Article(id=1153433690609804067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241215001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734192000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929621603, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929621603, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929621603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929621603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=199, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433691029234476, articleId=1153433690609804067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of flavor and active components of Astragalus fermented by lactic acid bacteria, columnId=1153433635433730748, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Comprehensive Utilization and Quality Safety of Agricultural Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the active components, antioxidant activities, flavor compounds, and microstructure of Astragalus fermented by 3 kinds of different lactic acid bacteria. Methods Astragalus was solid-state fermented for 6 d using Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium breve, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The content of active components including total phenols and total flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activities including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation (ABTS+), hydroxyl (OH) free radical scavenging rates and total reducing power was determined. The flavor analysis was conducted using electronic nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). In addition, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Astragalus (HB-MR) showed the highest content of total phenols and flavonoids, reaching 1.02 mg GAE/g and 13.69 mg RE/g, respectively. HB-MR also demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity, with DPPH, ABTS+, OH free radical scavenging rates and total reducing power reaching 74.44%, 65.60%, 67.49% and 0.54, respectively. Different lactic acid bacteria fermentation reduced the original stimulating odor of Astragalus, with producing distinct volatile flavor characteristics. HB-MR increased the content of esters, acids, and hydrocarbons, enriching the coconut aroma. Additionally, the amounts of absorbed particles on Astragalus surface were obviously reduced with compact microstructure after lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Conclusion Lactic acid bacteria fermentation enhances the active component content and antioxidant capacity of Astragalus, and reduces its original stimulating flavor. This provides beneficial bacterial strains and technical support for future product development, and accumulates data for subsequent research on compound microbial agents.

, correspAuthors=Rui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang-Yu MENG, Yuan-Yuan TIAN, Hong-Rui REN, Yan-Jun YU, Cui-Ping QI, Rui LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433730732515586, articleId=1153433690609804067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=乳酸菌发酵黄芪的风味及活性成分分析, columnId=1153433635601502912, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 采用3种不同乳酸菌对黄芪进行固态发酵, 并对发酵黄芪的活性成分、抗氧化性、风味物质和微观结构进行分析。方法 采用副干酪乳杆菌、短双歧乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌对黄芪固态发酵6 d, 测定其活性成分含量(总酚和总黄酮)和抗氧化性{1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation, ABTS+]、羟(hydroxyl, OH)自由基清除率和总还原力)}, 利用电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)进行风味分析, 并通过扫描电子显微镜观察微观结构。结果 植物乳杆菌发酵黄芪(HB-MR)总酚和总黄酮含量最高, 分别达到1.02 mg GAE/g和13.69 mg RE/g; HB-MR抗氧化能力最高, DPPH、ABTS+、OH自由基清除率和总还原力分别达到74.44%、65.60%、67.49%和0.54; 不同乳酸菌发酵后降低了黄芪原有的刺激性气味, 但具有不同的挥发性风味特征, 其中HB-MR中增加了酯类、酸类、烃类含量, 丰富了椰子香味; 同时乳酸菌发酵后黄芪表面附着颗粒物质明显减少, 结构紧密。结论 乳酸菌发酵黄芪提高了其活性成分含量和抗氧化能力, 减少了黄芪原有的刺激性风味, 为以后产品开发提供了有益菌种和技术支撑, 也为后续探索复合菌剂研发积累了数据。

, correspAuthors=刘锐, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘锐(1986—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学。E-mail:
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孟祥钰(2005—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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Technical Center for Safety of Industrial Products, Tianjin Customs, Tianjin 300308, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278829079576988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, companyId=1173278829062799770, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.天津海关工业产品安全技术中心, 天津 300308)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173278831206089163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Total phenolic content (A) and total flavonoid content (B) of Astragalus fermented by different lactic acid bacteria, figureFileSmall=Z//GzUZz1mGiwGme3tb5jw==, figureFileBig=Je9WuBKVZkgaRAGhXfrUAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831281586636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的总酚含量(A)和总黄酮含量(B)

注: 不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2同。

, figureFileSmall=Z//GzUZz1mGiwGme3tb5jw==, figureFileBig=Je9WuBKVZkgaRAGhXfrUAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831344501197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=DPPH (A), ABTS+ (B) and OH (C) radical scavenging rates and total reducing power (D) of Astragalus fermented by different lactic acid bacteria, figureFileSmall=nO5YaTkQS4oRZdKhcxZU6Q==, figureFileBig=1Q7Q7RoKILWZF1rimrkDBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831403221454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的DPPH (A)、ABTS+ (B)和OH (C)自由基清除率以及总还原力(D), figureFileSmall=nO5YaTkQS4oRZdKhcxZU6Q==, figureFileBig=1Q7Q7RoKILWZF1rimrkDBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831457747407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Principal component analysis (A) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) (B) by electronic nose for Astragalus fermented by different lactic acid bacteria, figureFileSmall=8k37CCWZxh7VjHF/FYMVjw==, figureFileBig=8bsF9eTo+H8e+hiPCeG5rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831520661968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的电子鼻主成分分析图(A)和线性判别分析图(B), figureFileSmall=8k37CCWZxh7VjHF/FYMVjw==, figureFileBig=8bsF9eTo+H8e+hiPCeG5rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831570993617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Gallery plot (A) and top view (B) of volatile flavor compounds in Astragalus fermented by different lactic acid bacteria, figureFileSmall=2RjL1/kam1W8d0xinRvOkA==, figureFileBig=XsJl2jsDqWOdc4dUaGhixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831633908178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的挥发性风味物质指纹图谱(A)和俯视图(B), figureFileSmall=2RjL1/kam1W8d0xinRvOkA==, figureFileBig=XsJl2jsDqWOdc4dUaGhixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831696822739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of Astragalus fermented by different lactic acid bacteria, figureFileSmall=B6529ELMdkrj6mvBcsJluQ==, figureFileBig=VUQPxJ553lM0fxdkJ8BqOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831751348692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的扫描电子显微镜图

注: A1. UF-MR (1000×); A2. UF-MR (2000×); B1. LP-MR (1000×); B2. LP-MR (2000×); C1. BR-MR (1000×); C2. BR-MR (2000×); D1. HB-MR (1000×); D2. HB-MR (2000×)。

, figureFileSmall=B6529ELMdkrj6mvBcsJluQ==, figureFileBig=VUQPxJ553lM0fxdkJ8BqOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278831801680341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

GC-MS analysis of volatile flavor compounds in Astragalus fermented by different lactic acid bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 化合物 CAS号 含量/(μg/100 g)
UF-MR LP-MR BR-MR HB-MR
醇类 1-戊醇 71-41-0 8.52±4.98a 0.94±0.50b 1.08±0.48b 1.08±0.34b
2,3-丁二醇 513-85-9 3.84±0.23a 2.52±0.97a 2.24±0.21a 2.85±0.96a
1,2-丁二醇 584-03-2 ND 0.38±0.12 ND ND
正己醇 111-27-3 ND 3.38±0.15b 3.96±0.34a 2.50±0.18ab
正庚醇 111-70-6 1.99±1.22a 2.42±0.01a 2.41±0.51a 2.50±0.13a
1-辛烯-3-醇 339-86-4 4.64±2.47a 2.09±0.30b 2.25±0.21b 2.48±0.26b
1-十三醇 112-70-9 0.38±0.08a 0.66±0.54a ND ND
绿花白千层醇 552-02-3 1.52±0.34a 1.58±0.30a ND 1.78±0.16a
苯甲醇 100-51-6 ND 0.91±0.17a 0.83±0.18a ND
1,2-庚二醇 3710-31-4 2.00±1.14 ND ND ND
2-己基-1-癸醇 2425-77-6 0.82±0.67 ND ND ND
紫罗醇 128-37-0 ND ND ND 1.70±0.57
醛类 己醛 66-25-1 42.17±23.40a 11.12±4.27b 16.81±2.28b 12.34±4.19b
壬醛 124-19-6 5.30±1.00a 3.43±0.75b 4.02±0.17ab 3.87±0.46b
癸醛 112-31-2 1.17±0.39a 1.07±0.49a 1.43±0.05a 1.50±0.37a
2-丁基-2-辛烯醛 13019-16-4 7.49±4.48a 4.73±1.49a 4.67±1.40a 7.49±2.41a
4-氧代-2-己烯醛 20697-55-6 ND 1.31±0.85a ND 1.90±0.78a
(E)-2-庚烯醛 18829-55-5 ND 1.49±0.30a 1.64±0.18a 1.25±0.68a
庚醛 111-71-7 ND 0.51±0.14b ND 0.62±0.03a
2-己烯醛 505-57-7 ND ND 0.74±0.54a 0.98±0.16a
酮类 3-辛烯-2-酮 1669-44-9 4.65±0.86a 1.53±0.28b 1.80±0.19b 1.90±0.21b
(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮 38284-27-4 18.02±1.36a 6.86±0.42b 8.10±0.66b 8.58±1.37b
二正戊基酮 927-49-1 0.97±0.17 ND ND ND
2-乙基环己酮 4423-94-3 ND 2.27±0.86a 1.75±0.03a ND
3-壬烯-2-酮 14309-57- ND 3.69±1.03b 4.57±0.01ab 5.53±0.22a
酯类 乙酸甲酯 79-20-9 5.94±1.78 ND ND ND
己酸甲酯 106-70-7 17.31±7.98a 0.38±0.05b 0.49±0.13b 0.38±0.10b
γ-己内酯 695-06-7 6.64±0.66a 2.04±0.03b 2.55±0.51b 2.56±0.26b
己酸乙烯酯 3050-69-9 5.06±0.42a ND 1.65±1.20b 1.78±0.85b
壬酸甲酯 1731-84-6 1.53±0.14 ND ND ND
丙位辛内酯 104-50-7 1.64±0.60a ND 1.59±0.89a 23.54±14.44a
己酸戊酯 540-07-8 3.49±1.44a 2.43±0.68a 2.48±0.24a 3.68±0.49a
γ-壬内酯 104-61-0 20.51±7.59a 14.18±5.34a 15.43±6.54a ND
己酸己酯 6378-65-0 2.64±1.33a 2.01±0.42a 2.45±0.97a 3.11±2.07a
棕榈酸甲酯 112-39-0 ND 1.48±1.16a ND 0.74±0.15a
正己酸乙烯酯 3050-69-9 ND ND 1.65±1.20a 1.78±0.85a
γ-丁内酯 96-48-0 ND ND ND 1.17±0.26
丙位壬内酯 104-61-0 ND ND ND 23.53±14.44
酸类 乙酸 64-19-7 54.20±4.55a 49.48±0.85a 55.92±12.01a 61.52±8.63a
庚酸 111-14-8 7.24±0.31a 4.41±0.47a 5.27±1.28a 6.78±2.74a
辛酸 124-07-2 3.81±0.62a 4.08±0.81a 3.70±0.43a 6.02±3.20a
壬酸 112-05-0 0.74±0.28 ND ND ND
丙酸 1979-9-4 ND 3.32±0.10a 3.51±0.59a 3.74±0.28a
正戊酸 109-52-4 ND 4.10±0.98a 5.22±1.70a 4.47±0.46a
棕榈酸 1957-10-3 ND ND ND 0.78±0.41
烃类 十二烷 112-40-3 1.65±0.21a 2.14±0.50a 3.00±1.08a 2.65±0.17a
螺二环己烷 180-43-8 2.00±1.40 ND ND ND
十四烷 629-59-4 4.29±0.76b 6.06±1.04ab 7.11±0.62ab 8.44±2.29a
二十烷 112-95-8 0.85±0.31a 0.89±0.25a 0.91±0.12a 1.21±0.58a
正十六烷 544-76-3 2.24±0.93a 3.25±1.20a 2.53±0.65a 2.56±0.82a
2,6,11-三甲基十二烷 31295-56-4 0.66±0.29 ND ND ND
植烷 638-36-8 0.66±0.20 ND ND ND
4,6-二甲基十二烷 61141-72-8 ND 0.62±0.85 ND 0.63±0.03
十五烷 629-62-9 ND 1.09±0.24a 0.98±0.24a 1.32±0.18a
2-溴十二烷 13187-99-0 ND 2.17±0.41a 2.75±0.33a ND
正十七烷 629-78-7 ND 1.68±0.04a 1.38±0.32a 1.99±1.32a
十九烷基环己烷 22349-03-7 ND 2.33±0.41 ND ND
正二十一烷 629-94-7 ND 1.14±0.09 1.38±0.33 ND
3-甲基十七烷 6418-44-6 ND 0.48±0.29 ND ND
酚类 苯酚 1980-5-7 ND 1.27±0.13a 1.38±0.35a 2.32±1.47a
其他类 白菖烯 17334-55-3 0.80±0.15a 0.66±0.05a 0.65±0.09a 0.73±0.05a
十六氢芘 2435-85-0 1.05±0.13a 1.18±0.03a ND 1.24±0.18a
异榄香脂素 5273-85-8 1.77±0.09 ND ND ND
硫代氨基脲 79-19-6 ND 1.48±0.18 ND ND
己腈 628-73-9 ND 0.63±0.46a 0.47±0.04a 0.46±0.09a
氨基硫脲 79-19-6 ND ND 1.23±0.23 ND
2,3-二氢噻吩 1120-59-8 ND ND ND 0.70±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1173278831902343638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690609804067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于GC-MS的不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪挥发性风味成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 化合物 CAS号 含量/(μg/100 g)
UF-MR LP-MR BR-MR HB-MR
醇类 1-戊醇 71-41-0 8.52±4.98a 0.94±0.50b 1.08±0.48b 1.08±0.34b
2,3-丁二醇 513-85-9 3.84±0.23a 2.52±0.97a 2.24±0.21a 2.85±0.96a
1,2-丁二醇 584-03-2 ND 0.38±0.12 ND ND
正己醇 111-27-3 ND 3.38±0.15b 3.96±0.34a 2.50±0.18ab
正庚醇 111-70-6 1.99±1.22a 2.42±0.01a 2.41±0.51a 2.50±0.13a
1-辛烯-3-醇 339-86-4 4.64±2.47a 2.09±0.30b 2.25±0.21b 2.48±0.26b
1-十三醇 112-70-9 0.38±0.08a 0.66±0.54a ND ND
绿花白千层醇 552-02-3 1.52±0.34a 1.58±0.30a ND 1.78±0.16a
苯甲醇 100-51-6 ND 0.91±0.17a 0.83±0.18a ND
1,2-庚二醇 3710-31-4 2.00±1.14 ND ND ND
2-己基-1-癸醇 2425-77-6 0.82±0.67 ND ND ND
紫罗醇 128-37-0 ND ND ND 1.70±0.57
醛类 己醛 66-25-1 42.17±23.40a 11.12±4.27b 16.81±2.28b 12.34±4.19b
壬醛 124-19-6 5.30±1.00a 3.43±0.75b 4.02±0.17ab 3.87±0.46b
癸醛 112-31-2 1.17±0.39a 1.07±0.49a 1.43±0.05a 1.50±0.37a
2-丁基-2-辛烯醛 13019-16-4 7.49±4.48a 4.73±1.49a 4.67±1.40a 7.49±2.41a
4-氧代-2-己烯醛 20697-55-6 ND 1.31±0.85a ND 1.90±0.78a
(E)-2-庚烯醛 18829-55-5 ND 1.49±0.30a 1.64±0.18a 1.25±0.68a
庚醛 111-71-7 ND 0.51±0.14b ND 0.62±0.03a
2-己烯醛 505-57-7 ND ND 0.74±0.54a 0.98±0.16a
酮类 3-辛烯-2-酮 1669-44-9 4.65±0.86a 1.53±0.28b 1.80±0.19b 1.90±0.21b
(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮 38284-27-4 18.02±1.36a 6.86±0.42b 8.10±0.66b 8.58±1.37b
二正戊基酮 927-49-1 0.97±0.17 ND ND ND
2-乙基环己酮 4423-94-3 ND 2.27±0.86a 1.75±0.03a ND
3-壬烯-2-酮 14309-57- ND 3.69±1.03b 4.57±0.01ab 5.53±0.22a
酯类 乙酸甲酯 79-20-9 5.94±1.78 ND ND ND
己酸甲酯 106-70-7 17.31±7.98a 0.38±0.05b 0.49±0.13b 0.38±0.10b
γ-己内酯 695-06-7 6.64±0.66a 2.04±0.03b 2.55±0.51b 2.56±0.26b
己酸乙烯酯 3050-69-9 5.06±0.42a ND 1.65±1.20b 1.78±0.85b
壬酸甲酯 1731-84-6 1.53±0.14 ND ND ND
丙位辛内酯 104-50-7 1.64±0.60a ND 1.59±0.89a 23.54±14.44a
己酸戊酯 540-07-8 3.49±1.44a 2.43±0.68a 2.48±0.24a 3.68±0.49a
γ-壬内酯 104-61-0 20.51±7.59a 14.18±5.34a 15.43±6.54a ND
己酸己酯 6378-65-0 2.64±1.33a 2.01±0.42a 2.45±0.97a 3.11±2.07a
棕榈酸甲酯 112-39-0 ND 1.48±1.16a ND 0.74±0.15a
正己酸乙烯酯 3050-69-9 ND ND 1.65±1.20a 1.78±0.85a
γ-丁内酯 96-48-0 ND ND ND 1.17±0.26
丙位壬内酯 104-61-0 ND ND ND 23.53±14.44
酸类 乙酸 64-19-7 54.20±4.55a 49.48±0.85a 55.92±12.01a 61.52±8.63a
庚酸 111-14-8 7.24±0.31a 4.41±0.47a 5.27±1.28a 6.78±2.74a
辛酸 124-07-2 3.81±0.62a 4.08±0.81a 3.70±0.43a 6.02±3.20a
壬酸 112-05-0 0.74±0.28 ND ND ND
丙酸 1979-9-4 ND 3.32±0.10a 3.51±0.59a 3.74±0.28a
正戊酸 109-52-4 ND 4.10±0.98a 5.22±1.70a 4.47±0.46a
棕榈酸 1957-10-3 ND ND ND 0.78±0.41
烃类 十二烷 112-40-3 1.65±0.21a 2.14±0.50a 3.00±1.08a 2.65±0.17a
螺二环己烷 180-43-8 2.00±1.40 ND ND ND
十四烷 629-59-4 4.29±0.76b 6.06±1.04ab 7.11±0.62ab 8.44±2.29a
二十烷 112-95-8 0.85±0.31a 0.89±0.25a 0.91±0.12a 1.21±0.58a
正十六烷 544-76-3 2.24±0.93a 3.25±1.20a 2.53±0.65a 2.56±0.82a
2,6,11-三甲基十二烷 31295-56-4 0.66±0.29 ND ND ND
植烷 638-36-8 0.66±0.20 ND ND ND
4,6-二甲基十二烷 61141-72-8 ND 0.62±0.85 ND 0.63±0.03
十五烷 629-62-9 ND 1.09±0.24a 0.98±0.24a 1.32±0.18a
2-溴十二烷 13187-99-0 ND 2.17±0.41a 2.75±0.33a ND
正十七烷 629-78-7 ND 1.68±0.04a 1.38±0.32a 1.99±1.32a
十九烷基环己烷 22349-03-7 ND 2.33±0.41 ND ND
正二十一烷 629-94-7 ND 1.14±0.09 1.38±0.33 ND
3-甲基十七烷 6418-44-6 ND 0.48±0.29 ND ND
酚类 苯酚 1980-5-7 ND 1.27±0.13a 1.38±0.35a 2.32±1.47a
其他类 白菖烯 17334-55-3 0.80±0.15a 0.66±0.05a 0.65±0.09a 0.73±0.05a
十六氢芘 2435-85-0 1.05±0.13a 1.18±0.03a ND 1.24±0.18a
异榄香脂素 5273-85-8 1.77±0.09 ND ND ND
硫代氨基脲 79-19-6 ND 1.48±0.18 ND ND
己腈 628-73-9 ND 0.63±0.46a 0.47±0.04a 0.46±0.09a
氨基硫脲 79-19-6 ND ND 1.23±0.23 ND
2,3-二氢噻吩 1120-59-8 ND ND ND 0.70±0.04
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乳酸菌发酵黄芪的风味及活性成分分析
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孟祥钰 1, 2 , 田源源 1, 2 , 任洪瑞 1, 2 , 于艳军 3 , 齐翠萍 1, 2 , 刘锐 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025,16(7): 199-209
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025, 16(7): 199-209
乳酸菌发酵黄芪的风味及活性成分分析
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孟祥钰1, 2 , 田源源1, 2, 任洪瑞1, 2, 于艳军3, 齐翠萍1, 2, 刘锐1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津科技大学省部共建食品营养与安全国家重点实验室, 天津 300457
  • 2.天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 3.天津海关工业产品安全技术中心, 天津 300308
  • 孟祥钰(2005—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘锐(1986—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学。E-mail:
Analysis of flavor and active components of Astragalus fermented by lactic acid bacteria
Xiang-Yu MENG1, 2 , Yuan-Yuan TIAN1, 2, Hong-Rui REN1, 2, Yan-Jun YU3, Cui-Ping QI1, 2, Rui LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2. College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3. Technical Center for Safety of Industrial Products, Tianjin Customs, Tianjin 300308, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241215001
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目的 采用3种不同乳酸菌对黄芪进行固态发酵, 并对发酵黄芪的活性成分、抗氧化性、风味物质和微观结构进行分析。方法 采用副干酪乳杆菌、短双歧乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌对黄芪固态发酵6 d, 测定其活性成分含量(总酚和总黄酮)和抗氧化性{1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation, ABTS+]、羟(hydroxyl, OH)自由基清除率和总还原力)}, 利用电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)进行风味分析, 并通过扫描电子显微镜观察微观结构。结果 植物乳杆菌发酵黄芪(HB-MR)总酚和总黄酮含量最高, 分别达到1.02 mg GAE/g和13.69 mg RE/g; HB-MR抗氧化能力最高, DPPH、ABTS+、OH自由基清除率和总还原力分别达到74.44%、65.60%、67.49%和0.54; 不同乳酸菌发酵后降低了黄芪原有的刺激性气味, 但具有不同的挥发性风味特征, 其中HB-MR中增加了酯类、酸类、烃类含量, 丰富了椰子香味; 同时乳酸菌发酵后黄芪表面附着颗粒物质明显减少, 结构紧密。结论 乳酸菌发酵黄芪提高了其活性成分含量和抗氧化能力, 减少了黄芪原有的刺激性风味, 为以后产品开发提供了有益菌种和技术支撑, 也为后续探索复合菌剂研发积累了数据。

乳酸菌  /  黄芪  /  发酵  /  风味  /  活性成分

Objective To analyze the active components, antioxidant activities, flavor compounds, and microstructure of Astragalus fermented by 3 kinds of different lactic acid bacteria. Methods Astragalus was solid-state fermented for 6 d using Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium breve, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The content of active components including total phenols and total flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activities including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation (ABTS+), hydroxyl (OH) free radical scavenging rates and total reducing power was determined. The flavor analysis was conducted using electronic nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). In addition, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Astragalus (HB-MR) showed the highest content of total phenols and flavonoids, reaching 1.02 mg GAE/g and 13.69 mg RE/g, respectively. HB-MR also demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity, with DPPH, ABTS+, OH free radical scavenging rates and total reducing power reaching 74.44%, 65.60%, 67.49% and 0.54, respectively. Different lactic acid bacteria fermentation reduced the original stimulating odor of Astragalus, with producing distinct volatile flavor characteristics. HB-MR increased the content of esters, acids, and hydrocarbons, enriching the coconut aroma. Additionally, the amounts of absorbed particles on Astragalus surface were obviously reduced with compact microstructure after lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Conclusion Lactic acid bacteria fermentation enhances the active component content and antioxidant capacity of Astragalus, and reduces its original stimulating flavor. This provides beneficial bacterial strains and technical support for future product development, and accumulates data for subsequent research on compound microbial agents.

lactic acid bacteria  /  Astragalus  /  fermentation  /  flavor  /  active component
孟祥钰, 田源源, 任洪瑞, 于艳军, 齐翠萍, 刘锐. 乳酸菌发酵黄芪的风味及活性成分分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 199 -209 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241215001
Xiang-Yu MENG, Yuan-Yuan TIAN, Hong-Rui REN, Yan-Jun YU, Cui-Ping QI, Rui LIU. Analysis of flavor and active components of Astragalus fermented by lactic acid bacteria[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 199 -209 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241215001
黄芪, 为豆科植物蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao]或膜荚黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge]的干燥根, 性味甘, 微温, 归属于肺经和脾经, 是常用的补气类物质[1]。现代药理学研究表明, 黄芪中主要活性成分有皂苷、黄酮、氨基酸和多糖等, 具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血糖、参与免疫调节等生理功效[2]
近年来, 益生菌发酵黄芪成为研究热点。益生菌是一类促进宿主健康的活性微生物, 具有调节肠道菌群平衡、增强免疫、促进营养吸收等功能[3]。近年来, 益生菌发酵黄芪成为研究热点, 例如采用植物乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌及热链球菌复合菌对黄芪提取液进行液态发酵, 生产具有更强抗氧化能力的黄芪发酵液[4]。菌种是发酵的关键, 不同益生菌发酵黄芪产品性质存在差异, 微生物通过直接作用及复杂的种内或种间相互作用, 在发酵过程中分泌各种酶类, 分解利用原料中有机成分同时产生大量的活性成分和独特的风味物质[5-7]
乳酸菌是指发酵糖类主要产物为乳酸的一类无芽孢、革兰氏阳性细菌的总称[8]。本研究选取副干酪乳杆菌、短双歧乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌3种乳酸菌对黄芪进行固态发酵, 其中副干酪乳杆菌是一种同型发酵、广泛分布于人体肠道、口腔及发酵食品中的一种乳杆菌[9-10]; 短双歧乳杆菌属于双歧杆菌, 是从母乳营养儿粪便中分离的一种厌氧革兰氏阳性杆菌, 被认为是最具有改善人体肠道健康的益生菌[11]; 植物乳杆菌来源于植物发酵原料的乳杆菌[12], 呈球状或杆状的乳酸菌, 主要存在于乳制品等发酵食品及人和动物的肠道中, 具有较强的产酸能力, 可调节肠道平衡、调节免疫及有效抑菌等作用[13]。传统黄芪加工工艺主要包括净制、闷润、切制、干燥等[14], 采用固态发酵黄芪将对其理化性质、抗氧化能力和风味产生影响。
本研究拟利用3种乳酸菌(副干酪乳杆菌、短双歧乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌)对黄芪进行固态发酵, 分析不同乳酸菌发酵对黄芪总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化性、风味物质和微观结构的影响, 为益生菌发酵食药资源利用与开发提供技术支撑。
黄芪(甘肃); 副干酪乳杆菌(西安米先尔生物科技有限公司); 短双歧乳杆菌(山东中科嘉忆生物科技有限公司); 植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum HB5)(实验室自筛); 氢氧化钠、无水碳酸钠、无水甲醇、十二水磷酸氢二钠、二水磷酸二氢钠、水杨酸、硫酸亚铁、硝酸铝、过氧化氢(分析纯)、无水三氯化铁(化学纯)(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 福林酚(生化试剂, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 无水乙醇(分析纯, 天津市津东天正精细化学试剂厂); 无水亚硝酸钠(分析纯, 山东科源生化有限公司); 铁氰化钾(分析纯, 天津大学科威公司); 过硫酸钾(分析纯, 天津市风船化学试剂有限公司); 2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS+](纯度98%)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)(纯度98.5%)、芦丁(纯度98%)、没食子酸(纯度99%)、2-辛醇(纯度99.5%)(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); MRS培养基(北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司); 琼脂粉(天津鼎国生物技术有限责任公司)。
SQP分析天平(精度0.1 mg, 北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); JM-A6002电子天平(精度0.01 g, 诸暨市超泽衡器设备有限公司); SPX-250B-Z生化培养箱(上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂); DSX-24L高压蒸汽灭菌器(上海申安医疗器械厂); TU-1810PC紫外分光光度计(北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司); Multiskan FC酶标仪(上海塞默飞世尔科技有限公司); TDZ5-WS离心机(长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司); TGL-1650高速冷冻离心机(四川蜀科仪器有限公司); PEN3电子鼻(德国Airsense公司); GCMS- QP2010Ultral气质联用仪、Rtx-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm)(日本岛津公司); SPME手动进样手柄、50/30 µm DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取针(美国Supelco公司); 顶空瓶(20 mL, 天津鼎国生物技术有限责任公司); FlavourSpec®GC-IM风味分析仪、MXT-WAX色谱柱(15 m× 0.53 mm, 1 μm)(德国G.A.S公司); JSM-IT300LV扫描电镜(日本电子株式会社)。
黄芪磨粉过40目筛后, 称取20 g装在250 mL锥形瓶中, 调整水分含量至60%, 在121 ℃下高温高压灭菌20 min; 待冷却后, 分别接种20%副干酪乳杆菌、短双歧乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌的菌悬液, 于37 ℃发酵6 d; 发酵后在45 ℃下烘干备用, 分别得到副干酪乳杆菌发酵黄芪(LP-MR)、短双歧乳杆菌发酵黄芪(BR-MR)和植物乳杆菌发酵黄芪(HB-MR)样品。
称取一定量的未发酵黄芪(UF-MR)和发酵黄芪粉(LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR), 加入70%甲醇溶液, 料液比1:20 (g:mL), 于45 ℃超声提取30 min, 提取液于3500 r/min离心15 min, 收集上清液, 残渣重复提取2次, 合并提取液[15]。以没食子酸作为标准曲线测定总酚含量。在试管中分别加入1 mL黄芪提取液、5 mL福林酚试剂和4 mL碳酸钠溶液, 充分混匀; 在室温下避光反应1 h, 于765 nm处测定其吸光度值[16]。总酚含量表示为每克样品中没食子酸当量(gallic acid equivalents, GAE)的微克数。
称取一定量的黄芪粉, 以1:20 (g:mL)料液比加入70%甲醇溶液, 超声提取15 min, 超声结束后3500 r/min离心10 min, 得到上清溶液, 将残余物重复以上步骤, 重复萃取2次, 合并上清液, 用于后续的检测实验。以芦丁作为标准曲线测定总酚含量。以70%甲醇溶液作为空白, 反应体系为3 mL黄芪提取液、2 mL 60%乙醇溶液和0.3 mL亚硝酸钠, 放置6 min; 加入0.3 mL硝酸铝溶液, 混匀, 放置6 min; 最后加入4.4 mL氢氧化钠溶液混匀, 放置12 min后, 于506 nm处测定其吸光度值[17]。总黄酮含量表示为每克样品中芦丁当量(rutin equivalents, RE)的毫克数。
按照ZHOU等[18]方法稍作修改, 制备黄芪溶液样品。称取1 g黄芪粉, 加入10 mL 70%甲醇溶液, 于45 ℃超声提取20 min, 提取液于3500 r/min离心15 min, 收集上清液, 残渣重复提取2次, 合并提取液, 用于抗氧化性测定。
(1) DPPH自由基清除率测定
量取2 mL黄芪提取液, 加入含有等量0.1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液试管中, 将混合物剧烈摇晃并在室温弱光下放置30 min, 于517 nm处测定其吸光度值[18], 记为A1; 同样的, 2 mL黄芪提取液和2 mL无水甲醇反应体系, 测定其吸光度值A2; 2 mL DPPH和2 mL 70%的甲醇溶液反应体系, 测定其吸光度值A0。DPPH自由基清除率计算如公式(1):
DPPH自由基清除率/%=1-[(A1-A2)/A0]×100%
(2) ABTS+自由基清除率测定
ABTS工作液: 7 mmol/L ABTS和2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液以1:1 (V:V)混合, 在室温黑暗条件下反应12~16 h, 生成工作液; 采用甲醇稀释工作液, 使其吸光度值在734 nm处达到0.7±0.02。量取1 mL黄芪提取液和4 mL ABTS工作液, 充分混匀, 在黑暗中反应10 min, 于735 nm处测定其吸光度值Ai[19]; 同上述步骤, 采用70%甲醇溶液替换ABTS工作液, 测定吸光度值为Aj; 采用70%甲醇溶液替换黄芪提取液, 测定吸光度值为Ao。ABTS+自由基清除率计算如公式(2)。
ABTS+自由基清除率/%=1-[(Ai -Aj)/Ao]×100%
(3)羟自由基清除率测定
羟(hydroxyl, OH)自由基清除率参照SHEN等[20]方法进行测定。在试管中加入1 mL黄芪提取液和1 mL 9 mmol/L硫酸亚铁、1 mL 9 mmol/L水杨酸和1 mL 8.8 mmol/L过氧化氢溶液混合, 在37 ℃下反应30 min, 于520 nm处测定其吸光度值Asample; 采用70%甲醇溶液替代样品, 测定空白样品吸光度值为Acontrol; 采用70%甲醇替代过氧化氢溶液, 测定背景吸光度值为Abackground。OH自由基清除率的计算如公式(3)。
OH自由基清除率/%= [(Asample-Abackground)/Acontrol]×100%
(4)总还原力测定
量取1 mL黄芪提取液, 加入2 mL 0.2 mol/L的磷酸缓冲液(pH 6.6)和2 mL 1%的铁氰化钾溶液, 混匀, 于50 ℃水浴锅中反应20 min, 冷却; 加入2 mL 10%三氯乙酸终止反应; 于3500 r/min离心15 min; 量取2 mL反应液, 分别加入2 mL蒸馏水和0.4 mL 0.1%三氯化铁, 避光反应30 min, 测量波长700 nm处的吸光度值[21]
称取2.0 g黄芪样品置于容量为20 mL的顶空瓶中, 于60 ℃下平衡0.5 h后进行测定, 每个样品重复3次平行实验, 样品数据以3次平均值为基准[22]。电子鼻参数为: 洁净空气为载气, 探头准备时间为5 s, 仪器清洁时间为60 s, 检测时间为180 s, 载气流速为150 mL/min。
精确称取2.0 g黄芪样品, 置于20 mL固相萃取瓶中并加盖密封; 样品在磁力搅拌器上热平衡30 min, 温度为60 ℃; 将固相萃取头在温度250 ℃下老化30 min, 老化好的固相微萃取头插入固相萃取瓶中, 深度约1 cm, 按压固相萃取手柄推出萃取纤维, 吸附30 min, 取出插入气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)仪进样口进行解析, 在温度25 ℃下解析15 min后进行测定[23]
GC操作条件: 色谱柱为Rtx-5MS (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), 进样口温度250 ℃; 载气为氦气, 流速为1.00 mL/min, 分流进样, 分流比为10:1; 色谱柱程序升温, 初始40 ℃, 保持3 min, 4 ℃/min升至150 ℃, 保持4 min, 以8 ℃/min升至250 ℃, 保持3 min。MS条件: 电子轰击(electron impact, EI)源, 电子能量70 eV; 离子源温度220 ℃, 接口温度240 ℃; 扫描类型为全扫描; 扫描范围35~500 m/z。数据通过NIST14标准谱库进行对比, 取匹配度大于80的检索结果进行分析。
参考严红光等[24]方法稍作修改。称取1 g黄芪样品, 置于20 mL顶空瓶中, 60 ℃孵育30 min, 孵化转速为500 r/min, 进样量为500 µL。气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)操作条件: 采用MXT-WAX色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm, 1.0 µm), 柱温60 ℃, 进样针温度85 ℃, 载气及漂移气为高纯度氮气(≥99.999%), 分析时间30 min。GC操作条件: 漂移气为150 mL/min保持不变; 0~2 min, 载气为2 mL/min; 2~10 min, 载气由2 mL/min提升到10 mL/min; 10~20 min, 载气由10 mL/min提升到100 mL/min; 20~30 min, 载气为100 mL/min。
使用GC-IMS仪器自带配套的软件VOCal查看GC-IMS分析谱图和数据的定性结果, 采用NIST数据库和IMS数据库, 根据保留时间对挥发性风味物质进行定性分析, 运用Reporter插件对比样品之间的谱图差异, Gallery Plot插件生成挥发性成分指纹图谱。
采用扫描电子显微镜对黄芪样品的微观结构进行测定, 加速电压10 kV, 放大倍数1000倍和2000倍。
每个样品进行3次独立平行实验, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示, 采用Origin 2021版本以及SPSS 27进行数据统计分析, P<0.05表示差异显著。
3种不同乳酸菌(副干酪乳杆菌、短双歧乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌)发酵黄芪的总酚和总黄酮含量测定结果如图1所示。酚类物质在抗炎、抗氧化、化学预防和神经预防等方面发挥重要功能[25]; 由图1A可知, HB-MR总酚含量显著高于其他3种发酵黄芪(P<0.05), 达到1.02 mg GAE/g; UF-MR、LP-MR和BR-MR总酚含量之间无显著性差异(P>0.05), 总酚含量均值为0.92 mg GAE/g。黄酮含量也通常作为衡量样品质量和活性的重要参数之一[26]; 由图1B可知, HB-MR的总黄酮含量显著高于UF-MR、LP-MR和BR-MR, 达到13.69 mg RE/g; UF-MR、LP-MR和BR-MR总黄酮含量之间无显著性差异(P>0.05), 总黄酮含量均值为8.23 mg RE/g。因此, 采用植物乳杆菌发酵能够显著提高黄芪中总酚和总黄酮含量。
不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的抗氧化性测定结果如图2所示。结果表明, 3种乳酸菌发酵后DPPH、ABTS+和OH自由基清除率以及总还原力均显著提高(P<0.05); 与总酚和总黄酮含量结果一致, HB-MR的DPPH、ABTS+和OH自由基清除率以及总还原力均为最高, 分别达到74.44%、65.60%、67.49%和0.54, 相对于UF-MR, 分别增加27.81%、26.03%、27.07%和0.21; 而LP-MR和BR-MR之间的抗氧化性指标无显著性差异(P>0.05)。因此, 3种不同乳酸菌发酵均能够增强黄芪的抗氧化性, 其中HB-MR的抗氧化能力提高最高。
不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的电子鼻分析结果如图3所示。由图3A可知, 主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)的累积贡献为94.52%, 其中第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)贡献分别为86.81%和7.71%; 不同黄芪样品在PC1上发生分离, 同时乳酸菌发酵黄芪与UF-MR在PC1轴上距离明显, 表明3种乳酸菌发酵后均显著地改变了黄芪的风味, 但具有不同的挥发性风味特征。图3B为电子鼻线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)图, 样品气味越相似, 其在LDA图上距离越相近; LDA的累积贡献为99.87%, 其中第一个线性判别(LDA1)和第二个线性判别(LDA2)贡献分别为99.67%和0.20%; 不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪均与UF-MR的风味存在明显差异; LP-MR与其他两种菌产生不同风味; 而BR-MR和HB-MR在PCA和LDA图上均有交集, 表明二者挥发性风味物质具有一定程度的相似性。
不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪挥发性风味成分分析结果如表1所示。结果表明, UF-MR中共检测出挥发性风味成分: 醇类8种、醛类4种、酮类3种、酯类9种、酸类4种、烃类7种、其他类3种; LP-MR中共检测出挥发性风味成分: 醇类9种、醛类7种、酮类4种、酯类6种、酸类5种、烃类11种、酚类1种、其他类4种; BR-MR中共检测出挥发性风味成分: 醇类6种、醛类6种、酮类4种、酯类8种、酸类5种、烃类8种、酚类1种、其他类3种; HB-MR中共检测出挥发性风味成分: 醇类7种、醛类8种、酮类3种、酯类10种、酸类6种、烃类7种、酚类1种、其他类4种。醇类化合物一般具有花香、清香及木质香等独特的气味[27], 被认为是黄芪的标志性香气成分。UF-MR中1-戊醇含量最高, 为(8.52±4.98) μg/100 g, 且与其他3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪样品存在显著性差异; LP-MR和BR-MR中正己醇含量最高, HB-MR中2,3-丁二醇含量最高, 分别为(3.38±0.15)、(3.96±0.34)、(2.85±0.96) μg/100 g, 丰富了黄芪中温和的甜味。
醛类化合物方面, UF-MR和3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪中已醛含量均最高; UF-MR中已醛含量为(42.17±23.40) μg/100 g, 而LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR中己醛含量分别为(11.12±4.27)、(16.81±2.28)、(12.34±4.19) μg/100 g; 乳酸菌发酵后黄芪中已醛含量均显著降低, 削弱了清新的风味[28]
酮类化合物方面, UF-MR和3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪中(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮含量均最高; UF-MR中(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮含量为(18.02±1.36) μg/100 g, 而LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR中(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮含量分别为(6.86±0.42)、(8.10±0.66)、(8.58±1.37) μg/100 g; 乳酸菌发酵后黄芪中(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮含量均显著降低, 削弱了花果香、清香的风味[29]
酯类化合物通过酯化反应产生, 提供甜香味和油脂味[30]。UF-MR、LP-MR和BR-MR中γ-壬内酯含量最高, 分别为(20.51±7.59)、(14.18±5.34)、(15.43±6.54) μg/100 g, 但三者之间无显著性差异; HB-MR中没有检测出γ-壬内酯, 但丙位辛内酯和丙位壬内酯含量丰富, 分别为(23.54±14.44) μg/100 g和(23.53±14.44) μg/100 g, 均为椰子型香气[31]
酸类化合物方面, UF-MR和3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪中乙酸含量均最高; UF-MR中乙酸含量为(54.20±4.55) μg/100 g, 而LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR中乙酸含量分别为(49.48± 0.85)、(55.92±12.01)、(61.52±8.63) μg/100 g, 但乳酸菌发酵后黄芪与UF-MR样品之间无显著性差异。
烃类化合物方面, UF-MR和3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪中十四烷含量均最高; UF-MR中十四烷含量为(4.29±0.76) μg/100 g, 而LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR中十四烷含量分别为(6.06±1.04) μg/100 g、(7.11±0.62) μg/100 g、(8.44±2.29) μg/100 g; 乳酸菌发酵后黄芪中十四烷含量显著增加, 但其无色、无味[32], 对发酵黄芪风味无明显影响。
酚类化合物方面, UF-MR中未检出苯酚, 而LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR中均检测出苯酚, 含量分别为(1.27± 0.13)、(1.38±0.35)、(2.32±1.47) μg/100 g, 但三者之间无显著性差异。其中苯酚是具有酚醛树脂橡胶味[33]
对于其他类化合物, LP-MR中增加了硫代氨基脲和己腈含量; BR-MR中增加了己腈和氨基硫脲含量; HB-MR中增加了己腈和2,3-二氢噻吩含量。
综上, 与UF-MR相比, LP-MR中增加了醇类、醛类、酮类、酸类、烃类、酚类和其他类, 降低了酯类; BR-MR中增加了醛类、酮类、酸类、烃类和酚类, 降低了醇类和酯类; HB-MR中增加了醛类、酯类、酸类、酚类和其他类, 降低了醇类挥发性风味成分数量。此外, 乳酸菌发酵后降低了醇类、醛类、酮类含量, 如(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮属于酮类, 具有刺激性气味, 发酵后削减了花香气以及刺激气味; 而经植物乳杆菌发酵, 黄芪增加了酯类、酸类、烃类含量, 丰富了椰子香味。
为进一步比较不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪中挥发性风味物质的差异, 利用指纹图谱识别不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的特征峰区域, 如图4A所示。每一列代表同一物质在不同样品中的挥发性风味物质变化, 峰的颜色越暗代表物质浓度越低, 反之则越高。由图4A可知, UF-MR与3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪差异明显, 3种乳酸菌风味成分斑点分布较相似; UF-MR中挥发性风味物质明含量明显高于乳酸菌发酵黄芪中的含量, 表现为叔丁醇、环戊酮和1,3-丁二烯含量较高(a区域); 而不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪中挥发性风味物质含量高于UF-MR中的含量, 表现为乙醛和未知样品含量较高(b区域); BR-MR和HB-MR中氟里昂-11和丙酮含量相对较高(c区域)。因此, 不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪中挥发性风味物质存在较大差异。推测3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪会影响到黄芪的挥发性风味物质, 原因可能是发酵过程中微生物进行代谢, 会分解有机物质, 产生新的代谢产物[34], 从而改变了UF-MR中的挥发性风味物质。不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪中挥发性风味物质的GC-IMS二维俯视图, 如图4B所示。反应离子峰右侧的每一个点代表一种挥发性风味物质, 红色代表信号强度高, 蓝色代表信号强度低。与GC-MS定量分析结果一致, 乳酸菌发酵改变了黄芪挥发性风味成分, 标注橙黄色区域中挥发性风味物质在UF-MR中含量较多, 而在LP-MR、BR-MR和HB-MR中含量下降; 3种乳酸菌发酵黄芪中的挥发性风味物质种类相似, 但挥发性风味物质含量存在较大差异。
不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的微观结构(放大1000和2000倍)如图5所示。结果表明, UF-MR结构粗糙, 表面附着大量颗粒物质, 无孔洞但存在细微裂隙; 不同乳酸菌发酵后, 黄芪样品表面结构紧密, 表面附着颗粒物质明显减少, 裂隙也变少, 推测可能是由于乳酸菌发酵将黄芪中的淀粉降解, 从而对黄芪微观结构产生影响[35-36]
本研究对UF-MR和3种不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪的总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化性、风味物质和微观结构进行分析。结果表明, HB-MR中总酚和总黄酮含量最高, 分别达到1.02 mg GAE/g和13.69 mg RE/g; 3种不同乳酸菌发酵均能够增强黄芪的抗氧化性, 其中HB-MR的抗氧化能力提高最高, DPPH、ABTS+、OH自由基清除率和总还原力分别达到74.44%、65.60%、67.49%和0.54, 相对于UF-MR分别增加27.81%、26.03%、27.07%和0.21; 总体上, 不同乳酸菌发酵黄芪均与UF-MR的风味存在明显差异, 发酵后降低了黄芪原有的刺激性气味, 但具有不同的挥发性风味特征, 其中HB-MR中增加了酯类、酸类和烃类含量, 丰富了椰子香味; 同时乳酸菌发酵后黄芪表面附着颗粒物质明显减少, 结构紧密。综上, HB-MR提高了黄芪的活性成分含量和抗氧化能力, 降解了其原有的刺激性风味, 为以后产品开发提供了有益菌种和技术支撑, 也为后续探索复合菌剂研发积累了数据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31972012)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32111530082)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241215001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
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国家自然科学基金项目(31972012)
国家自然科学基金项目(32111530082)
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    1.天津科技大学省部共建食品营养与安全国家重点实验室, 天津 300457
    2.天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
    3.天津海关工业产品安全技术中心, 天津 300308

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* 刘锐(1986—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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