 0 9.68
脂肽类 COL 1 0 3.23
碳青霉烯类 ETP 0 1 0
MEM 0 0 0
头孢类 CTX 2 0 6.45
CAZ 4 0 12.90
β-内酰胺复合剂 CZA 0 0 0
SAM 2 3 6.45
四环素类 TCY 1 0 3.23
TGC 0 0 0
喹诺酮类 CIP 0 1 0
NAL 0 0 0
氨基糖苷类 AMK 0 0 0
青霉素类 AMP 8 5 25.81
), ArticleFig(id=1171733744164577409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Drug resistance spectrum of 31 strains of Enterobacteriaceae

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药情况 细菌种类 耐药谱 菌株数 比例/%
单重耐药 霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)
克罗诺杆菌属(Cronobacter spp.)
AMP 2 6.45
阿氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae) COL 1 3.23
双重耐药 阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae) AMP-SAM 1 3.23
路氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii) CHL-AMP 1 3.23
成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans) SXT-AMP 2 6.45
成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans) CTX-CAZ
多重耐药 霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei) CHL-CAZ-AMP 1 3.23
肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae) SXT-CAZ-AMP 1 3.23
非脱羧勒克氏菌(Leckercia adecarboxylata) SXT-CTX-CAZ-TCY-AMP-SAM 1 3.23
), ArticleFig(id=1171733744231686274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433747190965098, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

31株肠杆菌科细菌的耐药谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药情况 细菌种类 耐药谱 菌株数 比例/%
单重耐药 霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)
克罗诺杆菌属(Cronobacter spp.)
AMP 2 6.45
阿氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae) COL 1 3.23
双重耐药 阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae) AMP-SAM 1 3.23
路氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii) CHL-AMP 1 3.23
成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans) SXT-AMP 2 6.45
成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans) CTX-CAZ
多重耐药 霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei) CHL-CAZ-AMP 1 3.23
肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae) SXT-CAZ-AMP 1 3.23
非脱羧勒克氏菌(Leckercia adecarboxylata) SXT-CTX-CAZ-TCY-AMP-SAM 1 3.23
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基于基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法快速鉴定食品中肠杆菌科细菌及耐药性分析
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张璐 , 高腾 , 黄亮 , 王世洁 , 李卉 , 赵培蓓 , 连莹莹 , 方彦飞 , 路瑞玲 , 李伟昊 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(8): 131-138
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(8): 131-138
基于基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法快速鉴定食品中肠杆菌科细菌及耐药性分析
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张璐 , 高腾, 黄亮, 王世洁, 李卉, 赵培蓓, 连莹莹, 方彦飞, 路瑞玲, 李伟昊*
作者信息
  • 邯郸市疾病预防控制中心, 邯郸 056008
  • 张璐(1989—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李伟昊(1976—), 男, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为生化与分子生物学。E-mail:
Rapid identification and drug resistance analysis of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in food based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry
Lu ZHANG , Teng GAO, Liang HUANG, Shi-Jie WANG, Hui LI, Pei-Bei ZHAO, Ying-Ying LIAN, Yan-Fei FANG, Rui-Ling LU, Wei-Hao LI*
Affiliations
  • Handan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan 056008, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250213005
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目的 了解邯郸地区3类食品中肠杆菌科细菌的污染分布与耐药情况, 构建食源性肠杆菌科的污染数据库。方法 采集邯郸市2023—2024年市售食药物质、特殊膳食用食品和坚果与籽类及其加工制品类食品, 通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱进行肠杆菌科分离鉴定, 同时对肠杆菌科开展定量计数和药敏检测。结果 196份食品中, 检出肠杆菌科阳性样品22份, 阳性率11.2%。散装食品中肠杆菌科检出率20.0%高于预包装食品中的检出率6.3%, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.415, P<0.05)。肠杆菌科细菌污染量总范围在1.00~4.67 lg CFU/g之间。22份阳性食品中鉴定出31株肠杆菌科细菌, 其中包括9个属17种细菌。15种抗生素的药敏实验中32.26%的肠杆菌科细菌为耐药株, 其中氨苄西林(25.81%)和头孢他啶(12.90%)耐药率相对较高, 氯霉素、复方新诺明、粘菌素、头孢噻肟、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和四环素耐药率较低(耐药率均≤10.00%), 而对厄他培南、美罗培南、头孢他啶/阿维巴坦、替加环素、环丙沙星、萘啶酸和阿米卡星的敏感率均为100.00%。散装红枣中检出1株非脱羧勒克氏菌耐抗生素种类最多。结论 邯郸地区食品中存在一定程度的肠杆菌科细菌污染, 散装食品明显比预包装食品污染率高, 肠杆菌科细菌检出种类繁多, 不同细菌耐药性差异明显, 需进一步加强针对性监测工作, 以防控食源性疾病。

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法  /  食源性疾病  /  肠杆菌科  /  耐药性

Objective To understand the contamination distribution and drug resistance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in 3 types of food in Handan Area, and to build a contamination database of foodborne Enterobacteriaceae. Methods Food and drug substances, food for special diet, nuts and seeds and their processed products were collected in Handan City from 2023 to 2024. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and quantitative count and drug sensitivity test of Enterobacteriaceae were performed. Results Among 196 food samples, 22 samples were positive for Enterobacteriaceae, positive rate 11.2%. The detection rate of Enterobacteriaceae in bulk food was 20.0% higher than 6.3% in pre-packaged food, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8.415, P<0.05). The total contamination of Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 1.00-4.67 lg CFU/g. The 31 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were identified in 22 positive foods, including 17 kinds of bacteria from 9 genera. In the drug susceptibility test of 15 kinds of antibiotics, 32.26% of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were drug-resistant strains, and the resistance rates of ampicillin (25.81%) and ceftazidime (12.90%) were relatively high, while the resistance rates of chloramphenicol,compound sulfamethoxazole tablets, colistin, cefotaxime, ampicillin/sulbactam and tetracycline were relatively low (all resistance rates≤10.00%). The sensitivity to ertapenem, meropenem, ceftazidime/avibactam, tigacycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and amikacin was 100.00%. One strain of Leclercia adecarboxylata was detected in bulk jujube, which was resistant to the most types of antibiotics. Conclusion There is a certain degree of Enterobacteriae bacteria contamination in food in Handan Area, and the contamination rate of bulk food is significantly higher than that of pre-packaged food. A wide variety of Enterobacteriae bacteria are detected, and the drug resistance of different bacteria is significantly different. Targeted monitoring should be further strengthened to prevent and control foodborne diseases.

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry  /  foodborne disease  /  Enterobacteriaceae  /  drug resistance
张璐, 高腾, 黄亮, 王世洁, 李卉, 赵培蓓, 连莹莹, 方彦飞, 路瑞玲, 李伟昊. 基于基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法快速鉴定食品中肠杆菌科细菌及耐药性分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 131 -138 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250213005
Lu ZHANG, Teng GAO, Liang HUANG, Shi-Jie WANG, Hui LI, Pei-Bei ZHAO, Ying-Ying LIAN, Yan-Fei FANG, Rui-Ling LU, Wei-Hao LI. Rapid identification and drug resistance analysis of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in food based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 131 -138 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250213005
肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)细菌包括一大类在自然界分布广泛的生物性状相近的革兰氏阴性无芽孢杆菌[1]。肠杆菌科细菌种类繁多, 大多数为定植于人体和动物肠道的正常菌群, 但当宿主免疫力低下, 或宿主与菌群间平衡关系被破坏, 其中部分条件致病菌就可能转变成致病菌进而引起人类或动物疾病。例如, 肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、变形杆菌属(Proteus)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)为常见的条件致病菌[2]。肠杆菌科中少部分为致病菌, 包括高致病性的鼠疫耶尔森菌(Yersinia pestis)和可引起肠道感染的志贺菌属(Shigella)、沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)以及埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)等[3]。近年来, 世界范围内由于摄入被肠杆菌科污染的食品而导致食源性疾病的事件频发, 严重威胁公共卫生安全[4]。据报道, 仅美国每年由食源性病原体引起4000多万例疾病, 死亡人数更是超过几千人[5], 造成约达百亿美元经济损失[6-7]。我国食源性疾病的情况也不容乐观, 平均每6.5人中就有1人因摄入致病菌污染的食品而患病。2020年吉林“酸汤子”中毒事件和2021年河南“学生营养餐”事件, 不仅对公众健康造成威胁, 更加引发公共信任危机, 影响社会稳定。因此, 人们特别关注食品中微生物的安全问题, 与大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群等其他指标菌相比, 以肠杆菌科作为卫生指标菌来评价食品的卫生状况更加敏感和精确, 对公共卫生有更重要的意义[8]。随着抗菌药物使用剂量和时间等方面的不规范使用增多, 细菌耐药性已成为全球日趋严重的问题[9-10]。尤其肠杆菌科细菌中多重耐药菌的占比较大, 使其成为临床治疗的棘手问题, 应特别引起关注[4,11]
基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)鉴定食源性致病菌主要是通过采集软电离后微生物菌体的蛋白质、脂多糖、多肽等成分的加氢离子特异性指纹图谱, 与数据库中的标准图谱分析比对, 得到最接近菌种的分值鉴定, 以此来区分和鉴定样品中微生物的种类。传统微生物检测方法耗时费力, 操作复杂, 仅适用于一类菌种的鉴定, 需要极强的专业技术; 聚合酶链反应方法成本高, 耗时较长, 会有假阳性结果; 而MALDI-TOF MS因其操作流程简单, 分析速度快, 低成本、高通量、高准确度等优点被临床实验室认可和接受, 并且在食源性病原体检测、抗生素耐药性检测以及药学中发挥着重要的作用[12-13]。近些年, 关于邯郸地区食品中微生物污染和耐药情况鲜有报道, 为了解河北省邯郸地区市售食品中肠杆菌科的污染分布及菌群耐药情况, 建立本地区食品中肠杆菌科的污染数据库, 本研究采用MALDI-TOF MS方法分离鉴定了邯郸市2023—2024年市售食品中肠杆菌科细菌, 并对分离菌株开展了耐药性分析。为邯郸市食品安全监督管理和临床针对肠杆菌科细菌抗菌药物的合理使用提供参考依据。
依据2023—2024年《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求, 通过随机抽样的方式共采集196份样品, 包括食药物质113份、特殊膳食用食品42份、坚果与籽类及其加工制品41份。样本主要来自邯郸18个县区餐饮服务和流通的各种环节, 如小、中、大型餐馆, 便利店/零售店、超市、农贸市场、路边摊位、网店等。所有样品的采样时间和地点在4个季度、18个县区均匀覆盖。预包装食品指预先定量包装或制作在包装材料和容器中的食品, 且在一定限量范围内具有统一的质量或体积标识, 标签标示应包括食品名称、配料表、生产者、贮存条件等信息。散装食品是指未预先定量包装, 需通过称重、计量等方式销售的非密封食品, 或虽预先包装但需拆封后按需称重销售的食品。样品采集后在原有储存温度下运输, 4 h内送达实验室检验。采样时应确保有效期内的样品包装完好, 并注意避免污染。
氧化酶试剂、革兰氏染色液(青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司); 缓冲蛋白胨水(buffered peptone water, BPW)、营养琼脂(nutrient agar, NA)、结晶紫中性红胆盐葡萄糖琼脂(violet red bile glucose agar, VRBGA)、葡萄糖琼脂(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); α-氰基-4-羟基肉桂酸(α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, HCCA)、标准细菌测试溶液(bacteria test standard, BTS)(德国Bruker公司); 肠杆菌药敏检测试剂盒(郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司); 大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司)。使用以上试剂时均在有效期内[14]
Microflex LRF质谱仪(德国Bruker公司); AutoMic-i600全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪(郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司)。
参照2023—2024年《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》, 依据GB 4789.41—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 肠杆菌科检验》平板计数法检测肠杆菌科, 对采集的食品样品进行典型菌落的计数和确认。
挑取营养琼脂上典型单菌落均匀涂抹于MALDI靶板的靶位上, 并记录样本位置和编号; 加入1 μL BTS标准品溶液至靶位中, 自然晾干; 标准品或样本靶位上先加1 μL 70%甲酸, 干燥后再加1 μL HCCA基质溶液, 自然晾干[15]。将靶板放入质谱仪, 采用BTS标准品质谱图对仪器进行校准。使用校准后的参数对样本进行检测, 选取鉴定分值高于2.0为肠杆菌科阳性。河北省疾病预防控制中心对所有阳性菌株复核确认。
将分离后新鲜的纯菌配制成0.5麦氏浊度的菌悬液, 取100 μL加入16.0 mL肠杆菌培养液中混匀, 再向接种后的培养液中滴加1滴显色液(主要成分为刃天青), 混匀。然后将培养液和肠杆菌药敏板放入AutoMic-i600全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪, 严格按照仪器使用说明书进行操作, 实验结束后进行结果判读。抗生素的种类主要有碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、头孢类、喹诺酮类等, 包括氯霉素(chloramphenicol, CHL)、复方新诺明(compound sulfamethoxazole tablets, SXT)、粘菌素(colistin, COL)、厄他培南(ertapenem, ETP)、美罗培南(meropenem, MEM)、头孢噻肟(cefotaxime, CTX)、头孢他啶(ceftazidime, CAZ)、头孢他啶/阿维巴坦(ceftazidime/avibactam, CZA)、四环素(tetracycline, TCY)、替加环素(tigecycline, TGC)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin, CIP)、萘啶酸(nalidixic acid, NAL)、阿米卡星(amikacin, AMK)、氨苄西林(ampicillin, AMP)、氨苄西林/舒巴坦(ampicillin/sulbactam, SAM)共15种抗菌药物。以大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922为质控菌株, 药物敏感性的判读依据是美国临床和实验室标准协会(Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI) CLSI-M100 ED34执行标准。
实验数据采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析, 使用χ2检验进行组间差异的比较, α=0.05为检验水准, 以平均数±标准偏差表示计量数据, P<0.05表示存在统计学差异。
(1)菌落形态与总体污染情况
肠杆菌科细菌在VRBGA分离平板上典型的菌落形态是粉红色, 红色或紫色, 有或无沉淀环的菌落, 选取典型菌落划线至NA平板进行确认, 在NA平板上为湿润、光滑、灰白色的中等大小菌落, 如图1(以霍氏肠杆菌为例)。
2023—2024年, 选取196份食品(包括食药物质、特殊膳食用食品和坚果与籽类及其加工制品)开展肠杆菌科细菌监测。3大类食品中, 检出肠杆菌科阳性食品22份, 阳性率11.2%。
(2)不同年度和不同类别食品中肠杆菌科监测结果
2023年食品中肠杆菌科检出率为11.0% (16/146), 2024年食品中肠杆菌科检出率为12.0% (6/50), 不同年度的肠杆菌科检出率无显著性差异(χ2=0.041, P>0.05)。不同类别的食品中食药物质的检出率最高, 为15.0% (17/113)。17份阳性食药物质包括黑芝麻7份、山楂3份、枣2份、小茴香2份、乌梅1份、桂圆1份、枸杞子1份。不同类别的食品中肠杆菌科检出率无显著性差异[16](P=0.070)。不同类别食品的检出率见表1
(3)不同采样地点类型和不同包装类型食品中肠杆菌科监测结果
采样地点类型分布在餐饮服务和流通的各个环节, 超市中肠杆菌科检出率最高, 为17.3% (14/81); 其次是便利店/零售店11.1% (3/27)和网店7.1% (3/42)。不同采样地点类型食品中肠杆菌科的检出率无显著性差异[17](P=0.351)。不同采样地点类型食品中肠杆菌科检出率见表2
散装食品中肠杆菌科检出率为20.0% (14/70), 预包装食品中肠杆菌科检出率为6.3% (8/126)。肠杆菌科在散装食品中明显高于预包装食品中的检出率[18], 存在显著性差异(χ2=8.415, P<0.05)。
2023—2024年采集食品样品共计196份, 肠杆菌科细菌定量总范围在1.00~4.67 lg CFU/g之间, 其污染量见表3。污染情况按照食品类别、来源和采样时间划分, 食品肠杆菌科细菌的污染量在不同类别、不同来源和采样时间之间无显著性差异(P>0.05), 其中类别上食药物质的污染量略高于坚果类的污染量; 来源方面采集于农贸市场样品的污染量略高于网店, 而超市的污染量相对最低; 采样时间上第二季度样品的肠杆菌科细菌污染量相对高于第三、第四季度。
196份食品中, 使用VRBGA平板和NA平板分离培养后, 通过MALDI-TOF MS方法对纯培养单菌落进行鉴定, 分离得到肠杆菌科细菌31株(包括9个属和17个种), 菌属分布为泛菌属12株、肠杆菌属8株、克罗诺杆菌属3株、克雷伯菌属3株、柠檬酸杆菌属1株、克吕沃氏菌属1株、勒克氏菌属1株、埃希氏菌属1株、沙雷氏菌属1株, 污染率分别为6.12%、4.08%、1.53%、1.53%、0.51%、0.51%、0.51%、0.51%和0.51%, 在不同种类食品中的检出丰度见图2(其他食品中枸杞子检出1株成团泛菌、桂圆检出1株分散泛菌和特殊膳食用食品检出1株肺炎克雷伯杆菌)。按照食品不同种类划分, 坚果和黑芝麻中检出的肠杆菌科细菌种类较为丰富。成团泛菌检出菌株数最高(8株), 分布在黑芝麻、山楂、小茴香、枣和枸杞子中; 其次霍氏肠杆菌检出菌株数较高(4株), 分布在坚果、黑芝麻和山楂中。
对分离鉴定出的31株肠杆菌科细菌进行15种抗生素的药物敏感性实验, 结果显示有32.26% (10/31)的肠杆菌科细菌为耐药株, 其中对AMP和CAZ有相对较高的耐药性, 耐药率分别25.81%和12.90%; 而对ETP、MEM、CZA、TGC、CIP、NAL和AMK的敏感率均为100.00%。肠杆菌科细菌耐药情况见表4
耐药谱分析显示, 9.68% (3/31)的菌株为多重耐药(对3种及3种以上抗生素耐药), 其中对3种抗生素耐药的有2株, 分别为霍氏肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌。对6种抗生素耐药的有1株, 为非脱羧勒克氏菌(农贸市场的散装红枣中检出)。31株菌共产生9种耐药谱, 无明显优势耐药谱, 肠杆菌科细菌具体耐药谱见表5
食药物质、特殊膳食用食品和坚果类食品是健康饮食的重要组成部分, 然而这些食品被有害微生物污染后, 可能通过食物链增加人类患病的风险。目前国内大部分食品仍以大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群等作为食品生产的指示菌, 但肠杆菌科不仅包含大肠菌群范围内的乳糖发酵型细菌, 也包含许多如沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌等非乳糖发酵型细菌[3], 所以肠杆菌科因其包含的菌属范围更广、更能反映食品卫生状况的真实性进而正逐步替代了传统的卫生指示菌。特别是欧洲食品行业中广泛使用肠杆菌科作为卫生指示菌, 作为判断食品加工后是否被微生物污染的依据[19-20]
本研究食品中肠杆菌科总的阳性率为11.2%, 低于福建省的17.6%[1], 与土耳其肠杆菌科10.59%相接近[21]。样品中食药物质、超市来源的阳性检出率要高于其他类型和其他来源的食品, 差异不具有统计学意义, 仍需继续监测。散装食品检出率20.0%明显高于预包装食品检出率6.3%, 这可能是由于散装食品储存方式不当, 暴露在外环境中时间长更容易被微生物污染导致的[22]。对食品中肠杆菌科细菌定量计数检测结果显示污染量总范围在1.00~4.67 lg CFU/g, 低于海南地区即食鲜切果蔬肠杆菌科细菌的污染量1.30~6.86 lg CFU/g[4], 这与食品类型及其生产加工方式不同有一定关系。食药物质的肠杆菌科污染量高于坚果类及特殊膳食用食品, 可能是由于其原材料、加工工艺和加工环境等不同引起的。食品来源中农贸市场污染量高于网店、便利店/零售店等可能由于农贸市场环境相对更加杂乱、卫生状况较差、散装食品较多等原因导致。第二、三季度污染量较高表示环境温度对肠杆菌科细菌的繁殖提供了有利条件[23], 因此, 要注意食品的保存温度, 避免因温度不合适造成细菌污染量的增加。本次研究通过样品采集、实验室检测、数据库录入及分析数据以确定3类食品中肠杆菌科污染程度, 不仅丰富了邯郸地区食品微生物污染数据库的内容, 而且为食品安全监管、流行病学追踪、企业食品安全管理体系等提供数据支持。
近年来, 食源性致病微生物导致的食品中毒或致死事件不仅造成重大的经济损失, 也给人们的身体健康带来了极大的危害, 甚至引发社会恐慌[12]。因此, 对食品中细菌类型进行迅速和精确的鉴别, 并确定其来源, 在食品安全方面起到重要的作用。使用MALDI-TOF MS方法在食品中快速且准确的鉴定出微生物种类受到越来越广泛的认可和应用。按照GB 4789.41—2016关于食品肠杆菌科典型菌落的确认要进行革兰氏染色镜检、氧化酶实验和葡萄糖发酵实验, 而MALDI-TOF MS鉴定肠杆菌科细菌每株用时仅约为10 min; 除此以外, 有报道显示MALDI-TOF MS鉴定需氧革兰氏阴性细菌可做到99.8%属水平、98.2%种水平且与生化测试、DNA测序鉴定结果一致[12], 这表明MALDI-TOF MS在大规模食源性致病菌检测方面具有高效性和准确性。本研究中196份食品样品中共分离鉴定出31株肠杆菌料细菌, 包括9个属17个种, 比巴西蔬菜[24]18个属38个种少, 高于海南地区[4]和淮安市[25]分离出的细菌种类, 17种细菌没有明显优势菌种, 不同于海南地区果蔬中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是优势菌种, 说明邯郸地区食品中肠杆菌科存在高散发的流行特征。按菌属划分泛菌属占比最高, 为38.71%, 其次为肠杆菌属占25.81%; 按菌种划分成团泛菌占比25.81%, 其次为霍氏肠杆菌12.90%。本研究检出的泛菌属全部来源于食药物质, 文献报道中药材[26]、冬枣叶片[27]中都有泛菌属细菌检出, 且泛菌属广泛存在于土壤、水体和植物表面, 其占比高可能是由于食品原料受自然环境污染而直接携带该菌; 另外, 泛菌属样品中散装食品比例高, 若储存与运输条件不当, 如高湿热环境或包装密封性差可能促进该菌增殖。
食物中已发现存在引起严重社区感染的耐药细菌, 它们能够通过食物链将耐药基因传递至人体[28]。目前, 对肠杆菌科的耐药研究主要集中在人医临床和兽医临床方面[29], 而我国对食品中肠杆菌科细菌的耐药性的监测除了特殊膳食用食品和即食果蔬食品, 其他类型食品中特别是药食物质、坚果类食品肠杆菌科耐药性研究很少, 主要以某些重要的致病性肠杆菌科如沙门氏菌、阪崎克罗诺杆菌等为研究对象, 所以, 对肠杆菌科耐药性情况的监测意义重大。本研究从15种药物的耐药结果可看出邯郸地区食品中确实存在肠杆菌科耐药情况。检出的31株肠杆菌科细菌中有15株存在耐药或中介情况, 其中有3株菌是多重耐药菌株。肠杆菌科细菌分离株对AMP耐药率最高, 其次是CAZ, 提示青霉素类和第3代头孢菌素类对分离株细菌抗菌效能低, 而碳青霉烯类药物的敏感程度高, 与张伟伟[11]和崔小璠等[30]针对临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌耐药性情况不太相同, 这说明食源性样品与临床样品耐药情况存在差异。本次监测结果表明不同种类的肠杆菌科对多种药物的耐药性存在较大差别, 因此, 在实际临床工作中需要根据特定的药敏结果合理选择用药, 避免经验用药。肠杆菌科药敏结果提示可能的耐药基因是blaTEMblaSHVblaCTX-M, 其编码的β-内酰胺酶能水解青霉素类和头孢菌素类抗生素, 导致细菌耐药。细菌耐药性主要由质粒介导, 携带耐药质粒的肠杆菌科细菌在菌株之间通过质粒接合、转座子介导的基因转移形成耐药基因的快速水平传播[31]。人体摄入含有多重耐药的非脱羧勒克氏菌的食品, 在宿主体内定植, 并发生基因水平转移, 可能会影响体内菌群的耐药谱, 或者导致某些敏感致病菌产生耐药性[32]。国内外对肠杆菌科细菌的严重耐药性也有相关报道[33-34]
综上所述, 邯郸地区食品受到了一定程度肠杆菌科细菌的污染[35], 特别是散装食品污染明显高于预包装食品, 存在潜在的食品卫生安全隐患。建议加强相关食品企业源头控制: 严格检测食品原料, 确保其微生物指标符合标准; 定期审核食品原料供应商, 确保其生产和加工过程符合卫生要求。加强食品加工环节的卫生监管: 确保食品加工企业遵守国家卫生标准; 监管部门应定期对食品加工企业进行卫生检查, 确保其符合卫生要求; 加强食品加工从业人员的卫生培训, 提高其卫生意识和操作规范[36-37]。优化食品储存条件: 确保食品在储存中保持适当的低温, 抑制微生物生长; 使用抗菌包装材料, 减少食品在储存过程中的微生物污染风险; 对储存环境进行定期清洁和消毒, 特别是散装食品储存环境, 防止交叉污染。推广快速检测技术, 实现即时检测和反馈、食品安全监控, 预警微生物污染情况。与此同时, 还应继续进一步加强食品中肠杆菌科及耐药情况的监测, 为食品安全提供更多参考依据, 以期减少食源性疾病的发生, 保障人民群众健康。
  • 邯郸市科技计划项目(23422083171)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250213005
  • 接收时间:2025-02-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-13
基金
邯郸市科技计划项目(23422083171)
作者信息
    邯郸市疾病预防控制中心, 邯郸 056008

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* 李伟昊(1976—), 男, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为生化与分子生物学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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