Article(id=1153433741696421904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929633782, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929633782, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929633782, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929633782, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433742052937747, articleId=1153433741696421904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Development and application of colloidal gold enzyme-linked immunochromatographic test strip for amanitin detection, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develop an enzyme-linked immunochromatographic test strip for the determination of amanita toxin in mushroom based on immunochromatography. Methods N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were used as activators, 6-aminohexanoic acid was introduced to obtain amanitin peptide hapten, and further conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prepare immunogen and coating antigen. Then, the immunogen was used to immunize Balb/c mice to prepare monoclonal antibodies. The colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for amanitin was successfully developed by preparing colloidal gold and gold labeled antibody, optimizing the concentration of coating antigen, secondary antibody and extracting solution, and then its cross reactivity, stability, repeatability, and accuracy were evaluated. Results The limits of detection of α-amatoxin, β-amatoxin, and γ-amatoxin peptide were 100, 20 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity was 100%, the false positive rate and false negative rate were 0%, and the results were consistent with the existing instrumental methods without cross reaction with other mushroom toxins. Conclusion The test strip has the characteristics of simple operation, high repeatability and good stability, and is suitable for on-sites creening and rapid detection of amanitin in mushrooms.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Rui NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-Lin TAN, Zhen-Hua PENG, Hao SUN, Li YANG, Ya-Qin WANG, Shu-Bing FANG, Yan-Bin XIN, Xue-Tao MA, Zhi-Rui NIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433757857075539, articleId=1153433741696421904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=鹅膏毒素胶体金酶联免疫层析试纸条的研制及其应用, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于免疫层析技术, 研制检测蘑菇中鹅膏毒素的酶联免疫试纸条。方法 采用N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS)和1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基卡巴朴胺[N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC]作为活化剂, 引入6-氨基己酸得到鹅膏毒素半抗原, 并进一步与钥孔帽贝血蓝蛋白(keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)和牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)偶联制备免疫原和包被原, 然后利用免疫原免疫Balb/c小鼠来制备单克隆抗体。通过制备胶体金和金标抗体, 优化包被抗原、二抗浓度及提取液, 成功研制鹅膏毒素胶体金免疫层析试纸条, 并对其进行交叉反应、稳定性、重复性、正确性进行了评价。结果 试纸条对α-鹅膏毒素、β-鹅膏毒素和γ-鹅膏毒素的检出限分别为100、20和50 μg/kg。灵敏度为100%, 假阳性率和假阴性率为0%, 且与现有仪器方法检测结果一致, 同其他蘑菇毒素无交叉反应。结论 该试纸条具有操作简便, 重复性高、稳定性好的特点, 适用于蘑菇中鹅膏毒素的现场筛查和快速检测。

, correspAuthors=牛之瑞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 牛之瑞(1982—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与检验。E-mail:
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谭建林(1985—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全与生物毒素研究。E-mail:

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Preparation of monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the detection of spirotetramat[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(10): 247-254., articleTitle=Preparation of monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the detection of spirotetramat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171733797411275506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=65, issue=7, pageStart=193, pageEnd=199, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=45, authorNames=KOHL TO, ASCOLI CA, journalName=Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOHL TO, ASCOLI CA. Indirect competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)[J]. 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Test results of mouse serum potency and inhibition rate

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小鼠编号 血清稀释倍数 PBS OD450 标准品OD450 抑制率/%
1 80000 1.821 1.362 25.2
2 80000 1.776 1.117 37.1
3 160000 1.653 0.559 66.2
4 160000 1.766 0.871 50.7
5 40000 1.552 1.131 27.1
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791316951676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小鼠血清效价及抑制率检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
小鼠编号 血清稀释倍数 PBS OD450 标准品OD450 抑制率/%
1 80000 1.821 1.362 25.2
2 80000 1.776 1.117 37.1
3 160000 1.653 0.559 66.2
4 160000 1.766 0.871 50.7
5 40000 1.552 1.131 27.1
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791405032060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection results of inhibition rate of fixed strain cells

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序号 细胞克隆号 PBS OD450 标准品OD450 抑制率/%
1 1H2 1.665 0.721 56.7
2 3D6 1.368 0.646 52.8
3 3D9 1.886 0.568 69.9
4 5A7 1.469 0.652 55.6
5 5A12 1.666 0.818 50.9
6 8G2 1.721 0.762 55.7
7 8G6 1.833 0.933 49.1
8 10A1 1.556 0.824 47.0
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791518278270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

定株细胞抑制率检测结果

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序号 细胞克隆号 PBS OD450 标准品OD450 抑制率/%
1 1H2 1.665 0.721 56.7
2 3D6 1.368 0.646 52.8
3 3D9 1.886 0.568 69.9
4 5A7 1.469 0.652 55.6
5 5A12 1.666 0.818 50.9
6 8G2 1.721 0.762 55.7
7 8G6 1.833 0.933 49.1
8 10A1 1.556 0.824 47.0
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791593775744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Influences of different sample extraction solutions on detection results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 添加量 PBS PBST TBS TBST
1 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg - + + +
2 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg - - + -
3 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg - - + +
4 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg + - + -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791669273217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同样本提取液对检测结果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 添加量 PBS PBST TBS TBST
1 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg - + + +
2 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg - - + -
3 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg - - + +
4 0 - - - -
20 μg/kg + - + -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791757353603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Repeatability verification of test strip

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阴性样本 结果 阴性样本 结果 阳性样本 结果 阳性样本 结果
1 - 11 - 21 + 31 +
2 - 12 - 22 + 32 +
3 - 13 - 23 + 33 +
4 - 14 - 24 + 34 +
5 - 15 - 25 + 35 +
6 - 16 - 26 + 36 +
7 - 17 - 27 + 37 +
8 - 18 - 28 + 38 +
9 - 19 - 29 + 39 +
10 - 20 - 30 + 40 +
), ArticleFig(id=1171733791895765637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试纸条重复性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阴性样本 结果 阴性样本 结果 阳性样本 结果 阳性样本 结果
1 - 11 - 21 + 31 +
2 - 12 - 22 + 32 +
3 - 13 - 23 + 33 +
4 - 14 - 24 + 34 +
5 - 15 - 25 + 35 +
6 - 16 - 26 + 36 +
7 - 17 - 27 + 37 +
8 - 18 - 28 + 38 +
9 - 19 - 29 + 39 +
10 - 20 - 30 + 40 +
), ArticleFig(id=1171733792038371975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Stability verification of test strips

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时间/d 样品 4 ℃ 室温 37 ℃
7 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
14 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
21 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
28 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
), ArticleFig(id=1171733792122258056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试纸条稳定性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/d 样品 4 ℃ 室温 37 ℃
7 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
14 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
21 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
28 阴性 - - -
添加20 μg/kg + + +
), ArticleFig(id=1171733792210338442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Cross reaction verification of test strips

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蘑菇毒素 检测结果
α-AMA +
β-AMA +
γ-AMA +
羧基二羟基鬼笔毒肽 -
羧基三羟基鬼笔毒肽 -
二羟基鬼笔毒肽 -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733792294224523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

试纸条交叉反应验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蘑菇毒素 检测结果
α-AMA +
β-AMA +
γ-AMA +
羧基二羟基鬼笔毒肽 -
羧基三羟基鬼笔毒肽 -
二羟基鬼笔毒肽 -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733792361333388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of performance index evaluation

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样品 阳性 阴性
阳性 50 0
阴性 0 50
样本总数 50 50
灵敏度p+ p+=(50/50)×100%=100%
假阳性率pf+ pf+=[(50-p-)/50]×100%=0%
假阴性率pf- pf-=[(50-p+)/50]×100%=0%
), ArticleFig(id=1171733792457802382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433741696421904, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

性能指标评价结果

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样品 阳性 阴性
阳性 50 0
阴性 0 50
样本总数 50 50
灵敏度p+ p+=(50/50)×100%=100%
假阳性率pf+ pf+=[(50-p-)/50]×100%=0%
假阴性率pf- pf-=[(50-p+)/50]×100%=0%
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鹅膏毒素胶体金酶联免疫层析试纸条的研制及其应用
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谭建林 1 , 彭珍华 1 , 孙皓 1 , 杨黎 1 , 王亚琴 1 , 方淑兵 2 , 辛燕斌 1 , 马雪涛 1 , 牛之瑞 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(8): 69-75
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(8): 69-75
鹅膏毒素胶体金酶联免疫层析试纸条的研制及其应用
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谭建林1 , 彭珍华1, 孙皓1, 杨黎1, 王亚琴1, 方淑兵2, 辛燕斌1, 马雪涛1, 牛之瑞1, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南省产品质量监督检验研究院/国家热带农副产品质量检验检测中心, 昆明 650223
  • 2.青岛普瑞邦生物工程有限公司, 青岛 266001
  • 谭建林(1985—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全与生物毒素研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 牛之瑞(1982—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与检验。E-mail:
Development and application of colloidal gold enzyme-linked immunochromatographic test strip for amanitin detection
Jian-Lin TAN1 , Zhen-Hua PENG1, Hao SUN1, Li YANG1, Ya-Qin WANG1, Shu-Bing FANG2, Yan-Bin XIN1, Xue-Tao MA1, Zhi-Rui NIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Yunnan Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, National Tropical Agricultural By-products Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Kunming 650223, China
  • 2. Qingdao Pribolab Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266001, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028010
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目的 基于免疫层析技术, 研制检测蘑菇中鹅膏毒素的酶联免疫试纸条。方法 采用N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS)和1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基卡巴朴胺[N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC]作为活化剂, 引入6-氨基己酸得到鹅膏毒素半抗原, 并进一步与钥孔帽贝血蓝蛋白(keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)和牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)偶联制备免疫原和包被原, 然后利用免疫原免疫Balb/c小鼠来制备单克隆抗体。通过制备胶体金和金标抗体, 优化包被抗原、二抗浓度及提取液, 成功研制鹅膏毒素胶体金免疫层析试纸条, 并对其进行交叉反应、稳定性、重复性、正确性进行了评价。结果 试纸条对α-鹅膏毒素、β-鹅膏毒素和γ-鹅膏毒素的检出限分别为100、20和50 μg/kg。灵敏度为100%, 假阳性率和假阴性率为0%, 且与现有仪器方法检测结果一致, 同其他蘑菇毒素无交叉反应。结论 该试纸条具有操作简便, 重复性高、稳定性好的特点, 适用于蘑菇中鹅膏毒素的现场筛查和快速检测。

鹅膏毒素  /  胶体金  /  免疫层析试纸条  /  蘑菇

Objective To develop an enzyme-linked immunochromatographic test strip for the determination of amanita toxin in mushroom based on immunochromatography. Methods N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were used as activators, 6-aminohexanoic acid was introduced to obtain amanitin peptide hapten, and further conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prepare immunogen and coating antigen. Then, the immunogen was used to immunize Balb/c mice to prepare monoclonal antibodies. The colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for amanitin was successfully developed by preparing colloidal gold and gold labeled antibody, optimizing the concentration of coating antigen, secondary antibody and extracting solution, and then its cross reactivity, stability, repeatability, and accuracy were evaluated. Results The limits of detection of α-amatoxin, β-amatoxin, and γ-amatoxin peptide were 100, 20 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity was 100%, the false positive rate and false negative rate were 0%, and the results were consistent with the existing instrumental methods without cross reaction with other mushroom toxins. Conclusion The test strip has the characteristics of simple operation, high repeatability and good stability, and is suitable for on-sites creening and rapid detection of amanitin in mushrooms.

amanitin  /  colloidal gold  /  immunochromatographic test strip  /  mushroom
谭建林, 彭珍华, 孙皓, 杨黎, 王亚琴, 方淑兵, 辛燕斌, 马雪涛, 牛之瑞. 鹅膏毒素胶体金酶联免疫层析试纸条的研制及其应用. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 69 -75 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028010
Jian-Lin TAN, Zhen-Hua PENG, Hao SUN, Li YANG, Ya-Qin WANG, Shu-Bing FANG, Yan-Bin XIN, Xue-Tao MA, Zhi-Rui NIU. Development and application of colloidal gold enzyme-linked immunochromatographic test strip for amanitin detection[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 69 -75 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028010
蘑菇引起的食物中毒是世界上许多国家食品安全的重点关注问题[1-4]。我国每年都有食用毒蘑菇引起的食物中毒事件, 以夏季最为常见, 死亡率高, 其中含鹅膏毒素蘑菇中毒死亡人数超过蘑菇中毒总死亡人数的90%[3-5]。2023年, 中国疾病预防控制中心在对24个省级行政区的505起蘑菇中毒事件进行了调查, 1303名患者中16人死亡, 病死率为1.23%[6]。鹅膏毒素(amanitin, AMA)主要包括有α-AMA、β-AMA和γ-AMA, 对人的口服半致死量(lethal dose, 50%, LD50)为0.2~0.5 mg/kg[7-8]。AMA毒性强、致死率高, 人体摄入AMA后, 6~12 h无明显症状, 12~24 h会出现恶心、呕吐腹泻和腹痛等常见中毒症状, 72~96 h进入肝毒性阶段, 抑制细胞RNA聚合酶的活性, 阻碍蛋白质的合成, 引起肝细胞的坏死, 是引起肝损害型中毒主要毒素[8-12]
目前, AMA的检测方法主要有: 免疫学检测方法[13-14]、纳米生物传感器检测方法[15]、毛细管电泳质谱法[16]、高效液相色谱法[17]、液相色谱-离子阱质谱法[18]、液相色谱-串联质谱法[19-22]、液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法[23-24]、液相色谱-高分辨质谱法[25-26]、基因扩增法[27-28]等。我国目前没有检测AMA的国家标准或行业标准, 国家市场监督管理总局于2020年11月19日发布了食品补充检验方法BJS 202008《蘑菇中α-鹅膏毒肽等6种蘑菇毒素的测定》, 规定了蘑菇中α-AMA等6种蘑菇毒素的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法, 其具有灵敏度高、检出限低、重复性好等优点。但是上述方法存在检测时间长、操作烦琐以及仪器昂贵等问题, 限制其应用。免疫学检测法主要是基于抗原抗体之间的特异性反应原理而建立, 其具有快速、操作简单、直观等特点适合现场的初步检测。对于AMA来说, 国内外报道主要在酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)方法[13-14], ELISA方法需要酶标仪以及专业人员进行操作, 不适用现场快速检测和普通消费者的使用。同时, 国内对于AMA免疫层析试纸条的报道极少。
因此, 基于AMA蘑菇中毒具有发作紧急的特点, 亟需对AMA进行现场快速检测。本研究针对野生菌中主要引发中毒的AMA, 开发一种基于胶体金免疫层析试纸条, 促进我国市场监管机构对于蘑菇及其制品的监管。
蘑菇样品(24份): 云南省昆明市、玉溪市、楚雄市野外采集。
α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA、羧基二羟基鬼笔毒素、羧基三羟基鬼笔毒素、二羟基鬼笔毒素标准品(纯度≥90%, 上海安谱璀世标准技术服务有限公司); 钥孔帽贝血蓝蛋白(keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)、牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)(美国Amresco公司); 弗氏完全佐剂(Freund’s complete adjuvant, FCA)、弗氏不完全佐剂(Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, FICA)(美国Sigma公司); Balb/c小鼠[北京实验动物研究中心, 实验动物许可证号SYXK(京)2020-0038]; SP20骨髓瘤细胞、DMEM培养基、胎牛血清(上海酶联生物科技有限公司); HAT培养基、HT培养基、细胞培养板、细胞培养皿、磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution, PBS, 浓度10 mmol/L)、Tris缓冲液(上海普飞生物技术有限公司); 氯金酸、碳酸钾、柠檬酸三钠、二甲基甲酰胺、1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基卡巴朴胺、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 胎牛血清‌(fetal bovine serum, FBS)、protein G纯化柱[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; 磷酸盐吐温缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline with Tween-20, PBST, 浓度10 mmol/L)、三乙醇胺缓冲盐水溶液(Tris-buffered saline, TBS, 浓度50 mmol/L)、PBST和TBS混合溶液(TBST, 浓度50 mmol/L)、甘氨酸盐酸缓冲液(浓度0.1 mmol/L)、Tirs缓冲液(浓度1 mmol/L)(青岛普瑞邦生物工程有限公司)。
1290-6460QQQ液相色谱-串联质谱仪(美国Agilent公司); HX-80HX-160二氧化碳培养箱(上海航佩仪器有限公司); BSA224S电子天平[感量0.1 mg, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]。
AMA是小分子, 不具备免疫原性, 需要偶连蛋白后才具备免疫原性。称取2 mg β-AMA标准品, 用0.3 mL的二甲基甲酰胺(dimethyl formamide, DMF)溶解, 然后立即加入1 mg的1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基卡巴朴胺[N-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC]以及1 mg的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS), 25 ℃搅拌活化反应2 h。称取10 mg的KLH蛋白用2 mL的0.01 mol/L PBS (pH 8.0)溶解, 然后将活化的β-AMA加入KLH溶液中, 室温搅拌反应6 h。用10 kD超滤管离心超滤, 纯化得到β-AMA-KLH免疫原; 采用相同方法将AMA半抗原偶连到BSA蛋白上制备出包被原β-AMA-BSA。
采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测超滤管滤液中β-AMA的含量, 从而计算β-AMA在蛋白上的偶联量[29]
通过制备的β-AMA抗原β-AMA-KLH对小鼠进行注射, 获得免疫小鼠。经过免疫方法确认、免疫及血清检测、融合、筛选、单克隆制备、筛选、注射, 获得腹水提纯, 筛选出满足要求的原料抗体, 为持续产出建立基础。
(1)免疫程序
β-AMA-KLH抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠, 首次免疫采用抗原与FCA进行乳化免疫小鼠, 之后免疫抗原与FICA进行乳化免疫小鼠; 细胞融合前冲击免疫抗原用生理盐水稀释免疫小鼠。首次免疫采用100 μg抗原对小鼠进行皮下多点注射, 二次免疫与首次免疫间隔28 d, 免疫剂量减半为50 μg, 之后加强免疫之间间隔14~21 d, 进行大腿肌肉注射, 免疫剂量减为25 μg。免疫期间定时采血进行效价测定[30]。冲击免疫前检测小鼠血清效价, 并用5 ng/mL的β-AMA进行抑制率检测。冲击免疫与最后一次加强免疫间隔大于14 d, 冲击免疫后3 d进行融合。
(2)细胞融合
脾细胞制备: 选取效价不低于10万的小鼠, 冲击免疫后3 d, 无菌条件下取脾脏, 研磨过70 μm筛网, 用红细胞裂解液裂解红细胞, 制成单细胞悬液, 进行细胞计数。将SP2/0和脾细胞按照1:4比例混合, 用电融合缓冲液洗涤2遍, 最后用电融合缓冲液重悬细胞混合液, 调整细胞密度1×107加入融合池内, 设置好电融合仪参数进行电融合。融合完成后用含有20% FBS的HAT完全培养基重悬细胞, 进行铺板。融合3 d后用20% FBS的HT培养基换液, 换液后7 d进行ELISA初筛检测。
(3)细胞融合后的筛选
采用β-AMA-BSA检测抗原包被, 检测细胞上清。将阳性克隆转入24孔内培养3 d后进行复检。分别用α-AMA、β-AMA和γ-AMA标准品进行细胞上清抑制实验检测, 筛选出目的阳性细胞株进行亚克隆。
(4)亚克隆及细胞定株
连续亚克隆2次, 采用1 ng/mL的β-AMA进行抑制率检测。最终选择抑制率最高的阳性克隆细胞株, 进行细胞扩大培养并冻存。
(5)单克隆抗体的生产
将阳性细胞株按照接种密度0.5~1×106接种200 mL培养基, 进行无血清滚瓶培养驯化, 设置滚瓶培养箱转速12 r/min, CO2浓度5%, 培养7~10 d收集细胞上清进行亲和纯化。
(6)抗体纯化
将纯化样品、protein G纯化柱、10 mmol/L PBS、0.1 mmol/L甘氨酸盐酸缓冲液及1 mmol/L Tirs缓冲液从冰箱内取出恢复室温。加入5 mL平衡缓冲液至纯化柱中, 按约1 mL/min的流速流出平衡缓冲液。将样品按照约1 mL/min的流速上样至层析柱中。用30 mL的平衡缓冲液洗涤纯化柱, 流速维持约2 mL/min, 洗至流出液的A280吸光度达到稳定。用10~15 mL洗脱缓冲液洗脱抗体, 流速维持约1 mL/min, 收集含有目的免疫球蛋白的洗脱液, 并立刻加入中和缓冲液, 调节pH至7.4。用pH 7.4的PBS透析抗体, 最后抗体于-20 ℃保存。
基于胶体金为显色标签的试纸条目视判定结果如图1所示。试纸条反应区内包被有质控线(C线)和检测线(T线), T线为AMA与BSA的结合物(AMA-BSA), 结合垫上为抗AMA单克隆抗体与胶体金的结合物(Ab-CG), 当样品中不含AMA时, Ab-CG随液体层析伸展至T线位置, 与T线上的AMA-BSA特异性结合, 形成一条很深的红线(T线), 多余的Ab-CG继续向上涌动至C线位置, 形成一条很浅的红线(C线), 当样本中含AMA时, 样本中的AMA会与T线上的AMA-BSA竞争结合Ab-CG, 使T线的颜色变浅或者不显色, 而C线颜色变深。
(1)胶体金的制备
量取200 mL超纯水, 加入到250 mL洁净锥形瓶中, 将锥形瓶置于磁力加热搅拌器的加热板上, 放入搅拌子, 打开搅拌旋钮, 开始搅拌。用移液器吸取2 mL质量分数为1%的氯金酸溶液, 加入上述100 mL超纯水中。打开加热旋钮, 加热至沸腾, 快速加入质量分数为2%的柠檬酸三钠水溶液1~3 mL, 溶液在2 min内由灰色变黑色, 最后变成红色, 加热搅拌10 min, 关掉加热旋钮, 搅拌至室温, 加超纯水定容至200 mL, 避光保存。
(2)金标抗体制备
取3只洁净的1.5 mL离心管, 每只加入1 mL胶体金。分别加入0.2 mol/L碳酸钾5 μL, 混合均匀, 然后分别加入6 μg的β-AMA抗体, 室温反应30 min。然后分别加入10 µL的20% BSA, 混匀, 室温反应30 min。13000 r/min离心30 min, 弃上清, 沉淀用1/10体积复溶液复溶, 备用。
β-AMA抗原分别作1:5、1:10、1:20、1:40、1:80 (V:V, 下同)稀释, 二抗分别作1:5、1:10、1:20、1:40、1:80稀释, 分别包被于膜上, 包被宽度均为1 μL/cm。对不同组合进行标号。选择C, T线颜色满足要求, 且灵敏度满足要求的组合, 最终选择β-AMA抗原1:20稀释, 二抗1:80稀释。
‌硝酸纤维素膜(nitrocellulose membrane, NC)‌下段距聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)背板下边缘20 mm, 金标垫压膜下端2 mm, 样品垫压金垫一半, 下端与PVC背板下边缘对齐, MAX线压NC膜2 mm, 吸水纸压膜上端3 mm, 即时贴压NC膜3 mm, 在PVC背板上依次粘贴样品垫, 结合释放垫, 硝酸纤维素膜, 吸收垫, 并在样品垫外面黏贴保护膜。
取AMA阴性的4种新鲜蘑菇样本各1 g, 每种样品8份, 分别不添加以及添加20 μg/kg的β-AMA标准品, 然后加入5 mL的PBS、PBST、TBS以及TBST 4种提取液进行提取, 振荡混匀5 min, 静置1 min, 取上清液进行检测。选择提取率最高的稀释液作为最终的样品稀释液。
取4份新鲜阴性蘑菇样本, 分别添加0、20、40、80 μg/kg的β-AMA标准品, 用提取液5倍提取后, 采用试纸条进行检测, 结果如图2所示, 未添加标品的试纸条, T线颜色明显比C线深, 显示为阴性; 随着添加浓度的上升, T线越来越浅, C线越来越深, 当添加20 μg/kg的β-AMA标准品时, T线与C线颜色一致, 定义此时浓度为样品的检出限。
(1)重复性验证
取同一种AMA阴性的蘑菇样本40份, 其中20份添加20 μg/kg的β-AMA, 1~20号样本为不添加AMA样本, 21~40号样本为添加AMA样本, 然后用制备的试纸条进行检测。
(2)稳定性验证
将制备好的试纸条分别放在4 ℃冰箱、室温以及37 ℃烘箱, 分别放置7、14、21和28 d, 然后检测阴性样品以及添加20 μg/kg的β-AMA。
(3)交叉反应性验证
在AMA阴性样本中分别添加100 μg/kg的α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA、羧基二羟基鬼笔毒肽、羧基三羟基鬼笔毒肽和二羟基鬼笔毒肽等AMA类似物, 用于检测试纸条交叉反应性。
(4)其他性能指标验证
参照《食品快速检测产品符合性评价技术要求》检测各项性能指标, 包括灵敏度、假阳性率和假阴性率。
新鲜采集的蘑菇样本24份, 分别用试纸条和BJS 202008中的仪器方法(液相色谱-串联质谱方法)进行检测, 对比两种检测方法的结果, 判断本项目试纸条的准确性。
实验重复3次, 实验结果以平均值表示。原理图和结构图采用PowerPoint 2016绘制, 表格采用Word 2016进行绘制。
采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测超滤管滤液中β-AMA的含量, 通过检测β-AMA-KLH抗原滤液中, β-AMA为0.22 mg, 因此10 mg的KLH蛋白与1.78 mg的β-AMA偶联。同样检测β-AMA-BSA抗原滤液中, β-AMA为0.08 mg, 因此10 mg的BSA蛋白与1.92 mg的β-AMA偶联。
小鼠血清用PBS稀释一定比例, 采用ELISA方法检测效价以及抑制率, 结果如表1所示。结果表明, 3号小鼠效价为160000, 且5 ng/mL的β-AMA抑制率达到66.2%, 是所有小鼠中最适合进行融合的小鼠。
定株细胞上清用PBS稀释一定比例, 采用ELISA方法检测抑制率, 结果如表2所示。结果表面, 克隆号3D9抑制率最高, 因此选择这株细胞进行抗体制备。
不同提取液的检测结果详见表3。采用不同提取液分别提取干蘑菇样本, 对于干蘑菇样本使用TBS作为提取液20倍提取可以消除基质影响。结果表明, 采用TBS作为提取液, 可以满足检测要求。
本项目试纸条检出限如图3所示。从检测结果可知试纸条对于样本中β-AMA的检出限为20 μg/kg。采用相同方法, 测试α-AMA和γ-AMA标准品, 测得本项目试纸条对于样本中α-AMA的检出限为100 μg/kg, 对于样本中γ-AMA的检出限为50 μg/kg。
(1) 试纸条重复性验证
试纸条重复性结果如表4所示。检测结果显示阴性样品检测均为阴性, 阳性样品检测结果均为阳性, 且显色程度基本相同, 试纸条重复性良好。
(2)试纸条稳定性验证
试纸条稳定性结果如表5所示。结果显示, 试纸条在4 ℃、室温及37 ℃分别放置7、14、21和28 d, 对特定加标样品进行检测结果无明显差异, 试纸条具有很好的热稳定性。
(3)试纸条交叉反应验证
试纸条交叉反应性结果如表6所示。结果显示, 添加α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA的样本检测结果为阳性, 添加羧基二羟基鬼笔毒肽、羧基三羟基鬼笔毒肽和二羟基鬼笔毒肽的样本检测结果为阴性, 表明试纸条和鬼笔毒素类蘑菇毒素无交叉反应。
(4)试纸条其他性能指标验证
参照《食品快速检测产品符合性评价技术要求》计算各项性能指标。结果如表7所示, 灵敏度为100%、假阳性率和假阴性率为0%。
(5)实际样品准确性检测
新鲜采集的蘑菇样本24份, 分别用本项目试纸条和BJS 202008《蘑菇中α-鹅膏毒肽等6种蘑菇毒素的测定》中的仪器方法(液相色谱-串联质谱方法)进行检测。液相色谱-串联质谱方法检测原理是试样经甲醇提取, 提取液经氮吹后以水复溶, 正己烷脱脂, 水溶液经HLB固相萃取柱净化后, 采用液相色谱-串联质谱仪检测, 外标法定量。24份样品中21份样品仪器检测结果为未检出, 胶体金试纸条检测结果为阴性。3份样品仪器法检出α-AMA的结果分别为1387.6、331.2和652.5 μg/kg, 胶体金试纸条检测结果为阳性。实验结果表明, 试纸条检测方法与仪器检测方法一致性较好, 检测结果准确可靠。
本研究成果成功合成了β-AMA半抗原, 并制备β-AMA单克隆抗体。用免疫层析方法开发出AMA试纸条, 可快速方便的检测出蘑菇中的AMA, 样本中α-AMA、β-AMA和γ-AMA的检出限分别为100、20和50 μg/kg。经验证, 该试纸条重复性好, 且具有较好的稳定性。通过与食品补充检验方法(BJS 202008)进行比较, 验证了方法的准确性。综上所述, 本研究研制的AMA胶体金试纸条具有较高的灵敏度、正确度、精密度, 可用于蘑菇中α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA的快速检测分析, 以防范误食AMA类蘑菇中毒, 并辅助毒素调查工作, 为政府部门对蘑菇及其制品的安全监管提供更快捷、可靠的技术支撑。
  • 国家市场监督管理总局技术保障专项(2022YJ25)
  • 云南省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2023YSJK03)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241028010
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
基金
国家市场监督管理总局技术保障专项(2022YJ25)
云南省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2023YSJK03)
作者信息
    1.云南省产品质量监督检验研究院/国家热带农副产品质量检验检测中心, 昆明 650223
    2.青岛普瑞邦生物工程有限公司, 青岛 266001

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* 牛之瑞(1982—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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