Article(id=1153433738789773854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929633089, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929633089, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929633089, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929633089, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=288, endPage=295, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433739246953000, articleId=1153433738789773854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of label issues and research on countermeasures for imported prepackaged foods, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the current situation where a large number of imported prepackaged foods are denied entry due to non-compliant labels, and to promote the production and review of labels for imported prepackaged foods, this study provided countermeasures and suggestions for mitigating risks associated with label marking of imported prepackaged foods. This review based on current national food safety standards, the Chinese labeling content of imported prepackaged foods is summarized as “8+1+X”, which included 8 mandatory pieces of information: Food name, ingredient information, production date, shelf life, storage conditions, domestic distribution information (including the name, address, and phone number of the distributor/importer), country or region of origin, net content, plus the registration number in China and other special labeling requirements. By comparing the “8+1+X” labeling requirements, the study analyzed non-compliant labeling cases of imported prepackaged foods over the past 3 years and identified risks associated with label marking. By analyzing the root causes, this study proposes 5 countermeasures: Enhancing the awareness and risk perception of foreign trade practitioners, improving their professional competence, leveraging modern software technologies for technical support, promoting the establishment of related industries and technological advancements in relevant fields, and refining regulations and standards. These strategies aimed to effectively reduce the risks associated with the labeling of imported prepackaged foods. Therefore, improving technical capabilities, introducing new label review models, and standardizing the labeling of imported prepackaged foods are essential measures to maintain market order, protect consumers’ right to know and choose, and ensure national dietary nutrition and safety. These efforts must be given due attention.

, correspAuthors=Zong-Ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zong-Ying WANG, Xi-Chen SONG, Peng ZHANG, Ya-Xin ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433739603468861, articleId=1153433738789773854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=进口预包装食品标签问题分析及应对策略研究, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决目前大量进口预包装食品因标签不合格导致未准入境的现状, 推动进口预包装食品标签制作和审核, 为进口预包装食品标签标注风险提供对策和建议。本综述根据现行食品安全国家标准要求, 将进口预包装食品标签中文标注内容归纳总结为“8+1+X”, 即必须标注的8大信息, 分别是食品名称、配料信息、生产日期、保质期、贮存条件、国内经销信息(包含经销商/进口商等名称、地址、电话)、原产国或地区、净含量+在华注册编号+其他特殊标注内容, 对照“8+1+X”标注信息对近3年进口预包装食品标签不合格标注情况分析, 整理归纳进口预包装食品标签标注风险。通过原因剖析, 提出提高进口贸易从业者思想意识和风险认知, 提高进口贸易从业者从业能力水平, 利用现代软件技术等辅助手段提供技术加持, 推动相关行业的建立以及相关领域的技术发展, 完善相关法规与标准5个应对策略, 有效降低进口预包装食品标签标注风险。因此提升技术能力, 引进标签审核新模式, 规范进口预包装食品标签标示, 都是维护市场营销秩序, 保障消费者知情权和选择权, 保障国民饮食营养和安全的重要方式, 必须加以重视。

, correspAuthors=王宗莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王宗莹(1990—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全、食品标签审核。E-mail:
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Comparison of domestic and foreign regulations and standards and safety evaluation of edible natural pigments[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(15): 275-283., articleTitle=Comparison of domestic and foreign regulations and standards and safety evaluation of edible natural pigments, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1171733600874570514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433738789773854, awardId=2024HK018, language=CN, fundingSource=2024海关总署科研项目(2024HK018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171733597313606355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433738789773854, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733597321994964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433738789773854, companyId=1171733597313606355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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进口预包装食品标签问题分析及应对策略研究
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王宗莹 1, * , 宋喜臣 1 , 张鹏 2 , 朱雅欣 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(8): 288-295
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(8): 288-295
进口预包装食品标签问题分析及应对策略研究
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王宗莹1, * , 宋喜臣1, 张鹏2, 朱雅欣1
作者信息
  • 1.中华人民共和国绥芬河海关综合技术中心, 绥芬河 157399
  • 2.满洲里海关技术中心, 呼伦贝尔 021400

通讯作者:

* 王宗莹(1990—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全、食品标签审核。E-mail:
Analysis of label issues and research on countermeasures for imported prepackaged foods
Zong-Ying WANG1, * , Xi-Chen SONG1, Peng ZHANG2, Ya-Xin ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1. Comprehensive Technology Center of Suifenhe Customs District People’s Republic of China, Suifenhe 157399, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Manzhouli Customs, Hulunbuir 021400, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221002
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为解决目前大量进口预包装食品因标签不合格导致未准入境的现状, 推动进口预包装食品标签制作和审核, 为进口预包装食品标签标注风险提供对策和建议。本综述根据现行食品安全国家标准要求, 将进口预包装食品标签中文标注内容归纳总结为“8+1+X”, 即必须标注的8大信息, 分别是食品名称、配料信息、生产日期、保质期、贮存条件、国内经销信息(包含经销商/进口商等名称、地址、电话)、原产国或地区、净含量+在华注册编号+其他特殊标注内容, 对照“8+1+X”标注信息对近3年进口预包装食品标签不合格标注情况分析, 整理归纳进口预包装食品标签标注风险。通过原因剖析, 提出提高进口贸易从业者思想意识和风险认知, 提高进口贸易从业者从业能力水平, 利用现代软件技术等辅助手段提供技术加持, 推动相关行业的建立以及相关领域的技术发展, 完善相关法规与标准5个应对策略, 有效降低进口预包装食品标签标注风险。因此提升技术能力, 引进标签审核新模式, 规范进口预包装食品标签标示, 都是维护市场营销秩序, 保障消费者知情权和选择权, 保障国民饮食营养和安全的重要方式, 必须加以重视。

进口预包装食品  /  标签  /  标签审核  /  食品安全

To address the current situation where a large number of imported prepackaged foods are denied entry due to non-compliant labels, and to promote the production and review of labels for imported prepackaged foods, this study provided countermeasures and suggestions for mitigating risks associated with label marking of imported prepackaged foods. This review based on current national food safety standards, the Chinese labeling content of imported prepackaged foods is summarized as “8+1+X”, which included 8 mandatory pieces of information: Food name, ingredient information, production date, shelf life, storage conditions, domestic distribution information (including the name, address, and phone number of the distributor/importer), country or region of origin, net content, plus the registration number in China and other special labeling requirements. By comparing the “8+1+X” labeling requirements, the study analyzed non-compliant labeling cases of imported prepackaged foods over the past 3 years and identified risks associated with label marking. By analyzing the root causes, this study proposes 5 countermeasures: Enhancing the awareness and risk perception of foreign trade practitioners, improving their professional competence, leveraging modern software technologies for technical support, promoting the establishment of related industries and technological advancements in relevant fields, and refining regulations and standards. These strategies aimed to effectively reduce the risks associated with the labeling of imported prepackaged foods. Therefore, improving technical capabilities, introducing new label review models, and standardizing the labeling of imported prepackaged foods are essential measures to maintain market order, protect consumers’ right to know and choose, and ensure national dietary nutrition and safety. These efforts must be given due attention.

imported prepacked food  /  label  /  label review  /  food safety
王宗莹, 宋喜臣, 张鹏, 朱雅欣. 进口预包装食品标签问题分析及应对策略研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 288 -295 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221002
Zong-Ying WANG, Xi-Chen SONG, Peng ZHANG, Ya-Xin ZHU. Analysis of label issues and research on countermeasures for imported prepackaged foods[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 288 -295 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221002
食品标签是指“食品包装上的文字、图形、符号及一切说明物”。消费者可根据预包装食品标签信息选择自身所需产品, 特殊人群可根据预包装食品营养标签信息选择或规避相应食品, 为饮食提供参考, 搭配营养、平衡膳食[1-2]。根据《食品安全法》的规定, 进口预包装食品应当有中文标签[3], 其标识应符合我国法律法规和食品安全国家标准的要求[4]。在我国, 进口预包装食品标签标注通过法律法规、食品标准、部委部门规章制度和公告等多个层级协同, 形成了明确严谨的规则与要求[5]。根据我国GB 7718—2011《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品标签通则》在进口预包装食品标签中, 一般情况必须要标注的信息有8组, 分别是食品名称、配料信息、生产日期、保质期、贮存条件、国内经销信息(包含经销商/进口商等名称、地址、电话)、原产国或地区、净含量[6], 而根据《进口食品境外生产企业注册管理规定》还需标注在华注册编号[7], 此外部分食品还需要根据食品的类型选择性标注食品营养信息和产品标准中规定的其他信息(共X项, 以X表示), 可以将其总结为“8+1+X”, 这些强制标示内容也是进口预包装食品标签审核的重要关注点。这些信息不仅能够保障消费者在选购过程的知情权和选择权, 让消费者以健康为目的, 科学的选择食品提供有效的参考[8], 同时还能够对食品安全作出安全和营养风险提示[9], 避免可能出现的食品掺杂掺假、信息虚报或欺骗等食品欺诈行为[10]
本文通过2022—2024年对俄贸易口岸进口的预包装食品标注情况进行分析, 归类整理了进口预包装食品标签标注中易存在的风险和易错点, 并对进口预包装食品标签设计制作提供技术指导意见, 以便于进口贸易从业者及时关注到这些信息, 避免因进口预包装食品标签不合格带来违法违规情况和经济损失, 同时与相关行业监管者进行探讨, 对进口预包装食品标签的检验审核提供更多思路和方向。
食品名称体现食品真实属性, 不仅能够保障消费者知情权和选择权, 同时也是判断食品准入条件, 审查食品配料、食品非法添加物及食品添加剂的重要依据。根据GB 7718—2011, 食品名称必须能够反映食品的真实属性, 但一方面随着食品工业的不断发展, 食品的各种性状、品类、配料组合、加工工艺等不断发展, 新食品类型不断出现, 有时会出现与我国现有的法规标准难以明确界定和判断的现象, 这就需要根据产品的特点通过安全性评估和合规性评价再加以明确[11-12]; 另一方面, 对进口食品而言, 各个国家和地区仅会对本地区生产的食品依据传统食用习惯加以规定, 而进口预包装食品在入境时需要满足进口国的相关要求, 因此存在因标准差异导致的食品真实属性难以明确的情况[13]。例如一款俄罗斯进口食品, 名称为某巧克力夹心糖, 通过在华注册信息查询, 该境外生产者注册的进口食品品类为“巧克力及其他含可可的食品”(包含糖食), 在审核时发现, 由于没有提供该食品中巧克力成分含量, 难以确定其类别究竟为巧克力制品还是糖果; 又如, 一款进口食品, 食品名称为某品牌谷物圈, 在审核时技术机构同样要求其明确产品类型究竟为冲调谷物制品还是膨化食品。
食品配料是食品组成的具体体现, 包括一般食品原料及食品添加剂。根据我国食品安全国家标准, 食品配料不仅要将各种原料、辅料和食品添加剂都按照标准规定加以标示, 而且在食品制造或加工过程中, 加入的水也应在配料表中标示, 单一配料的预包装食品也应当标示配料表。在日常检验过程中, 进口预包装食品标签中配料及食品添加剂标注也是审核的“重灾区”, 是反映食品安全风险的重要内容[14]。例如进口预包装食品中使用的配料在我国没有传统食用习惯, 属于新食品原料[15], 但却未经审核注册; 又如进口预包装食品中食品添加剂使用和标示不符合我国食品安全国家标准规定[16-17]; 又如进口预包装食品配料表中复合配料未按照我国食品安全国家标准规定加以展开; 又如因生产中各食品原料加入比例无法确定, 在终产品配料中没有按照配料递减顺序原则进行标注等, 诸如此类问题, 极大程度地影响了进口预包装食品标签审核的通过率, 同时, 这些内容也是反映食品安全风险的重要风险点之一。
在本次标注情况分析中发现, 该类型的标注瑕疵约占标签标注不合格比例的83%, 存在的问题主要体现在标注位置不够具体, 以及未标注日期格式(日/月/年)等。生产日期和保质期是体现食品食用安全的重点内容, 从经营者角度, 日期会影响产品销售时间, 对产品性价比产生影响; 从消费者角度, 只有在保质期内的食品才有安全性、有保障, 因此生产日期和保质期标注对进口食品的影响很大。通过审核发现, 从标示方面来看, 偶有存在未标注日期具体位置, 未标注日期格式等现象; 从食品安全方面来看, 偶有存在临期食品进口和超期食品进口的情况[18]; 从消费者知情权方面来看, 有些进口食品日期标注模糊不够持久, 还有些进口食品日期标注在封口边缘, 极易在打开包装后遗失等[19-20]
贮存条件与保质期配合, 共同反映食品安全指标, 即只有在符合标签贮存条件的情况下, 食品才能够达到标注的保质期。因此贮存条件的标注对保质期的影响较大[21], 在审核中发现, 约有13%的进口预包装食品标签在翻译时规避贮存条件中的温湿度条件, 仅以“置于阴凉干燥处”“避光保存”“避免阳光直射”等通用用语代替。
国内经销信息应是国内能够承担食品安全责任的经营者, 可以是进口商、代理商、委托商或经销商等。在审核过程中, 该信息审核通过率最高, 偶有存在未标注, 或标注信息存在书写错误的情况, 一般通过整改后均可以进口。另外, 在审核过程中发现, 部分国内进口商及其代理商标注的电话存在空号、错号的情况。
原产国信息不仅要与外文标签中标注的生产信息有所对应, 同时还应与在华注册编号进行核对。审核中仅发现3%的标签存在该项内容标注瑕疵, 偶有发生引导词, 即“原产国”标注为“原产地”的情况。
净含量能够反映食品真实质量, 与食品性价比存在较高的联系。根据要求, 进口食品需要标注中文的净含量, 同时根据食品质量的不同, 规定了相应的净含量字符高度[22], 以确保消费者能够及时快速的了解这一信息。在审核中发现, 进口食品易出现未标注中文净含量、净含量与中文名称未在同一界面和净含量字符高度不符合标注要求的情况, 本次数据分析发现, 约有62%的标签存在净含量标注字符高度不符合要求的情况, 且这些情况大多同时存在标签整体字符不满足GB 7718—2011中“预包装食品包装物或包装容器最大表面面积大于35 cm2时, 强制标示内容的文字、符号、数字的高度不得小于1.8 mm”的要求。另外, 有些进口预包装食品标签还会存在使用非法定计量单位和计量单位使用有误的情况, 例如将“千克”标注为“公斤”, 将“1千克”标注为“1000克”等。
GB 28050—2011《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品营养标签通则》对营养信息的标注有严格规定, 尤其对营养成分表中能量和营养成分名称、顺序、表达单位、修约间隔以及“0”界限值的标示等进行了明确要求。而这些营养成分的标注也是消费者选购食品的重要参考内容。通过营养成分消费者可以直观的了解到该食品各类营养素的比例以及对膳食营养的影响。因此, 该数据必须真实准确, 符合标注要求。在审核中发现, 约有80%标签瑕疵中存在营养成分标注存在问题。其中约有20%的标签存在营养素和能量修约的问题, 23%的标签存在NRV值计算有误, 这两项内容成为了标签中营养成分标注有误的主要错误点。除上述情况外, 约有35%的标签瑕疵中存在: “0”界限值标示不符问题[23]; 进行了营养声称但产品并不符合标准规定可以进行声称的条件[24]; 有些营养成分功能声称没有使用标准规定的用语; 营养成分表中单位使用不当、存在使用非法定计量单位; 以“份”计算营养成分表达方式, 未标注“每份”的含量等问题, 这些标签瑕疵也是营养成分标注中最易错内容。此外, 以下标签营养成分标注瑕疵错误也偶有发生, 例如“营养成分表”用词有误, 营养成分表格式有误, 甚至还会出现将“营养素参考值(nutrient reference values, NRV)”写为“NVR值”的情况。
对存在这些标签瑕疵情况进行原因分析主要有以下两个方面。一方面因为经营者对相关知识的不熟悉, 导致标注存在乱标、错标现象, 例如一款俄罗斯进口的食用盐, 经营者标注了其营养成分表, 且提供的营养数据与标注值并不一致, 通过交流, 经营者表示其并不知晓食用盐可以豁免标注营养成分表, 也不了解其进口这一产品中钠的实际含量, 而是参考了同类其他食用盐的情况标注[25]。另一方面由于不同国家或地区对营养标签的要求不尽相同[26], 也会对营养成分的标注产生影响。例如俄罗斯进口预包装食品中并不要求必须标注反式脂肪酸含量, 但在我国如果配料中含有氢化或部分氢化油脂, 营养成分表就需要标示出反式脂肪酸的含量; 又如, 为帮助消费者了解食品中某种营养素占其每日推荐摄入量的百分比, 从而做出更健康的食品选择, 我国食品安全国家标准中要求必须标注NRV值, 这一内容需要根据我国标准进行计算, 因此在实际应用中容易出现标注错误。
《进口食品境外生产企业注册管理规定》中明确规定向中国境内出口食品的境外生产企业实施注册管理。已获得注册的企业向中国境内出口食品时, 应当在食品的内、外包装上标注在华注册编号或者所在国家(地区)主管当局批准的注册编号。在审核时, 审核人员会根据进口预包装食品标签中载明的信息与海关总署公布的信息, 结合产品属性进行核查, 对于信息存在问题的, 不允许入境。例如一款从俄罗斯进口中国的啤酒, 通过在华注册编号查询生产商地址与标签外文中提供的多个地址均不相符, 经沟通, 经营者表示其进口产品为注册的境外生产企业的分公司, 与总公司非同一名称同一地址, 最终审核人员要求经营者向该分公司索要总公司注册信息中包含分公司及其生产地址的相关信息后, 才予以通过审核。另外, 还有存在境外生产企业注册的产品类型与进口食品类型不一致, 在华注册编号多位、少位等书写错误等情况。
根据部分食品类别的食品安全国家标准, 有些食品标签中需要标注的内容具有一定的针对性[27], 例如辐照食品和转基因食品等特殊标注内容需要依据相关规定加以标注, 啤酒需要标注原麦汁浓度、酒精度和警示用语, 固体饮料需要标注冲调方法, 凝胶果冻需要按规定醒目标注警示语和食用方法等。在具体标注时不仅需要考虑我国相关标注要求, 及时向境外生产企业和境外出口商索要相关证明。与此同时, 由于各国家和地区间标准不同[28], 食品标签也存在标注内容的不同: 一是有些进口预包装食品会依据生产国要求进行标注, 但并不符合我国标注习惯, 例如俄罗斯进口中国的葡萄酒会采用范围值的形式标注酒精度, 但在国内需要采用固定值进行标注; 二是有些进口预包装食品根据生产国情况进行的各种声称, 例如一款俄罗斯进口中国的小麦粉, 进口商根据外文标注了“产品质量等级‘高级’”字样, 而根据我国标准, 小麦粉未有“高级”这一等级, 最终进口商将信息整改为“俄罗斯质量等级‘高级’”后, 予以进口; 三是由于不同国家对食品的术语和定义不同, 对进口食品品类界定的影响。例如根据我国GB 9678.2—2014《食品安全国家标准 巧克力、代可可脂巧克力及其制品》规定“巧克力成分含量不足25%的制品不应命名为巧克力制品”, 而根据俄罗斯国家产品标准ГОСТ 31721—2012《МЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ СТАНДАРТ ШОКОЛАД Общие технические условия》(《巧克力及其制品》)表述“巧克力产品为单一产品, 一种糖果产品, 含有占产品总质量25%至40%的分离巧克力成分或至少9%的可可产品总干残渣, 包括至少4.5%的可可脂”[29], 不仅术语及定义不同, 对配料定量的要求也不一致; 四是由于各国家和地区间标准要求不同, 在标签中需要标注的产品附加信息也有所不同, 例如根据我国GB 19302—2010《食品安全国家标准 发酵乳》规定“在生牛(羊)乳中添加部分乳粉生产的产品应在产品名称紧邻部位标明‘含××%复原乳’或‘含××%复原奶’(‘××%’是指所添加乳粉占产品中全乳固体的质量分数。)”, 而根据俄罗斯欧亚经济联盟(Eurasian Conformity, EAC)认证欧亚经济联盟标准TR CU 033/2013《海关联盟的技术法规-关于牛奶和乳制品的安全性》表述“形成复原乳名称时, 需在产品制造所使用的主要原料名称中直接以相同大小的字体标明, 例如: ‘由奶粉制成的复原乳’‘由浓缩奶制成的再造奶’‘由奶粉和炼乳制成的再造奶’”[30], 不需要标注具体的乳粉质量分数。
对于我国食品标注中推荐性的产品标准, 虽然对进口食品而言可以参照选择性标注, 但有些能够对食品安全和营养健康产生影响, 或对市场销售有公正意义的内容还是建议经营者尽量注明此类信息[31]
另外, 有些进口食品中使用了新食品原料, 且根据卫健委发布的公告中又需要标注不适宜人群及食用量等信息的, 经营者也需要依规标注。例如, 俄罗斯进口的人参泡酒中用到了人参这一食品原料, 依据公告, 需要提供人参为5年以下人工种植的相关材料, 同时在标签中加以标注[32]。又如俄罗斯进口的一款果汁中采用了黑果腺肋花楸果, 属新食品原料, 需要依规标注不适宜人群[33]
此外, 致敏物质标示也值得我们关注。在国内外, 对食品中致敏物质的研究和标示已经有较多深入的研究[34-36], 例如欧盟规定预包装食品标签上必须标明8种常见的致敏食物来源, 包括牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼类、甲壳类动物、花生、坚果、 celery(欧防己)、芥末、sesame (sesame seeds)和soybeans(大豆); 美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)也要求食品制造商在标签上注明含有8种主要的过敏原, 包括牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼、甲壳类海鲜、树坚果、peanuts(花生)、wheat(小麦)和soybeans(大豆)。而我国, 致敏物质仍是食品标签中推荐标注内容, 但近期《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品标签通则(征求意见稿)》发布, 对致敏物质的标注提出了更为细致的要求。
根据《海关总署关于进出口预包装食品标签检验监督管理有关事宜的公告》(2019年第70号)规定, 进口商应当负责审核其进口预包装食品的中文标签是否符合我国相关法律、行政法规规定和食品安全国家标准要求。审核不合格的, 不得进口[37]。因此提高进口贸易从业者的思想意识和风险认知对降低进口预包装食品标签标注风险具有重要意义。从知识产权方面, 进口贸易从业者应充分了解在进口过程中与境外生产企业和境外出口商之间存在的需要明晰的知识产权问题, 例如产品的加工工艺、配料配方等是否涉及保密信息和知识产权, 产品的品牌以及产品系列是否涉及在国内经销过程中的侵权维权等[38]。国际贸易合同方面, 与知识产权异曲同工, 国际贸易合同中应有意约定境外生产企业和境外出口商对影响进口食品标签标注信息提供的义务, 并对因无法提供信息可能产生的影响、进口商履行法定责任、经营活动受阻进而产生经济损失等内容加以明确, 以确保进口商的权益得到保障。对于已经开始履行进口程序和已经完成进口程序在国内销售的食品, 进口商应着重关注进口预包装食品标签的标注内容是否合规, 广告宣传是否得当, 是否存在反不正当竞争等问题, 避免出现因标注问题导致标签瑕疵, 甚至影响食品安全的情况[39]
建议有一定规模的企业成立专业的产品合规性评价团队, 中小型企业也可以采取培养专职人员的方式履行这一职能。从对境外出口商、境外生产企业审核, 进口食品准入要求, 海关总署注册要求, 进口食品合规性评价, 销售过程中的广告宣传, 以及可能遇到的侵权、应诉等法律问题多个方面形成条线管理, 全流程的保障产品的合规性, 降低进口食品安全风险, 避免可能带来的违法违规风险和经济损失。
通过规范制度形成从业指导, 针对进口食品品类, 明确进口预包装食品标签制作要点[40]。例如规范进口预包装食品标签制作指南, 列明何时着手开展进口预包装食品标签制作和设计, 制作和设计中需要考虑哪些食品安全标准和产品标准, 具体需要满足的标注信息, 需要境外生产企业和境外出口商提供的材料和信息, 具体制作过程和排版要求, 是否需要提前预审, 审核后如何规范存档, 在进口过程中如何对标注内容进行复查, 再次进口时如何再次利用已做过的进口预包装食品标签等。
对于企业内部执行进口预包装食品标签制作和设计, 或参与食品合规性评价的人员及部门加强技术指导和培训。一方面需要关注每次进口食品的标注细节要求, 例如是否存在新食品原料, 食品添加剂使用和标注是否符合相关标准规定, 是否按照现行标准标注了所有需要标示的内容等技术问题; 另一方面需要关注我国食品安全管理体系的变化情况, 例如进口的食品品类是否发生调整, 食品安全国家标准和相关产品标准是否更新, 是否有新的法律法规对标注要求加以约束等; 再者, 可以对出口国在该品类食品生产过程的要求和标准加以了解, 以便于对境外出口商、境外生产企业审核和对进口预包装食品标签的有效标注。
随着信息化进程的不断发展, 可以利用现代科技手段对进口预包装食品标签标注提供技术加持[41]。例如开发专业的翻译软件, 不同于日常生活翻译, 进口预包装食品外文标签中存在大量专业术语, 甚至存在地方俚语等专用语言, 因内容过于专业, 利用常规翻译软件和人工翻译有时无法准确意译这些信息, 因此可以通过开发专业翻译软件提高多种语言专业术语的翻译能力[42]。又如通过公共平台和大数据信息展示进口预包装食品标签不合格情况及后续影响, 例如海关总署通过进口食品安全风险预警平台发布未准入境的食品信息, 其中包括进口预包装食品未准入境的原因, 提示进口贸易从业者关注进口食品安全的风险点, 提醒消费者在采购过程中需要关注的重要信息。再如通过开发人工智能标签审核系统等技术辅助验证, 增加对关键信息点和信息字段的布控和审查, 降低进口预包装食品标签审核过程中人工判读研判风险, 减少人为失误, 提高标签检验的精确度和工作效率, 进口贸易从业者还可以通过利用Loftware NiceLabel企业标签管理系统, 建立系统完善的标签处理机制, 将标签信息和规则要求输入, 利用系统中专业信息处理能力进行标签的制作和维护。
目前在我国, 进口预包装食品标签制作设计行业和审核行业仍是新兴行业, 从业规模以及专业程度均处于发展初期, 没有成熟可靠的行业指导, 而这一行业又融汇了多层次的专业内容[43-44], 例如法律法规的认知解读, 食品领域的技术研究, 涉外语言的能力水平, 制作和设计的软件操作, 以及可能需要的设计功底等均有所涉猎, 因此行业发展较为困难。未来, 通过引入专业的进口预包装食品标签设计制作团队和审核团队, 提高从业者的技术能力水平等方式不断推动该领域的发展, 必然能够对降低进口预包装食品标签标注风险, 保障进口预包装食品安全产生助益。
随着现代食品工业与国际贸易的发展, 多种形式和类别的食品进入到国内市场, 依据我国现有的法规标准, 对一些特殊的食品并没有行之有效的界定方法。而部分标准的条款存在描述型规定, 需要通过审核人员的理解和经验加以判断, 一定程度增加了人工审核的风险。此外, 海关总署对进口预包装食品的归类与国内部分现行标准的分类也存在不匹配的现状, 会导致对进口预包装食品分类界定存在歧义[45-46]。建议相关部门结合全球食品工业发展进程, 结合实际制作和审核需求及时出台相关法规, 修订和开发新标准, 减少因此带来的进口预包装食品标签标注风险。
在近两年审核过程中, 有部分对该领域风险意识较强的进口贸易从业者选择提前与境外生产企业进行沟通, 制作标签并进行预审。以判断进口预包装食品准入条件和提前制备合法合规的进口预包装食品标签。这一方式不仅能够避免进口贸易从业者在食品进口后因未准入境而引发经济损失, 同时对加速口岸贸易通关效率也大有裨益。另外, 根据目前我国监管要求, 海关总署负责对进口食品安全实施监督管理, 同时负责审核进口预包装食品标签。建议可以在监管过程中, 利用采信第三方检测结果、指定检测机构采信结果或申请提前预审进口预包装食品标签等方式为企业提供标签预审机会, 以提高通关便利化[47]
在国际上, 尽管各个国家对预包装食品及其标签的管理规定不尽相同, 但对食品安全的要求都是十分重视的[48-51]。而且, 为保障全民健康营养饮食, 各个国家也出台了各项适应本国要求的政策。例如美国政府要求2018年6月18日以后, 除非获得批准, 否则美国市场上的加工食品将不再允许添加氢化植物油。又如俄罗斯通过制定关税同盟技术法规《食品添加剂、香精和加工助剂的安全要求》对食品添加剂规格加以规定。再如为推进全民健康行动, 我国《上海市国民营养计划(2019—2030年)实施方案》提出, 广泛开展以“三减三健”(减盐、减油、减糖, 健康口腔、健康体重、健康骨骼)为重点的专项行动。但是在实际运用过程中, 因各国家间人体素质基础不同, 营养需求不同, 对食品安全理解和要求不同, 也存在较大的文化差异。例如各个国家对营养成分表中标注的核心要素要求不同, 对于营养成分及能量的计算方式也有所不同。另外, 因语言表达的差异性、专业领域知识翻译水平、不同食品专业术语表达方式等不同产生的文化差异, 对进口预包装食品标签的影响也较大。因此, 促进各个国家间的文化适配对提高进口预包装食品标签准确性和合规性也有较大的影响。
进口预包装食品标签的制作和审核是一项复杂且专业的技术领域, 其制作与审核对进口食品准入判断有较大的指导意义。与进口贸易从业者而言, 对其进口的预包装食品在国内的销售, 应对消费者投诉打假等过程均有影响, 甚至可能带来违法违规风险, 轻则付出经济损失, 重则接受违法违规处置, 严重影响企业可持续发展。对监管机构而言, 提高技术能力, 利用审核结果参与执法, 有效规范市场秩序, 维护国民健康、保障消费者和进口贸易从业者的合法权益, 做好对进口食品安全监管是责任和使命。因此, 寻找和建立行之有效的进口预包装食品标签标注风险应对策略具有十分重要的意义。
通过分析, 对该领域的未来发展有以下几点建议: 企业层面, 建议进口贸易从业者提高对该领域的认知和能力水平, 加强自身对进口预包装食品标签制作和审核的能力; 社会层面, 建议通过推动相关行业的发展, 相关领域知识融合, 开发和利用多种现代科学技术手段; 监管方面, 整合、完善、归纳对进口预包装食品标签标注和审核的规则, 包括对现有食品安全标准中关于进口预包装食品标签标注要求的更新, 对“三新”食品准用要求的归纳, 相关审核技术规范的建立等等, 都能够帮助监管机构完善和落实进口预包装食品标签审核机制。通过3个层面共同发力, 对我国进口预包装食品标签标注准确性, 保障消费者消费知情权和国家食品安全均有建设性意义。
  • 2024海关总署科研项目(2024HK018)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-21
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2024海关总署科研项目(2024HK018)
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    1.中华人民共和国绥芬河海关综合技术中心, 绥芬河 157399
    2.满洲里海关技术中心, 呼伦贝尔 021400

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* 王宗莹(1990—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全、食品标签审核。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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