Article(id=1153433695647158738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735056000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929622803, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929622803, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929622803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929622803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=219, endPage=227, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433696368579041, articleId=1153433695647158738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Formula optimization of desulfurizer for pickled pepper based on principal component analysis and response surface method, columnId=1153433635433730748, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Comprehensive Utilization and Quality Safety of Agricultural Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize a compound desulfurizer of pickled pepper raw material by principal component analysis and response surface method. Methods The limit of detection was based on GB 2760—2014 National standard for food safety-Standards for the use of food additives, selected 3 kinds of desulfurizers with good desulfurization effect and little influences on raw material quality from 9 kinds of common desulfurizers by single factor experiments, designed a 3-factor, 3-level experiment by response surface method, through principal component analysis and response surface analysis, the optimum compound ratio and the optimum operating conditions were obtained. Results When the mass fraction of calcium hydroxide was 44.05%, sodium bicarbonate was 35.57%, chlorine dioxide was 20.38%, and the concentration was 0.10%, the desulfurization rate could reach 94.55%, which was about 36.50% higher than that of no use. At the same time, the color and hardness of pickled pepper materials had no obvious changes. Conclusion The study obtains a kind of compound desulfurizer with good desulfurization effect and little influences on raw material quality, and has high application value.

, correspAuthors=Jin-Xin CHE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-Han YU, Zi-Xi ZHAO, Jin-Xin CHE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433696695734759, articleId=1153433695647158738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于主成分分析和响应面法的腌制辣椒原料脱硫剂配方优化, columnId=1153433635601502912, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于主成分分析和响应面法对腌制辣椒原料复配脱硫剂进行配方优化。方法 依据GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》拟定检出限, 采用单因素实验从9种常见脱硫剂中筛选出具有良好脱硫效果, 并对原料品质影响较小的3种脱硫剂, 采用响应面法设计三因素三水平实验, 通过主成分和响应面分析得到最佳复配比, 并得到最佳使用条件。结果 当复配脱硫剂中氢氧化钙质量分数为44.05%, 碳酸氢钠质量分数为35.57%, 二氧化氯质量分数为20.38%, 使用浓度为0.10%时, 脱硫率能够达到94.55%, 比未使用时提高了约36.50%, 同时腌制辣椒原料的色泽、硬度等指标无明显变化。结论 本研究得到了一种脱硫效果好, 同时对原料品质影响小的腌制辣椒复配脱硫剂, 具有较高应用价值。

, correspAuthors=车金鑫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 车金鑫(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:
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余思瀚(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2016, 37(19): 107-110., articleTitle=Study on the technical parameters and quality of desulfurization in sulfited Shuanghua Plum by citric acid solution, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1173278274349318670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, awardId=NY-YB20221039, language=CN, fundingSource=湘潭市科技计划一般项目(NY-YB20221039), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278269878190486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278269886579095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, companyId=1173278269878190486, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278269894967704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, companyId=1173278269878190486, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湘潭大学化工学院, 湘潭 411105)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173278272076005845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main indexs of materials treated with acid desulfurizers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 SO2脱除率
/%
SO2含量/(mg/kg) 内层硬度/gf 表皮硬度/gf 咀嚼性/g 黏性
/(gf-mm)
E L* a* b*
CK - 252.73±
8.50a
834.80±
12.85ab
934.81±
93.06a
503.99±
184.52abc
0.39±
0.23a
- - - -
CK0 58.00±
7.21e
106.23±
18.72b
786.12±
19.08bc
932.15±
17.44ab
551.44±
26.51a
0.22±
0.07ab
26.23±
0.15d
-2.70±
1.16f
1.27±
0.05f
-26.04±
0.21f
10 g/L抗坏血酸 71.48±
2.17d
72.02±
3.13cd
770.14±
12.13c
898.12±
13.11abc
291.04±
48.21de
-0.06±
0.09bcd
7.21±
0.55h
-4.41±
0.54gh
1.38±
0.15ef
-5.53±
0.32b
20 g/L抗坏血酸 80.48±
1.10b
49.41±
3.73e
793.12±
15.73bc
907.81±
10.97abc
312.53±
138.76de
-0.37±
0.14de
11.49±
0.81g
-4.84±
0.43h
2.08±
0.22c
-10.22±
0.67c
30 g/L抗坏血酸 75.28±
4.02bcd
62.31±
8.18de
822.46±
10.79b
904.13±
8.89abc
386.37±
100.36bcde
-0.44±
0.17e
3.47±
0.75i
-0.27±
0.74e
0.38±
0.13g
-3.39±
0.68a
40 g/L柠檬酸 77.35±
2.89bc
57.19±
6.01de
818.79±
23.02bc
821.79±
21.55de
392.37±
66.62bcde
-0.27±
0.12cde
25.94±
0.25d
1.54±
0.36d
1.70±
0.05d
-25.84±
0.27f
50 g/L柠檬酸 93.35±
3.63a
17.02±
9.64f
884.13±
15.10a
874.12±
21.18bcd
361.95±
49.82cde
-0.36±
0.04de
23.79±
0.31e
-2.89±
0.20f
2.27±
0.14bc
-23.51±
0.32e
60 g/L柠檬酸 92.37±
0.39a
19.05±
0.09f
817.14±
3.61bc
829.49±
17.97de
263.29±
25.12e
-0.12±
0.11cde
21.21±
0.46f
-3.56±
1.33fg
1.53±
0.13de
-20.83±
0.62d
1.5 g/L磷酸二氢钠 67.80±
0.07d
81.43±
2.61c
813.46±
38.19bc
856.80±
39.72cd
528.21±
53.17ab
0.05±
0.23bc
40.23±
0.33a
17.29±
0.40a
3.19±
0.22a
-36.18±
0.20i
2.5 g/L磷酸二氢钠 67.75±
11.19d
81.10±
26.71c
805.46±
7.57bc
793.46±
19.22e
386.87±
70.66abcde
-0.05±
0.25bcd
33.51±
1.04c
14.21±
1.07b
2.28±
0.20bc
-30.25±
0.67g
3.5 g/L磷酸二氢钠 72.01±
3.54cd
70.63±
7.09cd
770.79±
72.35c
836.80±
18.04de
447.39±
69.04abcd
-0.09±
0.39bcd
36.01±
0.24b
11.78±
0.42c
2.42±
0.04b
-33.94±
0.14h
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272159891927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酸性脱硫剂处理后原料主要指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 SO2脱除率
/%
SO2含量/(mg/kg) 内层硬度/gf 表皮硬度/gf 咀嚼性/g 黏性
/(gf-mm)
E L* a* b*
CK - 252.73±
8.50a
834.80±
12.85ab
934.81±
93.06a
503.99±
184.52abc
0.39±
0.23a
- - - -
CK0 58.00±
7.21e
106.23±
18.72b
786.12±
19.08bc
932.15±
17.44ab
551.44±
26.51a
0.22±
0.07ab
26.23±
0.15d
-2.70±
1.16f
1.27±
0.05f
-26.04±
0.21f
10 g/L抗坏血酸 71.48±
2.17d
72.02±
3.13cd
770.14±
12.13c
898.12±
13.11abc
291.04±
48.21de
-0.06±
0.09bcd
7.21±
0.55h
-4.41±
0.54gh
1.38±
0.15ef
-5.53±
0.32b
20 g/L抗坏血酸 80.48±
1.10b
49.41±
3.73e
793.12±
15.73bc
907.81±
10.97abc
312.53±
138.76de
-0.37±
0.14de
11.49±
0.81g
-4.84±
0.43h
2.08±
0.22c
-10.22±
0.67c
30 g/L抗坏血酸 75.28±
4.02bcd
62.31±
8.18de
822.46±
10.79b
904.13±
8.89abc
386.37±
100.36bcde
-0.44±
0.17e
3.47±
0.75i
-0.27±
0.74e
0.38±
0.13g
-3.39±
0.68a
40 g/L柠檬酸 77.35±
2.89bc
57.19±
6.01de
818.79±
23.02bc
821.79±
21.55de
392.37±
66.62bcde
-0.27±
0.12cde
25.94±
0.25d
1.54±
0.36d
1.70±
0.05d
-25.84±
0.27f
50 g/L柠檬酸 93.35±
3.63a
17.02±
9.64f
884.13±
15.10a
874.12±
21.18bcd
361.95±
49.82cde
-0.36±
0.04de
23.79±
0.31e
-2.89±
0.20f
2.27±
0.14bc
-23.51±
0.32e
60 g/L柠檬酸 92.37±
0.39a
19.05±
0.09f
817.14±
3.61bc
829.49±
17.97de
263.29±
25.12e
-0.12±
0.11cde
21.21±
0.46f
-3.56±
1.33fg
1.53±
0.13de
-20.83±
0.62d
1.5 g/L磷酸二氢钠 67.80±
0.07d
81.43±
2.61c
813.46±
38.19bc
856.80±
39.72cd
528.21±
53.17ab
0.05±
0.23bc
40.23±
0.33a
17.29±
0.40a
3.19±
0.22a
-36.18±
0.20i
2.5 g/L磷酸二氢钠 67.75±
11.19d
81.10±
26.71c
805.46±
7.57bc
793.46±
19.22e
386.87±
70.66abcde
-0.05±
0.25bcd
33.51±
1.04c
14.21±
1.07b
2.28±
0.20bc
-30.25±
0.67g
3.5 g/L磷酸二氢钠 72.01±
3.54cd
70.63±
7.09cd
770.79±
72.35c
836.80±
18.04de
447.39±
69.04abcd
-0.09±
0.39bcd
36.01±
0.24b
11.78±
0.42c
2.42±
0.04b
-33.94±
0.14h
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272239583708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main indexes of materials treated with alkaline desulfurizers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 SO2脱除率
/%
SO2含量/(mg/kg) 内层硬度/gf 表皮硬度/gf 咀嚼性/g 黏性
/(gf-mm)
E L* a* b*
CK - 252.73±
8.50a
834.80±
12.85de
934.81±
93.06de
503.99±
184.52bcd
0.39±
0.23abc
- - - -
CK0 58.00±
7.21e
106.23±
18.72c
786.12±
19.09ef
932.15±
17.44de
551.44±
26.51bc
0.22±
0.07bcd
26.23±
0.15b
-2.70±
1.16bc
1.27±
0.05bcd
-26.04±
0.21e
1.5 g/L磷酸氢二钠 77.34±
0.61c
57.27±
0.35e
754.12±
13.86f
879.47±
51.56de
422.52±
70.33cd
0.59±
0.06s
22.42±
6.6c
-2.27±
2.54b
1.20±
1.07cd
-22.16±
6.60d
2.5 g/L磷酸氢二钠 81.84±
0.36b
45.92±
0.68f
758.12±
7.21f
803.46±
36.36e
383.23±
85.42d
0.40±
0.16abc
18.62±
1.15d
-2.26±
1.17b
0.86±
0.27d
-18.44±
1.13c
3.5 g/L磷酸氢二钠 84.75±
2.49b
38.64±
7.01f
828.80±
23.18de
904.14±
9.17de
463.54±
27.43cd
0.39±
0.12abc
20.64±
2.15cd
-4.73±
1.47cd
1.70±
0.13bc
-20.00±
1.87cd
1.0 g/L氢氧化钙 93.85±
1.06a
15.62±
3.15g
922.81±
24.85c
1110.84±
178.76bc
454.51±
48.82cd
0.18±
0.16cd
5.27±
0.51f
-1.55±
1.73b
2.96±
0.66a
-3.65±
1.33ab
1.2 g/L氢氧化钙 71.52±
2.95d
71.96±
6.78d
863.47±
16.78cd
952.82±
23.18d
522.97±
125.92bcd
0.11±
0.02d
9.03±
1.63e
-6.53±
1.52d
2.89±
0.26a
-5.51±
0.77b
1.4 g/L氢氧化钙 43.24±
1.83f
143.44±
0.06b
906.14±
56.72c
978.15±
16.37cd
630.81±
12.49ab
0.40±
0.08abc
5.70±
0.74ef
-5.13±
0.66d
1.67±
0.17bc
-1.80±
0.64a
0.2 g/L碳酸氢钠 94.16±
1.25a
14.81±
3.57g
873.47±
68.87cd
1300.81±
161.99a
444.62±
124.77cd
0.41±
0.06abc
29.52±
0.74ab
1.27±
1.13a
1.99±
0.16b
-29.41±
0.77ef
0.4 g/L碳酸氢钠 94.95±
0.14a
12.78±
0.07g
1063.50±
107.08b
1166.14±
36.03ab
738.27±
120.54a
0.28±
0.06bcd
29.56±
1.78ab
-2.59±
0.34bc
1.67±
0.24bc
-29.40±
1.75ef
0.6 g/L碳酸氢钠 97.50±
0.16a
6.31±
0.24g
1153.51±
16.17a
938.15±
55.69de
740.27±
6.26a
0.43±
0.15ab
30.25±
0.76a
-0.71±
1.33ab
2.00±
0.48b
-30.15±
0.79f
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272340247004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

碱性脱硫剂处理后原料主要指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 SO2脱除率
/%
SO2含量/(mg/kg) 内层硬度/gf 表皮硬度/gf 咀嚼性/g 黏性
/(gf-mm)
E L* a* b*
CK - 252.73±
8.50a
834.80±
12.85de
934.81±
93.06de
503.99±
184.52bcd
0.39±
0.23abc
- - - -
CK0 58.00±
7.21e
106.23±
18.72c
786.12±
19.09ef
932.15±
17.44de
551.44±
26.51bc
0.22±
0.07bcd
26.23±
0.15b
-2.70±
1.16bc
1.27±
0.05bcd
-26.04±
0.21e
1.5 g/L磷酸氢二钠 77.34±
0.61c
57.27±
0.35e
754.12±
13.86f
879.47±
51.56de
422.52±
70.33cd
0.59±
0.06s
22.42±
6.6c
-2.27±
2.54b
1.20±
1.07cd
-22.16±
6.60d
2.5 g/L磷酸氢二钠 81.84±
0.36b
45.92±
0.68f
758.12±
7.21f
803.46±
36.36e
383.23±
85.42d
0.40±
0.16abc
18.62±
1.15d
-2.26±
1.17b
0.86±
0.27d
-18.44±
1.13c
3.5 g/L磷酸氢二钠 84.75±
2.49b
38.64±
7.01f
828.80±
23.18de
904.14±
9.17de
463.54±
27.43cd
0.39±
0.12abc
20.64±
2.15cd
-4.73±
1.47cd
1.70±
0.13bc
-20.00±
1.87cd
1.0 g/L氢氧化钙 93.85±
1.06a
15.62±
3.15g
922.81±
24.85c
1110.84±
178.76bc
454.51±
48.82cd
0.18±
0.16cd
5.27±
0.51f
-1.55±
1.73b
2.96±
0.66a
-3.65±
1.33ab
1.2 g/L氢氧化钙 71.52±
2.95d
71.96±
6.78d
863.47±
16.78cd
952.82±
23.18d
522.97±
125.92bcd
0.11±
0.02d
9.03±
1.63e
-6.53±
1.52d
2.89±
0.26a
-5.51±
0.77b
1.4 g/L氢氧化钙 43.24±
1.83f
143.44±
0.06b
906.14±
56.72c
978.15±
16.37cd
630.81±
12.49ab
0.40±
0.08abc
5.70±
0.74ef
-5.13±
0.66d
1.67±
0.17bc
-1.80±
0.64a
0.2 g/L碳酸氢钠 94.16±
1.25a
14.81±
3.57g
873.47±
68.87cd
1300.81±
161.99a
444.62±
124.77cd
0.41±
0.06abc
29.52±
0.74ab
1.27±
1.13a
1.99±
0.16b
-29.41±
0.77ef
0.4 g/L碳酸氢钠 94.95±
0.14a
12.78±
0.07g
1063.50±
107.08b
1166.14±
36.03ab
738.27±
120.54a
0.28±
0.06bcd
29.56±
1.78ab
-2.59±
0.34bc
1.67±
0.24bc
-29.40±
1.75ef
0.6 g/L碳酸氢钠 97.50±
0.16a
6.31±
0.24g
1153.51±
16.17a
938.15±
55.69de
740.27±
6.26a
0.43±
0.15ab
30.25±
0.76a
-0.71±
1.33ab
2.00±
0.48b
-30.15±
0.79f
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272478659041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main indexes of materials treated with oxidizing desulfurizers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 SO2脱除率/% SO2含量/(mg/kg) 内层硬度/gf 表皮硬度/gf 咀嚼性/g 黏性
/(gf-mm)
E L* a* b*
CK - 252.73±
8.50a
834.80±
12.85bcd
934.81±
93.06de
503.99±
184.52abcd
0.39±
0.23a
- - - -
CK0 58.00±
7.21e
106.23±
18.72b
786.12±
19.08cde
932.15±
17.44de
551.44±
26.51abc
0.22±
0.07ab
26.23±
0.15b
-2.70±
1.16c
1.27±
0.05bc
-26.04±
0.21ef
0.02%过氧化氢 92.65±
0.21c
18.57±
0.08d
788.12±
50.32cde
999.49±
52.56cd
579.18±
114.83ab
0.33±
0.19ab
18.78±
1.13d
0.90±
0.99b
0.70±
0.33d
-18.73±
1.08c
0.04%过氧化氢 97.33±
0.35ab
6.75±
0.93efg
754.12±
14.42de
1094.15±
128.88bc
412.84±
48.96bcd
0.22±
0.10ab
19.90±
3.12d
1.70±
0.43b
1.52±
0.48b
-19.76±
3.09c
0.06%过氧化氢 97.66±
0.28ab
5.91±
0.58fg
712.11±
45.44e
764.12±
17.09f
346.57±
17.61d
0.20±
0.05ab
28.42±
2.37b
-5.18±
1.39c
2.34±
0.27a
-27.83±
2.18f
0.1 g/L二氧化氯 94.94±
0.14bc
12.81±
0.06def
884.14±
55.25bc
945.48±
23.87de
424.60±
115.76bcd
0.13±
0.05b
5.44±
0.85e
-2.72±
0.76c
-1.55±
0.13f
-4.44±
0.56a
0.2 g/L二氧化氯 93.70±
1.11c
16.01±
3.29de
917.48±
45.63b
951.48±
9.02cde
496.69±
65.97abcd
0.13±
0.08b
21.23±
1.91cd
-10.37±
1.43e
1.98±
0.27a
-18.30±
2.82c
0.3 g/L二氧化氯 100.00±
0.00a
0.00±
0.00g
874.81±
6.43bc
813.46±
83.37ef
363.80±
99.50cd
-0.26±
0.25c
8.06±
0.66e
-1.92±
0.62c
-1.27±
0.13f
-7.71±
0.57b
0.10 g/L脱氢乙酸钠 82.25±
1.13d
44.83±
1.43c
1223.53±
167.02a
985.48±
111.06cd
475.54±
111.76abcd
0.16±
0.14ab
20.80±
2.40cd
-2.65±
1.52c
0.09±
0.26e
-20.58±
2.60cd
0.15 g/L脱氢乙酸钠 85.45±
0.97d
36.76±
1.28c
1248.86±
90.18a
1223.51±
167.04ab
618.03±
36.09a
0.27±
0.06ab
23.49±
1.68c
-1.64±
1.54c
0.24±
0.26e
-23.39±
1.75de
0.20 g/L脱氢乙酸钠 84.55±
0.60d
39.05±
0.41c
864.14±
73.33bc
1248.86±
90.18a
624.42±
117.71a
0.14±
0.07b
28.69±
0.79b
-2.90±
1.18c
0.88±
0.09cd
-28.51±
0.90f
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272625459684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

氧化性脱硫剂处理后原料主要指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 SO2脱除率/% SO2含量/(mg/kg) 内层硬度/gf 表皮硬度/gf 咀嚼性/g 黏性
/(gf-mm)
E L* a* b*
CK - 252.73±
8.50a
834.80±
12.85bcd
934.81±
93.06de
503.99±
184.52abcd
0.39±
0.23a
- - - -
CK0 58.00±
7.21e
106.23±
18.72b
786.12±
19.08cde
932.15±
17.44de
551.44±
26.51abc
0.22±
0.07ab
26.23±
0.15b
-2.70±
1.16c
1.27±
0.05bc
-26.04±
0.21ef
0.02%过氧化氢 92.65±
0.21c
18.57±
0.08d
788.12±
50.32cde
999.49±
52.56cd
579.18±
114.83ab
0.33±
0.19ab
18.78±
1.13d
0.90±
0.99b
0.70±
0.33d
-18.73±
1.08c
0.04%过氧化氢 97.33±
0.35ab
6.75±
0.93efg
754.12±
14.42de
1094.15±
128.88bc
412.84±
48.96bcd
0.22±
0.10ab
19.90±
3.12d
1.70±
0.43b
1.52±
0.48b
-19.76±
3.09c
0.06%过氧化氢 97.66±
0.28ab
5.91±
0.58fg
712.11±
45.44e
764.12±
17.09f
346.57±
17.61d
0.20±
0.05ab
28.42±
2.37b
-5.18±
1.39c
2.34±
0.27a
-27.83±
2.18f
0.1 g/L二氧化氯 94.94±
0.14bc
12.81±
0.06def
884.14±
55.25bc
945.48±
23.87de
424.60±
115.76bcd
0.13±
0.05b
5.44±
0.85e
-2.72±
0.76c
-1.55±
0.13f
-4.44±
0.56a
0.2 g/L二氧化氯 93.70±
1.11c
16.01±
3.29de
917.48±
45.63b
951.48±
9.02cde
496.69±
65.97abcd
0.13±
0.08b
21.23±
1.91cd
-10.37±
1.43e
1.98±
0.27a
-18.30±
2.82c
0.3 g/L二氧化氯 100.00±
0.00a
0.00±
0.00g
874.81±
6.43bc
813.46±
83.37ef
363.80±
99.50cd
-0.26±
0.25c
8.06±
0.66e
-1.92±
0.62c
-1.27±
0.13f
-7.71±
0.57b
0.10 g/L脱氢乙酸钠 82.25±
1.13d
44.83±
1.43c
1223.53±
167.02a
985.48±
111.06cd
475.54±
111.76abcd
0.16±
0.14ab
20.80±
2.40cd
-2.65±
1.52c
0.09±
0.26e
-20.58±
2.60cd
0.15 g/L脱氢乙酸钠 85.45±
0.97d
36.76±
1.28c
1248.86±
90.18a
1223.51±
167.04ab
618.03±
36.09a
0.27±
0.06ab
23.49±
1.68c
-1.64±
1.54c
0.24±
0.26e
-23.39±
1.75de
0.20 g/L脱氢乙酸钠 84.55±
0.60d
39.05±
0.41c
864.14±
73.33bc
1248.86±
90.18a
624.42±
117.71a
0.14±
0.07b
28.69±
0.79b
-2.90±
1.18c
0.88±
0.09cd
-28.51±
0.90f
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272755483113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Response surface experiments design and results of desulfurizers formulation optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 A(氢氧化钙)
/(g/L)
B(碳酸氢钠)
/(g/L)
C(二氧化氯)
/(g/L)
脱硫率/% ∆内层硬度 ∆表皮硬度 ∆咀嚼性 ∆黏性 E
1 1.5 0.6 0.5 86.69 -27.34 42.67 -55.83 -0.43 16.43
2 0.5 0.6 0.1 61.90 58.01 -0.67 29.99 -0.22 16.07
3 1.0 0.2 0.1 68.36 58.68 44.67 128.85 0.03 16.42
4 0.5 0.2 0.3 86.34 3.33 -22.01 -94.85 -0.51 17.37
5 1.0 0.2 0.5 67.24 15.33 -30.68 24.73 -0.15 8.59
6 1.5 0.6 0.1 66.83 32.00 -6.67 85.96 -0.39 4.61
7 0.5 1.0 0.3 63.58 22.00 6.66 -13.53 -0.04 1.91
8 1.0 0.6 0.3 75.79 29.33 18.00 71.49 -0.35 11.63
9 0.5 0.6 0.5 71.64 24.67 8.66 154.63 -0.05 3.63
10 1.5 1.0 0.3 72.79 101.35 85.34 183.78 -0.08 4.47
11 1.0 0.6 0.3 72.78 -10.00 -28.68 103.75 0.06 6.38
12 1.0 1.0 0.1 75.33 34.67 33.33 113.65 -0.26 5.12
13 1.0 1.0 0.5 70.00 83.34 54.67 125.09 -0.24 4.34
14 1.5 0.2 0.3 69.18 55.34 0.66 17.29 -0.05 5.20
15 1.0 0.6 0.3 71.08 9.34 -4.34 16.48 -0.13 10.80
16 1.0 0.6 0.3 70.20 12.01 30.66 29.64 -0.13 5.66
17 1.0 0.6 0.3 74.21 17.34 57.00 54.11 -0.23 7.85
), ArticleFig(id=1173278272944226793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

脱硫剂配方优化的响应面实验设计及结果

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编号 A(氢氧化钙)
/(g/L)
B(碳酸氢钠)
/(g/L)
C(二氧化氯)
/(g/L)
脱硫率/% ∆内层硬度 ∆表皮硬度 ∆咀嚼性 ∆黏性 E
1 1.5 0.6 0.5 86.69 -27.34 42.67 -55.83 -0.43 16.43
2 0.5 0.6 0.1 61.90 58.01 -0.67 29.99 -0.22 16.07
3 1.0 0.2 0.1 68.36 58.68 44.67 128.85 0.03 16.42
4 0.5 0.2 0.3 86.34 3.33 -22.01 -94.85 -0.51 17.37
5 1.0 0.2 0.5 67.24 15.33 -30.68 24.73 -0.15 8.59
6 1.5 0.6 0.1 66.83 32.00 -6.67 85.96 -0.39 4.61
7 0.5 1.0 0.3 63.58 22.00 6.66 -13.53 -0.04 1.91
8 1.0 0.6 0.3 75.79 29.33 18.00 71.49 -0.35 11.63
9 0.5 0.6 0.5 71.64 24.67 8.66 154.63 -0.05 3.63
10 1.5 1.0 0.3 72.79 101.35 85.34 183.78 -0.08 4.47
11 1.0 0.6 0.3 72.78 -10.00 -28.68 103.75 0.06 6.38
12 1.0 1.0 0.1 75.33 34.67 33.33 113.65 -0.26 5.12
13 1.0 1.0 0.5 70.00 83.34 54.67 125.09 -0.24 4.34
14 1.5 0.2 0.3 69.18 55.34 0.66 17.29 -0.05 5.20
15 1.0 0.6 0.3 71.08 9.34 -4.34 16.48 -0.13 10.80
16 1.0 0.6 0.3 70.20 12.01 30.66 29.64 -0.13 5.66
17 1.0 0.6 0.3 74.21 17.34 57.00 54.11 -0.23 7.85
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273158136302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Eigenvalues and contribution rates of principal component analysis in raw material quality

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主成分 特征值 贡献率/% 累计贡献率/%
1 2.844 47.406 47.406
2 1.401 23.345 70.751
3 0.703 11.709 82.460
4 0.539 8.980 91.439
5 0.339 5.649 97.088
6 0.175 2.912 100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273380434418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

原料品质中主成分分析的特征值及贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 特征值 贡献率/% 累计贡献率/%
1 2.844 47.406 47.406
2 1.401 23.345 70.751
3 0.703 11.709 82.460
4 0.539 8.980 91.439
5 0.339 5.649 97.088
6 0.175 2.912 100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273481097717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Eigenvectors of the main index

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指标 第1主成分 第2主成分
∆脱硫率 -0.694 0.516
∆内层硬度 0.753 0.384
∆表皮硬度 0.407 0.828
∆咀嚼性 0.839 0.232
∆黏性 0.698 -0.438
E -0.662 0.237
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273564983800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

主要指标的特征向量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 第1主成分 第2主成分
∆脱硫率 -0.694 0.516
∆内层硬度 0.753 0.384
∆表皮硬度 0.407 0.828
∆咀嚼性 0.839 0.232
∆黏性 0.698 -0.438
E -0.662 0.237
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273699201532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Principal component scores and composite scores

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实验组 第1主成分 第2主成分 综合得分
1 -3.48 -0.34 -1.73
2 0.04 0.98 0.25
3 1.25 1.60 0.96
4 -4.05 0.49 -1.81
5 -0.39 0.10 -0.16
6 0.15 -0.49 -0.05
7 0.73 -1.36 0.03
8 -0.79 0.38 -0.29
9 1.25 0.09 0.62
10 2.85 0.27 1.41
11 0.16 0.41 0.17
12 0.43 -0.28 0.14
13 1.77 -0.21 0.79
14 0.73 -0.18 0.30
15 -0.69 0.13 -0.30
16 0.14 -0.89 -0.14
17 -0.10 -0.69 -0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273762116095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

主成分得分值及综合得分

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实验组 第1主成分 第2主成分 综合得分
1 -3.48 -0.34 -1.73
2 0.04 0.98 0.25
3 1.25 1.60 0.96
4 -4.05 0.49 -1.81
5 -0.39 0.10 -0.16
6 0.15 -0.49 -0.05
7 0.73 -1.36 0.03
8 -0.79 0.38 -0.29
9 1.25 0.09 0.62
10 2.85 0.27 1.41
11 0.16 0.41 0.17
12 0.43 -0.28 0.14
13 1.77 -0.21 0.79
14 0.73 -0.18 0.30
15 -0.69 0.13 -0.30
16 0.14 -0.89 -0.14
17 -0.10 -0.69 -0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273871168001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Regression model analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差
来源
平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 9.70 9 1.08 7.89 0.0063 **
A 2.31 1 2.31 16.92 0.0045 **
B 0.52 1 0.52 3.81 0.0920
C 1.57 1 1.57 11.47 0.0117 *
AB 1.93 1 1.93 14.14 0.0071 **
AC 1.59 1 1.59 11.62 0.0113 *
BC 0.42 1 0.42 3.09 0.1220
A² 1.31 1 1.31 9.56 0.0175 *
B² 4.59E-03 1 4.59E-03 0.03 0.8598
C² 0.03 1 0.03 0.21 0.6627
残差 0.96 7 0.14
失拟项 0.21 3 0.07 0.38 0.7730
纯误差 0.74 4 0.19
总和 10.65 16 R2=0.9103 R2Adj=0.7949
), ArticleFig(id=1173278273967636995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差
来源
平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 9.70 9 1.08 7.89 0.0063 **
A 2.31 1 2.31 16.92 0.0045 **
B 0.52 1 0.52 3.81 0.0920
C 1.57 1 1.57 11.47 0.0117 *
AB 1.93 1 1.93 14.14 0.0071 **
AC 1.59 1 1.59 11.62 0.0113 *
BC 0.42 1 0.42 3.09 0.1220
A² 1.31 1 1.31 9.56 0.0175 *
B² 4.59E-03 1 4.59E-03 0.03 0.8598
C² 0.03 1 0.03 0.21 0.6627
残差 0.96 7 0.14
失拟项 0.21 3 0.07 0.38 0.7730
纯误差 0.74 4 0.19
总和 10.65 16 R2=0.9103 R2Adj=0.7949
), ArticleFig(id=1173278274026357254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Quality parameters of peppers treated with desulfurizers of different concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 CK 0.06% 0.08% 0.10%
SO2含量/(mg/kg) 268.79±14.55a 65.46±3.43c 51.25±0.51b 14.66±3.14b
表皮硬度/gf 828.80±34.20b 949.49±22.48a 931.48±45.45a 929.48±13.32a
内层硬度/gf 946.82±28.59a 970.82±19.63a 980.15±26.00 980.15±42.34a
咀嚼性/g 426.25±46.28a 512.09±116.89a 506.58±164.97a 436.52±87.13a
黏性/(gf-mm) 0.49±0.16a 0.02±0.04b 0.18±0.01b 0.06±0.10b
L* 37.43±0.97c 44.52±0.85a 45.63±0.70b 51.50±1.45b
a* -1.85±0.06a -3.28±0.39c -3.64±0.16b -8.11±0.04b
b* 29.44±0.13c 42.28±3.44a 41.05±0.40b 44.89±1.58ab
), ArticleFig(id=1173278274202518025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695647158738, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同浓度复配脱硫剂处理下辣椒品质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 CK 0.06% 0.08% 0.10%
SO2含量/(mg/kg) 268.79±14.55a 65.46±3.43c 51.25±0.51b 14.66±3.14b
表皮硬度/gf 828.80±34.20b 949.49±22.48a 931.48±45.45a 929.48±13.32a
内层硬度/gf 946.82±28.59a 970.82±19.63a 980.15±26.00 980.15±42.34a
咀嚼性/g 426.25±46.28a 512.09±116.89a 506.58±164.97a 436.52±87.13a
黏性/(gf-mm) 0.49±0.16a 0.02±0.04b 0.18±0.01b 0.06±0.10b
L* 37.43±0.97c 44.52±0.85a 45.63±0.70b 51.50±1.45b
a* -1.85±0.06a -3.28±0.39c -3.64±0.16b -8.11±0.04b
b* 29.44±0.13c 42.28±3.44a 41.05±0.40b 44.89±1.58ab
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基于主成分分析和响应面法的腌制辣椒原料脱硫剂配方优化
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余思瀚 , 赵紫汐 , 车金鑫 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025,16(7): 219-227
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025, 16(7): 219-227
基于主成分分析和响应面法的腌制辣椒原料脱硫剂配方优化
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余思瀚 , 赵紫汐, 车金鑫*
作者信息
  • 湘潭大学化工学院, 湘潭 411105
  • 余思瀚(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:

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* 车金鑫(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:
Formula optimization of desulfurizer for pickled pepper based on principal component analysis and response surface method
Si-Han YU , Zi-Xi ZHAO, Jin-Xin CHE*
Affiliations
  • College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225002
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目的 基于主成分分析和响应面法对腌制辣椒原料复配脱硫剂进行配方优化。方法 依据GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》拟定检出限, 采用单因素实验从9种常见脱硫剂中筛选出具有良好脱硫效果, 并对原料品质影响较小的3种脱硫剂, 采用响应面法设计三因素三水平实验, 通过主成分和响应面分析得到最佳复配比, 并得到最佳使用条件。结果 当复配脱硫剂中氢氧化钙质量分数为44.05%, 碳酸氢钠质量分数为35.57%, 二氧化氯质量分数为20.38%, 使用浓度为0.10%时, 脱硫率能够达到94.55%, 比未使用时提高了约36.50%, 同时腌制辣椒原料的色泽、硬度等指标无明显变化。结论 本研究得到了一种脱硫效果好, 同时对原料品质影响小的腌制辣椒复配脱硫剂, 具有较高应用价值。

辣椒脱硫  /  响应面法  /  配方优化  /  主成分分析

Objective To optimize a compound desulfurizer of pickled pepper raw material by principal component analysis and response surface method. Methods The limit of detection was based on GB 2760—2014 National standard for food safety-Standards for the use of food additives, selected 3 kinds of desulfurizers with good desulfurization effect and little influences on raw material quality from 9 kinds of common desulfurizers by single factor experiments, designed a 3-factor, 3-level experiment by response surface method, through principal component analysis and response surface analysis, the optimum compound ratio and the optimum operating conditions were obtained. Results When the mass fraction of calcium hydroxide was 44.05%, sodium bicarbonate was 35.57%, chlorine dioxide was 20.38%, and the concentration was 0.10%, the desulfurization rate could reach 94.55%, which was about 36.50% higher than that of no use. At the same time, the color and hardness of pickled pepper materials had no obvious changes. Conclusion The study obtains a kind of compound desulfurizer with good desulfurization effect and little influences on raw material quality, and has high application value.

pepper desulfurization  /  response surface method  /  formula optimization  /  principal component analysis
余思瀚, 赵紫汐, 车金鑫. 基于主成分分析和响应面法的腌制辣椒原料脱硫剂配方优化. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 219 -227 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225002
Si-Han YU, Zi-Xi ZHAO, Jin-Xin CHE. Formula optimization of desulfurizer for pickled pepper based on principal component analysis and response surface method[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 219 -227 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225002
辣椒为茄科(Solanaceac)辣椒属(Capsicum)一年或多年生植物, 是重要的调味品和蔬菜[1]。我国是世界第一大辣椒生产国与消费国[2], 在我国辣椒年播种面积在150万~200万hm2, 居蔬菜首位[3]。辣椒主要销售方向包括饮食、加工和出口, 其中加工消费占比约为40%左右[4]。辣椒含水量高, 不宜长期保存, 采后极易腐烂和腐败[5-6], 为保证辣椒制品周年生产, 通常采用腌制的方式对辣椒进行加工处理以延长腌制辣椒原料的贮藏时间[7-9]。二氧化硫是一种常见的食品添加剂, 其防腐效果好, 同时能够保持产品色泽鲜亮, 在腌渍制品加工中广泛使用[10]。通常情况下利用二氧化硫气体熏蒸果蔬原料, 或以焦亚硫酸钾、焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠等亚硫酸盐的形式添加于食品中, 用于抑制原料中有害微生物的生长及氧化酶的活性[11-13]。但硫磺熏蒸易导致腌制品中二氧化硫残留量超标。摄入过量的二氧化硫会让人产生恶心、呕吐等胃肠道症状, 还可能诱发哮喘和过敏性疾病, 同时会破坏体内的维生素B1, 影响生长发育[14]。国际食品法典委员会规定香辛料中二氧化硫类添加剂的最大使用量为0.15 g/kg, GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》中规定, 腌制的蔬菜中的硫含量不得超过0.10 g/kg(最大使用量以二氧化硫残留量计)。为了使辣椒制品中的硫含量达到国家标准要求, 需要对其进行脱硫处理。传统工艺多采用多次漂洗结合脱硫剂脱硫, 其操作一般为用大量清水浸泡原料10~20 h, 期间不断换水, 如此反复, 不仅耗时长, 而且对原料损耗大[15]。常见的腌制食品脱硫剂包括磷酸氢二钠、脱氢乙酸钠、过氧化氢以及抗坏血酸等, 为保证脱硫效果, 单一脱硫剂使用浓度均较高, 不仅会造成食品品质下降, 严重时会危害安全[16]。本研究综合脱硫效率及脱硫后腌制辣椒产品的色差、质构等评价指标, 筛选具有良好脱硫效果的物质进行复配, 得到一种具有优秀脱硫效率同时对原料品质影响小的复配脱硫剂, 为腌制品原料脱硫提供参考。
腌制辣椒原料均来自湘潭市售。
氢氧化钙、碳酸氢钠、二氧化氯、30%过氧化氢(分析纯, 阿拉丁股份有限公司); 浓盐酸(分析纯, 湖南汇虹试剂有限公司)。
JE1002型电子天平(精度0.01 mg, 上海精密科学仪器厂); FY-ZLY6C玻璃充氮蒸馏器、10 mL半微量滴定管(杭州菲跃仪器有限公司); DFT-100组织捣碎机(上海冠森生物科技公司); Universal TA质构仪(上海腾拔仪器科技有限公司); CM-2300d分光测色计(日本柯尼卡美能达公司)。
参照俞根荣[17]的方法略作修改, 将腌渍辣椒切成1 cm小段, 装入锥形瓶中, 按照料液比1:6加入不同浓度脱硫剂, 在25 ℃条件下静置处理1.5 h。
参考GB 5009.34—2022《食品安全国家标准 品中二氧化硫的测定》中的酸碱滴定法, 将沥干水分并擦干的原料用粉碎机粉碎, 称取5.00 g样品置于圆底烧瓶中, 加入300 mL蒸馏水, 用10 mL盐酸将原料中的硫元素置换成二氧化硫, 随后将二氧化硫用高纯氮气吹入3%过氧化氢吸收液中, 用氢氧化钠标准滴定液(0.01 mol/L)进行滴定[18]
参考LI等[19]的方法, 取待测原料辣椒取2 cm×1 cm× 0.1 cm的长方体薄片, 将样品置于室温平衡30 min后利用质构仪测定果实硬度、咀嚼性和黏度, 其中质构所用探头为通用型圆柱探头P/5, 触发力设置为8 g, 测试速度1 mm/s, 形变程度50%。参考张秀玲等[20]的方法利用分光测色及测定果实色差参数L*a*b*L*表示果面色泽明亮度, a*表示果面红(+)绿(-)色度值, b*表示果面黄(+)蓝(-)色度值。
响应面实验设计采用Design Expert (V10.0.3)中的Box-Benhnken进行设计, 按照实验设计配方进行原料辣椒脱硫实验, 分析不同脱硫剂配比对脱硫率及辣椒原料品质的影响, 并用辣椒原料品质的各项指标数据进行主成分分析[21]。为消除量纲不同对主成分分析的影响, 使用SPSS 20.0软件通过KOM检验法和Bartlett球体检验法得到原始数据的特征值、贡献率、累积贡献率以及特征向量值。对特征值大于1的因子提取主成分, 对辣椒原料品质各指标的原始数据进行标准化(Z-score法)处理[22], 辣椒原料品质的综合得分按式(1)进行计算[23-25]
Y=F1y1+F2y2
式中: Y为综合得分; F1F2为主成分1、2的特征值; y1y2为主成分1、2的得分。
所有数据均取平均值±标准偏差(n≥3), 采用SPSS 20.0软件进行显著性分析。使用Design-Expert 10软件进行响应面法试验设计与分析, 使用SPSS 20.0软件进行主成分分析与数据处理。
根据不同的脱硫原理, 本研究选用具有酸性、碱性和氧化性的9种不同的食品添加剂作为脱硫剂进行脱硫实验。如表1所示, 酸性脱硫剂的脱除率为67.75%±11.19%~ 93.35%±3.63%, 原料中硫的残留量在17.02~81.43 mg/kg之间, 相较于清水处理(脱硫率58.00%±7.21%), 具有更高的脱硫效率。其中, 柠檬酸脱硫效率最高为93.35%±3.63%。经酸性脱硫剂处理, 原料硬度、咀嚼性和黏性略微降低, 颜色变深。碱性脱硫剂处理的脱除率如表2所示, 为43.24%±1.83%~97.50%±0.16%, 原料中硫的残留量在6.31~143.44 mg/kg之间, 碳酸氢钠的脱硫效果最好, 能够将原料中的硫含量降低至14.81 mg/kg以下, 磷酸氢二钠次之, 氢氧化钙的使用量越高, 其脱硫效果越差。磷酸氢二钠处理能略微降低原料硬度及咀嚼性。氢氧化钙由于钙离子的作用, 能够略微提高原料的表皮和内层硬度。钙处理通过维持细胞膜结构与功能完整性, 有效维持果蔬加工产品的品质, 而碱性钙处理可改善果肉硬度, 原因可能与钙处理可调控果肉生理代谢过程有关[26]。3种碱性脱硫剂对于原料的亮度和红绿色整体上影响较小, 磷酸氢二钠和碳酸氢钠处理后颜色略微变深。经氧化性脱硫剂处理后脱除率如表3所示, 为82.25%±1.13%~100.00%±0.00%, 原料中硫的残留量在0.00~44.83 mg/kg之间。其中以二氧化氯处理的脱硫效果最佳, 其次为过氧化氢处理, 脱氢乙酸钠处理的脱硫效果最差(表3)。脱氢乙酸钠处理可提高原料的硬度, 二氧化氯对原料的咀嚼性略有影响, 氧化性脱硫剂都会造成原料的黏性降低, 但是这些变化人体难以察觉, 对原料品质基本无影响。3种氧化性脱硫剂处理整体上会使原料颜色偏深, 其中二氧化氯处理对原料色泽影响最小。
综上, 根据对原料的脱硫率、硬度、黏性以及色差等方面的因素综合考虑, 挑选出氢氧化钙、二氧化氯和碳酸氢钠3种脱硫剂进行复配, 在保证最大脱硫效率的同时, 最大限度保持产品的品质。
对脱硫剂复配配方进行三因素三水平实验设计, 得到17组实验配比(表4), 按照实验设计配方进行原料辣椒脱硫实验, 并分析不同脱硫剂配比对脱硫率及辣椒原料品质的影响。
表5所示, 对特征值>1的因子提取主成分, 累计贡献率达到70.751%。对脱硫率、硬度、色差等主要指标的特征向量进行分析(表6), 决定第1主成分的指标主要是∆内层硬度、∆表层硬度、∆咀嚼性和∆黏性; 决定第2主成分的指标是脱硫率和∆E。表明提取得到的2个主成分能够较为全面地反映脱硫剂处理后腌渍辣椒的品质信息。根据第1主成分、第2主成分得分, 按照式(1)计算辣椒原料实验组的综合评分Y(表7), 将综合评分作为响应值进行响应面分析。
对3个因素及其对应的综合得分进行响应面模拟, 多元回归拟合模型方程为: Y=0.284+0.538A+0.255B+0.443C- 0.695AB- 0.630AC+0.325BC-0.557A2+0.033B2-0.082C2
回归模型方差分析(表8)显示, 失拟项(P>0.05)不显著, 修正相关系数R2Adj=0.7949, 模型项(P<0.01), 显著性极高, 信噪较大(Adeq Precision=11.3681), 决定系数R2=0.9103, 即建模成功且理论值和实验值相关性较好, 可用该模型来分析实验。各因素中, 一次项ACP<0.05, 即氢氧化钙和二氧化氯的使用量对所选指标的影响较大, 同理B不显著(P>0.05); 交互项ABACP<0.05, 说明AB混合使用和AC混合使用的作用对原料品质的影响较大; 二次项A²的P<0.05, 说明其对于原料品质影响显著。比较因素的F值可知, 影响原料品质的因素关系为: A(氢氧化钙)>C(二氧化氯)>B(碳酸氢钠)。
根据响应面分析软件得出的理论最佳脱硫剂配方及推荐使用条件为: 氢氧化钙质量分数44.05%, 碳酸氢钠质量分数35.57%, 二氧化氯质量分数20.38%。复配脱硫剂推荐使用浓度为0.10%, 脱硫条件为料液比1:6, 在温度25 ℃的条件下浸泡原料1.5 h。脱硫处理脱硫率达到94.55%, 处理后原料含硫量为(14.66±3.14) mg/kg, 低于国标限量(100 mg/kg)。处理后辣椒原料硬度增加, 可能是由于脱硫剂中游离的Ca2+抵消了部分腌制过程中Na+的取代作用, 延缓了原果胶的降解[27]。处理后辣椒原料的[表皮硬度(929.48±13.32) gf、内层硬度为(980.15±42.34) gf], 色泽呈黄绿色, 基本与处理前保持一致。详见表9
在酱腌菜、果脯蜜饯、精粉等食品中通常会添加焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠等, 以保持食品良好色泽, 并起到杀菌防腐防虫的功效[28]。但是亚硫酸盐具有毒性, 能够与蛋白质的巯基发生可逆反应, 刺激消化道黏膜, 引起恶心、呕吐及腹泻等症状, 危害身体健康[29]。以脱硫剂浸泡腌制食品脱硫是目前较为普遍的脱硫方法。目前食品脱硫剂主要剂型包括酸性、碱性以及氧化性3种。其中氧化性脱硫剂的效果最好[30-32], 但高浓度氧化性脱硫剂不仅会对产品表观黏度存在不同程度的影响, 还会导致原料的硬度和咀嚼性降低, 且残留的氧化性物质会对人体的皮肤、呼吸道等产生腐蚀, 危害健康。碱性脱硫剂脱硫效率一般, 同时会影响食品的酸度, 人体摄入过量会引起肠胃不适等症状[33-34]。研究人员用亚硫酸盐还原酶实现亚硫酸盐的氧化, 但该项研究在食品中应用的安全性、成熟性和氧化效率都还有待进一步深入研究[35]。为提升脱硫效果, 通常采用增加脱硫剂浓度[36]、提高浸泡温度[37]或增加浸泡时间[38]等, 因此对食品原料的硬度、颜色及营养成分造成极大的影响。本研究选取氢氧化钙、碳酸氢钠以及二氧化氯3种脱硫剂进行复配, 通过综合不同的脱硫机制, 达到协同增效的作用。最终得到的复配脱硫剂在室温条件下, 0.10%使用浓度, 浸泡1.5 h的脱硫率可达到94.55%, 腌制辣椒中的硫含量降低至约15 mg/kg, 显著低于国家标准规定的100 mg/kg。对辣椒品质的检测结果表明, 复配脱硫剂的使用不仅提升了脱硫效率, 还可以在保证原料色泽的情况下, 增加腌辣椒的硬度, 提升其口感, 降低使用单一脱硫剂带来的危害。
通过单因素实验对9种不同性质的常见脱硫剂进行脱硫实验, 并综合各种脱硫剂间相互作用以及对原料的硬度、色差等因素的影响, 选用氢氧化钙、碳酸氢钠和二氧化氯进行复配, 通过响应面结合主成分分析法优化3种物质配比, 得到的复配脱硫剂成分比例为: 氢氧化钙质量分数为44.05%, 碳酸氢钠质量分数为35.57%, 二氧化氯质量分数为20.38%。推荐使用方法为: 复配脱硫剂使用浓度0.10%, 料液比1:6, 在温度25 ℃的条件下浸泡原料1.5 h。此法有效降低辣椒原料硫含量使其远低于国家标准限量, 又有效保证辣椒原料的品质。复合脱硫剂的研究不仅为辣椒腌制产品品质的提高提供保障, 并且为解决其他类似含硫半成品的脱硫问题提供了有效途径。
  • 湘潭市科技计划一般项目(NY-YB20221039)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225002
  • 接收时间:2024-12-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-25
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湘潭市科技计划一般项目(NY-YB20221039)
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    湘潭大学化工学院, 湘潭 411105

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* 车金鑫(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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