Article(id=1153433739225981479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241206004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929633194, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929633194, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929633194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929633194, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=302, endPage=309, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433739586691643, articleId=1153433739225981479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis on the quality and safety status of prepared dishes in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the food safety and quality of prepared dishes sold in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023. Methods According to the national definition and scope of prepared dishes, and considering their 5 main characteristics, relevant data were selected from the food supervision and sampling inspection database of Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023. Additionally, 20 batches of frozen meat products were randomly purchased from supermarkets and stores within the province for animal-derived component testing. The results were evaluated based on food safety national standards and statistically analyzed using WPS Office 2024. Results The supervision sampling inspection data of prepared dishes sold in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023 covered 8910 batches and 20019 items, with 18 testing items including physicochemical indicators, contaminants, microorganisms, and animal-derived components. The compliance rate for all items except the microorganism indicator in meat products exceeded 99%. Among the 20 randomly purchased frozen meat products, 15 batches were detected to contain other animal-derived components. By analyzing the above data, several issues were identified in prepared dishes: Food classification could be easily confused; some products lack evaluation criteria for contaminants; microbial contamination was of concern; and the detection rate of other animal-derived components in beef products was high. Conclusion Overall, the food safety of prepared dishes in Guangdong Province is satisfactory. To address the identified issues, effective control measures should be implemented. This study proposes standardizing the classification criteria for supervision and sampling inspection of prepared dishes, expediting the release of national food safety standards, enhancing the prevention and control of microbial contamination, and strengthening the management of raw material authenticity to promote the healthy development of the prepared dishes industry.

, correspAuthors=Yi LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ai-Ying LIU, Lin LIN, Xiao-Shan LIAO, Cai-Mi FU, Xue-Ying GUO, Yi LEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433740496855648, articleId=1153433739225981479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2021—2023年广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全现状分析, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解2021—2023年度广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全状况。方法 根据国家明确的预制菜范围, 结合预制菜的五大特性, 从2021—2023年度广东省市售食品监督抽检数据中筛选出预制菜相关数据, 同时在省内各商超随机购买了20批次速冻肉制品进行动物源性成分检测, 依据对应的食品安全国家标准对检测结果进行评价, 利用WPS Office 2024软件进行统计分析。结果 2021—2023年度广东省市售预制菜监督抽检数据共有8910批次、20019项次, 检测项目包括理化指标、污染物、微生物等18个项目, 除肉制品微生物项目外, 其他项目的符合率均超过99%。随机购买的20批次速冻调理肉制品中, 有15批次检出其他动物源性成分。通过分析以上数据, 发现预制菜存在食品分类易混淆、部分预制菜产品缺乏污染物项目判定依据、微生物超标值得关注、牛肉制品中其他动物源性成分检出率高等问题。结论 研究结果显示预制菜食品安全状况总体较好, 针对发现的问题应采取有效控制措施进一步保障预制菜的食品安全。本研究提出对预制菜监督抽检分类要求进行规范统一、尽快出台预制菜食品安全国家标准、加强预制菜微生物超标风险防控和加强预制菜原料真实性管理等建议, 以期推动预制菜产业健康发展。

, correspAuthors=雷毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 雷毅(1977—), 男, 博士, 主任药师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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刘蔼滢(1998—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Modern Food, 2024, 30(12): 146-148., articleTitle=Application and effect evaluation of food traceability system in food safety supervision, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1171733602766201642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, awardId=2023ZS05, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省市场监督管理局科技项目(2023ZS05), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171733598278296291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733598286684900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, companyId=1171733598278296291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733598299267813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, companyId=1171733598278296291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东省食品检验所(广东省酒类检测中心), 广州 510435)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1171733602254496544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Representative samples and detection batches of 3 major types of prepared dishes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品大类 食品细类 代表样品 批次
肉制品 调理肉制品(非速冻) 爽滑鲜牛肉片、猪蹄块、调味猪肉片、巴适黑毛肚、乌鸡肉片、奥尔良鸡扒、厚切牛板腱 149
酱卤肉制品 盐焗鸡腿、麻辣猪蹄、五香酱牛肉、豉油鸡、麻辣牛肉、盐焗鸡 491
熏烧烤肉制品 烧猪肉、烧猪骨、叉烧、烧肉、红肠、古井烧鹅、琵琶乳鸽 163
腌腊肉制品 腊肠、腊肉、蛋黄肉饼 2201
水产制品 鱼糜制品 虾滑、鱼丸、鱼腐、香炸鱼蛋、墨鱼胶、墨鱼滑、海鲜丸 51
熟制动物性水产制品 油浸带鱼、酱汁糖醋鱼、熏香鱼块、日式秋刀鱼、咸鱼皇带鱼、麻辣鳗鱼 213
盐渍水产品 马友鱼、盐鲜大黄鱼、淡晒马友鱼、醇香黄鱼鲞、咸目肉鱼、盐渍金鲳鱼 1351
其他水产制品 三文鱼鱼柳、水发海参、冷冻水发花胶、免浆鲈鱼片、鱿鱼花、三文鱼腩排 30
速冻食品 速冻调理肉制品 牛肉丸、蒜香骨、涮肥羊片、蜜糖烧鸡翼、咔嗞脆鸡排、雪花肥牛、新奥尔良脆皮鸡扒 3530
速冻调制水产制品 麻辣小龙虾、免浆黑鱼片、罗定鱼腐、鲮鱼饼、冻烤鳗、手打墨鱼饼 623
速冻其他调制食品 梅菜扣肉、西湖牛肉羹、罗汉斋、佛跳墙、宫保鸡丁、胡椒猪肚鸡汤、红烧肉沫茄子 85
速冻其他食品 寿司玉子、速冻什锦蔬菜、江南佛跳墙、黑椒T骨猪扒、虫草花鸡汤、牛肉片、白灼虾 43
), ArticleFig(id=1171733602338382626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3大类预制菜代表样品和检测批次情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品大类 食品细类 代表样品 批次
肉制品 调理肉制品(非速冻) 爽滑鲜牛肉片、猪蹄块、调味猪肉片、巴适黑毛肚、乌鸡肉片、奥尔良鸡扒、厚切牛板腱 149
酱卤肉制品 盐焗鸡腿、麻辣猪蹄、五香酱牛肉、豉油鸡、麻辣牛肉、盐焗鸡 491
熏烧烤肉制品 烧猪肉、烧猪骨、叉烧、烧肉、红肠、古井烧鹅、琵琶乳鸽 163
腌腊肉制品 腊肠、腊肉、蛋黄肉饼 2201
水产制品 鱼糜制品 虾滑、鱼丸、鱼腐、香炸鱼蛋、墨鱼胶、墨鱼滑、海鲜丸 51
熟制动物性水产制品 油浸带鱼、酱汁糖醋鱼、熏香鱼块、日式秋刀鱼、咸鱼皇带鱼、麻辣鳗鱼 213
盐渍水产品 马友鱼、盐鲜大黄鱼、淡晒马友鱼、醇香黄鱼鲞、咸目肉鱼、盐渍金鲳鱼 1351
其他水产制品 三文鱼鱼柳、水发海参、冷冻水发花胶、免浆鲈鱼片、鱿鱼花、三文鱼腩排 30
速冻食品 速冻调理肉制品 牛肉丸、蒜香骨、涮肥羊片、蜜糖烧鸡翼、咔嗞脆鸡排、雪花肥牛、新奥尔良脆皮鸡扒 3530
速冻调制水产制品 麻辣小龙虾、免浆黑鱼片、罗定鱼腐、鲮鱼饼、冻烤鳗、手打墨鱼饼 623
速冻其他调制食品 梅菜扣肉、西湖牛肉羹、罗汉斋、佛跳墙、宫保鸡丁、胡椒猪肚鸡汤、红烧肉沫茄子 85
速冻其他食品 寿司玉子、速冻什锦蔬菜、江南佛跳墙、黑椒T骨猪扒、虫草花鸡汤、牛肉片、白灼虾 43
), ArticleFig(id=1171733602430657317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test items and test methods of prepared dishes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类型 检测项目 检测方法
理化指标 挥发性盐基氮 GB 5009.228—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》
过氧化值 GB 5009.227—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》
组胺 GB 5009.208—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中生物胺的测定》
污染物 GB 5009.12—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中铅的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
GB 5009.123—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中铬的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
GB 5009.15—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中镉的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
总砷 GB 5009.11—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
污染物 无机砷 GB 5009.11—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》
甲基汞 GB 5009.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定》
总汞 GB 5009.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定》
N-二甲基亚硝胺 GB 5009.26—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中N-亚硝胺类化合物的测定》
苯并[α]芘 GB 5009.27—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中苯并(a)芘的测定》
微生物 菌落总数 GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》
大肠菌群 GB 4789.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数》
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌 GB 4789.30—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检验》
金黄色葡萄球菌 GB 4789.10—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 金黄色葡萄球菌检验》
沙门氏菌 GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》
致泻大肠埃希氏菌 GB 4789.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》
动物源性成分 鸡源性成分 GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
鸭源性成分 GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
SN/T 3731.5—2013《食品及饲料中常见禽类品种的鉴定方法 第5部分: 鸭成分检测 PCR法》
鹅源性成分 GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
牛源性成分 SN/T 2051—2008《食品、化妆品和饲料中牛羊猪源性成分检测方法 实时PCR法》
GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
羊源性成分 SN/T 2051—2008《食品、化妆品和饲料中牛羊猪源性成分检测方法 实时PCR法》
猪源性成分 SN/T 2051—2008《食品、化妆品和饲料中牛羊猪源性成分检测方法 实时PCR法》
SN/T 3730.8—2013《食品及饲料中常见畜类品种的鉴定方法 第8部分: 猪成分检测 实时荧光PCR法》
GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
), ArticleFig(id=1171733602598429479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433739225981479, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

预制菜检测项目和检测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目类型 检测项目 检测方法
理化指标 挥发性盐基氮 GB 5009.228—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》
过氧化值 GB 5009.227—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》
组胺 GB 5009.208—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中生物胺的测定》
污染物 GB 5009.12—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中铅的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
GB 5009.123—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中铬的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
GB 5009.15—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中镉的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
总砷 GB 5009.11—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》
GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
污染物 无机砷 GB 5009.11—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》
甲基汞 GB 5009.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定》
总汞 GB 5009.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定》
N-二甲基亚硝胺 GB 5009.26—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中N-亚硝胺类化合物的测定》
苯并[α]芘 GB 5009.27—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中苯并(a)芘的测定》
微生物 菌落总数 GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》
大肠菌群 GB 4789.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数》
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌 GB 4789.30—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检验》
金黄色葡萄球菌 GB 4789.10—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 金黄色葡萄球菌检验》
沙门氏菌 GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》
致泻大肠埃希氏菌 GB 4789.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》
动物源性成分 鸡源性成分 GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
鸭源性成分 GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
SN/T 3731.5—2013《食品及饲料中常见禽类品种的鉴定方法 第5部分: 鸭成分检测 PCR法》
鹅源性成分 GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
牛源性成分 SN/T 2051—2008《食品、化妆品和饲料中牛羊猪源性成分检测方法 实时PCR法》
GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
羊源性成分 SN/T 2051—2008《食品、化妆品和饲料中牛羊猪源性成分检测方法 实时PCR法》
猪源性成分 SN/T 2051—2008《食品、化妆品和饲料中牛羊猪源性成分检测方法 实时PCR法》
SN/T 3730.8—2013《食品及饲料中常见畜类品种的鉴定方法 第8部分: 猪成分检测 实时荧光PCR法》
GB/T 38164—2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》
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2021—2023年广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全现状分析
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刘蔼滢 , 林琳 , 廖晓珊 , 符彩蜜 , 郭雪莹 , 雷毅 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(8): 302-309
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(8): 302-309
2021—2023年广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全现状分析
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刘蔼滢 , 林琳, 廖晓珊, 符彩蜜, 郭雪莹, 雷毅*
作者信息
  • 广东省食品检验所(广东省酒类检测中心), 广州 510435
  • 刘蔼滢(1998—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 雷毅(1977—), 男, 博士, 主任药师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Analysis on the quality and safety status of prepared dishes in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023
Ai-Ying LIU , Lin LIN, Xiao-Shan LIAO, Cai-Mi FU, Xue-Ying GUO, Yi LEI*
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241206004
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目的 了解2021—2023年度广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全状况。方法 根据国家明确的预制菜范围, 结合预制菜的五大特性, 从2021—2023年度广东省市售食品监督抽检数据中筛选出预制菜相关数据, 同时在省内各商超随机购买了20批次速冻肉制品进行动物源性成分检测, 依据对应的食品安全国家标准对检测结果进行评价, 利用WPS Office 2024软件进行统计分析。结果 2021—2023年度广东省市售预制菜监督抽检数据共有8910批次、20019项次, 检测项目包括理化指标、污染物、微生物等18个项目, 除肉制品微生物项目外, 其他项目的符合率均超过99%。随机购买的20批次速冻调理肉制品中, 有15批次检出其他动物源性成分。通过分析以上数据, 发现预制菜存在食品分类易混淆、部分预制菜产品缺乏污染物项目判定依据、微生物超标值得关注、牛肉制品中其他动物源性成分检出率高等问题。结论 研究结果显示预制菜食品安全状况总体较好, 针对发现的问题应采取有效控制措施进一步保障预制菜的食品安全。本研究提出对预制菜监督抽检分类要求进行规范统一、尽快出台预制菜食品安全国家标准、加强预制菜微生物超标风险防控和加强预制菜原料真实性管理等建议, 以期推动预制菜产业健康发展。

预制菜  /  质量安全  /  监督抽检

Objective To evaluate the food safety and quality of prepared dishes sold in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023. Methods According to the national definition and scope of prepared dishes, and considering their 5 main characteristics, relevant data were selected from the food supervision and sampling inspection database of Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023. Additionally, 20 batches of frozen meat products were randomly purchased from supermarkets and stores within the province for animal-derived component testing. The results were evaluated based on food safety national standards and statistically analyzed using WPS Office 2024. Results The supervision sampling inspection data of prepared dishes sold in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023 covered 8910 batches and 20019 items, with 18 testing items including physicochemical indicators, contaminants, microorganisms, and animal-derived components. The compliance rate for all items except the microorganism indicator in meat products exceeded 99%. Among the 20 randomly purchased frozen meat products, 15 batches were detected to contain other animal-derived components. By analyzing the above data, several issues were identified in prepared dishes: Food classification could be easily confused; some products lack evaluation criteria for contaminants; microbial contamination was of concern; and the detection rate of other animal-derived components in beef products was high. Conclusion Overall, the food safety of prepared dishes in Guangdong Province is satisfactory. To address the identified issues, effective control measures should be implemented. This study proposes standardizing the classification criteria for supervision and sampling inspection of prepared dishes, expediting the release of national food safety standards, enhancing the prevention and control of microbial contamination, and strengthening the management of raw material authenticity to promote the healthy development of the prepared dishes industry.

prepared dishes  /  quality and safety  /  supervision sampling inspection
刘蔼滢, 林琳, 廖晓珊, 符彩蜜, 郭雪莹, 雷毅. 2021—2023年广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全现状分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 302 -309 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241206004
Ai-Ying LIU, Lin LIN, Xiao-Shan LIAO, Cai-Mi FU, Xue-Ying GUO, Yi LEI. Analysis on the quality and safety status of prepared dishes in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 302 -309 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241206004
随着我国经济持续发展, 居民生活水平不断提高, 消费者消费观念发生改变, 激发了消费者对于预制菜的消费需求[1]。近几年, 在政策加持、居民消费习惯变化、产业链企业入局、资本助力等有利因素的推动下, 预制菜行业发展迅速。数据显示, 2023年中国预制菜市场规模已经达到了5165亿元, 同比增长23.1%, 整体呈现上升趋势。随着中国预制菜生产技术发展和支持政策的落实, 到2026年预制菜市场规模有望达到10720亿元[2]。广东省人民政府在2022年印发的全国首个省级预制菜产业政策《加快推进广东预制菜产业高质量发展十条措施》。广东省预制菜企业在产业政策的支持下, 充分利用自身海洋资源等农业资源优势和食品工业基础优势, 大力推动预制菜产业高质量发展。根据艾媒金榜发布的《2023年年度中国各省预制菜产业发展水平排行榜》数据显示, 广东在2023年年度中国各省预制菜产业发展水平中排名第一[3]。根据“2024胡润中国预制菜生产企业百强暨大单品冠军榜”, 广东以17家百强预制菜生产企业数量在全国排名第一[4]。除了上述因素的推动外, 预制菜的火热发展还源于餐饮行业降本增效的需求。《2022年中国连锁餐饮行业报告: 市场回暖大量创业者涌入》数据显示: 餐饮企业使用预制菜后, 大大缩小了后厨面积, 减少了厨师、帮厨等人员, 整体成本占比可下降8%[5]
然而近期一系列负面新闻舆情的集中爆发, 显著激发了部分消费群体对预制菜质量安全状况的忧虑情绪, 预制菜的接受度和认可度在短期内急剧下滑, 使原本火热的预制菜产业迅速降温。目前国内预制菜相关研究主要集中于消费者调研、产业调研和政策分析, 暂未有结合监督抽检数据分析预制菜质量安全现状的研究。预制菜不是一个新的食品类别, 许多属于预制菜范围的产品早已在市面上流通, 因此这些产品已在食品安全监督抽检范围内, 可为开展预制菜食品质量安全现状分析提供数据支撑。本研究从2021—2023年广东省市售食品质量安全监督抽检数据中筛选出预制菜食品安全监督抽检数据共8910批次、20019项次, 另检测速冻肉制品动物源性成分20批次、82项次。研究分析预制菜食品安全现状, 总结讨论预制菜潜在的食品安全风险, 对预制菜食品安全监管提出科学可行的意见建议, 以期推动预制菜产业健康发展。
2024年3月21日, 国家市场监督管理总局、教育部、工业和信息化部、农业农村部、商务部、国家卫生健康委联合印发了《关于加强预制菜食品安全监管 促进产业高质量发展的通知》(下文简称“《通知》”), 提出预制菜也称预制菜肴, 是以一种或多种食用农产品及其制品为原料, 使用或不使用调味料等辅料, 不添加防腐剂, 经工业化预加工(如搅拌、腌制、滚揉、成型、炒、炸、烤、煮、蒸等)制成, 配以或不配以调味料包, 符合产品标签标明的贮存、运输及销售条件, 加热或熟制后方可食用的预包装菜肴。这是首次在国家层面规范了预制菜的范围, 规定了预制菜不得添加防腐剂, 及时回应了消费者对预制菜在“防腐剂添加情况”“强化监管力度”等方面的诉求[6-8]
根据《通知》中规范的预制菜范围, 本研究梳理出预制菜的特性包括以下5个方面: 具有以一种或多种食用农产品及其制品为原料; 经工业化预加工制成; 加热或熟制后方可食用; 为非主食类食品以及为预包装菜肴。由于“不添加防腐剂”是国家六部委为满足消费者对预制菜的更高期待、引领产业往高质量方向发展而对预制菜提出的食品安全要求, 因此不作为预制菜的特性之一。结合预制菜的五大特性, 本研究依次将《食品安全监督抽检实施细则》中不符合预制菜特性的食品大类、食品亚类、食品次亚类和食品细类逐一剔除后, 进一步根据产品名称、食用方式等标签信息剔除零食、无需加热/熟制后方可食用的样品[9], 最终得出市售预制菜监督抽检食品类别包括肉制品、水产制品和速冻食品。2021—2023年度共抽检广东省市售预制菜8910批次、20019项次, 其中包括肉制品抽检结果3004批次、8100项次, 水产制品抽检结果1645批次、1884项次, 速冻食品抽检结果4261批次、10035项次。另外, 为研究广东省市售预制菜中动物源性成分的情况, 于省内各商超随机购买了20批次速冻调理肉制品, 共检测动物源性成分82项次。合计各类别代表样品和检测批次情况见表1
理化指标的评价标准为GB 2726《食品安全国家标准 熟肉制品》、GB 2730《食品安全国家标准 腌腊肉制品》、GB 10136《食品安全国家标准 动物性水产制品》、GB 19295《食品安全国家标准 速冻面米与调制食品》。污染物项目的评价标准为GB 2762《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限值》。卫生指示菌(菌落总数、大肠菌群)的评价标准为GB 2726, GB 10136和GB 19295中卫生指示菌仅对即食食品有要求, 不适用于预制菜。致病菌的评价标准为GB 29921《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品中致病菌限值》。动物源性成分暂无评价标准。具体检测项目和检测方法见表2
数据通过WPS Office 2024软件进行统计分析。
共抽检监测肉制品、水产制品和速冻食品理化指标4345批次、4423项次。肉制品方面, 检测项目有过氧化值, 共检测943项次, 符合率为100%; 水产制品方面, 检测项目涵盖组胺、挥发性盐基氮和过氧化值, 共检测1454项次, 符合率为99.66%; 速冻食品方面, 检测项目涵盖挥发性盐基氮和过氧化值, 共检测2026项次, 符合率为99.90%。
共抽检监测肉制品、水产制品和速冻食品污染物项目6997批次、14334项次。肉制品方面, 检测项目涵盖铅(以Pb计)、铬(以Cr计)、镉(以Cd计)、总砷(以As计)、无机砷(以As计)、N-二甲基亚硝胺和苯并[α]芘, 共检测5964项次, 符合率为99.98%; 水产制品方面, 检测项目涵盖铅(以Pb计)、铬(以Cr计)、镉(以Cd计)、无机砷(以As计)、甲基汞(以Hg计)和N-二甲基亚硝胺, 共检测407项次, 符合率为100%; 速冻食品方面, 检测项目涵盖铅(以Pb计)、铬(以Cr计)、镉(以Cd计)、总砷(以As计)、无机砷(以As计)、总汞(以Hg计)、甲基汞(以Hg计)、N-二甲基亚硝胺和苯并[α]芘, 共检测7963项次, 符合率为99.91%。
共抽检肉制品、水产制品和速冻食品微生物项目309批次、1262项次。肉制品方面, 检测项目涵盖菌落总数、大肠菌群、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和致泻大肠埃希氏菌, 共检测1193项次, 符合率为98.49%; 水产制品方面, 检测项目涵盖沙门氏菌, 共检测23项次, 符合率为100%; 速冻食品方面, 检测项目涵盖金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌, 共检测46项次, 符合率为100%。
共检测速冻食品动物源性成分指标20批次、82项次。牛肉制品方面, 动物源性成分检测项目涵盖牛、羊、猪、鸭、鹅和鸡源性成分, 共检测18批次、74项次。检测牛肉卷/牛肉片产品6批次, 其中3批次检出猪源性成分、2批次检出鸭源性成分; 检测牛肉丸/牛筋丸产品12批次, 其中10批次检出猪源性成分, 9批次检出鸡源性成分, 4批次检出鸭源性成分。羊肉制品方面, 动物源性成分检测项目涵盖猪、鸭、鹅和鸡源性成分, 共检测2批次、8项次羊肉卷/羊肉片产品, 均未检出非羊源性成分。
对过氧化值项目的抽检监测共涉及样品2580批次, 其中2批次样品超过标准限值要求, 均为速冻调理肉制品。过氧化值表示油脂中过氧化物的含量[10], 是体现油脂和脂肪酸等被氧化程度的一种指标, 可以反映食品储存过程中的油脂变质情况[11], 同一类油脂, 过氧化值越高, 表明其酸败程度越严重。因为过氧化值会破坏细胞膜结构, 长期食用过氧化值超标的油脂对人体健康不利[12]。从检测结果来看, 超出标准限值的预制菜相关样品类别均为速冻食品, 与2019—2020年河南省监督抽检食品中过氧化值检测结果相似[13]。速冻是目前预制菜的主要保鲜工艺, 速冻预制菜过氧化值超出标准限值的原因可能有: ①企业在生产加工过程中为了降低生产成本, 使用了质量劣变的油脂原料[14]; ②需要速冻或真空包装的食品, 在完成前期工序后未及时进行速冻或真空包装[15]; ③速冻食品在运输或贮存过程中产品中心温度不达标, 加速了脂肪的氧化分解[16]
对组胺项目的抽检监测共涉及样品1336批次, 其中5批次样品超过标准限值要求, 分别是2批次盐渍鱼(不含高组胺鱼类)和3批次盐渍鱼(高组胺鱼类)。组胺的产生同水产品的腐败过程紧密相关, 主要是机体中的组胺酸在微生物所产生的脱羧酶的作用下脱羧而生成。组胺可引起头痛、反胃呕吐、腹泻、瘙痒性皮疹、低血压等一系列过敏反应[17-24]。从检测结果来看, 无论是否为高组胺鱼类, 都有超出标准限值要求的风险。近年来, “一夜埕”金鲳鱼等预制菜盐渍鱼产品广受消费者欢迎, 曾荣登全国首届“预制菜争霸赛”“我最喜爱的预制菜榜”[25]。导致该类预制菜组胺升高甚至超标的原因主要有: ①使用了不新鲜的鱼作为生产原料, 或运输贮存温度不当, 鱼体内产组胺微生物在适宜条件下极易产生组胺[21,26]; ②生产、加工、运输过程中操作不规范、机械性损伤等, 使产品受到具有组氨酸脱羧酶的细菌污染, 造成组胺大量产生[22,24]; ③产品腌制不透, 盐度不足以抑制微生物生长等[19]
在所有污染物检测项目中只有铬项目有超出标准限值要求的情况。对铬项目的抽检监测共涉及样品4396批次, 其中8批次样品超过标准限值要求, 分别是1批次酱卤肉制品和7批次速冻调理肉制品。铬在自然界中的存在非常广泛, 在土壤、岩石、大气、水和生物体中都有分布。如果摄入过量的铬会导致人体血液中某些蛋白质发生沉淀从而引发疾病, 严重时还会导致死亡[27-28]。从检测结果来看, 超出标准限值的预制菜类别均为肉制品, 一方面考虑铬容易在大自然中通过食物链聚集, 导致原料肉铬含量过高; 另一方面考虑畜禽饲料中可能会添加适量铬来提高动物机体免疫力, 改善肉品质量[29], 但我国目前没有明确给出各饲养阶段的添加限值[30], 可能导致畜禽动物饲料中铬含量超标, 使原料肉铬含量过高。
卫生指示菌的抽检包括菌落总数和大肠菌群2个项目。对菌落总数项目的抽检共涉及样品256批次, 其中8批次样品超过标准限值要求, 分别是6批次酱卤肉制品和2批次熏烧烤肉制品。
对大肠菌群项目的抽检共涉及样品252批次, 其中7批次样品超过标准限值要求, 分别是5批次酱卤肉制品和2批次熏烧烤肉制品。
菌落总数、大肠菌群被认为是揭示食品卫生状况和安全性的关键指标, 其中菌落总数能够反映食品在生产加工过程中的细菌污染情况, 大肠菌群检出情况能够判断食品是否受到粪便污染[31-32]。从检测结果看, 菌落总数和大肠菌群的超标率都较高, 反映肉制品食品卫生情况需要重点关注, 超标的原因主要有: ①生产加工原料本身受到微生物污染, 带入食品成品中; ②加工过程中使用到的器具和设备清洗消毒不彻底、卫生状况不达标, 导致食品受到微生物污染; ③生产加工操作人员健康状况不良, 或衣帽、手部等清洁不到位, 导致食品受到人为污染; ④食品在贮存或运输过程中温度或湿度控制不达标, 大大加快了微生物的生长繁殖[33-34]
动物源性成分检测结果可一定程度反映食品原料的真实性。对18批次牛肉制品开展动物源性成分检测, 其中有15批次样品检出其他动物源性成分(13批次检出猪源性成分、6批次检出鸭源性成分、9批次检出鸡源性成分), 检出率为83.3%。在牛肉制品中检出其他动物源性成分的原因主要有: ①工厂生产中时使用同一生产线生产不同产品, 在生产其他产品前未对生产线进行彻底清洗消毒, 可能导致其他动物源性成分被带入牛肉制品中; ②在牛肉制品特别是牛肉丸生产过程中, 生产者出于改善口感等目的, 掺入猪肉等其他动物肉, 并在配料表中明确标示; ③由于牛肉价格较高, 一些不法商家在经济利益的驱动下, 使用价格较低的猪肉、鸡肉、鸭肉等其他肉类来充当牛肉, 以次充好[35], 但未在配料表中进行相应说明, 构成掺假掺杂行为。食品掺假是一种故意替换、添加、篡改或虚报食品、添加物或包装的行为, 也包括隐藏对影响食品数量和质量成分的误导性说明[36]
从2021—2023年度广东省市售预制菜食品质量安全抽检监测结果来看, 目前预制菜食品质量安全状况总体较好, 但也存在一些潜在的食品安全风险值得监管部门多加关注。
目前我国对于同一类食品在不同标准中的分类归属均有所不同, 同时各食品安全国家标准产品标准的食品分类也与《食品生产许可分类目录》《食品安全监督抽检实施细则》的食品分类也有所不同, 无法一一对应[37-38]。由于预制菜的原料组成复杂、生产工艺众多, 在实际抽检监测工作中不同的检验机构可能会对食品分类有不同的理解, 导致原料组成相似、生产工艺一致的预制菜产品, 被错误地归入不同的食品类别中。例如表1中提到的蒜香骨和黑椒T骨猪扒, 应为同一类食品, 却被分别归类为速冻调理肉制品和速冻其他食品; 又如胡椒猪肚鸡汤和虫草花鸡汤, 应为同一类食品, 却被分别归类为速冻其他调制食品和速冻其他食品。预制菜分类体系的不统一, 导致食品安全抽样、检验和结果判定等环节的难度及易错率大大提高, 最终对预制菜食品安全监督抽检的判定结果造成影响。
目前尚未有针对预制菜的食品安全标准出台, 现行有效的GB 2762中未包括对部分多种原料混合生产加工和包装的预制菜产品的污染物项目指标和限值要求, 导致目前无法对该类型预制菜进行污染物项目的食品安全监督抽检和结果判定, 只能通过监测手段识别可能潜在的食品安全风险。例如, 对于将多种畜禽肉制品和水产制品混合加工而成的预制菜盆菜产品, 无法在GB 2762中找到对应的污染物项目及限值要求, 该标准的应用原则中也未明确是否可以参考GB 26687《食品安全国家标准 复配食品添加剂通则》和香港特别行政区食物安全中心《<2018年食物掺杂(金属杂质含量)(修订)规例>指引》的做法, 采用折算的方式得出某种污染物的限值。
根据世界卫生组织相关调查结果, 每年全球约有数亿人因摄入被食源性致病菌污染的食品导致患病, 微生物污染特别是致病菌污染已经成为全世界不容忽视的公共卫生问题[39]。数据显示, 2015年我国由致病菌引起的病例占全部食物中毒病例的50%, 高达3000多起[40]。因此, 致病菌污染食品的问题应得到食品从业者、监管部门和消费者等相关方的高度重视。另外, 食品企业应通过定期对生产场所进行消毒杀菌等手段做好生产加工环节的卫生控制, 同时通过加强冷链贮运和销售环节的温度监控等手段, 避免产品反复冻融, 导致微生物的快速繁殖。
目前, 肉类食品掺假已经成为世界范围内的食品安全主要问题之一, 不仅会侵害消费者的合法权益, 给易过敏体质人群带来过敏风险, 还可能会引发宗教问题[41]。我国现行有效的《中华人民共和国食品安全法》中已明确规定“生产经营腐败变质、油脂酸败、霉变生虫、污秽不洁、混有异物、掺假掺杂或者感官性状异常的食品、食品添加剂”的, 应根据情节严重程度受到相应处罚, 但仍无法完全避免掺假掺杂行为在肉制品生产中发生[36], 相关研究显示, 我国动物源性肉制品的掺假比例高达37.78%[42]。但动物源性成分并未作为检测项目列入食品安全监督抽检任务内容, 考虑到共线生产带入的影响, 仅依据定性检测结果难以直接判定该食品生产者是否存在掺假掺杂行为; 而定量结果则缺乏相应的食品安全标准作为判定依据, 检测结果达到多少量值时可判定该食品生产者存在掺假掺杂行为的判定标准暂不明确, 因此目前仅能通过监测手段识别出市面上涉嫌掺假掺杂的食品。
统一、正确的分类是食品安全抽检监测工作的重要一环, 对后期检测项目的选择、依据的标准和数据的统计都有着重要影响。建议结合预制菜产品现状对《食品安全监督抽检实施细则》中预制菜相关食品类别进行更新, 纳入预制菜肴、预制汤类等常见的预制菜产品类型, 避免出现食品安全监督抽检机构因在《食品安全监督抽检实施细则》中找不到对应分类, 而选择不抽检或少抽检该类型产品的情况。同时建议出台预制菜食品安全监督抽检分类指引, 细化对不同分类的定义和释义, 指导各食品安全监督抽检机构对各类型的预制菜进行正确归类, 降低产品分类错误率。
建议尽快出台预制菜食品安全国家标准, 明确规范预制菜的食品安全要求。尤其是针对多种原料混合生产加工和包装的预制菜产品, 在GB 2762等食品安全国家标准基础标准中未能找到项目指标和限值要求的, 应在预制菜食品安全国家标准中进行明确规定。标准制定过程中建议重点关注预制菜作为菜肴的特性, 结合污染物的性质、膳食结构、摄入量和往年的食品安全抽检监测结果等因素综合考虑, 提出科学合理的项目指标和限值要求。
①建议加强生产加工环节的监督检查, 督促企业落实主体责任, 确保生产过程的卫生安全, 从而保障最终产品的质量。②建议指导企业对不同温度贮存要求的预制菜实施差异化管理, 搭建可视化、信息化的温度监控平台, 对贮运环境温度进行实时监控, 通过多级预警手段提醒相关责任人员及时发现并处理温度波动异常。③建议强化对冷链配送车的在途管理, 避免预制菜在冷链配送过程特别是“最后一公里”发生“断链脱冷”, 给消费者造成食品安全风险和不良的消费体验。
使用安全、真实原料生产预制菜是维护消费者信任的基础, 应大力打击不良商家非法使用假冒伪劣原料的行为。①建议指导企业做好生产原料质量安全把控, 查验供货者的许可证、产品合格证明。对企业做好相关法律和食品安全标准的宣贯培训, 提升食品从业者的法律意识和责任感。②建议指导企业建立追溯体系, 对原料验收、生产加工、流通、销售等环节的信息进行详细记录并上传信息化系统, 实现食品来源和流向的精确追溯[43], 降低掺假掺杂行为的可操作性。③建议加强检测方法优化和开发, 推动操作性强、检测时间短、结果准确性高的源性成分定量检测方法应用于预制菜食品安全监督抽检工作中。④建议在食品安全国家标准中明确提出对预制菜中主要原料含量的标签标识要求, 保障消费者的知情权。
  • 广东省市场监督管理局科技项目(2023ZS05)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241206004
  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
基金
广东省市场监督管理局科技项目(2023ZS05)
作者信息
    广东省食品检验所(广东省酒类检测中心), 广州 510435

通讯作者:

* 雷毅(1977—), 男, 博士, 主任药师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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