Article(id=1153433689255043853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929621279, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929621279, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929621279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929621279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433689653502736, articleId=1153433689255043853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Regulation of gut microbiota by mannans and their intervention in glucose and lipid metabolic diseases, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the incidence of glucose and lipid metabolism-related diseases has increased significantly, often accompanied by dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Mannans, as a class of functional polysaccharides with diverse sources, play an important role in regulating the gut microbiota and impacting host health, garnering widespread attention. This review delved into the structural characterization of glucomannans, galactomannans, and mannan oligosaccharides from various sources, with particular emphasis on the impact of mannans on the gut microbiota and their potential applications in precision nutrition. Studies indicated that mannans could selectively promote the growth of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, while inhibiting the proliferation of pathogens like Escherichia coli, affecting the production of short-chain fatty acids and the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, thereby optimizing the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The review also summarized the intestinal fermentability of mannans and their health benefits in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, offering new intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases.

, correspAuthors=Jing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He-Yang XU, Peng-Kui XIA, Bin LI, Jing LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433702962028651, articleId=1153433689255043853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=甘露聚糖对肠道微生物的调控及其对糖脂代谢疾病的干预, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 糖脂代谢性相关疾病患病率大幅增加, 并且常伴有肠道菌群稳态失调。甘露聚糖作为一类功能性多糖, 来源广泛, 在调节肠道微生物群和影响宿主健康中扮演着关键角色, 受到人们广泛关注。本综述深入探讨了不同来源的葡甘露聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖及甘露低聚糖的结构表征, 特别关注了甘露聚糖对肠道微生物群的影响及其在精准营养中的潜在应用。研究表明, 甘露聚糖可以选择性促进双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌等益生菌的生长, 抑制大肠杆菌等病原菌的增殖, 影响短链脂肪酸等肠道代谢产物的产生和支链氨基酸的代谢, 进而优化肠道微生物的结构和功能。也总结了甘露聚糖的肠道可利用性及其在糖尿病、高脂血症、肥胖等糖脂代谢性疾病中的健康益处, 有望为多种慢性疾病的预防和治疗提供新的干预策略。

, correspAuthors=李晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李晶(1985—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为胶体物性和营养学。E-mail:
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徐鹤洋(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为胶体营养与肠道健康。E-mail:

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Food Research International, 2023, 165: 112498., articleTitle=The intervention effects of konjac glucomannan with different molecular weights on high-fat and high-fructose diet-fed obese mice based on the regulation of gut microbiota, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278507082858863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689255043853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=18, pageStart=9116, pageEnd=9135, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[110], rfOrder=109, authorNames=ZHU SJ, YANG JY, XIA PK, journalName=Food & Function, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU SJ, YANG JY, XIA PK, et al. Effects of konjac glucomannan intake patterns on glucose and lipid metabolism of obese mice induced by a high fat diet[J]. Food & Function, 2024, 15(18): 9116-9135., articleTitle=Effects of konjac glucomannan intake patterns on glucose and lipid metabolism of obese mice induced by a high fat diet, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278507128996208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689255043853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=4606, pageEnd=4620, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[111], rfOrder=110, authorNames=SONG YJ, SHEN HT, LIU TT, journalName=Food & Function, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG YJ, SHEN HT, LIU TT, et al. Effects of three different mannans on obesity and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice[J]. 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注: 碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZymes)。

, figureFileSmall=E6WHSWxe2dOE9kAhpZybXA==, figureFileBig=dLr9CQDd7WGVgqZTbSbAkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278498379677951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689255043853, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types and roles of CAZymes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 具体糖苷酶 作用 参考文献
α-甘露聚糖活性酶 GH18 N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶 从糖缀合物中切割糖分子, 特别是高Man型和复合型N-糖链 [67]
GH38外切α-甘露糖苷酶 从非还原端逐个切除α-(1→2)-糖苷键连接的Man单元, 需要Zn2+作为辅助因子 [68]
GH76内切α-甘露聚糖酶 切割α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的甘露聚糖的主链 [69]
GH92外切α-甘露糖苷酶 从非还原端切除α-(1→2)-或α-(1→3)-糖苷键连接的Man单元, Ca2+依赖 [62,70]
GH97 α-半乳糖苷酶 α-甘露聚糖中释放末端连接的Gal单元, 依赖金属离子 [71]
GH99内切α-甘露糖苷酶 通过非传统的催化, 切割α-(1→2)-糖苷键连接的Man单元 [72]
GH125外切α-甘露糖苷酶 从非还原端切除α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的Man单元, 不依赖金属离子 [62]
β-甘露聚糖活性酶 GH26、GH5、GH113内切甘露聚糖酶 切割β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的甘露聚糖主链, 是β-甘露聚糖的主要内切酶 [58,73]
GH36 α-半乳糖苷酶 从GalMan中释放α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的Gal单元 [74]
), ArticleFig(id=1173278498463564032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689255043853, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CAZymes的类型及作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 具体糖苷酶 作用 参考文献
α-甘露聚糖活性酶 GH18 N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶 从糖缀合物中切割糖分子, 特别是高Man型和复合型N-糖链 [67]
GH38外切α-甘露糖苷酶 从非还原端逐个切除α-(1→2)-糖苷键连接的Man单元, 需要Zn2+作为辅助因子 [68]
GH76内切α-甘露聚糖酶 切割α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的甘露聚糖的主链 [69]
GH92外切α-甘露糖苷酶 从非还原端切除α-(1→2)-或α-(1→3)-糖苷键连接的Man单元, Ca2+依赖 [62,70]
GH97 α-半乳糖苷酶 α-甘露聚糖中释放末端连接的Gal单元, 依赖金属离子 [71]
GH99内切α-甘露糖苷酶 通过非传统的催化, 切割α-(1→2)-糖苷键连接的Man单元 [72]
GH125外切α-甘露糖苷酶 从非还原端切除α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的Man单元, 不依赖金属离子 [62]
β-甘露聚糖活性酶 GH26、GH5、GH113内切甘露聚糖酶 切割β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的甘露聚糖主链, 是β-甘露聚糖的主要内切酶 [58,73]
GH36 α-半乳糖苷酶 从GalMan中释放α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的Gal单元 [74]
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甘露聚糖对肠道微生物的调控及其对糖脂代谢疾病的干预
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徐鹤洋 1, 2 , 夏彭奎 1, 2 , 李斌 1, 2 , 李晶 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(7): 136-147
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(7): 136-147
甘露聚糖对肠道微生物的调控及其对糖脂代谢疾病的干预
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徐鹤洋1, 2 , 夏彭奎1, 2, 李斌1, 2, 李晶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学食品科学技术学院, 武汉 430070
  • 2.环境食品学教育部重点实验室, 武汉 430070
  • 徐鹤洋(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为胶体营养与肠道健康。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李晶(1985—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为胶体物性和营养学。E-mail:
Regulation of gut microbiota by mannans and their intervention in glucose and lipid metabolic diseases
He-Yang XU1, 2 , Peng-Kui XIA1, 2, Bin LI1, 2, Jing LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224002
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近年来, 糖脂代谢性相关疾病患病率大幅增加, 并且常伴有肠道菌群稳态失调。甘露聚糖作为一类功能性多糖, 来源广泛, 在调节肠道微生物群和影响宿主健康中扮演着关键角色, 受到人们广泛关注。本综述深入探讨了不同来源的葡甘露聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖及甘露低聚糖的结构表征, 特别关注了甘露聚糖对肠道微生物群的影响及其在精准营养中的潜在应用。研究表明, 甘露聚糖可以选择性促进双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌等益生菌的生长, 抑制大肠杆菌等病原菌的增殖, 影响短链脂肪酸等肠道代谢产物的产生和支链氨基酸的代谢, 进而优化肠道微生物的结构和功能。也总结了甘露聚糖的肠道可利用性及其在糖尿病、高脂血症、肥胖等糖脂代谢性疾病中的健康益处, 有望为多种慢性疾病的预防和治疗提供新的干预策略。

甘露聚糖  /  肠道微生物  /  短链脂肪酸  /  糖脂代谢

In recent years, the incidence of glucose and lipid metabolism-related diseases has increased significantly, often accompanied by dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Mannans, as a class of functional polysaccharides with diverse sources, play an important role in regulating the gut microbiota and impacting host health, garnering widespread attention. This review delved into the structural characterization of glucomannans, galactomannans, and mannan oligosaccharides from various sources, with particular emphasis on the impact of mannans on the gut microbiota and their potential applications in precision nutrition. Studies indicated that mannans could selectively promote the growth of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, while inhibiting the proliferation of pathogens like Escherichia coli, affecting the production of short-chain fatty acids and the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, thereby optimizing the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The review also summarized the intestinal fermentability of mannans and their health benefits in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, offering new intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases.

mannans  /  gut microbiota  /  short-chain fatty acids  /  glucose and lipid metabolism
徐鹤洋, 夏彭奎, 李斌, 李晶. 甘露聚糖对肠道微生物的调控及其对糖脂代谢疾病的干预. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 136 -147 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224002
He-Yang XU, Peng-Kui XIA, Bin LI, Jing LI. Regulation of gut microbiota by mannans and their intervention in glucose and lipid metabolic diseases[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 136 -147 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224002
在现代医学和营养科学中, 肠道健康被视为全身健康的关键因素。肠道微生物这一复杂生态系统深刻影响宿主的代谢、免疫功能及疾病易感性。精准营养是一种基于个体基因、代谢特征、肠道微生物群、生活方式和环境因素的个性化营养干预策略, 旨在优化健康并预防疾病[1]。它利用现代科学技术, 如基因组学、代谢组学和人工智能分析, 以提供针对性的饮食建议[2]。精准营养已广泛应用于慢性病管理、个性化膳食和运动营养领域[3]。随着肠道微生物与宿主健康关系的研究不断深入, 对甘露聚糖的研究也日渐增多。甘露聚糖是一类存在于植物和真菌中的多糖, 其分子由甘露糖(mannose, Man)、葡萄糖(glucose, Glu)及半乳糖(galactose, Gal)等单糖通过多种糖苷键连接而成[4], 具有多样的化学结构。这些结构特性赋予了甘露聚糖独特的理化性质和功能应用价值。在食品和医药领域, 甘露聚糖被广泛应用于增稠剂、稳定剂及缓释载体[5], 同时也因其益生元功能在维持肠道健康和调节微生态平衡方面引起关注, 成为精准营养研究中的重要组成部分。在精准营养的框架下, 甘露聚糖可以根据个体的肠道微生物特征和健康需求, 提供个性化的营养干预方案。例如, 对于肥胖患者, 甘露聚糖可以通过调节肠道菌群, 降低厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)/拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的比例, 减少脂肪积累, 从而达到控制体重的效果[6]。此外, 甘露聚糖还可以促进双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)和乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)等有益菌的生长, 进一步增强其健康效益, 也可以增加粪便胆汁酸排泄, 提高盲肠丁酸水平, 降低血浆胆固醇水平, 从而抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生[7]
近年来, 研究发现甘露聚糖通过促进短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)的生成、增强肠道屏障功能及调节免疫系统, 显著影响宿主健康, 并在糖尿病及炎症性肠病等多种慢性代谢疾病的预防和干预中展现了潜力。研究表明, 甘露聚糖补充可通过调节肠道微生物群及其代谢物, 缓解小鼠的骨质疏松[8]。此外, 甘露聚糖与乳酸菌的共生组合有助于修复结肠炎小鼠的肠道屏障, 改善肠道健康并调节肠道干细胞[9]。通过酶解植物废弃物生产甘露寡糖, 为其作为益生元的应用提供了可持续来源, 同时展现出对肠道微生物群、免疫调节和脂质代谢的积极影响[10]。在动物研究中, 甘露寡糖可增强幼年刺鳍鲤的免疫力、肠道健康及抗病能力[11], 并促进抗生素干扰后的肠道微生态恢复, 增强有益菌的生长[12]。这些研究共同强调了甘露聚糖及其衍生物在肠道健康和整体生理功能中的潜在价值。然而, 目前关于甘露聚糖的研究仍存在以下局限性: (1)不同来源的甘露聚糖在功能表现和作用机制上的差异尚未系统阐明; (2)甘露聚糖在精准调控肠道微生物组中的具体作用路径仍需进一步验证; (3)其在复杂代谢性疾病中的多维度作用机制及临床应用潜力研究较为匮乏。这些局限性不仅阻碍了甘露聚糖在精准营养中的广泛应用, 也为进一步研究和探索提供了重要的科学问题。
基于此, 本文综述了甘露聚糖的结构与来源、对肠道微生物的调节机制, 以及其在精准营养中的潜在应用, 旨在为未来研究提供理论支持, 并为精准营养干预提供科学依据和方向指引。
甘露聚糖是一类广泛分布于植物、真菌和微生物中的复杂多糖, 是植物细胞壁半纤维素的重要组成部分, 具有独特的化学结构和多样的功能特性。根据其组成单糖的种类、糖苷键的连接方式及分支结构的差异, 甘露聚糖可分为不同类型, 包括纯的线性甘露聚糖、葡甘露聚糖(glucomannan, GluMan)、半乳甘露聚糖(galactomannan, GalMan)、半乳葡甘露聚糖(galactoglucomannan, GGM)和衍生的甘露低聚糖(mannan oligosaccharides, MOS)[5,13], 其常见的来源如图1所示。对甘露聚糖结构的研究通常依赖于先进的分析技术, 如红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FTIR)、核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)、高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)和质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)等[14]。这些技术可以对其单糖组成、糖苷键类型、分支结构及分子量分布进行全面表征。此外, 化学降解法与酶解法的结合应用, 也为深入解析其结构提供了重要工具。不同类型的甘露聚糖不仅在分子结构上表现出显著差异, 还在理化性质、生物功能及应用领域方面各具特色。
GluMan是重要的可溶性膳食纤维之一[15-16], 存在于多种植物中。它们通常由随机排列的β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的Man基单元和β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的Glu基单元组成, 聚合比例和程度各不相同[17], 结构见图2A。GluMan因其优良的溶解性和膨胀性, 广泛应用于食品、医药及工业领域。其中, 魔芋葡甘露聚糖(konjac glucomannan, KGM)是最具代表性的天然可溶性膳食纤维, 来源于魔芋植物的块茎。KGM由D-Man和D-Glu以β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接组成, 二者的摩尔比为1.6:1, 且分子中存在少量的乙酰基。KGM具有良好的吸水性和膨胀性, 能够提高食品的黏稠度, 改善其口感和质地, 广泛应用于果冻、软糖等食品中[18]。在由普通低蛋白面粉制成的面条中添加KGM可以有效减少蒸煮损失, 常被用于改善面团的流变性质和蒸制食品的质地[19]。由于其良好的水合作用, 将KGM添加到低热量食品中, 有助于控制体重和减少脂肪摄入。此外, KGM还被发现能够调节食品的水分保持能力, 延长保质期, 提升食品品质[20]。在功能食品领域, KGM作为一种膳食纤维补充剂, 可以增加食物的饱腹感, 成为减肥产品中的理想成分, 并具有调节血糖和血脂水平的潜力[21]。同时, KGM能够帮助改善肠道健康, 促进肠道蠕动, 缓解便秘, 促进肠道有益菌的生长[22]。由于其亲水性和乳化性, KGM衍生物也常被用于生物降解膜和水处理材料中[23]。此外, 铁皮石斛中也含有GluMan, 研究表明石斛多糖可以调节肠道微生物群落中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度[24], 从而对健康产生重要影响。DENG等[25]提取的铁皮石斛GluMan分子量为3.99×105 Da, Man与Glu的比例为29.61:1, 并在O-2和O-3位置上发现了乙酰基。分子量的大小会影响GluMan的生物活性, SHAN等[26]发现, 降解铁皮石斛中β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的GluMan后, 低分子量多糖具有很强的免疫活性作用, 并调节了肠道菌群的结构, 表明降低分子量后, 多糖的晶体结构会发生改变, 使溶解度得到提高, 从而增强其生物有效性。此外, 来自芦荟叶的部分乙酰化GluMan也表现出特殊的功能[27], 位于C-2、C-3或C-6位置的乙酰基团通过促进GluMan分子间的氢键和疏水相互作用, 改变了GluMan的流变学行为和生物活性, 同时, 这些乙酰化GluMan能刺激免疫细胞增殖, 并激活其分泌重要细胞因子, 表现出潜在的抗肿瘤活性。同样的, 在另一项研究中, WANG等[28]从玉凤兰属植物(Bletilla striata)的块茎中提取并纯化了两种水溶性多糖BSP-1和BSP-2, 分子量分别为83.54 kDa和12.60 kDa, 其Man和Glu的比例分别为4:1和3:1。同时BSP-1在体内实验中显示出免疫调节效果, 能够增加免疫抑制模型小鼠的胸腺和脾脏指数, 而BSP-2对胸腺指数的影响较小。综上所述, GluMan作为一种天然多糖, 大多来自魔芋、石斛和芦荟等植物的块茎中, 乙酰基团的存在赋予了它独特的功能, 而不同分子量的GluMan在生物活性上也具有显著差异。
GalMan是甘露聚糖的常见来源, 主要来自于种子的胚乳或微生物, 通常是以Man构成主链, Gal以α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接到Man主链的部分单位上, 形成分支结构, 其结构如图2B所示。GalMan因其Gal侧链的独特存在, 展示出显著的黏性及乳化性能。不同GalMan中Man与Gal的比例不同, 这导致其结构发生变化, 也是决定GalMan理化性质的主要因素[29]
常见的GalMan有刺槐豆胶(locust bean gum, LBG)、塔拉胶(tara gum, TG)、瓜尔豆胶(guar gum, GG)和胡芦巴胶(fenugreek gum, FG)等。LBG是刺槐种子胚乳中含有的一种GalMan, 其分子结构包含由β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接而成的线性Man主链和α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的Gal侧链, 二者的摩尔比大致为4:1[30]。作为一种天然功能性聚合物, LBG在烘焙、冷饮、奶制品等食品领域广泛应用, 并且具有助消化、抗炎症和促进肠道健康等生物学功效。TG来源于豆科灌木刺云实种子的胚乳[31], Man和Gal的比例为3:1, 具有较高的溶解度和较强的增稠能力。GG则是从瓜尔豆种子中提取的水溶性纤维, 其Man:Gal质量比为2:1[32], GG在水中能够迅速溶解, 形成高黏度溶液, 具有良好的增稠、凝胶和乳化功能, 广泛用于食品、化妆品、医药等领域。FG中Man:Gal的比例约为1:1[33], 常作为膳食纤维的来源, 并且被研究用于缓释药物和肠道健康的辅助治疗, 具有降血糖、降胆固醇、抗氧化的作用。此外, 其他植物中也含有不同单糖组成的GalMan, SUN等[34]从绒毛皂荚中提取并纯化了水溶性多糖, 确定为GalMan, 其Man:Gal的比例为2.54~2.66, 平均分子量为1913 kDa。ZHOU等[35]从田菁中提取得到了Man:Gal比例为2.4: 1, 分子量为1.42×106 Da的GalMan, 它能够显著增加Caspase-12的表达, 抑制人类癌细胞的生长。槐树中也存在GalMan[36], 研究表明, 在槐树的生长后期, 槐树甘露聚糖的Man:Gal的比率从4.94增至5.68, 导致其分子构象更加紧凑、分子量增大、疏水性增强、溶液黏度升高, 同时溶解性从29.3%下降至19.8%, 这一结果表明, 高Man/Gal比率的甘露聚糖具有更低的溶解度。GalMan在食品工业的应用十分广泛, 由于GG具有水结合特性, 因此在冰淇淋中用作稳定剂, 当与其他稳定剂(如羧甲基纤维素)一起使用时, 其效果更好[37]。而酶解后的GG, 可减少水分渗出或脱水收缩, 从而改善酸奶的流变学和质构特性, 在2.02%的GG浓度下, 酸奶的口感更好, 黏度、持水能力和pH也都更高[38]。与GG一样, LBG可以用于冰牛奶产品的加工中, 能够提高黏度和抑制冰晶生成[39]。GG在低pH条件下的抗分解性和在冷水中的溶解性使其能够用于饮料制造中, 常被用作增稠剂和黏度控制剂, 用于延长保质期[40]。而大多数饮料都需要热加工, LBG在较宽的pH范围内保持稳定, 这使其成为大多数饮料中独特的稳定剂和增稠剂[41]。GalMan也常用于烘焙食品加工中, 如在2.5%~3.0%的GG添加量下, 饼干的硬度会降低, 质地更柔软, 而不会影响饼干的感官和物理特性[42]。此外, 在小麦粉中添加FG不仅提高了面团的纤维含量、蛋白质含量, 还提高了铁和钙含量, 从而强化了面团。因此, FG可用于制作饼干, 或作为谷物中的添加剂, 以补充一些必需氨基酸, 从而平衡总氨基酸并提高蛋白质含量[43]。由于LBG具有可食用性和生物降解性, 因此可将其制成可食用薄膜/涂层, 用于减轻新鲜切制蔬菜和水果在加工过程中产生的微小不良影响[44]。TG基薄膜作为氧气屏障, 也可以避免食品中存在的着色剂、香料、脂肪和脂质成分的氧化, 起到延长食品保质期的作用[45]
在松树、云杉、冷杉等针叶树中也存在着甘露聚糖, 主要形式为GGM, 它是这些树木中半纤维素的主要成分之一, 其复杂的支链修饰与生物活性密切相关。GGM通常由β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的D-Man和D-Glu骨架组成, 且部分Man残基通过α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的D-Gal支链进行修饰(见图2C)。不同来源的GGM单糖比例不同, 从红三叶草(Trifolium pratense)茎叶组织中提取的GGM则展示了1:1.1:1的Man、Glu和Gal比例, 并包含较多的支链结构[46]。MESTECHKINA等[47]从加拿大紫荆(Cercis canadensis)胚乳和谷壳的水提取物和碱性提取物中进行选择性沉淀, 分离出了GGM, 它们的单糖组成(Man:Gal:Glu)分别为10.4:0.9:1(胚乳多糖)和4.5:0.9:1(谷壳多糖), 结果表明位于种子的不同部位, GGM的功能也不相同。此外, 热带水果加比罗巴(Campomanesia xanthocarpa)中的GGM也被发现具有独特的Man、Glu和Gal比例(1:1:0.6)[48]。GGM的结构变化不仅在Man、Glu和Gal的比例上体现, 还反映在其侧链修饰和乙酰化程度上, 如KONKOL等[49]从挪威云杉(Picea abies)提取的GGM显示出高达33%的乙酰化程度, 其分子结构具有Man、Glu和Gal的1:3:17的摩尔比例。GGM还具有良好的生物活性, 来自松木(Pinus brutia)的GGM可改善肉鸡雏鸡的生长速度和肠道健康, 其中0.2%添加量在减少鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi)定植方面最有效[50]。某些细菌和真菌也可产生特殊类型的GGM, 从石蕊地衣(Cladonia ibitipocae)中提取的GGM通过化学硫酸化后表现出显著的抗凝和抗血栓活性[51]。以上研究表明, GGM在结构上的多样性与其来源密切相关, Man、Glu和Gal的比例决定了其在纤维素结合、食品添加剂、药物开发等方面的潜在应用。
与其他从天然植物或酵母中提取的甘露聚糖不同, MOS并不是直接提取的, 它是由3~10个Man残基组成的短链碳水化合物[52], 常采用酶促、碱性或酸性处理法从酵母或植物细胞壁中的甘露聚糖水解得到的[53]。作为一种功能性低聚糖和良好的益生元, MOS能够促进健康肠道微生物群生长和免疫调节, 从而影响宿主健康。从Man的线性链组成差异和母体甘露聚糖聚合物中存在的糖苷键来看, MOS可进一步分为α-MOS和β-MOS。α-MOS是由酵母细胞中存在的α-(1→6)-糖苷键连接的甘露聚糖水解得到[54], 而β-MOS来源于通过β-(1→4)-糖苷键连接的植物甘露聚糖。
物理、化学方法常用于甘露聚糖水解, GG在间歇反应器中无需催化剂即可水解降解, 在温度为180~240 °C, 反应时间为3~60 min的水热条件下[55], GG很容易溶解和水解, 从而得到聚合度约为20的低聚糖。在微波辐照条件下, GG和茑萝胶在很短的反应时间内水解为低聚糖[56], 当额外使用浓度很低的硫酸时, 都能进一步加速两种树胶的水解。除了使用酸作为主要水解剂外, 乙酸酐也用于有效生成MOS[57], 水解酿酒酵母细胞壁后产生的MOS, 可以通过使用乙酸酐、乙酸和浓硫酸的混合物进行乙酰化。除了物理、化学法降解外, 酶法处理甘露聚糖也得到广泛应用, SRIVASTAVA等[58]通过GH26内切β-1,4-甘露聚糖酶从LBG中水解得到了β-MOS, 其具有不同的聚合度, 并且能够被多种乳酸杆菌利用, 抑制大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi)等有害菌的生长。同样的, 利用米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)中的β-甘露聚糖酶从3种农业废弃物(棕榈仁粕、GG和椰子粉)中提取MOS[59], 确认了α-异构体和β-异构体的存在, 结果表明从GG中提取的MOS含量最高(56.31% W:W), 而棕榈仁粕来源的MOS表现出最佳的抗氧化效果和体外抗肿瘤活性。未来通过不同降解方法的结合, 有望得到分子量范围更广阔、更精确的MOS。
人类肠道微生物群是一个复杂而动态的生态系统, 由细菌、真菌、病毒、古生菌等数以万亿计的微生物组成, 其中细菌占主导地位, 主要分为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)[60]。这些微生物通过代谢膳食纤维产生SCFAs, 如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸, 从而影响宿主的能量代谢和免疫调控。此外, 肠道微生物通过与肠道上皮和免疫系统相互作用, 维持肠道屏障的完整性。因此, 肠道微生物组不仅是宿主健康的重要调节因子, 也是营养和疾病干预的关键靶点, 甘露聚糖则在调节肠道微生物中起着重要作用, 见图3
研究表明, 人体肠道中甘露聚糖的主要降解细菌为拟杆菌属(Bacteroides), 其中多形拟杆菌(Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron)[61]、卵形拟杆菌(Bacteroides ovatus)和木聚糖拟杆菌(Bacteroides xylanisolven)[62]α-甘露聚糖、α-MOS的主要降解菌。这些拟杆菌的基因组上面拥有甘露聚糖的多糖利用位点(polysaccharide utilization loci, PUL), 可以产生系列糖苷水解酶降解甘露聚糖。除拟杆菌之外, 肠道中的丁酸产生菌——罗氏弧菌(Roseburia intestinalis)也是β-甘露聚糖和β-MOS的重要初级降解菌[63]。在罗氏弧菌属的多种细菌的基因组中, 发现了β-MOS的水解酶基因。也有研究表明, 甘露聚糖的发酵过程主要依赖于肠道中的普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella)和瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus), 它们能够有效降解甘露聚糖[64]。LINDSTAD等[65]则报道了人体肠道中另一个重要有益菌普拉梭菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)的存在, 普拉梭菌能够促进乙酸产生, 利于维持肠道稳态, 当拟杆菌和罗氏弧菌初步降解β-甘露聚糖后, 产生的β-MOS又通过互养方式促进普拉梭菌的生长。在结肠中, 通过影响甘露聚糖利用位点(PUL)和相应的转运系统, 甘露聚糖可以被CAZymes分解, 转化为可被细菌代谢的单糖, CAZymes对于甘露聚糖的完全降解至关重要。PANWAR等[66] 研究了人体肠道微生物群中的主要细菌门类对α-甘露聚糖和β-甘露聚糖的影响, 并重点讨论了人体肠道中特定细菌物种如何通过利用糖苷水解酶和其他代谢蛋白来捕获和利用甘露聚糖。而不同类型的酶活性和作用存在差异, 对甘露聚糖的降解能力也不同(见表1)。总体而言, 这些研究为理解甘露聚糖在人体肠道中的发酵及其高效利用提供了重要科学依据。
随着对肠道菌群研究的深入, 越来越多的证据表明, 甘露聚糖作为一种功能性益生元, 在调控肠道菌群组成方面具有显著的潜力, 可以选择性地促进益生菌的生长, 同时抑制病原菌的增殖。
甘露聚糖对于大肠杆菌的生长有着抑制作用, LUCEY等[75]研究了在饲粮中添加甘露聚糖对断奶前荷斯坦奶牛肠道微生物的影响, 结果表明, 与对照组相比, 饲喂甘露聚糖后, 犊牛肠道中的致病性大肠杆菌数量减少, 这一发现不仅为甘露聚糖在肠道健康中的应用提供了支持, 也展示了其在动物养殖领域的潜在价值。双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌则是常见的益生菌, MIAO等[76]通过体外发酵实验发现, 从决明子胶中制备的GalMan低聚糖, 可以促进双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等有益菌的生长, 同时抑制梭杆菌(Fusobacterium)、毛螺菌(Lachnospiraceae)等有害菌的增殖, 产生了以乙酸和丙酸为主的SCFAs。来自GG水解的MOS也观察到对乳酸杆菌属的生长有着显著促进[77], 在单一培养和共培养发酵中能同时抑制肠道病原菌沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的增长。BAI等[78]从百合中提取并纯化一种甘露聚糖(LLP11), 发现LLP11能够显著促进双歧杆菌的生长, 并降低有害细菌克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)的数量, 同时也促进了乙酸的产生, 具有免疫调节作用。抗生素的广泛使用虽然有效治疗了细菌感染, 但也不可避免地导致肠道微生物多样性的下降, 进而影响宿主健康。针对这一问题, MAO等[79]研究了体外粪便发酵中KGM在抗生素(氨苄西林和克林霉素)干扰下影响肠道微生物的能力, 低分子量的KGM在两种常见抗生素存在时, 显著增加了双歧杆菌的相对丰度, 同时降低了肠杆菌(Enterobacteriaceae)的比例。在体内实验中, 甘露聚糖也展现出良好的效果, MAO等[80]的另一项研究评估了KGM对C57BL/6J小鼠的肠道微生物组对抗生素干扰的保护作用, 天然KGM更好地保持了粪便中的微生物多样性和组成, 并在抗生素的干扰下增加了粪便和血清中个体和总SCFAs的产生, 而低分子量的KGM虽然具有一定的益生元潜力, 但在抗生素干扰下这种效应被消除。同样的, CHEN等[12]研究了不同膳食纤维添加对氨苄西林干扰下C57BL/6J小鼠的影响, 与对照组相比, MOS处理组的肠道微生物丰富度和多样性指数更高, 也促进了有益菌嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)和拟杆菌的生长, 对于恢复因抗生素干扰而改变的肠道微生物组成具有积极作用。综上所述, 甘露聚糖作为一种功能性益生元, 其调节肠道菌群、抑制病原菌、促进有益菌生长以及在抗生素干扰下恢复微生物多样性的独特作用, 展示了其在改善肠道健康和代谢调节中的广阔前景。
在肠道环境中, 甘露聚糖这类多糖通常难以通过人体直接消化, 但能被肠道微生物利用, 转化为SCFAs, 包括乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐。此外, 发酵过程中产生的吲哚、色氨酸衍生物和次级胆汁酸等代谢产物[81], 对多种生理过程起着积极的作用, 从而发挥多重健康益处。
不同结构特征的甘露聚糖对肠道微生物发酵模式和SCFAs的产生具有显著影响[82], 这可能与它们的相对分子质量、乙酰化程度和单糖比例有关。探究不同来源的GluMan饮食影响发现[83], 连续14 d补充GluMan的小鼠与对照组相比, 在一般健康状况和血清生化水平上表现正常, 但显著促进了小鼠盲肠和结肠内容物中SCFAs(主要是乙酸和丁酸)的产生。特别是, 当小鼠接受治疗的GluMan具有更高的相对分子质量、更高的Glu比例和更高的乙酰化程度时, 会产生更高浓度的SCFAs。BAI等[84]研究了山药多糖在胃肠道消化和粪便发酵刺激过程中的特征变化。经过体外粪便发酵24 h后, 山药中的甘露聚糖被肠道菌群利用, 促进双歧杆菌和巨球型菌(Megasphaera rogosa)的生长, 同时增加了SCFAs含量。除了促进SCFAs产生外, 甘露聚糖也能够影响其他代谢途径, ZHAO等[85]研究探讨了MOS对小鼠骨骼肌增长的影响, 检测到148种肠道微生物衍生代谢物, 其中癸酸、丙氨酸、次级胆汁酸和天冬氨酸显著上调, 而癸酸作为一种中链脂肪酸(medium-chain fatty acids, MCFAs), 在骨骼肌中通过GPR84受体发挥作用, 调节线粒体功能, 从而改善肌肉质量和功能。SURYAWANSHI等[86]使用β-甘露聚糖酶降解来自椰蓉粉、脱脂椰蓉粉和LBG的甘露聚糖得到多种MOS, 这些MOS能够促进乳酸杆菌的生长和生物膜形成, 被有效发酵产生以乙酸和丙酸为主的SCFAs, 特别是来自LBG的MOS还能够促进亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸等支链氨基酸(branched-chain amino acids, BCAA)的产生, 这些氨基酸在肌肉蛋白质合成、能量产生和调节血糖水平中发挥作用, 对健康具有积极的促进作用。以上的甘露聚糖均为植物来源, 研究发现, 微生物来源的酵母甘露聚糖(yeast mannan, YM)也能促进肠道微生物代谢[87], 摄入YM后患者排便频率和粪便体积显著增加, 也能够增加拟杆菌属的生长, 通过代谢组学分析, 发现YM组和安慰剂组之间有20种代谢物存在显著差异, YM组粪便中γ-氨基丁酸的水平增加, 进而影响宿主的健康和睡眠。
在健康状态下, 肠道微生物群通过益生菌、病原菌和机会性病原体的动态平衡, 共同维持宿主的生理功能与免疫稳态[88]。这种平衡对于消化、营养吸收、免疫调节及抵御病原体具有至关重要的作用。然而, 当肠道微生物群的平衡被打破时, 可能会导致微生物组失调, 从而引发一系列疾病, 包括糖尿病、肥胖、炎症性肠病等[89]。研究表明, 微生物群失调不仅破坏了肠道屏障功能, 还可能通过代谢紊乱和免疫系统异常进一步加剧疾病的发生和发展。因此, 维持肠道微生物的平衡对于预防和管理多种疾病至关重要。越来越多的研究表明, 甘露聚糖能够通过选择性地促进益生菌的增殖和代谢, 抑制病原菌的生长, 重新建立肠道微生态平衡, 同时影响多种代谢通路, 以减轻疾病的发生和发展, 展现出显著的健康效益[90]
随着全球经济的迅速发展和人们生活方式的改变, 糖尿病的发病率呈现持续增长的趋势, 已成为严重威胁全球公共健康的主要代谢性疾病之一。糖尿病不仅影响患者的生活质量, 还带来了巨大的医疗和社会经济负担[91]。研究发现, 糖尿病的发生与能量代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗等多种因素密切相关, 而近年来, 肠道微生物群的作用逐渐引起了广泛关注, 肠道菌群的失调被认为是糖尿病发病的一个重要诱因[92]。而多糖类物质通过调节肠道微生物群, 影响肠道屏障功能、SCFAs的生成以及炎症反应, 展现出显著的降血糖作用, 为糖尿病的预防和治疗提供了新的研究方向。
有研究证明, GG通过抑制肠道内Glu吸收及阻止α-淀粉酶与底物接触, 起到降低机体血糖水平和胆固醇吸收的作用, 从而缓解糖尿病[93]。2型-糖尿病(diabetes mellitus type 2, T2D)大鼠的氨基酸代谢显著紊乱, 尤其是BCAA代谢上调, 而来自石斛、芦荟的甘露聚糖治疗增加了厚壁菌门的丰度, 降低了拟杆菌门和变形菌门的丰度, 也降低了大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏菌等与BCAA代谢相关的细菌属的丰度, 分子量较高的石斛甘露聚糖则体现出了更好的降血糖和降血脂效果[94]。同样, 不同分子量的KGM对糖尿病的治疗效果也不同, DENG等[95]探究了高、中、低分子量的KGM对T2D小鼠的降血糖机制, 研究表明中分子量KGM-M1 (7.571×105 Da)和KGM-M2 (2.527×105 Da)在控制体重增加、胰岛素抵抗、降低空腹血糖、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平方面更好。此外, 它们还增强了胰腺和结肠的完整性, 增加了肠道菌群多样性, 包括拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门的比率, 降低了罗氏菌(Romboutsia)和克雷伯氏菌的丰度, 并提高了6种糖尿病相关代谢物的水平。也有研究在葫芦巴胶GalMan饮食组小鼠的肝脏中观察到了增强的腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶的激活[96], 通过影响能量代谢和脂质合成来改善Glu代谢。与正常饮食组相比, 纤维强化饮食的小鼠体重增长减少, 空腹血糖水平降低, 且总血清胆固醇水平降低, 同时, 小鼠肠道微生物群系发生了变化, 特别是拟杆菌门比例增加而厚壁菌门比例减少。当甘露聚糖与其他成分联用时, 也能起到良好的效果, ZHENG等[97]对糖尿病模型小鼠的体内研究中发现, MOS与抗糖尿病药物二甲双胍(metformin, MF)联合使用, 可以促进一种产生丁酸盐细菌Allobaculum的生长增强, 降低临床糖尿病参数, 通过影响糖酵解、糖异生代谢和淀粉或蔗糖代谢, 使糖尿病小鼠健康状况得到明显改善, 这为今后甘露聚糖的协同作用研究提供了指导。这些研究揭示了甘露聚糖通过调节肠道微生态改善代谢紊乱的潜力, 不仅填补了从肠道菌群到代谢调控的研究空白, 还为开发新型抗糖尿病治疗方案提供了重要的理论依据。同时, 甘露聚糖与经典药物的协同作用也为糖尿病治疗带来了更广阔的应用前景。在未来的研究中, 不同来源多糖的结构-功能关系、多糖与其他治疗手段的联合机制将是重要的探索方向。
高脂血症是一种以破坏体内脂质代谢平衡为特征的代谢性疾病, 常表现为人体血液中总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)以及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)等脂质含量水平出现异常[98]。过量氧化LDL-C也容易导致胆固醇积存于动脉壁, 进而引起动脉粥样硬化[99]。高脂血症被认为是冠心病、心肌梗死和心源性猝死等心血管疾病的主要诱发因素之一。近年来的研究表明, 肠道菌群的组成对宿主胆固醇代谢具有重要影响, 尤其是双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌在这一过程中发挥了关键作用。这些益生菌能够通过多种代谢途径调节胆固醇水平, 其丰度的变化直接影响宿主的脂质代谢平衡, 表明通过调节肠道微生物群可能为高脂血症的预防和治疗提供新的干预策略[100]。甘露聚糖可以有效降低血脂, 一项荟萃分析统计了25个关于GG的临床试验发现, 当GG的摄入量至少为15 g/d时, 可以有效的降低血浆中的LDL-C和TC, 但是对TG和HDL-C无效[101]。在关于高胆固醇饮食的模型小鼠研究中, 添加MOS能够调节肠道微生物组, 增加拟杆菌属丰度和盲肠中的丁酸盐水平, 特别是降低了非HDL-C水平, 显著降低动脉粥样硬化风险[7]。而从咖啡渣中提取的甘露聚糖经过β-甘露聚糖酶改性后, 可以调节肠道微生物群和胆汁酸代谢[102], 展现出良好的胆固醇调节潜力。但也有部分甘露聚糖经过改性后其降血脂效果会不如之前, ZOU等[103]研究发现在治疗高脂血症仓鼠中, KGM显示出比脱乙酰魔芋葡甘聚糖更好的降血脂效果, 它能够显著降低血清和肝脏中的TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C的水平, 使回肠杆菌(Ileibacterium)、阿德勒克雷茨菌(Aldercreutzia)和副萨特氏菌(Parasutterella)的相对丰度发生了显著变化, 同时增加了乙酸和丁酸的浓度, 而脱乙酰魔芋葡甘聚糖处理的仓鼠中这些变化并不明显。微生物来源的甘露聚糖也体现出良好的降血脂效果, YM在高脂血症小鼠中降低了血清中的TC和TG, 并提高了HDL水平[104]。白色念珠菌中衍生出的2种甘露聚糖A和B能够有效降低急性高脂血症小鼠的血脂[105], 它们能够显著降低血清中的LDL-C、TC和TG水平, 也减少了高脂血症小鼠肝脏中的脂质体积, 同时, 甘露聚糖B在降低胆固醇方面比甘露聚糖A更有效, 这些发现为微生物来源甘露聚糖在临床应用中的潜力提供了有力证据。未来的研究应进一步探讨甘露聚糖的降血脂机制, 特别是其在不同来源和结构下的生物活性差异。通过深入了解不同来源甘露聚糖与肠道菌群相互作用的机制, 可以为开发高效、靶向性的降脂疗法提供新的思路。此外, 甘露聚糖与其他降脂药物或功能成分的协同作用也值得进一步研究, 这将为高脂血症的综合治疗策略提供新的视角。
肥胖的发生与全球化生活方式的改变和高热量饮食的普及密切相关, 已成为一种常见的代谢性疾病。其核心机制是能量摄入超过消耗, 导致脂肪堆积和代谢紊乱[106]。肠道微生物群在能量代谢中起着重要作用, 大量研究表明, 肠道微生物通过调节能量吸收、脂肪存储以及炎症反应, 进而影响宿主的代谢状态。
在这方面, WANG等[6]观察到MOS的消耗减少了高脂饮食小鼠C57BL/6J的体重增加, 降低了血脂, 使益生菌物种的丰度增加, 同时观察到厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比率的降低, 这可能与肥胖相关。另一项研究中, LU等[107]研究了从冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)中提取的一种新型水溶性甘露聚糖的结构特征, 经过水溶性甘露聚糖处理显著提高了高脂饮食喂养小鼠的肠道微生物多样性, 增加了拟杆菌门的丰度, 同时降低了厚壁菌门的丰度, 从而显著降低了厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比率。此外, 水溶性甘露聚糖还显著减少了高脂饮食喂养小鼠的体重增长和脂肪积累, 改善了血糖稳态和脂质代谢紊乱。GluMan作为西兰花种子中的主要成分[108], 具有较高的生物可利用性, 通过调节与脂质代谢相关的基因表达, 减少氧化应激, 改善脂质代谢。它也能显著改变高脂饮食喂养小鼠的肠道微生物群落结构, 增加了拟杆菌门的丰度, 并减少厚壁菌门的丰度, 从而对肥胖和相关代谢疾病产生影响。有研究报道了不同分子量的KGM对高脂高果糖饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的影响[109], 高分子量KGM (90 kDa)能够抑制由高脂高果糖饮食引起的体重增长和脂肪积累, 改善了小鼠的胰岛素抵抗状态, 并降低了TG、TC和LDL-C的水平。与高脂高果糖饮食组相比, KGM处理的小鼠肠道中粪球菌(Coprobacter)和链球菌(Streptococcus)的丰度显著降低, 而丁酸产生菌Clostridium和与肥胖相关的副萨特氏菌的丰度显著增加, 在调节肥胖中发挥作用。甘露聚糖的摄入形式也会影响其抗肥胖效果, ZHU等[110]研究了4种不同形式KGM的摄入对肥胖小鼠的影响, 它们均能减少肥胖小鼠的体重和脂肪质量, 增加肠道微生物多样性, 改善高脂饮食引起的微生物群失调, 尤其是溶液形式的KGM sol能够显著增加乙酸含量, 提高小鼠空腹时食欲激素的水平, 从而调节能量摄入, 控制肥胖, 这一发现揭示了甘露聚糖形式在其抗肥胖效果中的重要性, 值得进一步探索和应用。当甘露聚糖的添加量不同时, 抗肥胖效果也不同, SONG等[111]比较了3种不同甘露聚糖(KGM、GG和LBG)对高脂饮食喂养的C57BL/6J小鼠肥胖症的影响, 高剂量KGM、GG和LBG显著改变了肠鼠杆菌(Muribaculum)葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)等与宿主的肥胖和代谢紊乱高度相关的菌群丰度, 抑制了与肥胖相关的炎症因子或炎症标志物的表达, 减少了高脂饮食小鼠的体重增长和脂肪积累, 而在低剂量(2%)补充时, 只有LBG对肠道微生物群结构有显著影响。尽管已有大量研究揭示了甘露聚糖在肥胖治疗中的潜力, 但其具体的作用机制仍不明确, 尤其是甘露聚糖与肠道微生物群相互作用的分子机制。未来的研究应围绕分子机制展开, 探讨甘露聚糖如何通过改变肠道菌群、调节能量代谢及炎症反应等途径, 发挥其抗肥胖作用。
甘露聚糖作为一种重要的膳食纤维, 是人们饮食组成的重要部分, 特别观察到不同来源甘露聚糖(GluMan、GalMan、GGM和MOS)的单糖组成中Man、Gal和Glu的比例不同, 表现出不同的理化性质。分子量也是一个重要因素, 尤其是对GluMan中的KGM进行了广泛研究, 表明不同分子量的KGM对健康效应的影响不同, 此外, 将部分难以利用的甘露聚糖降解为分子量较低的MOS也能够有效改善甘露聚糖的生物活性。目前, 关于甘露聚糖的结构特征与其对肠道微生物的影响机制仍未明确, 但单糖组成和分子量可作为未来进一步探究的方向, 通过化学修饰得到理想的特性。大部分甘露聚糖都能凭借其良好的益生元特性在肠道微生物调控中发挥着重要作用, 可以促进双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌等有益菌的生长, 抑制肠杆菌和梭杆菌等有害菌的增殖, 显著增加了以乙酸为主的SCFAs的生成。显示出对糖尿病、高血脂病等多种疾病的干预潜力, 在缓解肥胖中, 也通过调节厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例以及其他与肥胖和代谢相关菌群的丰度, 有效抑制了体重的增长和脂肪的累积。
同时, 甘露聚糖的安全性和多样化应用方式使其成为精准营养的重要组成部分, 为其在功能性食品、医药产品中的开发奠定基础。在精准营养领域, 甘露聚糖有着很大的潜力, 未来可以从以下方向开展深入研究: (1)通过个性化设计摄入方案, 甘露聚糖可以根据个体肠道微生物群的特征, 为特殊人群(如婴幼儿、老年人或免疫低下者)提供有针对性的解决方案, 实现营养干预的精准化; (2)甘露聚糖与益生菌或其他膳食纤维的协同作用, 通过增强其本身的健康效益进一步促进肠道健康; (3)通过结合运用多组学技术(如宏基因组学、代谢组学、转录组学和单细胞测序等)对甘露聚糖作用肠道的动态过程进行分析, 探索其对微生物代谢和功能的实时调控, 进一步揭示其分子机制。
综上所述, 甘露聚糖在健康干预和疾病预防中的应用前景广阔, 关于甘露聚糖的研究和应用将为实现肠道健康与全身代谢平衡提供强有力的科学依据和技术支持。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2022CFA085)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224002
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
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湖北省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2022CFA085)
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    1.华中农业大学食品科学技术学院, 武汉 430070
    2.环境食品学教育部重点实验室, 武汉 430070

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* 李晶(1985—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为胶体物性和营养学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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