Article(id=1153433695215145414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929622701, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929622701, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929622701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929622701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433695882039768, articleId=1153433695215145414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on fungal toxins pollution of wheat flour, limit standard and control at home and abroad, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the cornerstone of the global food system, wheat flour, a derivative product of limited wheat in various countries, is not only an important component of human daily diet, but also a key element in maintaining global food security. However, in recent years, the frequent contamination of fungal toxins in wheat flour has become a major challenge in the field of food safety, posing a significant threat to food safety and human health. The main types of fungal toxins in wheat flour include deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin, zearalenone, etc. The contamination of deoxynivalenol is the most prominent, but there are certain differences in the relevant limit standards at home and abroad. This study aimed to comprehensively review the types and contamination status of major fungal toxins in wheat flour. By comparing relevant limit standards at home and abroad, it could be found that different countries and regions had different assessment and management strategies for food safety risks. Based on the analysis and discussion of the above content, a comprehensive prevention and control strategy is proposed, aiming to provide scientific guidance and technical support for the safe production, processing, and consumption of wheat flour.

, correspAuthors=Zhen-Dong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-Yun CHENG, Ming-Yan HU, Mu-Dan GAO, Yue-Hong CHENG, Xiao-Meng ZHU, Mei HU, Zhen-Dong YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433700466414144, articleId=1153433695215145414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=小麦粉真菌毒素污染、国内外限量标准与防控研究进展, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小麦作为全球粮食体系的基石, 其衍生产品小麦粉不仅是人类日常膳食的重要组成部分, 也是维持全球粮食安全的关键要素。然而, 近年来, 小麦粉中真菌毒素的频发污染已成为食品安全领域的重大挑战, 对食品安全和人类健康构成了重大威胁。‌小麦粉中主要真菌毒素的类型包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮等, 以脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染情况最为突出, 但目前国内外相关限量标准存在一定差异‌。本研究旨在全面综述小麦粉中主要真菌毒素的类型、污染现状, 通过对比国内外相关限量标准可以发现不同国家和地区对食品安全风险的评估与管理策略也不同。在以上内容分析探讨基础上提出了综合性的防控策略, 旨在为小麦粉的安全生产、加工及消费提供科学指导与技术支持。

, correspAuthors=杨振东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨振东(1986—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ubMLAWZ+VgFr1DdT3AehvQ==, magXml=hPJ695mvrfo5ZDGzwj1f2w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=SkXx6vdzVB++/r32tHFrkA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IbzwxdcdwVde4DSt19SglQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

程玲云(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:

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2.山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心, 济南 250101
3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(肉与肉制品监管技术), 济南 250101
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程玲云(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:

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程玲云(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:

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3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(肉与肉制品监管技术), 济南 250101
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2. Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Ji’nan 250101, China
3. Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products, State Administration for Market Regulation, Ji’nan 250101, China
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Grain Oil and Feed Technology, 2023(1): 8-10., articleTitle=Common mycotoxins in grain and oil raw materials and their control research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278498593583888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=830, pageEnd=849, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=85, authorNames=FORRER HR, MUSA T, SCHWAB F, journalName=Toxins, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FORRER HR, MUSA T, SCHWAB F, et al. Fusarium head blight control and prevention of my cotoxin contamination in wheat with botanicals and tannic acid[J]. Toxins, 2014(6): 830-849., articleTitle=Fusarium head blight control and prevention of my cotoxin contamination in wheat with botanicals and tannic acid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278498652304145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=24, pageStart=24, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=86, authorNames=陈嘉欣, 何咏欣, 蔡伟谊, journalName=食品安全导刊, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈嘉欣, 何咏欣, 蔡伟谊, 等. 真菌毒素污染引发的潜在食品安全问题及其对策探讨[J]. 食品安全导刊, 2022(24): 24-28., articleTitle=真菌毒素污染引发的潜在食品安全问题及其对策探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278498799104786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=24, pageStart=24, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=87, authorNames=CHEN JX, HE YX, CAI WY, journalName=China Food Safety Magazine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN JX, HE YX, CAI WY, et al. 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China Food Safety Magazine, 2022(24): 24-28., articleTitle=The discussion and countermeasures on potential food safety problems caused by mycotoxin pollution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278498899768083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=68, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=88, authorNames=张振玲, SWAMY HALADI, journalName=畜牧产业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张振玲, SWAMY HALADI. 家禽饲料中“新兴”和“隐蔽”真菌毒素的危害及其治理[J]. 畜牧产业, 2021(6): 68-71., articleTitle=家禽饲料中“新兴”和“隐蔽”真菌毒素的危害及其治理, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278498954294036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=68, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=89, authorNames=ZHANG ZL, SWAMY HALADI, journalName=Animal Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG ZL, SWAMY HALADI. 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Animal Agriculture, 2021(6): 68-71., articleTitle=Harm and control of “emerging” and “hidden” mycotoxins in poultry feed, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278499029791509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=15, pageStart=264, pageEnd=274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=90, authorNames=朱燕, 姚香澳, 宫智勇, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱燕, 姚香澳, 宫智勇. 稻谷中真菌毒素的暴露污染、检测技术及防控研究进展[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2024, 15(15): 264-274., articleTitle=稻谷中真菌毒素的暴露污染、检测技术及防控研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278499134649110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=15, pageStart=264, pageEnd=274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=91, authorNames=ZHU Y, YAO XAO, GONG ZY, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Y, YAO XAO, GONG ZY. Research progress on exposure, detection and control of mycotoxins in rice grains[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(15): 264-274., articleTitle=Research progress on exposure, detection and control of mycotoxins in rice grains, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278487113773589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278487122162198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, companyId=1173278487113773589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Limits of fungal toxins in wheat and wheat flour both domestically and internationally (μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织/国家 AFB1 黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2总量 DON OTA ZEN
中国 小麦、大麦、其他5.0;
小麦粉、麦片、其他去壳谷物5.0
/ 大麦、小麦、麦片、小麦粉
1000
谷物、谷物碾磨加工品5.0 小麦、小麦粉60
CAC / / 小麦、玉米、大麦2000;
以小麦、玉米、大麦为原料制成的面粉、粗粉或麦1000
小麦、大麦和黑麦原粮5.0 /
美国 / 所有食品, 除了牛奶20.0 供人食用的最终小麦产品, 如面粉、麸皮和
胚芽1000
/ /
欧盟 谷物及谷物制品2.0 谷物及谷物制品4.0 未加工的谷物, 不包括杜伦小麦、燕麦和玉米1250;
未加工的杜伦小麦、燕麦1750;
供人直接食用的谷物, 作为最终产品销售供人直接食用的面粉, 麸皮和胚芽750;
供婴幼儿食用的加工的婴幼儿谷类食品200
未加工的谷物5.0;
由未加工的谷物制备的所有产品, 包括加工的谷物制品及直接供人食用的谷物3.0
未加工谷物, 不包括玉米100;
供人直接食用的谷物, 作为最终产品销售供人直接食用的谷物粉, 麸皮和胚芽75
), ArticleFig(id=1173278491282911884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695215145414, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内外小麦及小麦粉中真菌毒素限量(μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织/国家 AFB1 黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2总量 DON OTA ZEN
中国 小麦、大麦、其他5.0;
小麦粉、麦片、其他去壳谷物5.0
/ 大麦、小麦、麦片、小麦粉
1000
谷物、谷物碾磨加工品5.0 小麦、小麦粉60
CAC / / 小麦、玉米、大麦2000;
以小麦、玉米、大麦为原料制成的面粉、粗粉或麦1000
小麦、大麦和黑麦原粮5.0 /
美国 / 所有食品, 除了牛奶20.0 供人食用的最终小麦产品, 如面粉、麸皮和
胚芽1000
/ /
欧盟 谷物及谷物制品2.0 谷物及谷物制品4.0 未加工的谷物, 不包括杜伦小麦、燕麦和玉米1250;
未加工的杜伦小麦、燕麦1750;
供人直接食用的谷物, 作为最终产品销售供人直接食用的面粉, 麸皮和胚芽750;
供婴幼儿食用的加工的婴幼儿谷类食品200
未加工的谷物5.0;
由未加工的谷物制备的所有产品, 包括加工的谷物制品及直接供人食用的谷物3.0
未加工谷物, 不包括玉米100;
供人直接食用的谷物, 作为最终产品销售供人直接食用的谷物粉, 麸皮和胚芽75
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小麦粉真菌毒素污染、国内外限量标准与防控研究进展
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程玲云 1, 2, 3, 4 , 胡明燕 1, 2, 3, 4 , 高牡丹 1, 2, 3, 4 , 程月红 1, 2, 3, 4 , 朱晓萌 1, 2, 3, 4 , 胡梅 1, 2, 3, 4 , 杨振东 1, 2, 3, 4, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(7): 38-44
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(7): 38-44
小麦粉真菌毒素污染、国内外限量标准与防控研究进展
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程玲云1, 2, 3, 4 , 胡明燕1, 2, 3, 4, 高牡丹1, 2, 3, 4, 程月红1, 2, 3, 4, 朱晓萌1, 2, 3, 4, 胡梅1, 2, 3, 4, 杨振东1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.山东省食品药品检验研究院, 济南 250101
  • 2.山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心, 济南 250101
  • 3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(肉与肉制品监管技术), 济南 250101
  • 4.产业技术基础公共服务平台, 济南 250101
  • 程玲云(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨振东(1986—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
Research progress on fungal toxins pollution of wheat flour, limit standard and control at home and abroad
Ling-Yun CHENG1, 2, 3, 4 , Ming-Yan HU1, 2, 3, 4, Mu-Dan GAO1, 2, 3, 4, Yue-Hong CHENG1, 2, 3, 4, Xiao-Meng ZHU1, 2, 3, 4, Mei HU1, 2, 3, 4, Zhen-Dong YANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji’nan 250101, China
  • 2. Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Ji’nan 250101, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products, State Administration for Market Regulation, Ji’nan 250101, China
  • 4. Industrial Technology Foundation Public Service Plat Form, Ji’nan 250101, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208003
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小麦作为全球粮食体系的基石, 其衍生产品小麦粉不仅是人类日常膳食的重要组成部分, 也是维持全球粮食安全的关键要素。然而, 近年来, 小麦粉中真菌毒素的频发污染已成为食品安全领域的重大挑战, 对食品安全和人类健康构成了重大威胁。‌小麦粉中主要真菌毒素的类型包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮等, 以脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染情况最为突出, 但目前国内外相关限量标准存在一定差异‌。本研究旨在全面综述小麦粉中主要真菌毒素的类型、污染现状, 通过对比国内外相关限量标准可以发现不同国家和地区对食品安全风险的评估与管理策略也不同。在以上内容分析探讨基础上提出了综合性的防控策略, 旨在为小麦粉的安全生产、加工及消费提供科学指导与技术支持。

小麦粉  /  真菌毒素  /  污染状况  /  防控策略

As the cornerstone of the global food system, wheat flour, a derivative product of limited wheat in various countries, is not only an important component of human daily diet, but also a key element in maintaining global food security. However, in recent years, the frequent contamination of fungal toxins in wheat flour has become a major challenge in the field of food safety, posing a significant threat to food safety and human health. The main types of fungal toxins in wheat flour include deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin, zearalenone, etc. The contamination of deoxynivalenol is the most prominent, but there are certain differences in the relevant limit standards at home and abroad. This study aimed to comprehensively review the types and contamination status of major fungal toxins in wheat flour. By comparing relevant limit standards at home and abroad, it could be found that different countries and regions had different assessment and management strategies for food safety risks. Based on the analysis and discussion of the above content, a comprehensive prevention and control strategy is proposed, aiming to provide scientific guidance and technical support for the safe production, processing, and consumption of wheat flour.

wheat flour  /  fungal toxins  /  pollution situation  /  prevention and control strategies
程玲云, 胡明燕, 高牡丹, 程月红, 朱晓萌, 胡梅, 杨振东. 小麦粉真菌毒素污染、国内外限量标准与防控研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 38 -44 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208003
Ling-Yun CHENG, Ming-Yan HU, Mu-Dan GAO, Yue-Hong CHENG, Xiao-Meng ZHU, Mei HU, Zhen-Dong YANG. Research progress on fungal toxins pollution of wheat flour, limit standard and control at home and abroad[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 38 -44 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208003
小麦粉作为重要的食品原料, 其真菌毒素污染情况一直备受关注[1]。由于气候、耕作方式及储藏条件等多种因素的影响, 小麦粉易受到多种真菌毒素的污染, 包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)、黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins, AFT)等‌, 全球小麦及小麦粉中真菌毒素的总体污染率较高, 其中DON的污染最为普遍[2-3]。在我国小麦粉中DON的污染同样严重, 如杨晓倩等[4]研究调查2022年8—10月山东省市售小麦粉DON的检出率达到了92.31%。通过对比国内外小麦粉中真菌毒素的限量标准, 我国虽已制定了小麦粉中4种真菌毒素限量, 然而与国际标准相比, 我国的限量标准可能存在一定差异[5-7]。这种差异不仅体现在具体数值上, 还可能涉及毒素种类的覆盖范围方面。
针对小麦粉中真菌毒素的污染情况, 提出有效的防控措施至关重要[8]。这些措施可以包括加强田间管理, 减少真菌侵染的机会; 改善储藏条件, 降低毒素的产生; 采用先进的检测技术, 准确快速地监测小麦粉中的真菌毒素含量等[9-11]。此外, 建立科学风险监控体系, 也是提升我国小麦粉真菌毒素防控水平的重要途径。
本综述旨在深入汇总小麦粉中主要真菌毒素的类型、污染现状, 通过对比国内外相关限量标准, 针对我国食品安全风险的评估与管理策略, 在此基础上提出了综合性的防控策略, 旨在为小麦粉的安全生产、加工及消费提供科学指导与技术支持。
目前已知400多种真菌毒素种类, 小麦中常见的镰刀菌毒素包括DON、AFT、ZEN[12]。DON是最常见污染粮食的真菌毒素且污染水平也居镰刀菌毒素之首。近年一些新兴的真菌毒素也备受关注, 如恩镰孢菌素(enniatins, ENNs)、白僵菌素(beauvericin, BEA)、链格孢毒素如交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH)、交链格孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)、麦角生物碱(ergotalkaloids, EAs)等[13], 这些毒素同样可能对小麦及其制品, 包括小麦粉造成污染[14-16]。小麦粉作为小麦直接下游产品, 作为主食其应用领域极为广泛。因此, 小麦粉真菌毒素污染问题被社会广泛关注。基于不同国家和地区气候条件、种植习惯、储藏方式、饮食文化等因素的差异均会导致真菌毒素污染程度和类型不同[17-18]。这种差异性也导致了不同国家和地区对食品安全风险的评估与管理策略的不同, 进而导致各国及国际组织对小麦粉中真菌毒素的限量标准不尽相同。
DON是小麦粉中最常见的真菌毒素之一。它是由禾谷镰刀菌等产毒真菌在温暖潮湿条件下产生的一种次生代谢产物[19]。DON具有免疫毒性、神经毒性, 若摄入含有DON的食物后, 会引起胃肠道症状, 如恶心、呕吐、腹泻等, 同时还会出现头痛、乏力、食欲不振等全身症状。长期摄入还可能引起癌症等慢性疾病。目前欧盟将其列为三级致癌物, 而世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织将其确定为自然食品污染物[20-21]。目前国内报道小麦及制品中DON污染情况是最多也是污染情况最突出的, 如冯凯等[22]研究调查指出山东小麦及其制品中DON含量均值为149.18 μg/kg, 检出率为79.56%, 超标率为2.35%。宇盛好等[23]评估上海市售小麦粉及其制品DON检出率为77.3%, 含量均值为226.3 μg/kg。
虽然目前我国小麦及制品中DON含量均值远低于国家标准, 但污染范围广, 仍需持续关注。由于DON主要分布在小麦籽粒的皮层部位, 经过初期加工后, 毒素主要转移至麸皮中[24]。因此目前小麦收购必检项目均以呕吐毒素为主, 这也是面粉和面制品加工过程中必不可少的检测项目。‌
ZEN又称F-2毒素, 是玉米赤霉菌的代谢产物, 此毒素是从有赤霉病的玉米中首次分离得到。ZEN具有生殖毒性和免疫毒性, 可干扰人和动物的内分泌系统, 引起生殖器官病变、免疫功能下降等健康问题[25]。但ZEN主要污染玉米、小麦等谷物。其中玉米的阳性检出率很高, 接近45%, 小麦次之[26]。孙宝胜[27]、董峰光等[28]研究泰州市及烟台部分地区小麦中ZEN含量均值远低于国家标准限值, 卫生状况良好, 处于安全水平。
尽管目前我国小麦及其制品中ZEN酮污染风险相对较低, 但仍需注意控制其污染。尤其是原料采购时应注意检测原料中ZEN含量。
黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉等真菌产生的一种剧毒物质, 是一种毒性极强的剧毒物质, 主要存在于发霉的食物当中, 如大米、小麦等农作物, 目前已被国际癌症研究机构列为I类致癌物[29]。AFB1主要污染玉米、花生等作物, 但在小麦粉中也可检测到[30]。AFB1具有强烈的肝脏毒性, 长期摄入可导致肝硬化、肝癌等严重疾病。有研究资料显示, 小麦及小麦粉中真菌毒素的全球总体污染率为58%, 但我国黄曲霉毒素污染水平总体较低, 风险较高区域集中在小麦主产区, 如洪涝灾害可能会影响小麦霉变率, 加重污染[31]
为避免小麦发生霉变产毒, 需避免小麦在收割或加工过程中受到污染; 后期原料小麦或成品小麦粉也应保持良好储存条件, 避免高温或潮湿环境。
过去10年中, 气候变化和粮食安全问题在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。高温、干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高等极端天气相互作用可能对主要粮食作物真菌致病性和真菌毒素污染的影响也引起广泛关注[32]。这些天气条件促进了霉菌的生长和繁殖, 从而导致霉菌毒素在作物中的积累。目前国内外均有不少关于极端天气导致农作物中霉菌毒素含量水平增加的报道[33]。有研究发现, 江苏、浙江、安徽和陕西等省份小麦粉中DON超标率较高[34], 这些地区处于湿润的亚热带地区, 冬季不冷, 夏季较热, 适宜真菌繁殖。此外, 我国沿淮河地区以及长江中下游地区阴雨较多, DON污染情况也较为严重[35]。因此, 科普科学种植及储粮知识, 制定有效极端天气应对措施, 对防止农作物霉变及避免真菌毒素超标有极其重要作用。
储藏环境中的高温和高湿度对真菌毒素的生长起着关键性作用。小麦粉储存过程中的水分、温度、氧气等条件的变化都会影响真菌的生长和毒素的产生。一般而言, 大多数霉菌的最适生长温度为25~30 ℃, 而基质(如小麦粉)的水分含量在17%~18%时为真菌产毒素的最适条件[36]。当储藏环境温度升高、湿度增大时, 小麦粉中的真菌会加速生长并产生更多的毒素, 如DON等[37]。孙梅峰等[38]研究显示相互作用的环境因素, 特别是适宜温度和水分条件最适宜真菌毒素产毒。‌
除了上述因素外, 小麦品种、加工方式等也会对小麦粉中真菌毒素的污染产生影响。若种植小麦品种对赤霉病具有抗性, 其产生DON的风险相对较低[39]。此外, 加工过程中的高温处理虽然可以杀死部分真菌, 但也可能导致真菌毒素的降解产物产生新的毒性作用[40]
真菌毒素的污染在全球范围内普遍存在, 根据联合国粮食及农业组织的估计, 全世界每年约有四分之一的粮食受到真菌污染, 其中大约有2%的农作物因受到严重污染而无法作为食品使用[41]。为保障食品安全和消费者健康, 国际组织和各国对有关限量标准的制定和修订工作从未间断, 纷纷制定了小麦粉中真菌毒素的限量标准。
我国现行GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定了小麦粉中AFB1、DON、赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxina, OTA)和ZEN 4种真菌毒素限量, 其中小麦及小麦粉中DON的限量为≤1000 μg/kg; AFB1和OTA限量标准均为≤5 μg/kg; ZEN限量为≤60 μg/kg[42-43]。这些标准的制定和执行对于保障我国小麦粉的质量安全、维护消费者健康发挥了重要作用[44]
通过对比国外真菌毒素限量发现, 美国规定DON限量与我国小麦粉中DON限量一致[45]。食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)与我国相比仅规定了DON和OTA限量, 且限量与我国也是一致。但是CAC对原粮小麦DON限量和下游产品小麦粉DON限量进行了区分。欧盟和美国均制定了黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2总量, 欧盟限量为4.0 μg/kg, 严于美国[46], 但是我国仅制定了AFB1限量, 虽然欧盟AFB1限量较为严格, 但制定黄曲霉毒素总量限量比制定AFB1限量更能保护公众健康的观点仍有较大争议。除此之外, 我国制定限量仍有不足之处, 如欧盟制定DON、OTA和ZEN限量时, 均根据谷物的加工方式进行了区分, 未加工的谷物和经加工后的谷物制品限量是不同的[47]。虽然原粮真菌毒素超标, 但经一定加工处理去除麸皮后, 成品中真菌毒素含量有一定降低, 这从一定程度上也避免了原粮过度浪费问题[48]。此外, CAC和美国均未制定ZEN限量, 仅我国和欧盟制定了ZEN限量, 其中欧盟制定小麦粉限量为75 μg/kg, 我国制定限量为60 μg/kg, 相比来说, 我国制定ZEN限量较为严格, 但不足的是我国并未对原粮和成品粮限量进行区分, 表1
风险评估是制定限量标准的重要依据。通过对真菌毒素的毒性、暴露量、人群敏感性等因素进行综合评估, 同时在制定限量标准时, 参考国际上的相关标准和做法有助于保持与国际接轨, 提高标准的科学性和合理性。目前我国小麦原粮和成品粮小麦粉限量值未加区分, 导致原粮控制偏严、成品粮控制偏松, 另外就是对特殊人群的谷类加工食品限量值未加规定或规定宽松[49]。与CAC、欧盟、美国等组织和国家的真菌毒素标准还存在一定的差距。因此, 我国下一步亟需开展符合我国实际的膳食暴露评估研究, 制定更加合理的真菌毒素限量, 以便更好地保护我国居民健康和维护社会经济发展。
为预防作物真菌毒素污染, 加强田间管理是防控小麦粉中真菌毒素污染的重要措施。(1)通过杂交育种和转基因技术培育抗真菌的农作物品种, 提高其对环境的适应能力。有研究表明, 在施用不产黄曲霉毒素的菌株的情况下, 可以干扰本地产毒菌株的增殖, 增强宿主作物的抵抗力, 从而防止黄曲霉毒素的生成[50]。此外, 使用多种菌株作为生物防治剂也可以抑制产毒真菌的生长和真菌毒素的产生。在实施竞争性无毒菌株防控措施后, 真菌毒素的平均含量降低了30%。同时, 施用不产黄曲霉毒素的菌株干扰本地产毒菌株的增殖, 使黄曲霉毒素的含量减少了50%以上[51]。(2)可使用经批准的杀真菌剂在扬花期前后进行喷洒, 以减少粮食被真菌毒素污染的风险[52]
粮食中的水分含量大易造成粮食在储存过程中被真菌感染, 导致真菌毒素含量超标。适宜温度和湿度, 也是真菌毒素繁殖的重要条件, 因此, 需保持储存容器的清洁和干燥, 定期对储存的小麦粉进行监测, 及时发现和处理真菌毒素污染问题[53]
生产、种植、流通各个环节加大粮食真菌毒素的风险监测和研究预警的管控力度, 建立科学监测体系是防控小麦粉中真菌毒素污染的重要保障。生产企业应严格把关粮食收购标准; 政府和相关机构可完善小麦粉中真菌毒素污染相关的法规标准体系, 制定更加严格和科学的限量标准和检测方法[54]; 监管部门可加大小麦粉监管力度, 建立完善的检测体系和追溯机制[55]。同时, 加大对违法违规行为的处罚力度, 提高违法成本, 形成有效的震慑作用。
小麦粉中真菌毒素污染问题是一个全球性的食品安全问题。本文深入分析了小麦粉中真菌毒素污染的现状、限量控制情况及防控措施等方面的问题, 并提出了加强原料种植田间管理、加强科学储粮, 加强生产、种植、流通各环节小麦粉真菌毒素的风险监测和研究预警的管控力度, 建立科学监测体系和完善的法规标准等举措进行展望。通过本文的研究和分析, 可以为小麦粉的安全生产和监管提供科学依据和技术支撑, 保障食品安全和消费者权益。
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
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    1.山东省食品药品检验研究院, 济南 250101
    2.山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心, 济南 250101
    3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(肉与肉制品监管技术), 济南 250101
    4.产业技术基础公共服务平台, 济南 250101

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* 杨振东(1986—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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