Article(id=1153433743407702740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929634190, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929634190, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929634190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929634190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=189, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433744091374311, articleId=1153433743407702740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on detection technology for non edible substances in food, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The safety problem caused by the illegal addition of non edible substances to food has become a major threat to public health. However, there are still some significant limitations in the existing detection technology system, such as blind areas and a lack of detection ability. With the advantages of high-throughput screening and identification of unknown substances, non targeted detection technology has made great progress in the fields of emerging contaminants, multi-residue detection of agricultural and veterinary drugs and among others. This paper introduced the detection techniques of non-edible substances such as spectrum, chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principle and application of non targeted detection technology and the application and limitation of non targeted detection screening based on database, mass spectrometry splitting characteristics and metabonomics were described in detail. The problems and challenges of non targeted detection technology in practical application were discussed. And innovatively put forward suggestions to promote the practical transformation of non targeted detection technology and the optimization path based on the fusion of non targeted detection technology analysis strategy and big data algorithm. The purpose of this paper was to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of an efficient, accurate and green methodology system for non targeted detection of non-edible substances in food.

, correspAuthors=Dun-Ming XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting WANG, Fu-Hong CHEN, Ying LUO, Zi-Yan ZHAO, Jie PANG, Dun-Ming XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433753742467187, articleId=1153433743407702740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食品中非食用物质检测技术研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食品非法添加非食用物质引发的安全问题已成为威胁公众健康的重大隐患, 但现有检测技术体系尚存在检测盲区与检测能力不足等显著局限性问题。非靶向检测技术凭借其可进行高通量筛查和识别未知物的优势, 已在新兴污染物、农兽药多残留检测等领域取得重大进展。本文介绍了光谱、色谱及色谱-质谱等非食用物质靶向检测技术, 详细阐述了非靶向检测技术的原理、应用以及基于数据库、质谱裂解特征、代谢组学3大分析策略的非靶向检测筛查的应用与局限性, 探讨了非靶向检测技术在实际应用存在的问题与挑战, 并创新性地提出推动非靶向检测技术实用化转型建议和基于非靶向检测技术分析策略与大数据算法融合的优化路径。本文旨在为建立高效、精准、绿色的食品中非食用物质非靶向检测方法学体系提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=徐敦明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 徐敦明(1977—), 男, 研究员, 博士, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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王婷(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

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Application of non targeted detection technology based on different analysis strategies in food detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色谱-高分辨
质谱
分析策略 基质 检测物质 文献
GC-Q-TOF-MS 数据库
策略
调味油 替代型增塑剂 [38]
葡萄 农药 [45]
蔬菜 农药残留 [46]
凉茶 农药残留 [47]
GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS 数据库
策略
苹果、苹果汁 农药以及代
谢物
[48]
HPLC-Q-TOF-MS 数据库
策略
草莓 农药残留 [49]
凉茶 非食用物质 [50]
荔枝花、蜂巢、蜂蜜 农药 [51]
UPLC-Q-TOF-MS 质谱裂解特征策略 西红柿 三唑类杀菌剂 [52]
数据库策略 粮谷 农药 [36]
谷物 真菌毒素 [53]
猪肉 药物残留 [54]
代谢组学
策略
红茶 非挥发代谢物 [55]
UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS 质谱裂解特征策略 乳制品 农药残留 [56]
贝类 麻痹性贝类
毒素
[57]
苹果 苯脲类农药 [58]
数据库策略 豆芽 药物残留 [59]
绿茶 农药残留 [60]
果蔬 农药 [61]
茶叶 农药及代谢物残留 [62]
), ArticleFig(id=1171733909768282249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433743407702740, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于不同分析策略的非靶向检测技术在食品检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色谱-高分辨
质谱
分析策略 基质 检测物质 文献
GC-Q-TOF-MS 数据库
策略
调味油 替代型增塑剂 [38]
葡萄 农药 [45]
蔬菜 农药残留 [46]
凉茶 农药残留 [47]
GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS 数据库
策略
苹果、苹果汁 农药以及代
谢物
[48]
HPLC-Q-TOF-MS 数据库
策略
草莓 农药残留 [49]
凉茶 非食用物质 [50]
荔枝花、蜂巢、蜂蜜 农药 [51]
UPLC-Q-TOF-MS 质谱裂解特征策略 西红柿 三唑类杀菌剂 [52]
数据库策略 粮谷 农药 [36]
谷物 真菌毒素 [53]
猪肉 药物残留 [54]
代谢组学
策略
红茶 非挥发代谢物 [55]
UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS 质谱裂解特征策略 乳制品 农药残留 [56]
贝类 麻痹性贝类
毒素
[57]
苹果 苯脲类农药 [58]
数据库策略 豆芽 药物残留 [59]
绿茶 农药残留 [60]
果蔬 农药 [61]
茶叶 农药及代谢物残留 [62]
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食品中非食用物质检测技术研究进展
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王婷 1, 2 , 陈富泓 2 , 罗莹 2 , 赵子彦 2 , 庞杰 1 , 徐敦明 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(8): 189-198
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(8): 189-198
食品中非食用物质检测技术研究进展
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王婷1, 2 , 陈富泓2, 罗莹2, 赵子彦2, 庞杰1, 徐敦明1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建农林大学食品科学学院, 福州 350002
  • 2.厦门海关技术中心, 厦门 361026
  • 王婷(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 徐敦明(1977—), 男, 研究员, 博士, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
Research progress on detection technology for non edible substances in food
Ting WANG1, 2 , Fu-Hong CHEN2, Ying LUO2, Zi-Yan ZHAO2, Jie PANG1, Dun-Ming XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218003
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食品非法添加非食用物质引发的安全问题已成为威胁公众健康的重大隐患, 但现有检测技术体系尚存在检测盲区与检测能力不足等显著局限性问题。非靶向检测技术凭借其可进行高通量筛查和识别未知物的优势, 已在新兴污染物、农兽药多残留检测等领域取得重大进展。本文介绍了光谱、色谱及色谱-质谱等非食用物质靶向检测技术, 详细阐述了非靶向检测技术的原理、应用以及基于数据库、质谱裂解特征、代谢组学3大分析策略的非靶向检测筛查的应用与局限性, 探讨了非靶向检测技术在实际应用存在的问题与挑战, 并创新性地提出推动非靶向检测技术实用化转型建议和基于非靶向检测技术分析策略与大数据算法融合的优化路径。本文旨在为建立高效、精准、绿色的食品中非食用物质非靶向检测方法学体系提供理论依据。

非食用物质  /  检测技术  /  非靶向检测技术

The safety problem caused by the illegal addition of non edible substances to food has become a major threat to public health. However, there are still some significant limitations in the existing detection technology system, such as blind areas and a lack of detection ability. With the advantages of high-throughput screening and identification of unknown substances, non targeted detection technology has made great progress in the fields of emerging contaminants, multi-residue detection of agricultural and veterinary drugs and among others. This paper introduced the detection techniques of non-edible substances such as spectrum, chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principle and application of non targeted detection technology and the application and limitation of non targeted detection screening based on database, mass spectrometry splitting characteristics and metabonomics were described in detail. The problems and challenges of non targeted detection technology in practical application were discussed. And innovatively put forward suggestions to promote the practical transformation of non targeted detection technology and the optimization path based on the fusion of non targeted detection technology analysis strategy and big data algorithm. The purpose of this paper was to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of an efficient, accurate and green methodology system for non targeted detection of non-edible substances in food.

non edible substances  /  detection technology  /  non targeted detection technology
王婷, 陈富泓, 罗莹, 赵子彦, 庞杰, 徐敦明. 食品中非食用物质检测技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 189 -198 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218003
Ting WANG, Fu-Hong CHEN, Ying LUO, Zi-Yan ZHAO, Jie PANG, Dun-Ming XU. Research progress on detection technology for non edible substances in food[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 189 -198 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218003
非食用物质是指未列入国家食品安全标准许可范围、无营养或工艺必要性, 且被违法添加至食品中的化学物质, 同时不属于卫生部公布的食药两用或作为普通食品管理物质的、也未列入我国GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》及卫生部食品添加剂公告、营养强化剂品种(GB 14880—2012《食品安全国家标准 食品营养强化剂使用标准》及卫生部食品添加剂公告)的及其他我国法律法规允许使用物质之外的物质[1]。当前食品中非食用物质主要包括两大类别: 一是以三聚氰胺、甲醛次硫酸氢钠(俗称吊白块)及苏丹红为代表的工业化学品, 该类物质通过非法修饰食品色泽、质地等感官特性牟取不当利益; 二是以麻黄碱、地西泮及曲格列酮为主的药理活性物质, 其被违法添加于宣称具有特定功能的食品中, 通过增强表观功效误导广大人民群众。
目前, 通常采用光谱法[2]、色谱法[3]、色谱-串联质谱法[4]等方法来检测食品中非食用物质。但现有检测体系尚存在显著局限性: 其一, 现行国家标准主要针对已知物质建立检测方法, 难以应对新型非食用物质的快速迭代, 导致检测盲区; 其二, 传统靶向检测技术普遍存在前处理复杂、标准物质依赖性强、多组分同步检测能力不足等技术瓶颈。近年来, 非靶向检测技术已成功地应用于食品中农兽药残留和环境新兴污染物检测方面, 为解决食品中非食用物质检测局限性问题产生启发[5]。非靶向检测技术可基于数据库、质谱裂解特征及代谢组学等分析策略对非法添加的已知或可疑未知化合物进行快速筛查[6]。本文总结了光谱法、色谱法、色谱-质谱法等非食用物质靶向检测技术, 详细概述了非靶向检测技术的原理、应用以及基于不同分析策略进行非靶向检测的局限性, 探讨了非靶向检测技术在实际应用存在的问题与挑战, 并创新性地提出推动非靶向检测技术实用化转型建议和基于非靶向检测技术分析策略与大数据算法融合的优化路径。以期为建立高效、精准、绿色的食品中非食用物质非靶向检测方法学体系提供理论依据。
表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)是基于纳米结构贵金属表面附近的增强局部电磁场提供超灵敏检测, 可结合详细的定性信息进行痕量水平检测, 给出每个分子的特征响应某种化合物的真实指纹[7]。SERS技术具有选择性优、灵敏度高、简易前处理、不会对样品造成破坏的优点, 在食品有害物质检测中展现出重要价值。然而基底的形态特征(微观结构、材质、粒径等)差异对SERS检测效果影响显著, 同时复杂食品基质及环境干扰因子亦可影响检测稳定性。因此优化基底设计并选择基于化学识别、疏水浓缩效应、色谱分离等适宜前处理方法是获取准确的检测结果的优化路径[8]。在基地优化与检测方法创新研究中, 王晓辉等[9]比较了633 nm和780 nm的拉曼激发光源, 和KlaritTM、金纳米颗粒及金纳米棒3种基底对SERS分析酸性橙II的增强性能。结果表明, 3种基底均对酸性橙II溶液均具有良好的增强效果, 其中小粒径的纳米材料表现出更优的增强效果。进一步基于SERS特征峰强度与酸性橙II浓度相关性关系建立其定量分析模型, 最佳线性回归模型的决定系数(determination coefficient, R2)为0.933, 均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)为0.88 mg/L, 相对百分比差异(relative percent difference, RPD)为4.0, 检出限分别为0.2、0.1和0.1 mg/L, 该研究为检测痕量酸性橙Ⅱ及同类色素提供高效、灵敏的检测方法。皮江一等[10]采用柠檬酸还原法制备胶体金溶液, 探索不同粒径、浓度胶体金溶液对SERS信号的影响。以1334 cm-1和1642 cm-1特征峰作为硝苯地平定性检测依据, 创新性引入三聚氰胺为内标物选择硝苯地平/三聚氰胺特征峰1334 cm-1/707 cm-1双特征峰高比值与硝苯地平浓度构建定量模型。结果表明, 100 mL超纯水+3.0 mL 1%氯金酸+2.7 mL 1%柠檬酸三钠配制的胶体金溶液信号增强效果最佳, 粒径表示为85 nm。该方法对保健食品中硝苯地平的检出限低至5 mg/kg, 固体和液体样品加标回收率分别达88.8%~96.5%与90.2%~96.6%。上述研究通过对基底优化设计、采用内标法和数据处理模型的协同优化, 有效克服了SERS技术在食品复杂体系中的检测瓶颈, 为食品中非食用物质检测提供了高灵敏度、高特异性的检测方法。
红外光谱(infrared spectrum, IR)是通过分析化合物对红外波长辐射的吸收能力得出化合物的分子结构及其化学键组成[11]。IR技术可通过无损检测提供食品成分详细信息, 帮助识别和量化可能存在的有害物质, 具有分辨率高、灵敏、信息量丰富和环境友好的优点[12]。然而该技术在实际应用中存在模型构建复杂度高、样本需求量庞大、模型泛化能力不足、定量分析精度波动, 以及温度、湿度等环境因素干扰检测结果等问题[13]。为突破这些瓶颈, 研究者将化学计量学方法与IR技术深度融合, 推动了检测效能的显著提升。在关键波长筛选与算法创新方面, SHI等[14]针对小麦粉中非法添加的滑石粉和过氧化苯甲酰, 应用IR技术结合偏最小二乘法(partial least squares discrimcompetitive adaptive rewinant analysis, PLS-DA)突破传统全波长检测模式, 开创性地采用竞争性自适应重加权采样-随机森林(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling random forest, CARS-RF)和随机森林(random forest, RF)算法筛选出10个特征波长。研究显示, 全波长偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)模型中两种添加物的预测集决定系数(prediction set determination coefficient, R2P)分别达到0.995和0.964, 而基于特征波长构建的CARS-RF和RF模型不仅保持高精度(R2P=0.995, R2P=0.923), 其性能参数RPD值更提升至14.796(滑石粉)和3.697(过氧化苯甲酰), 该研究验证了特征波长结合智能算法在非法添加物快速检测中的突破性潜力。在掺假物鉴别与定量分析方面, KHODABAKHSHIAN等[15]利用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学, 构建了姜黄粉中苏丹红和甲腈黄的检测体系。在10000~4200 cm-1波长范围内获取样品吸收光谱建立软独立建模分类法(soft-independent modeling classification approach, SIMCA)模型, 模型训练集与验证集的分类准确率分别达96.7%和93.4%, 展现出优异的稳定性和鉴别能力, 进一步采用PLSR模型进行定量分析, 苏丹红验证集R2=0.90、RMSE=0.059, 甲腈黄验证集R2=0.91、RMSE=0.058, 证实了该方法在复杂基质中痕量掺假物检测的可靠性。上述研究表明, 通过化学计量法优化红外检测模型的波长选择与算法结构, 克服传统IR技术应用限制的同时模型的准确性与检测性能显著提升。
色谱技术是利用标准品对复杂基质中目标化合物进行有效分离。色谱技术具有高分离效能、灵敏度良好、方法兼容性好、仪器操作简单等优势[16]。但该技术仍存在样品前处理复杂、化合物同分异构体难分离、分析周期长和定性能力较差等问题。采用色谱技术分析化合物时前处理工艺与检测参数优化对目标物分离和检测效果具有决定性影响。为提高化合物检测灵敏度, 色谱技术通常配制检测器(如光电二极管阵列、荧光检测器等)来实现目标物特异性响应。以超高液相色谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography, UPLC)为例, ZHOU等[17]优化离子液体反胶束微萃取体系, 以离子液体[Omim]BF6和表面活性剂GenapolX-080复配溶液为萃取剂(体积为300 μL), 在样品溶液稀释比例为1:25, pH=6, Na2SO4浓度为0.3 mol/L等最佳前处理条件下, 结合超高液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器(ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector, UPLC-PAD)成功分离检测出豆制品中的碱性橙II、酸性橙II和碱性嫩黄O 3种非食用物质。该研究采用极少量的离子液体代替传统微乳液中的有机溶剂, 在避免挥发性有机试剂潜在危害的同时具备离子液体和微乳液的双重优点, 无需复杂昂贵设备可实现高灵敏度、高精密度与准确度的分析, 对化学染料检测方法开发具有研究意义。WANG等[18]首次利用深共晶溶剂(氯化胆碱-乙二醇)极性和水混溶的特性, 突破油相成分互相干扰, 结合超高效液相色谱-荧光检测(ultra performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector, UPLC-FLD)技术, 充分发挥UPLC和FLD二者高分离与高灵敏的优势成功检测出辣椒油中罗丹明B。上述研究前处理方式具有简单、环保低廉的优点, 为使用色谱技术检测复杂食品基质中非食用物质的前处理方法提供参考。
质谱技术可分析化合物的分子质量及结构信息, 通常与色谱联用。色谱-质谱联用技术是分析复杂基质的常用手段。非食用物质检测常用包括气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, GC-MS)[19]、液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS)[20]、液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)[21]、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)[22]和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)[23]等技术。以UPLC-MS/MS为例, 邵瑞婷等[24]优化QuEChERS(甲醇提取、超声20 min、QuEChER管(5982-4921)前处理条件对保健茶中目标化合物分离提取, 利用UPLC-MS/MS检测保健茶中58种那非类物质, 其检出限与定量限范围分别为0.005~0.050 μg/g和0.01~0.10 μg/g, 回收率为60.2%~119.5%, 该方法具有前处理简单、净化效果良好、复现性和灵敏度高的特点。马凯等[25]对QuEChERS方法优化(乙腈为提取剂, 无水硫酸镁-无水乙酸钠复配除水, 乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷净化)并调整UPLC-MS/MS检测参数实现对苏丹红、罗丹明B和罂粟壳生物碱等多类别非食用物质同步分析。该方法检出限为0.5~10.0 μg/kg, 加标回收率71.6%~94.1%, 具有操作简便快速、准确度与灵敏度等特点。
当前, 色谱-质谱技术研究多聚焦于某一食品基质中有限非食用物质的检测, 尽管通过前处理优化与仪器参数调整显著提升了灵敏度和回收率, 但仍存在基质干扰严重、前处理工艺与仪器检测参数普适性不足等问题。未来研究可继续着力于研究开发跨基质具有普适性的前处理方法, 消减基质效应; 提升多类别化合物同步检测能力, 提高检测灵敏度与回收率。
综上所述, 靶向检测技术已经成为食用物质中非食用物质分析检测的重要手段, 研究者多系统性优化前处理和仪器参数调谐来提高检测方法的灵敏度与回收率, 从而实现食品中非食用物质定性定量分析检测。但靶向检测多局限于某一类食品基质少量已知非食用物质检测, 缺乏对于食品中可疑未知非食用物质的有效监测与鉴别。靶向检测无法对食品中出现非食用物质进行高通量筛查和识别未知化合物, 因此面对非食用物质种类多元化与结构复杂化的严峻挑战, 研究建立食品中简便、高效、高通量的非靶向检测方法体系是解决非食用物质靶向检测局限性问题的建设性途径。
非靶向检测技术可高通量、无预设目标的筛查样品中化合物, 系统性识别食品基质中的已知或未知化合物, 为食品安全风险预警提供技术支持。当前, 非靶向检测技术主要依托于高分辨率质谱(high resolution mass spectrometry, HRMS)。近年来, 有学者尝试使用低分辨质谱仪进行非靶向检测, 李跑等[26]基于移动窗口目标转换因子分析(moving window target transform factor analysis algorithm, MWTTFA)算法增加自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘法计算步骤提出一种优化移动窗口目标转换因子分析(optimize moving window target transform factor analysis algorithm, OMWTTFA)算法, 并建立500种农药数据库, 结合GC-MS对样品进行加标回收验证, 建立了豇豆中多农药残留的非靶向筛查方法。结果表明, 使用该方法豇豆中加标农药均被有效检出, 检测组分匹配度均超800%, 但实际样品检测中未检出农药, 准确性优于MWTTFA算法。该研究为果蔬中农药残留检测提供新路径, 但基于低分辨质谱仪的非靶向检测受限于基质干扰且难以实现同分异构体农药残留的准确检测。相较于低分辨质谱, HRMS具有超高分辨率与质量测量精度, 极高灵敏度, 它能够获取待测物质极其精确的质量信息, 有效区分复杂样品基质中的杂质及共存化合物, 并对微量成分进行精准筛查与选定, 在处理复杂混合物体系时, HRMS对于全面解析系统组成成分具有显著优势[27]。HRMS常与四极杆串联并于色谱联用, 可显著提高筛查通量与准确性[28]。宁霄等[29]应用QuEChERS技术净化功能性乳粉中干扰物质提取非法添加药物, 结合具有Zeno SWATH®全息式数据非依赖型采集定量技术的超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), 建立了适用于功能性老年乳粉中300种非法添加化学药物的高通量筛查定量分析方法及未知结构类似物识别策略, 基于线性范围、灵敏度、基质效应、精密度和准确度等方面对定量分析方法进行验证得到良好结果。该方法被用于60份样品中非法添加物的实际检测, 其中两份药物检出苯乙双胍及西地那非, 并筛查出一种安非他明结构类似物乙非他明, 验证了HRMS在未知物识别中的技术优势。HU等[30]创新性采用多样本快速进样结合高分辨质谱(multiple sample rapid introduction combined with high resolution mass spectrometry, MRSIT-HRMS)结合美国国家标准与技术研究院(national institute of standards and technology, NIST)数据库建立了包含糖、药丸、片剂、固体粉末和口服溶液等多种类功能性食品基质中非法添加药物的快速识别筛查方法。研究者通过对比MRSIT-HRMS和HPLC-MS/MS对非法添加药物的靶向检测结果来确认MRSIT-HRMS的可用性, 结果显示两种方法靶向检测结果高度一致, 且MRSIT-HRMS具有无需色谱分离可直接进样减少整体分析时间的优点。研究者进一步将MRSIT-HRMS与NIST结合进行非靶向筛查, 成功鉴定了氟地那非类的结构类似物, 该方法可有效快速检测各类功能性食品中的非法添加药物。
HRMS虽有高分辨率、高精确度、高通量和定性定量效果好的显著优点, 但HRMS分析速度较慢、仪器操作和数据分析复杂且设备价格昂贵、要求研究者专业技术过硬等问题限制其大规模应用[31]。依托高分辨质谱的非靶向检测技术主要通过以下3类分析策略对样品中已知或可疑未知化合物进行筛查识别。
数据库分析策略是指在未预先确定具体的分析目标物质信息或仅设定一个大致的范围的情况下, 在数据库中进行全面的筛查和鉴定[32]。已建立的开源数据库、商业化数据库和模拟数据库可辅助筛查识别未知化合物。NIST和The Fiehn library是GC-MS常用分析数据库, 可提供广泛的参考谱图和化合物信息, 有助于化合物的识别和定性分析; 全球天然产物社交分子网络(global natural products social molecular networking, GNPS)用于天然产物的筛查与鉴定, 通过分子网络技术帮助研究人员发现新的化合物并理解其结构关系; 人类代谢组学数据库(human metabolome database, HMDB)和Metabolite Link提供大量人体代谢物相关信息, 代谢物的鉴定及生物标志物的研究是代谢组学研究的重要资源; 此外, MassBank、ChemSpider等也是广泛应用的专业化学数据库, 提供丰富的质谱数据和其他化学相关信息, 可促进科学技术研究的跨领域发展[33]。研究中自建数据库也是筛选和鉴定化合物的重要手段。数据库一级质谱库中收录化合物中英文名称、CAS号、分子式、结构式、母离子的质荷比(m/z值)、同位素模式以及保留时间等的基本信息, 二级质谱库收录化合物在碎裂过程中产生的碎片离子的质荷比(m/z值)、相对丰度、同位素比例及同位素分布模式等信息[34]。伍颖仪等[35]使用分散液液微萃取方法对茶饮料进行前处理, 利用高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry, HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)建立779种农残数据库, 建立非靶向快速定性筛查方法, 根据数据库信息逐级匹配, 实现茶饮料中未知农药残留非靶向快速筛查, 为茶饮料中农药残留的快速筛查和质量控制提供参考。周秀锦等[36]使用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS建立快速筛查进口粮谷中多种未知的农药残留非靶向筛查方法。LIANG等[37]建立3710种兽药及其代谢产物内部数据库, 实现了对兽药及其代谢物的非靶向筛查。陈克云等[38]基于气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, GC-Q-TOF-MS)技术, 建立包含54种替代型塑化剂(alternative plasticizers, APs)的个人化合物数据库(personal pompound database and library, PCDL), 并对比调味油中未知替代型塑化剂在PCDL和NIST谱库中非靶向筛查的差异。研究者对阴性样品、阳性添加样品及14批次实际样品进行筛查, 考察了基于两种数据库筛查的的筛查限(screening detection limit, SDL)、假阴性率、假阳性率等参数。检测发现基于PCDL库的非靶向筛查数据显示, 54种APs的SDL为0.01~0.02 mg/kg, 41种APs假阴性率为0, 其余13种APs的假阴性率为5%, 所有阴性样品的假阳性率均为0, 有7批次实际样品检出磷酸三间甲苯酯, 8批次样品检出柠檬酸三乙酯, 3批次样品检出磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯, 4批次样品检出磷酸三正戊酯。基于NIST库的非靶向筛查结果显示, 除2种未收录在NIST数据库中的APs, 其余52种APs的SDL为0.01~0.20 mg/kg。29种APs的假阴性率为0, 其余23种APs的假阴性率为5%, 所有阴性样品的假阳性率均为0, 仅有6批次实际样品检出磷酸三间甲苯酯和柠檬酸三乙酯, 磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯和磷酸三正戊酯均未检出, 但6批次辣椒油样品在NIST库中筛查到非目标物, 并通过数据库参数匹配以及碎片分子式与结构式推导确认非目标物为磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯。研究表明, 基于PCDL库的非靶向筛查方法, 具有检测通量高、准确度高、灵敏度高、假阳性和假阴性率低等优势, 但筛查能力有限。基于NIST库的非靶向筛查方法, 在无先验信息和标准品的情况下, 能鉴定的未知APs范围广, 但筛查限高, 准确度低。
基于数据库策略进行非靶向筛查, 数据库建立后无需再重复购买、配制大量标准品溶液, 获取标准品信息。对不同样品中可疑化合物进行筛查时, 可一次进样对数据库内化合物进行广泛筛查。数据库策略具有高通量、高效率、精准、绿色节约的优点, 但其构建和应用仍存在难点。构建数据库难点为化合物信息准确高效的采集; 采集数据信息量大; 数据分析处理过程复杂烦琐, 应用的难点为化合物筛查结果取决于数据库所包含化合物数量; 只能对数据库中已有化合物进行逐一筛查; 无法识别分析数据库中未包含的化合物或完全未知的化合物。因此为减少其局限性带来的问题, 应用数据库策略进行非靶向筛查, 为保证筛查效果需全面收集已知化合物信息扩大自建库, 并合理结合相关公共数据库和商业数据库保证筛查结果的准确性。
质谱裂解特征策略是依据结构相似的化合物具有类似的质谱裂解路径及相应共性碎片离子的理论, 通过已知化合物的质谱裂解规律路径来识别和筛选出结构相似的未知化合物[34]。岳宁等[39]利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆静电场轨道阱质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS)探索典型三嗪类除草剂的特征质谱裂解规律, 通过识别其共有的裂解特征实现对具有相同活性结构骨架的三嗪类化合物的鉴别, 建立了此类化合物的非靶向筛查方法, 为新型农药的开发和新残留化合物的快速筛查提供理论依据。黄旭蕾等[40]使用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS获取10种芬太尼类化合物的二级碎片质谱图, 筛出特征子离子作为筛查标志物, 研究开发了芬太尼类新精神活性物质的非靶向筛查方法。冯峰等[41]使用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS分析8种甜菊糖苷标准品的碎片离子谱图, 筛出两个共性碎片离子, 以其作为标识离子成功对白酒和饮料中未知甜菊糖苷类化合物进行非靶向筛查, 该方法可拓宽筛查基质用于食品中未知甜菊糖苷类化合物的检测。
基于质谱裂解特征策略进行非靶向筛查, 其核心优势在于利用解析化合物特征性裂解规律及找出碎片离子的模式, 可在缺乏标准品或标准品稀缺条件下, 实现对已知化合物结构类似物的高效识别与筛查。该策略适用于新型非食用物质或代谢产物的初步筛查。然而其应用也存在一定局限性: 其一, 对于无相似裂解途径、无共性碎片离子的完全未知化合物, 因缺乏可匹配的裂解规律和共性碎片离子, 难以实现有效识别; 其二, 已知化合物在裂解过程中可能生成高度相似的碎片离子(如异构体或同系物), 易导致假阳性干扰, 对筛查方法的特异性产生严峻挑战。此外, 该策略的精准实施高度依赖研究者对质谱裂解机理的深入理解及复杂图谱的解析经验, 人为经验偏差可能影响筛查结果的可靠性。
代谢组学策略是指通过高通量的分析技术获得尽可能多的样品中化合物信息, 使用统计学方法识别不同样品之间的差异性特征化合物, 从而对不同样品之间的差异作出判别[42]。李波等[43]使用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS采集样品中7068个化合物, 利用代谢组学方法分析牛肉高温烤制过程中产生的特征化合物。通过主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和聚类热图分析可知不同温度下牛肉样品化合物差异显著, 研究所建立的PLS-DA模型具有良好的预测能力, 使用P和单变量分析差异倍数值来筛选具有统计学差异的化合物, 根据正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)模型, 结合Compound Discoverer等分析软件、线上数据库和相关文献来选择对分类有显著贡献的特征化合物, 最终筛查出4个特征化合物。该研究为热加工过程中产生差异特征化合物和热致毒性化合物的研究提供参考, 但因样本数量较多, 所以仍需进一步对所筛查标记化合物加以验证, 但该研究所提供的筛查方法具有极大潜力, 可针对性分析有害物质的变化规律。薛伟锋等[44]通过HPLC-MS/MS全扫描模式检测获取玉米样品中农兽药代谢组学分析数据, 结合统计学方法分析数据矩阵, 经色谱峰处理后获得包含1447个变量的数据矩阵。通过PCA、OPLS-DA、成对t检验和浓度倍数变化分析, 筛除不符合条件的变量, 符合条件变量与数据库对比分析, 最终确定代表玉米中农兽药残留的标志化合物。该研究旨在建立玉米样品中农兽药残留非靶向筛查新方法, 进一步使用HPLC-MS/MS正离子模式, 以10 µg/kg为加标水平从124种农兽药中识别出109种农兽药, 检出限为0.3~1.5 µg/kg, 筛查准确率达88%。该方法能有效识别多种污染物, 并为复杂食品基质中应用代谢组学策略进行污染物筛查提供了创新性分析手段。
基于代谢组学策略非靶向筛查在全面分析生物体内代谢物方面具有重要价值, 但其技术流程复杂, 仍存在灵敏度、覆盖度、注释准确性以及数据分析效率等方面的挑战。未来可对前处理方法、检测分析仪器加以改进以及结合化学计量法优化非靶向代谢组学方法。例如, 在色谱技术中, 多维色谱较一维色谱灵敏度更高, 未来可将多维色谱与高分辨质谱联用可获得更精准的质谱信息, 以降低目标成分基质干扰而出现假阳性问题。
综上所述, 3类非靶向筛查策略在食品检测中各具特色: 数据库策略侧重已知化合物高效匹配, 质谱裂解特征策略聚焦结构类似物推断, 代谢组学策略强调整体代谢轮廓解析。表1简要总结了国内外基于不同的分析策略的非靶向检测技术在食品检测中的应用。
近年来, 随着非靶向检测技术研究的不断深入研究, 非靶向检测技术已初步用于实际检测。深圳市疾控中心通过自建生物碱和植物毒素靶向和非靶向筛查方法, 在食物中毒患者洗胃液中检出金雀花碱及其衍生物N-甲基金雀花碱。并且该司还通过自建药物与非法添加物筛查方法成功筛查出未知药物中毒患者所致毒药物成分与剂量。浙江省金华市食品药品检验检测研究院依据自建中成药保健品中的非法添加药物数据库, 成功协助执法部门查处了一批保健食品中的非法添加药物。此类案件中非靶向检测技术的成功应用为患者及时治疗提供了有效帮助, 为人民生命安全提供了有利保障。
在食品安全领域, 靶向检测技术一直占据主导地位。非靶向检测技术虽然已在实际检测中成功应用, 但其作为一种新兴检测技术, 其技术原理、优势与应用范围可能不为大众所熟知。非靶向检测技术应用对食品安全检测领域发展具有重要意义, 但实际大范围推广仍存在着检测人员对非靶向检测技术认知不足; 非靶向检测技术多使用高精度的仪器设备, 检测投入成本较高; 仪器操作较难, 数据分析复杂; 未有标准化实验操作检测方法等多重挑战。
针对上述挑战, 本文提出建议性解决方案: 通过组织培训及搭建专业内容网站提高检测人员对于非靶向检测技术的专业认知; 开展系统化培训提升检验人员技术素养; 政府及有关部门给与政策引导与资源倾斜; 加快推动制定非靶向检测标准化体系, 该标准化需涵盖样品采集与储存样品规范、样品前处理流程、仪器采集分析条件、数据处理与分析规范、结果报告与解释等内容。
目前, 非靶向检测技术已广泛应用于环境中新兴污染物、食品中农兽药的检测, 且在医学领域非靶向技术与大数据技术融合性应用展现出突破性价值, 有学者基于非靶向检测代谢组学数据结合机器学习算法成功解析出宫颈癌、肥厚型心肌病等疾病发生的关键通路并构建诊断机制模型, 为疾病诊断治疗提供新视角[63-64]。机器学习(machine learning, ML)作为实现人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)的关键技术方法, 此类研究证明非靶向检测技术与大数据技术的深度融合正推动多学科交叉创新, 在当下社会发展中AI的创新发展正在重塑社会各行各业的建设格局。在食品安全领域, CHEN等[65]采用4949张包括大肠杆菌(O157:H7)、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、伤寒葡萄球菌和溶血性葡萄球菌在内的6种常见的食源性致病菌图片, 研究构建高质量、大规模的食源性细菌数据集, 对基于数据集建立深度学习模型进行有效训练, 使模型能够准确识别出6种食源性细菌, 该方法可用于代替传统人工显微镜检测细菌步骤, 有望突破传统人工方法, 减少人为判断带来的误差, 为检测可提供快速、准确的判别结果。WU等[66]对传统电化学检测技术在食品合成染料分析中的技术局限, 采用支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)机器学习算法构建了一种高灵敏电化学传感平台。该研究通过算法优化与特征参数筛选, 实现了人工色素的高效识别与定量分析, 其创新性地将机器学习模型与电化学传感技术融合, 显著提高了检测效率及分析结果的准确性。AI技术在食品领域的创新融合发展对食品工业具有重要意义, 未来研究者可参考其核心逻辑用于解决非靶向检测局限性问题, 如AI或许可为质谱解析提供了创新解决方案, 研究者可着力于将化合物质谱图解析与AI技术相结合, 通过构建标准化谱图数据库, 结合深度学习算法开发AI驱动的质谱算法模型, 实现全自动化智能图谱解析, 以保证质谱解析的准确性与高效性。AI与质谱裂解特征策略的深度融合, 有望突破传统方法对专业经验的依赖, 显著提升未知化合物的筛查能力, 为食品安全风险防控提供高效、精准的技术支撑。
非食用物质的精准检测是保障食品安全的核心技术需求, 非法添加非食用物质造成的安全问题不容忽视, 急需解决。食品中非食用物质靶向检测技术体系成熟但仍存在检测盲区与检测能力不足等局限性问题, 非靶向检测可突破靶向检测瓶颈实现未知物筛查。本文介绍了非食用物质光谱、色谱、色谱-质谱等靶向检测技术的应用, 详细阐述了非靶向检测技术的原理、应用以及基于各分析策略进行非靶向筛查的局限性, 为建立食品中非食用物质的非靶向检测方法提供帮助, 探讨性分析了非靶向检测技术实际应用受限于高成本投入、复杂数据分析及缺乏标准化体系等问题, 并创新性地提出推动非靶向检测技术实用化转型建议和基于非靶向检测技术分析策略与大数据算法融合的优化路径。本课题组未来将以非靶向检测食品中非食用物质作为研究重点, 研究建立食品中非食用物质的非靶向检测方法。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104900)
  • 厦门海关科技项目(XMHG2024012)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-18
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104900)
厦门海关科技项目(XMHG2024012)
作者信息
    1.福建农林大学食品科学学院, 福州 350002
    2.厦门海关技术中心, 厦门 361026

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* 徐敦明(1977—), 男, 研究员, 博士, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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