Article(id=1153433743843910367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737820800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929634294, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929634294, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929634294, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929634294, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433744464667387, articleId=1153433743843910367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Differential analysis of biofilm formation of different lactic acid bacteria in response to ethanol stress, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To screen lactic acid bacteria strains with strong ethanol stress resistance and investigate the effects of their biofilms under different ethanol concentrations and environmental disturbances. Methods The growth, biofilm formation, morphological changes and hydrophobicity of various lactic acid bacteria under ethanol stress were examined. The effects of different metal ions and D-galactose on the growth and biofilm formation of lactic acid bacteria were also explored. Results After 48 h of fermentation under 10% ethanol stress, the biomass and biofilm amount of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei were 1.16 and 0.12, respectively. After 24 h of fermentation, its hydrophobicity reached 42.80%, significantly higher than that of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum, indicating better ethanol stress resistance. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the thickness of the biofilm decreased significantly with increasing ethanol concentration. The addition of D-galactose and metal ions (Ca2+, Na⁺) significantly inhibited biofilm formation. Conclusion Lactic acid bacteria resist ethanol stress through biofilm formation, with ethanol stress resistance correlating closely to biofilm production. D-galactose and metal ions affect the growth and biofilm formation of lactic acid bacteria. This study reveals the relationship between ethanol stress resistance and biofilm formation in lactic acid bacteria, provides a theoretical basis and data support for developing lactic acid bacteria biopreparations suitable for high-ethanol food fermentation environments.

, correspAuthors=Meng-Zhou ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Qing ZHU, Bo LI, Fang-Yi CHEN, Bin-Bin LONG, Si-Yu GUO, Zhi-Wen JIA, Jun-Jun GAO, Yang MU, Xin ZHENG, Meng-Zhou ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433772046410550, articleId=1153433743843910367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同乳酸菌响应乙醇胁迫生物膜形成的差异性分析, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 筛选乙醇胁迫抗性强的乳酸菌株, 研究不同乙醇浓度下, 环境扰动时对菌株生物膜的影响。方法 观察了不同乳酸菌在乙醇胁迫下生长繁殖, 生物膜形成及形态和疏水性的差异, 揭示不同金属离子和D-半乳糖对其生长和生物膜造成的影响。结果 副干酪乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei)在10%乙醇浓度胁迫下发酵48 h后, 其生物量和生物膜量分别为1.16和0.12。发酵24 h后疏水性可达42.80%, 显著高于植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、干酪乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei)、发酵粘液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentun), 表现为较好的乙醇胁迫抗性。扫描电镜发现, 乳酸菌生物膜厚度与乙醇浓度呈负相关。D-半乳糖加入会显著抑制乳酸菌生物膜形成, 同时金属离子(Ca2+、Na+)也具有相似作用。结论 乳酸菌通过形成生物膜抵抗乙醇胁迫, 其乙醇胁迫抗性与生物膜形成量有关。此外, D-半乳糖和金属离子会影响乳酸菌生长特性和生物膜的形成。揭示了乳酸菌抗乙醇胁迫与生物膜形成的关系, 为开发高乙醇食品发酵环境的乳酸菌生物制剂提供理论参考和数据基础。

, correspAuthors=周梦舟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周梦舟(1986—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为功能微生物筛选与分子机制。E-mail:
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朱晓青(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物工程。E-mail:

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朱晓青(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物工程。E-mail:

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朱晓青(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物工程。E-mail:

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注: (A). 发酵粘液乳杆菌; (B). 干酪乳杆菌; (C). 副干酪乳杆菌; (D). 植物乳植杆菌。

, figureFileSmall=/d0F9j1i3muJbIr9a8bBlA==, figureFileBig=b2VBZ03XH6XHN1wjUiwdNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912100323792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Biofilm of lactic acid bacteria at different ethanol concentrations, figureFileSmall=+wQ46CIaOFo8icDDj/QWaw==, figureFileBig=oumG+bkC75AfNseZpSRQLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912188404177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=CN, label=图2, caption=乳酸菌在不同乙醇浓度下的生物膜

注: (A). 24 h; (B). 36 h; (C). 48 h; (D). 72 h; 不同小写字母表示有组内显著差异(P<0.05), 图35同。

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注: A. 乙醇浓度为0%; B. 乙醇浓度为4%; C. 乙醇浓度为10%; 均培养24 h。

, figureFileSmall=fJXk9vl5mOZbtfSJa365Qg==, figureFileBig=ikiiTAsSzK59himH8Is2ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912561697238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of growth characteristics (A) and biofilm formation (B) of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on different concentrations of D-galactose, figureFileSmall=7zhniRlg0pAG/kHiQa4nzw==, figureFileBig=PopyyJv5iLhRJue42FXtSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912645583319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度D-半乳糖对副干酪乳杆菌生长特性(A)和生物膜形成(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=7zhniRlg0pAG/kHiQa4nzw==, figureFileBig=PopyyJv5iLhRJue42FXtSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912733663704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of biomass and biofilm of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on different metal ionsmass, figureFileSmall=KtMsDH96KQyCWse2jaBknQ==, figureFileBig=8yTJN02ILc8b8rtUGU27Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912809161177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同种类金属离子对副干酪乳杆菌的生物量和生物膜量的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示OD595之间的显著性差异(P<0.05); 不同大写字母表示OD600之间的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=KtMsDH96KQyCWse2jaBknQ==, figureFileBig=8yTJN02ILc8b8rtUGU27Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733912872075738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

BFI evaluation of lactic acid bacteria at different ethanol concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/h 乙醇
浓度
发酵粘液
乳杆菌
干酪
乳杆菌
副干酪
乳杆菌
植物乳
植杆菌
24 空白 + + + +
4% + + + +
6% + + + +
8% + + + +
10% + + ++ +
12% ++ ++ ++ ++
36 空白 ++ ++ + +
4% + ++ ++ +
6% + + ++ +
8% + + ++ +
10% ++ ++ ++ ++
12% ++ ++ +++ ++
48 空白 + + + +
4% + + + +
6% + + + +
8% + + + +
10% + + + +
12% + + + +
72 空白 + + + +
4% + + + +
6% + + + +
8% + + + +
10% + + + +
12% + + + +
), ArticleFig(id=1171733912985321947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743843910367, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同乙醇浓度下乳酸菌BFI评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/h 乙醇
浓度
发酵粘液
乳杆菌
干酪
乳杆菌
副干酪
乳杆菌
植物乳
植杆菌
24 空白 + + + +
4% + + + +
6% + + + +
8% + + + +
10% + + ++ +
12% ++ ++ ++ ++
36 空白 ++ ++ + +
4% + ++ ++ +
6% + + ++ +
8% + + ++ +
10% ++ ++ ++ ++
12% ++ ++ +++ ++
48 空白 + + + +
4% + + + +
6% + + + +
8% + + + +
10% + + + +
12% + + + +
72 空白 + + + +
4% + + + +
6% + + + +
8% + + + +
10% + + + +
12% + + + +
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不同乳酸菌响应乙醇胁迫生物膜形成的差异性分析
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朱晓青 , 李博 , 陈芳怡 , 龙彬彬 , 郭思宇 , 家志文 , 高俊军 , 穆杨 , 郑心 , 周梦舟 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(8): 161-169
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(8): 161-169
不同乳酸菌响应乙醇胁迫生物膜形成的差异性分析
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朱晓青 , 李博, 陈芳怡, 龙彬彬, 郭思宇, 家志文, 高俊军, 穆杨, 郑心, 周梦舟*
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430000
  • 朱晓青(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周梦舟(1986—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为功能微生物筛选与分子机制。E-mail:
Differential analysis of biofilm formation of different lactic acid bacteria in response to ethanol stress
Xiao-Qing ZHU , Bo LI, Fang-Yi CHEN, Bin-Bin LONG, Si-Yu GUO, Zhi-Wen JIA, Jun-Jun GAO, Yang MU, Xin ZHENG, Meng-Zhou ZHOU*
Affiliations
  • School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126001
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目的 筛选乙醇胁迫抗性强的乳酸菌株, 研究不同乙醇浓度下, 环境扰动时对菌株生物膜的影响。方法 观察了不同乳酸菌在乙醇胁迫下生长繁殖, 生物膜形成及形态和疏水性的差异, 揭示不同金属离子和D-半乳糖对其生长和生物膜造成的影响。结果 副干酪乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei)在10%乙醇浓度胁迫下发酵48 h后, 其生物量和生物膜量分别为1.16和0.12。发酵24 h后疏水性可达42.80%, 显著高于植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、干酪乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei)、发酵粘液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentun), 表现为较好的乙醇胁迫抗性。扫描电镜发现, 乳酸菌生物膜厚度与乙醇浓度呈负相关。D-半乳糖加入会显著抑制乳酸菌生物膜形成, 同时金属离子(Ca2+、Na+)也具有相似作用。结论 乳酸菌通过形成生物膜抵抗乙醇胁迫, 其乙醇胁迫抗性与生物膜形成量有关。此外, D-半乳糖和金属离子会影响乳酸菌生长特性和生物膜的形成。揭示了乳酸菌抗乙醇胁迫与生物膜形成的关系, 为开发高乙醇食品发酵环境的乳酸菌生物制剂提供理论参考和数据基础。

乳酸菌  /  乙醇胁迫  /  生长特性  /  生物膜  /  金属离子

Objective To screen lactic acid bacteria strains with strong ethanol stress resistance and investigate the effects of their biofilms under different ethanol concentrations and environmental disturbances. Methods The growth, biofilm formation, morphological changes and hydrophobicity of various lactic acid bacteria under ethanol stress were examined. The effects of different metal ions and D-galactose on the growth and biofilm formation of lactic acid bacteria were also explored. Results After 48 h of fermentation under 10% ethanol stress, the biomass and biofilm amount of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei were 1.16 and 0.12, respectively. After 24 h of fermentation, its hydrophobicity reached 42.80%, significantly higher than that of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum, indicating better ethanol stress resistance. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the thickness of the biofilm decreased significantly with increasing ethanol concentration. The addition of D-galactose and metal ions (Ca2+, Na⁺) significantly inhibited biofilm formation. Conclusion Lactic acid bacteria resist ethanol stress through biofilm formation, with ethanol stress resistance correlating closely to biofilm production. D-galactose and metal ions affect the growth and biofilm formation of lactic acid bacteria. This study reveals the relationship between ethanol stress resistance and biofilm formation in lactic acid bacteria, provides a theoretical basis and data support for developing lactic acid bacteria biopreparations suitable for high-ethanol food fermentation environments.

lactic acid bacteria  /  ethanol stress  /  growth characteristics  /  biofilm  /  metal ions
朱晓青, 李博, 陈芳怡, 龙彬彬, 郭思宇, 家志文, 高俊军, 穆杨, 郑心, 周梦舟. 不同乳酸菌响应乙醇胁迫生物膜形成的差异性分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126001
Xiao-Qing ZHU, Bo LI, Fang-Yi CHEN, Bin-Bin LONG, Si-Yu GUO, Zhi-Wen JIA, Jun-Jun GAO, Yang MU, Xin ZHENG, Meng-Zhou ZHOU. Differential analysis of biofilm formation of different lactic acid bacteria in response to ethanol stress[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126001
自然界的细菌通常以自由漂浮的浮游微生物和形成生物膜的固着菌落两种形式存在[1]。生物膜是自然界中细菌最常见的生长方式, 可追溯到32.5亿年前[2]。DONLAN和COSTERTON将生物膜定义为“微生物衍生的固着群落, 其特征是细胞不可逆地附着在基质或界面上或彼此相连, 嵌入它们产生的胞外聚合物中, 并在生长速率和基因转录方面表现出改变的表型”[3]。生物膜的形成使得生物膜中的微生物表现出与浮游生物不同的特点, 几乎存在于所有自然和人工表面[4]。作为细菌群体的一种保护性生长模式, 当外界环境因素发生变化时, 可通过一系列基因调控, 群体感应等手段, 赋予菌株更强耐受性[5]。这使得生物膜包被的微生物具有许多个体所不具备的功能。对于微生物自身而言, 生物膜提供了一种物理保护屏障, 保护其免受不良环境影响[6]。长期以来, 由于病原体生物膜的形成与其致病性密切相关, 给公共卫生带来严重挑战, 研究人员主要关注生物膜带来的危害, 尤其是抗生素耐药性[7-8]
然而近年来, 人们发现生物膜在发酵食品生产中具有显著益处, 能够为人类创造有利价值[9]。生物膜广泛存在于传统发酵食品中, 有助于缩短发酵时间、改善口感和质地、促进风味物质合成以及确保食品质量和安全[10]。REZAEI等[10]发现生物膜状态的鼠李糖乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)和植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和单核增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)等食物病原体的抑制率是浮游状态的2~3倍。此外, HE等[11]研究发现生物膜的形成有助于提高乳酸菌的封装存活率, 具有更强的耐热冲击、冷冻干燥和胃肠消化活性。生物膜在微生物发酵过程中具有自我固定, 增强细胞对不良环境的抵抗力, 抑制病原微生物活性, 维持细胞长期活性等优点[4,12]。因此, 乳酸菌生物膜形成与发挥其益生特性的能力密切相关, 但环境胁迫对不同乳酸菌生物膜形成影响的差异研究较少, 尤其是乙醇的影响。
不同乳酸菌株在功能特性上存在显著差异, 其生物学性能和应用潜力可能因菌株而异[13], 因此, 本研究通过比较不同乳酸菌在不同浓度乙醇胁迫下生长特性、生物膜形成和疏水性的差异, 筛选出最优的乙醇胁迫抗性菌株, 并探索金属离子和D-半乳糖对其在高乙醇环境下生物膜形成的影响。旨在揭示乳酸菌抗乙醇胁迫与生物膜形成的关系, 为开发高乙醇食品发酵环境的乳酸菌生物制剂提供理论参考和数据基础。
菌株: 发酵粘液乳杆菌P (Limosilactobacillus fermentun)、干酪乳杆菌F (Lacticaseibacillus casei)、副干酪乳杆菌5 (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei)和植物乳植杆菌R (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), 保存于湖北工业大学功能微生物实验室。
琼脂(分析纯, 北京双旋微生物培养基制品厂); 2.5%戊二醛(武汉市古泰生物技术有限责任公司); 无水乙醇、乙酸异戊酯、丙酮、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、结晶紫、氯化钠、氯化镁、氯化钙(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); D-半乳糖(纯度98%, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 德曼-罗戈萨-夏普(De Man, Rogosa and Sharp, MRS)培养基(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司)。
ZXSR-1270生化培养箱(上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司); AB50万分之一电子天平、DELTA320 pH计(上海梅特勒-托利多有限公司); MLS-3781L-PC高压蒸汽灭菌锅(日本松下健康医疗器械株式会社); HCB-1300V垂直层流洁净工作台(青岛海尔生物医疗股份有限公司); UV-1601紫外可见分光光度计(北京瑞利分析仪器有限公司); SU8010电子扫描电镜、CR21N高速冷冻离心机(日本HITACHI集团)。
将保藏在-80 ℃下的发酵粘液乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌和植物乳植杆菌甘油保藏管接入MRS肉汤培养基进行活化, 37 ℃恒温培养18~24 h, 连续活化3代, 调整至活菌数约为1×107 CFU/mL菌悬液, 待用。
取上述活化菌悬液, 以2% (V:V)接种量分别接种至含0%、4%、6%、8%、10%、12% (V:V) MRS肉汤培养基, 37 ℃恒温培养72 h, 分别收集24、36、48、72 h的样品, 在600 nm处测定吸光值(optical density, OD)。
吸取300 μL培养24 h的样品于聚苯乙烯96孔板, 静置, 形成生物膜沉淀, 倾倒出发酵液, 用灭菌的生理盐水小心冲洗, 重复3次, 洗去游离细胞。静置晾干, 加入0.1% (m:V)结晶紫染液染色15 min, 再用灭菌的生理盐水小心冲洗3次, 晾干后加入体积比为4:1(乙醇:丙酮)的脱色剂300 μL脱色30 min, 吸取200 μL, 在595 nm处测定吸光值。空白对照采用不接菌株的MRS培养基。根据HAN等[14]和JAHID等[15]提供的方法, 利用生物膜形成指数(biofilm formation index, BFI)评价菌株生物膜形成程度, 计算公式(1)如下:
BFI=(AB-CW)/(GB-GW)
式中: AB为结晶紫染色后的生物膜吸光值; CW为空白对照孔染色后的吸光值; GB为乳酸菌生长的吸光值; GW为空白培养基的吸光值。
根据所得到的BFI值将乳酸菌分为3个等级: BFI<0.1为弱成膜能力, 0.1≤BFI<1为中等成膜能力, BFI≥1为强成膜能力。
将干燥无菌的盖玻片(1 cm×1 cm)置于24孔板, 滴加1 mL新鲜MRS培养基于盖玻片上, 接种2% (V:V)活化菌悬液, 37 ℃恒温培养24 h, 小心取出盖玻片, 用灭菌的0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)(pH 7.2)清洗多次, 去除浮游细菌, 浸入2.5%戊二醛溶液, 4 ℃过夜固定, PBS溶液清洗数遍, 去除表面杂质, 随后分别用30%、50%、70%、90%浓度的乙醇分梯度脱水15 min, 再用无水乙醇脱水2次, 每次15 min, 使用乙酸异戊酯将存在其中的乙醇置换出来, 每次15 min, 干燥, 镀金, 扫描电镜观察。
吸取5 mL培养24 h的样品, 8000 r/min离心15 min, 弃去上清, PBS溶液洗涤2次, 制备菌悬液, 测定其在600 nm处吸光值, 使其范围在0.4~0.6之间。取2 mL的菌悬液, 分别加入1 mL氯仿和1 mL乙酸乙酯, 祸旋混匀, 静置萃取15 min, 待有机相和水相充分分层后, 收集水相溶液, 在600 nm处测定吸光值。菌株表面疏水性计算公式(2)如下:
疏水性/%=(A0-A1)/A0×100%
式中: A0A1分别为菌悬液和有机相萃取后水相的吸光值。
吸取9 mL MRS肉汤培养基, 加入1 mL无水乙醇, 添加一定量的D-半乳糖, 充分溶解, 使其D-半乳糖浓度分别为0、2、20、200 mmol/L, 接种2% (V:V)活化菌悬液, 37 ℃恒温培养72 h, 按照1.3.2中所述测定生物膜量。
在MRS培养基中分别加入不同质量浓度的不同金属盐: NaCl (0、10、20、30、40、50 g/L); CaCl2 (0、5、10、15、20、25 g/L); MgCl2 (0、5、10、15、20、25 g/L), 接种2% (V:V)活化菌悬液, 37 ℃恒温培养72 h, 按照1.3.2中所述测定生物膜量。
每组3个平行, 每次实验重复3次。利用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析(显著性水平为P<0.05), OriginPro 2021和GraphPad-Prism 9进行绘图。数据表示为平均值±标准偏差形式。
取实验室保存的4株乳酸菌(发酵粘液乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌)进行乙醇胁迫实验, 不同乙醇浓度下各乳酸菌的生长特性结果见图1
图1可知, 除植物乳植杆菌外, 低浓度乙醇(4%)可以促进发酵粘液乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌的生长繁殖, 其中干酪乳杆菌在48 h时, 4%乙醇浓度下OD600 (1.64), 相比于0%乙醇浓度下OD600 (1.45), 增加了11.3%, 这是由于乙醇使细胞膜的通透性稍微增加, 促进了细胞内外质子或其他离子的交换, 增强了菌体新陈代谢的能力, 这与朱敏[16]研究发现低浓度对乳酸杆菌的影响一致。低浓度乙醇可以刺激乳酸菌的代谢活动, 增加其生长速率和代谢产物的生成[16]。随着乙醇浓度的不断增高, 4株乳酸菌的生长都出现了延滞, 且生物量降低, 这是由于乙醇改变了发酵微环境的渗透压, 引起乳酸菌细胞膜磷脂双分子层的破坏, 导致细胞膜流动性增加和完整性破损[17-18]。当乙醇浓度增加至10%时, 4株乳酸菌生长明显下降, 其中, 干酪乳杆菌和发酵粘液乳杆菌在此浓度下生长几乎停滞, 而副干酪乳杆菌和植物乳植杆菌在10%乙醇浓度下依旧能够生长, 48 h后OD600值分别为1.16和0.31, 72 h后OD600值分别为1.10和0.55, 与张霖等[19]研究结果相一致。乳酸菌通过提高细胞膜通透性, 加强己糖激酶、6-磷酸果糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶的活性, 加速糖代谢和丙酮酸代谢, 产生更多能量抵御乙醇胁迫[19]。因此, 副干酪乳杆菌和植物乳植杆菌拥有较强抗乙醇胁迫能力, 能够在高乙醇发酵环境下生长繁殖。
生物膜既是乳酸菌的重要保护屏障, 也是维持细胞内外物质交换的场所, 有助于提升乳酸菌抵御环境胁迫的变化[4]。不同乙醇浓度下各乳酸菌的生物膜形成和BFI评价结果分别见图2表1
图2可知, 发酵粘液乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌在无乙醇环境中生物膜形成能力较强, 36 h后, 0%乙醇浓度下发酵粘液乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌生物膜量可达到0.23和0.16, 显著高于副干酪乳杆菌和植物乳植杆菌(P<0.05), 表明不同乳酸菌生物膜形成存在菌株特异性。随着乙醇浓度的逐步提高, 发酵微环境发生改变, 乳酸菌生物膜形成量逐渐下降。在10%的乙醇浓度下发酵48 h, 副干酪乳杆菌生物膜量为0.12, 高于发酵粘液乳杆菌(0.09)和植物乳植杆菌(0.05)。在12%乙醇浓度下发酵36 h后, 发酵粘液乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和植物乳植杆菌生物膜量分别仅为0.10、0.12和0.09, 显著低于副干酪乳杆菌(0.17) (P<0.05), 表明副干酪乳杆菌具有极强的生物膜形成能力。这种生物膜响应外界胁迫的特性与汪晓雅等[20]的研究结果一致。
生物膜形成需要经历细菌初始附着、细菌不可逆附着、生物膜初步形成和发展、生物膜结构形态的成熟和细菌的脱落与再定植阶段几个阶段[21]。因此, 乳酸菌生物膜形成与发酵时间密切相关。由于乳酸菌大量生长繁殖, 不同细胞之间通过特异性或非特异性相互作用相互黏附, 形成菌株聚集体, 促进生物膜形成、细菌物质交换和信号转导[22]。如表1所示, 随着发酵时间的不断延长, 不同乳酸菌BFI值大致呈先增后降的变化趋势, 在不同浓度乙醇胁迫下也呈现相似变化规律。36 h后, 4株乳酸菌BFI值分别达到最大, 表明该时乳酸菌的成膜能力最强。与生物量一致, 低浓度乙醇(4%)可以促进干酪乳杆菌和副干酪乳杆菌的BFI值增加。低浓度乙醇有助于促进乳酸菌生长繁殖, 增强自聚集行为, 提高成膜能力[22]。此外, 随着乙醇浓度不断增加, 副干酪乳杆菌的BFI值逐渐增强, 成膜能力呈上升趋势, 且在12%乙醇浓度下达到最大。由于副干酪乳杆菌通过形成生物膜来增加自身对高乙醇胁迫的抵抗能力, 且在24 h时已经初见端倪。随着发酵的不断进行, 4株乳酸菌在不同乙醇浓度下BFI值均下降, 表现为弱成膜能力。结合图2可知, 4株乳酸菌的生物膜量也逐渐减少, 可能是次级代谢产物的积累和营养物质的不足导致菌株进入衰亡期, 菌体发生自溶, 自聚集行为减弱, 引起生物膜减少[4]。因此, 副干酪乳杆菌在乙醇胁迫下生物膜形成量和成膜能力最优, 具有最好的乙醇抵抗能力。
乙醇通过影响发酵微环境的疏水缔合[23], 而改变细胞膜通透性, 加速细胞内外物质交换速率, 消耗更多营养物质, 产生大量能量, 抵御环境胁迫[15]。因此可通过测量菌株的疏水性来判断菌株对乙醇胁迫的应答。不同乙醇浓度下各乳酸菌的疏水性差异见图3
图3所示, 在无乙醇环境中发酵粘液乳杆菌疏水性表现最优, 高达41.55%, 显著高于其他3株乳酸菌(P<0.05)。随着乙醇浓度增高至10%和12%, 发酵粘液乳杆菌的疏水性明显降低, 表明发酵粘液乳杆菌通过降低细胞膜通透性, 减弱与外界物质交换, 以应对乙醇胁迫, 导致生长繁殖缓慢。这一结果与图1结果相一致。当发酵环境乙醇溶度为8%及以上时, 副干酪乳杆菌的疏水性均高于其他3株乳酸菌, 尤其是在10%乙醇浓度下, 其疏水性仍然可维持在42.80%, 显著高于其他3株乳酸菌(P<0.05)。由于细胞膜疏水性高, 更容易相互黏附, 在物质表面形成生物膜, 增强对乙醇胁迫抵抗能力[22]。综上所述, 根据不同乳酸菌在不同乙醇环境下的生存能力、生物膜量、生物膜形成能力以及疏水性的综合结果, 副干酪乳杆菌具有最优的特性, 故选择其作为后续研究对象。
生物膜主要由胞外多糖、脂质、胞外蛋白、核酸、磷脂和其他生物分子组成, 通过这些物质协同作用共同抵御外界环境变化[12,24]。不同乙醇浓度下副干酪乳杆菌的生物膜形态差异见图4
图4所示, 副干酪乳杆菌黏附在玻璃表面后, 细胞开始增殖并产生胞外聚合物基质, 通过生物合成胞外聚合物和细胞外排作用形成稳定的生物膜结构。乙醇浓度在0%和4%时, 副干酪乳杆菌表面覆盖了一层致密的胞外聚合物, 厚重且紧密平整, 使菌株紧紧包裹在一起。乳酸菌生物膜胞外聚合物不仅起着强力胶的作用, 使乳酸菌菌体能黏附在其表面, 保护菌株免受外界环境的胁迫影响, 还具有促进菌体之间营养物质交换的作用, 共同生长繁殖[25]。菌株增殖和胞外聚合物生成和积累共同推动着生物膜形成, 使生物膜逐步发展成熟, 增加生物膜厚度, 抵御环境胁迫。随着乙醇浓度增加至10%, 生物膜厚度显著下降, 影响菌株的生长速率。因此, 高乙醇胁迫会降低乳酸菌生物膜形成, 导致厚度变小。
D-半乳糖是一种糖化剂, 可通过影响微生物的氧化应激, 加速衰老, 从而改变存活率[26]。在10%乙醇胁迫下, D-半乳糖对副干酪乳杆菌生长及生物膜形成影响见图5
图5所示, 随着发酵环境中D-半乳糖浓度的不断增加, 副干酪乳杆菌的增殖速率呈下降趋势, 且存在剂量依赖性。72 h后, 2、20、200 mmol/L的D-半乳糖组OD600值分别为1.01、0.87和0.83, 低于不添加D-半乳糖组(1.10)。此外, 副干酪乳杆菌生物膜量也与D-半乳糖浓度存在剂量依赖性, 72 h后, 2、20、200 mmol/L的D-半乳糖组生物膜量分别为0.23, 0.20和0.13, 显著低于不添加D-半乳糖组(0.25) (P<0.5)。D-半乳糖能够显著抑制糖基转移酶(gtfBgtfCgtfD)的基因表达, 减弱糖代谢活性, 产生更少的胞外聚合物, 降低生物膜形成量, 弱化微生物乙醇胁迫抵抗能力[27]。此外, 200 mmol/L D-半乳糖对副干酪乳杆菌生长前期生物膜形成量有促进作用, 可能是D-半乳糖作为乳酸菌生长碳源为菌株生物膜构建提供了原料, 一定程度上促进了生物膜形成。因此, D-半乳糖对乳酸菌发酵后期生物膜形成具有剂量依赖抑制作用。
为了进一步探究10%乙醇胁迫发酵环境下, 不同金属离子对副干酪乳杆菌生长和生物膜形成的影响, 选用3种常见金属离子(Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+), 比较副干酪乳杆菌在不同金属离子浓度发酵环境下生长及生物膜形成的差异, 结果见图6
图6所示, 随着金属离子(Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+)的质量浓度不断增加, 副干酪乳杆菌的OD600值呈现逐渐下降变化趋势, 且存在剂量依赖性。副干酪乳杆菌在不含金属离子发酵环境下OD600值可达1.20以上, 而在25 g/L Ca2+或Mg2+发酵环境的OD600值分别为0.74和0.96, 分别下降了38%和20%, 在50 g/L Na+发酵环境的OD600值仅为0.26。Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+等阳离子常见于环境中, 有助于维持微生物菌体内外平衡, 但外界环境金属离子浓度过高后会产生高渗压力, 使细胞内水分大量外渗, 出现脱水死亡。此外, 除Mg2+外, Ca2+和Na+质量浓度不断增加, 生物膜形成量也逐渐减少, 与GEESEY等[28]研究结果不一致, 其发现金属阳离子会通过稳定细菌外膜脂多糖来增加微生物胞外多糖的交联稳定性, 与阴离子通过静电相互作用加速微生物黏附与聚集, 从而对生物膜的生成产生促进作用。造成差异的原因可能是由于乙醇存在导致微生物疏水性发生改变, 引起细胞膜通透性变化, 不利于生物膜形成。WELLS等[29]发现Ca2+会与生物膜中的阴离子成分相互作用, 增强生物膜的机械稳定性, 但在本研究中, 当发酵环境中Ca2+质量浓度达到25 g/L时, 副干酪乳杆菌生物膜量仅为0.01, 可能是高浓度Ca2+通过抑制菌株生长繁殖弱化了生物膜形成。Mg2+被认为是多种酶的辅基, 林雅茵等[30]发现Mg2+可以增加早期微生物黏附行为, 使生物膜变致密且复杂。但本研究发现Mg2+对副干酪乳杆菌生物膜无显著影响, 可能是乙醇胁迫环境在一定程度上消减了Mg2+对生物膜形成的促进作用。此外, Na+添加对菌株生物膜形成也影响较大, 当发酵环境中Na+质量浓度达到50 g/L时, 副干酪乳杆菌生物膜量仅为0.03。因此, 在乙醇胁迫下, Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+对副干酪乳杆菌的生长繁殖有影响, 而仅Ca2+和Na+对副干酪乳杆菌生物膜形成有一定的抑制作用。
本研究采用不同体积浓度乙醇对4株乳酸菌进行胁迫, 结果表明, 不同乳酸菌在不同浓度乙醇胁迫下生长特性、生物膜形成和疏水性存在显著差异, 其中副干酪乳杆菌在10%乙醇浓度胁迫下发酵48 h后, 其生物量、生物膜量1.16、0.12和24 h疏水性42.80%, 显著高于其他乳酸菌, 表现出较好的乙醇胁迫抗性。随后, 通过扫描电镜观测可知, 高乙醇胁迫会降低乳酸菌生物膜形成, 导致厚度变小。D-半乳糖的加入会引起发酵后期乳酸菌生物膜减少。此外, 在10%乙醇胁迫下, 高浓度Na+和Ca2+会显著降低生物膜形成和生长量, 但高浓度Mg2+不会影响生物膜形成。因此, 副干酪乳杆菌有应用于高乙醇发酵环境的潜力, 其生物膜形成促进了外界环境胁迫抵抗, 但要避免D-半乳糖和Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+等金属离子的污染。本研究为开发高乙醇食品发酵环境的乳酸菌生物制剂提供理论基础和数据支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32272299)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-26
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国家自然科学基金项目(32272299)
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    湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430000

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* 周梦舟(1986—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为功能微生物筛选与分子机制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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