Article(id=1153433688432960259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250108002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929621084, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929621084, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929621084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929621084, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=172, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433688785281799, articleId=1153433688432960259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the development of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide nutritional beverage and its health function, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develop a nutritional beverage rich in Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide, explore its biological activity in health care. Methods Polysaccharides and polypeptide were extracted from high-quality Auricularia auricula by enzymatic hydrolysis. The regulation of blood pressure and antioxidant activity were evaluated by in vitro experiments, and the content was determined. With sensory evaluation as the key index, the best formula was finally determined by screening sweeteners, sour agents and stabilizers. Results The optimum formula was as follows: The addition amount of Auricularia auricular polypeptide extract was 0.1 %, the addition amount of Auricularia auricular polysaccharide extract was 0.5%, the addition amount of citric acid was 0.04%, the addition amount of sucrose was 6%, the polysaccharide content was 528.1 mg/100 mL, the polypeptide content was 177.9 mg/100 mL, and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition rate was (58.61±0.72)%. The scavenging rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was (68.22±1.06)%, the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical was (70.31±0.68)%, and the scavenging ability of superoxide anion was (61.70±0.37)%, which indicated that the beverage had good health care effect in regulating blood pressure, blood glucose and antioxidant. Conclusion The beverage not only retains the traditional health benefits of Auricularia auricula, but also optimizes the taste through scientific matching and advanced processing technology to obtain higher content of polysaccharides and peptides. The verification results of its biological activity provide a scientific basis for the commercial production of Auricularia auricula beverage in the field of health care.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-Hui KONG, Xue MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-Yan HUANG, Ming ZHAO, Bo-Wen LI, Wan-Jia DU, Chuan-Kai WANG, Juan YE, Xiang-Hui KONG, Xue MAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433714559279678, articleId=1153433688432960259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=黑木耳多糖、多肽营养饮品研制及其保健功能研究, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研制一款富含黑木耳多糖和多肽的营养饮品, 并探究其在保健方面的生物活性。方法 以优质黑木耳为原料, 采用酶解法提取其内部的多糖和多肽, 通过体外实验评估其对血压的调节作用以及抗氧化活性, 并测定其含量。以感官评价作为关键指标, 通过对甜味剂、酸味剂和稳定剂的筛选, 最终确定最佳配方。结果 最佳配方为: 黑木耳多肽提取液添加量为0.1%, 黑木耳多糖提取液添加量为0.5%, 柠檬酸添加量为0.04%, 蔗糖添加量为6%, 多糖含量为528.1 mg/100 mL, 多肽含量为177.9 mg/100 mL且对血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE)抑制率为(58.61±0.72)%, 该饮品对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)清除率为(68.22±1.06)%, 羟基自由基清除能力为(70.31±0.68)%, 超氧阴离子清除能力为(61.70±0.37)%, 表明该饮品在调节血压、血糖及抗氧化方面具有较好的保健作用。结论 该饮品不仅保留了黑木耳的传统健康益处, 还通过科学配比和先进加工技术, 优化口感, 得到较高含量的多糖和多肽, 其生物活性的验证结果为黑木耳饮品在保健领域的商业化生产提供了科学依据。

, correspAuthors=孔祥辉, 毛雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孔祥辉(1971—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
毛雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
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黄卉妍(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

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黄卉妍(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

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黄卉妍(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

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Research status of nutritional and health functions and food processing of Auricularia auricula[J]. China Food Safety Magazine, 2021(18): 71-72., articleTitle=Research status of nutritional and health functions and food processing of Auricularia auricula, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1173278641720013339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, awardId=CG24037, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省重大科技成果产业化项目(CG24037), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278635126567328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278635134955936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, companyId=1173278635126567328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05), 图34同。

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Sensory evaluation of Auricularia auricula beverage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目
颜色(30分) 27~30
色泽均匀、柔和无杂质
24~26
色泽均匀, 但颜色略暗或略淡
20~23
色泽较均匀, 较暗或较淡
0~19
色泽不均匀, 分层, 色泽严重褐变
气味(20分) 14~20
具有黑木耳特有的清香, 香气协调、柔和
11~13
具有黑木耳特有的香气, 香气不够柔和, 过浓或过淡
9~10
具有黑木耳的香气, 稍有异味或刺激味
0~8
有令人不愉快的气味, 有严重异味
组织状态(10分) 9~10
浑浊度均匀一致, 无析出现象, 无沉淀
8
浑浊稍差, 稍有析出现象, 有轻微沉淀
6~7
浑浊, 有分层, 有沉淀出现
0~5
浑浊严重, 呈絮状沉淀
滋味(40分) 36~40
具有黑木耳特有味道, 酸甜适中、味感协调柔和
30~35
具有黑木耳特有的滋味, 口感不够协调, 后味有明显差异
25~29
口味过淡, 无后味, 无异味
0~24
风味不正, 酸甜比例严重失调或有严重异味
), ArticleFig(id=1173278641170559510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黑木耳饮品感官评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目
颜色(30分) 27~30
色泽均匀、柔和无杂质
24~26
色泽均匀, 但颜色略暗或略淡
20~23
色泽较均匀, 较暗或较淡
0~19
色泽不均匀, 分层, 色泽严重褐变
气味(20分) 14~20
具有黑木耳特有的清香, 香气协调、柔和
11~13
具有黑木耳特有的香气, 香气不够柔和, 过浓或过淡
9~10
具有黑木耳的香气, 稍有异味或刺激味
0~8
有令人不愉快的气味, 有严重异味
组织状态(10分) 9~10
浑浊度均匀一致, 无析出现象, 无沉淀
8
浑浊稍差, 稍有析出现象, 有轻微沉淀
6~7
浑浊, 有分层, 有沉淀出现
0~5
浑浊严重, 呈絮状沉淀
滋味(40分) 36~40
具有黑木耳特有味道, 酸甜适中、味感协调柔和
30~35
具有黑木耳特有的滋味, 口感不够协调, 后味有明显差异
25~29
口味过淡, 无后味, 无异味
0~24
风味不正, 酸甜比例严重失调或有严重异味
), ArticleFig(id=1173278641233474071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factor level table of orthogonal experimental

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水平 因素
A(黑木耳多肽提取液添加量)/% B(黑木耳多糖提取液添加量)/% C(柠檬酸
添加量)/%
D(蔗糖
添加量)/%
1 0.1 0.4 0.02 2
2 0.2 0.5 0.04 4
3 0.3 0.6 0.06 6
), ArticleFig(id=1173278641334137368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交实验因素水平表

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水平 因素
A(黑木耳多肽提取液添加量)/% B(黑木耳多糖提取液添加量)/% C(柠檬酸
添加量)/%
D(蔗糖
添加量)/%
1 0.1 0.4 0.02 2
2 0.2 0.5 0.04 4
3 0.3 0.6 0.06 6
), ArticleFig(id=1173278641430606361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results table of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号 A(黑木耳多肽提取液添加量)/% B(黑木耳多糖提取液添加量)/% C(柠檬酸添加量)/% D(蔗糖添加量)/% 感官评分
1 1 1 1 1 78
2 1 2 2 2 92
3 1 3 3 3 86
4 2 1 2 3 70
5 2 2 3 1 76
6 2 3 1 2 68
7 3 1 3 2 65
8 3 2 1 3 85
9 3 3 2 1 82
K1 256 213 225 236
K2 214 253 244 228
K3 235 236 227 241
k1 85.3 71.0 75.0 78.7
k2 71.3 84.3 81.3 76.0
k3 78.3 78.7 75.7 80.3
R 21 40 19 13
), ArticleFig(id=1173278641501909530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433688432960259, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号 A(黑木耳多肽提取液添加量)/% B(黑木耳多糖提取液添加量)/% C(柠檬酸添加量)/% D(蔗糖添加量)/% 感官评分
1 1 1 1 1 78
2 1 2 2 2 92
3 1 3 3 3 86
4 2 1 2 3 70
5 2 2 3 1 76
6 2 3 1 2 68
7 3 1 3 2 65
8 3 2 1 3 85
9 3 3 2 1 82
K1 256 213 225 236
K2 214 253 244 228
K3 235 236 227 241
k1 85.3 71.0 75.0 78.7
k2 71.3 84.3 81.3 76.0
k3 78.3 78.7 75.7 80.3
R 21 40 19 13
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黑木耳多糖、多肽营养饮品研制及其保健功能研究
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黄卉妍 1, 2 , 赵明 1 , 李博文 1 , 杜婉嘉 1 , 王传凯 1 , 叶涓 3 , 孔祥辉 1, * , 毛雪 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(7): 172-180
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(7): 172-180
黑木耳多糖、多肽营养饮品研制及其保健功能研究
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黄卉妍1, 2 , 赵明1, 李博文1, 杜婉嘉1, 王传凯1, 叶涓3, 孔祥辉1, * , 毛雪1, *
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所, 哈尔滨 150010
  • 2.黑龙江农垦职业学院护理学院, 哈尔滨 150010
  • 3.杭州动商科技有限公司, 杭州 310000
  • 黄卉妍(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 孔祥辉(1971—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
毛雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
Research on the development of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide nutritional beverage and its health function
Hui-Yan HUANG1, 2 , Ming ZHAO1, Bo-Wen LI1, Wan-Jia DU1, Chuan-Kai WANG1, Juan YE3, Xiang-Hui KONG1, * , Xue MAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Microbiology Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
  • 2. School of Nursing, Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Vocational College, Harbin 150010, China
  • 3. Hangzhou Dongshang Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250108002
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目的 研制一款富含黑木耳多糖和多肽的营养饮品, 并探究其在保健方面的生物活性。方法 以优质黑木耳为原料, 采用酶解法提取其内部的多糖和多肽, 通过体外实验评估其对血压的调节作用以及抗氧化活性, 并测定其含量。以感官评价作为关键指标, 通过对甜味剂、酸味剂和稳定剂的筛选, 最终确定最佳配方。结果 最佳配方为: 黑木耳多肽提取液添加量为0.1%, 黑木耳多糖提取液添加量为0.5%, 柠檬酸添加量为0.04%, 蔗糖添加量为6%, 多糖含量为528.1 mg/100 mL, 多肽含量为177.9 mg/100 mL且对血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE)抑制率为(58.61±0.72)%, 该饮品对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)清除率为(68.22±1.06)%, 羟基自由基清除能力为(70.31±0.68)%, 超氧阴离子清除能力为(61.70±0.37)%, 表明该饮品在调节血压、血糖及抗氧化方面具有较好的保健作用。结论 该饮品不仅保留了黑木耳的传统健康益处, 还通过科学配比和先进加工技术, 优化口感, 得到较高含量的多糖和多肽, 其生物活性的验证结果为黑木耳饮品在保健领域的商业化生产提供了科学依据。

黑木耳  /  多糖  /  多肽  /  酶解法  /  黑木耳饮品

Objective To develop a nutritional beverage rich in Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide, explore its biological activity in health care. Methods Polysaccharides and polypeptide were extracted from high-quality Auricularia auricula by enzymatic hydrolysis. The regulation of blood pressure and antioxidant activity were evaluated by in vitro experiments, and the content was determined. With sensory evaluation as the key index, the best formula was finally determined by screening sweeteners, sour agents and stabilizers. Results The optimum formula was as follows: The addition amount of Auricularia auricular polypeptide extract was 0.1 %, the addition amount of Auricularia auricular polysaccharide extract was 0.5%, the addition amount of citric acid was 0.04%, the addition amount of sucrose was 6%, the polysaccharide content was 528.1 mg/100 mL, the polypeptide content was 177.9 mg/100 mL, and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition rate was (58.61±0.72)%. The scavenging rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was (68.22±1.06)%, the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical was (70.31±0.68)%, and the scavenging ability of superoxide anion was (61.70±0.37)%, which indicated that the beverage had good health care effect in regulating blood pressure, blood glucose and antioxidant. Conclusion The beverage not only retains the traditional health benefits of Auricularia auricula, but also optimizes the taste through scientific matching and advanced processing technology to obtain higher content of polysaccharides and peptides. The verification results of its biological activity provide a scientific basis for the commercial production of Auricularia auricula beverage in the field of health care.

Auricularia auricula  /  polysaccharide  /  polypeptide  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  Auricularia auricula beverage
黄卉妍, 赵明, 李博文, 杜婉嘉, 王传凯, 叶涓, 孔祥辉, 毛雪. 黑木耳多糖、多肽营养饮品研制及其保健功能研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 172 -180 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250108002
Hui-Yan HUANG, Ming ZHAO, Bo-Wen LI, Wan-Jia DU, Chuan-Kai WANG, Juan YE, Xiang-Hui KONG, Xue MAO. Research on the development of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide nutritional beverage and its health function[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 172 -180 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250108002
黑木耳(Auricularia auricula)是我国最受欢迎的食药用菌之一, 除含有高碳水化合物、氨基酸、微量元素和维生素外还含有多种生物活性成分[1], 如多糖[2]、多肽[3]、黑色素[4]、腺苷[5]等。具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗辐射和降血脂等效果[6-7]。黑木耳已成为公认的“天然健康食品”, 越来越受到人们的青睐[8]
黑木耳多糖是一种天然高分子化合物[9-10], 主要从黑木耳的菌丝体或子实体中提取[11]。其结构主要由D-葡萄糖、D-甘露糖和D-木糖等单糖通过α-糖苷键相互连接而成[12]。近年来, 黑木耳多糖的结构、功能及其作用机制逐渐被揭示, 其功能包括但不限于免疫调节[13]、抗肿瘤[14]、抗氧化[15]、降血脂[16]、抗凝血[17]和降血糖[18]等。李松岩等[19]研究表明黑木耳多糖具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化作用, 可以改善被动吸烟及PM2.5对大鼠肺组织及气道造成的损伤。研究表明黑木耳多糖可以显著提高小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞(mouse leukemia cells of monocyte macrophage, RAW264.7)的吞噬能力以及诱导细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)和白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)的分泌[20-21]。刘爽等[22]通过动物实验表明, 富硒木耳多糖可以改善1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM)小鼠多饮多食症状、调节脂质代谢和氧化应激水平, 降低炎性因子水平; 黑木耳多糖所展现的生物活性, 预示着其在功能性食品开发、保健产品制造以及药物研究领域拥有广泛的潜在应用价值。
黑木耳多肽是黑木耳中的另一重要活性成分, 具有较高的营养价值和生物活性[23]。近年来, 关于黑木耳多肽的研究取得了显著进展, 陶嘉等[24]研究发现黑木耳多肽对由棕榈酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪肝模型有降脂、降胆固醇和抗氧化的活性。研究表明, 黑木耳多肽能够调节细胞的脂质代谢过程, 具体机制为抑制脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达并促进脂肪氧化分解相关基因的活跃。此外, 该多肽还展现出显著的抗氧化性能, 不仅有效遏制了脂质氧化终产物(malondialdehyde, MDA)的积累, 还增强了细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)的活性。
近年来, 市场上对于黑木耳的加工和生产研究较为单一, 导致其附加值偏低[25-26]。本研究基于以往的实验成果, 选择出营养价值较高的黑木耳品种, 采用热水浸提法[27]提取黑木耳中的蛋白质, 然后通过蛋白酶酶解的方法提取多肽。此外, 还利用提取蛋白后剩余的黑木耳渣进行多糖的制备, 从而实现对黑木耳的综合利用。通过单因素试验及感官评价确定最佳酶解方案、固形物及添加剂含量, 确定黑木耳饮品配方、活性及微生物指标, 获得具有营养保健功能, 且味道清甜爽口的黑木耳饮品, 对促进我国黑木耳产业的发展、推进食用菌精深加工、增加产品附加值具有积极的作用。
黑木耳产自黑龙江省尚志亚布力产区, 黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所收集。
对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside, PNPG, 纯度≥98%)、3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)试剂、α-淀粉酶(猪胰腺50 KU)、阿卡波糖标准品(纯度≥98%)(上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 中温淀粉酶(4000 U/mL)、纤维素酶(10000 U/g)、木聚糖酶(20000 U/g)、果胶酶(30000 U/g)、酸性蛋白酶(600000 U/g)(南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司); 壳聚糖酶(100000 U/g)(武汉兴众诚科技有限公司); 葡聚糖酶(100000 U/g)(河北创之源生物科技有限公司); 木瓜蛋白酶(30000 U/g)、胰蛋白酶(40000 U/g)(宁夏夏盛实业集团有限公司); 中性蛋白酶(600000 U/g)、碱性蛋白酶(500000 U/g)(丹麦诺维信公司); 血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE)标准品(0.1 U)、N-[3-(2-呋喃基)丙烯酰]-L-苯丙氨酰-甘氨酰-甘氨酸{N-[3-(2-furylacryloyl)]-L-phenyalanyl- glycyl-glycine, FAPGG}(美国西格玛奥德里奇公司); 0.1 mol pH为8.3的硼酸钠缓冲液、甘氨酸(北京博奥拓达科技有限公司); 氢氧化钠、硫酸、无水乙醇、乙酸、正丁醇(分析纯, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司)。
PHS-3E PH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司); CR21N高速冷冻离心机(日本日立HITACHI公司); Infinite 200多功能酶标仪(瑞士帝肯Tecan公司); Master-R双级反渗透纯水/超纯水机(上海和泰仪器有限公司); ME204/02电子天平(精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多仪器上海有限公司); FW135粉碎机(天津泰特斯仪器有限公司); ZQLY-300V控温摇床(上海知楚仪器有限公司); PURA恒温水浴锅(北京优莱博技术有限公司)。
将洗净的黑木耳干燥后粉碎过40目筛, 得到黑木耳粉。参考热水浸提方法并进行部分改进[25,28-29], 按照料液比1:45 (m:V)加入蒸馏水, 充分搅拌至完全混匀, 振荡提取1.5 h, 冷却后离心取上清。重复上述步骤, 将两次提取的上清液混合, 加入过饱和硫酸铵, 于4 ℃冰箱静置过夜后离心, 取沉淀。将沉淀溶解后置于透析袋中进行透析、冷冻干燥, 得黑木耳蛋白。将黑木耳蛋白按料液比1:70 (m:V)加入蒸馏水搅拌, 充分溶解, 涡旋混匀后分别加入酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶, 设定酶用量为7000 U/g, 酶解时间90 min, 70 r/min, 其他条件为5种酶各自最适条件, 酶解后沸水浴10 min使酶失活, 冷却后离心10 min取上清液冷冻干燥, 得黑木耳多肽, 测定各蛋白酶酶解产物的蛋白水解度和ACE抑制率。
对上述实验后获得的黑木耳余渣进行酶解制备黑木耳多糖, 取黑木耳渣5 g, 固液比1:60 (m:V)混合, 分别加入纤维素酶、中温淀粉酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶、壳聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶, 设定酶用量为10000 U/g, 酶解时间120 min, 70 r/min, 其他条件为6种酶各自最适条件, 酶解后沸水浴10 min, 冷却后离心10 min, 上清液浓缩至体积的1/3, 放入4 ℃冰箱醇沉12 h后10000 r/min离心10 min, 得到黑木耳多糖, 测定各酶解产物1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)清除率、羟基自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和多糖含量。
黑木耳饮品制备的工艺流程图如图1所示。
多肽提取液: 为澄清或略微浑浊的液体, 颜色为淡黄色; 若添加量不足, 则无法充分发挥其独特风味和营养特性, 难以提升饮品品质; 若添加量过多, 则可能产生异味, 影响口感的协调性。
多糖提取液: 呈透明至半透明状, 具有一定黏性, 颜色为浅黄色。若添加量过少, 则饮品的口感和质地提升不明显; 若添加量过多, 则会使饮品过于黏稠, 口感厚重, 还可能掩盖原有风味, 导致风味失衡。
基于多糖与多肽提取液具有以上特性, 故设计以下饮品最佳配方单因素试验:
(1)黑木耳多肽提取液添加量对饮品品质的影响
蔗糖6.0%, 柠檬酸0.06%, 多糖提取液0.5%。黑木耳多肽提取液添加量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%。按相应比例严格调配, 进行感官评分。
(2)黑木耳多糖提取液添加量对饮品品质的影响
蔗糖6.0%, 柠檬酸0.06%, 黑木耳多肽提取液0.2%。黑木耳多糖提取液添加量分别为0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%、0.7%。按相应比例严格调配, 进行感官评分。
(3)蔗糖添加量对饮品品质的影响
黑木耳多肽提取液0.3%, 黑木耳多糖提取液0.5%, 柠檬酸0.06%, 蔗糖分别为2%、4%、6%、8%、10%。按相应比例严格调配, 进行感官评分。
(4)柠檬酸添加量对饮品品质的影响
黑木耳多肽提取液0.3%, 黑木耳多糖提取液0.5%, 蔗糖添加量4%, 以柠檬酸添加量分别为0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%、0.10%。按相应比例严格调配, 进行感官评分。
(1) ACE抑制率测定
采用FAPGG法, 参考YANG等[30]的方法略作修改, 缓冲液为0.1 mol/L pH 8.3的硼酸钠缓冲液, 底物为1 mmol/L的FAPGG。将40 μL待测样品、80 μL底物和30 μL ACE溶液(5 mU/mL)按顺序加入到酶标板中, 混合, 利用酶标仪在340 nm波长处测定吸光度, 记为A1, 然后将酶标板在37 ℃下反应30 min后, 测定吸光度记为A2, ΔA=A1-A2。计算ACE抑制率, 计算公式(1)如下:
ACE抑制率/%=(1–$\frac{\Delta {{A}_{\text{a}}}}{\Delta {{A}_{\text{b}}}}$)×100%
式中: ΔAa为样品孔溶液吸光值在30 min内的变化, ΔAb为空白孔溶液吸光值在30 min内的变化。
(2) DPPH自由基清除率测定
参考闫世芳等[25]的方法并略作改动, 将0.5 mL的酶解液与等量预先配制的0.5 mmol/L DPPH-乙醇溶液混合, 在避光条件下反应30 min。随后, 在517 nm波长下测定混合液的吸光度值, 记为A3。为了设置对照组, 采用无水乙醇替代DPPH溶液进行相同的操作, 并记录吸光度值A4。同时, 为建立空白组, 使用无水乙醇替代样品溶液进行测量, 得到吸光度值A0。计算公式(2)如下:
DPPH自由基清除率/%=(1–$\frac{{{A}_{3}}-{{A}_{4}}}{{{A}_{\text{0}}}}$)×100%
(3)羟基自由基清除率测定
取各0.5 mL的酶解液、6 mmol/L的水杨酸乙醇溶液以及6 mmol/L的硫酸亚铁溶液, 充分混合后, 再加入0.5 mL 3%浓度的双氧水溶液, 于37 ℃环境中反应30 min。随后, 在510 nm波长下测定该混合体系的吸光度值, 标记为A5。为了设立对照组, 采用等体积的去离子水替代双氧水溶液进行相同的操作, 并记录其吸光度值A6。同时, 为了构建空白组, 使用等体积的去离子水替换酶解液进行测量, 得到的吸光度值记为A7。计算公式(3)如下:
羟基自由基清除率/%=(1–$\frac{{{A}_{5}}-{{A}_{6}}}{{{A}_{7}}}$)×100%
(4)超氧阴离子清除率测定:
在25 ℃的恒温水浴中, 首先向4.5 mL的Tris-HCl缓冲液中添加1.0 mL酶解液, 加入0.4 mL浓度为25 mmol/L的邻苯三酚溶液。混合液在25 ℃下反应4 min后, 迅速向其中加入1.0 mL 8%的盐酸以停止反应。随后, 使用分光光度计在320 nm波长处测定该混合体系的吸光度值, 记录为A8。为了进行对比实验, 对照组采用等体积的去离子水替代邻苯三酚溶液, 并测定其吸光度值A9。同时, 为了设立空白组, 使用等体积的去离子水替换样品溶液进行测量, 得到的吸光度值标记为A10。计算公式(4)如下:
超氧阴离子清除率/%=(1–$\frac{{{A}_{8}}-{{A}_{9}}}{{{A}_{\text{1}0}}}$)×100%
对黑木耳饮品的综合品质进行感官品质鉴评。选定10名消费者(男女各半)进行品尝。采用综合评分体系对产品进行感官品质评估, 每位评价者需针对各个配方组合进行打分, 评分依据涵盖产品色泽、香气特征、组织状态以及口感滋味这4个维度, 具体的感官评价标准参见表1。将每一组合评分的平均值作为感官品尝的指标, 满分为100分, 取其平均值为最终结果。
为确定黑木耳饮品最佳配方, 在以上单因素试验的基础上进行4因素3水平的正交试验, 选用因素及水平见表2
(1)多肽和多肽含量测定
多肽采用考马斯亮蓝方法测定: 取饮品100 μL, 加入5 mL考马斯亮蓝G250溶液, 充分混合, 放置2 min后在595 nm下测定吸光值, 代入标准曲线查得数值为饮品多肽浓度。
多糖采用苯酚硫酸法测定: 取饮品100 μL, 于通风橱内加入6%苯酚溶液0.5 mL, 浓硫酸2.5 mL, 振荡摇匀, 静置30 min。吸取200 μL于96孔板中, 于490 nm处测得吸光值, 代入标准曲线查得数值为饮品多糖浓度。
(2)菌落总数测定
参照GB 4789.2—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》的方法进行测定。
(3)大肠菌群测定
参照GB 4789.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》的方法进行测定。
实验重复3次, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。采用Excel 2021软件对单因素试验结果进行数据分析, 建立因素影响统计图。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 21软件进行正交实验设计及分析, 采用Origin 2021软件绘图。
在5种不同的蛋白酶的最佳温度和最佳pH条件下, 对黑木耳蛋白进行酶解, 并测定酶解液的水解度及ACE抑制率如图2, 其中, 中性蛋白酶的酶解产物表现出最显著的ACE抑制活性, 约为(58.61±0.72)%, 且其水解度相对较低。这表明ACE抑制活性并不完全取决于蛋白质的水解程度。中性蛋白酶虽水解度低, 但可能产生了具有高ACE抑制活性的特定肽段。因此, 在后续的研究中, 选择中性蛋白酶作为酶解多肽试验的酶源。
将提完蛋白的黑木耳渣分别在6种酶的最适温度和最适pH下进行酶解, 测定酶解液的多糖得率。结果如图3所示, 中温淀粉酶的酶解产物多糖得率最高为约(6.33±0.15)%。因此, 选择中温淀粉酶进行木耳沉渣多糖试验的酶源。
图4A, 随着黑木耳多肽提取液添加量的增加, 感官评价得分呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。在添加量为0.2%时, 感官评价平均分达到最高值, 此时产品在感官上最受认可。但后续评分逐渐降低, 这可能是由于黑木耳多肽提取液的增加, 使产品质地发生变化, 过于黏稠或产生沉淀, 影响口感和饮用体验。故黑木耳多肽提取液在0.2%时为最适宜添加量。
图4B, 随着黑木耳多糖提取液添加量的增加, 感官评价得分展现出先增至峰值而后递减的趋势。多糖提取液添加量从0.3%增加到0.5%时达到峰值, 感官评价平均分逐步上升达到峰值, 这可能是因为适量增加多糖提取液, 丰富了产品的风味、质地等感官特性, 使其更符合评价者的喜好标准, 从而提升了感官评分。当多糖提取液添加量从0.5%继续增加到0.7%时, 感官评价平均分下降, 可能是由于过多的多糖提取液导致产品过于黏稠, 影响了口感的清爽度, 或者风味过于浓郁甚至产生不良气味, 破坏了产品原有的感官平衡, 使得感官评分降低。故从实际效果来看, 黑木耳多糖提取液添加量在0.5%时为最适宜添加量。
图4C, 随着柠檬酸添加量的提升, 感官评价得分展现出先上升后下降的趋势特征。当添加量为0.04%时达到感官评分最高值, 这可能是由于柠檬酸添加量偏低时, 饮品的风味不够清爽, 甜味较为突出; 而当柠檬酸的添加量过高时, 饮品则显得酸味过于浓烈, 以至于严重遮蔽了黑木耳的独特风味, 进而对饮品的整体口感造成了不利影响。故柠檬酸添加量在0.04%为最适宜添加量。
图4D, 蔗糖添加量的增长导致感官评价得分呈现出先逐步上升继而逐渐下降的变化趋势。当添加量达到4%时达到感官评价平均分峰值, 添加量继续增加时评分则不断下降, 这可能是由于随着糖量的增加, 掩盖了黑木耳提取液本身的清香, 且甜味太重, 不符合人们对于保健饮品口感的定位, 故蔗糖添加量在4%为最适宜添加量。
为确定黑木耳饮品最佳配方, 在以上单因素试验的基础上进行4因素3水平的正交试验, 选用因素及水平见表2, 正交试验结果见表3
通过直观分析, 实验所考查的指标显示, 感官评价得分越高则产品品质越优。根据表3的结果, 各因素对黑木耳饮品品质的影响程度依次为B>A>C>D。在综合考虑各因素的K后, A1B2C2D3方案被认为是最优选择。根据该方案, 最佳配方为: 黑木耳多糖提取液的添加量为0.5%, 黑木耳多肽提取液的添加量为0.1%, 柠檬酸的添加量为0.04%, 而蔗糖的添加量为6%。得到黑木耳饮品呈淡灰色, 质地均匀, 有黑木耳的自然香气, 口感清凉, 酸甜适宜, 较可口。
由于正交实验所得出的最优方案不在上述9组内, 故要进行一组验证实验。经验证实验后感官评价得分为91.3分。故可确定A1B2C2D3为最优方案。
按照正交试验得到的最佳配方配制成饮品后, 进行体外抗氧化活性的测定, 结果如图5, 黑木耳饮品在DPPH自由基清除试验中表现出较高的抗氧化活性, 清除率为(68.22±1.06)%。这表明该饮品能够有效地与DPPH自由基反应, 从而减少自由基的数量。在羟基自由基清除试验中, 黑木耳饮品的清除率为(70.31±0.68)%。这一结果表明, 该饮品在清除羟基自由基方面表现出显著的能力。同时, 黑木耳饮品对超氧阴离子的清除率约为(61.70±0.37)%, 进一步说明其对超氧阴离子的清除效果也是相当显著的, 这些结果均表明该饮品在体外实验中表现出较好的抗氧化效果。
该款黑木耳饮品色泽为均匀淡灰色, 散发淡雅清香, 酸甜比例适宜, 口感宜人无异味; 属清汁型, 质地均匀, 无沉淀、凝块与分层现象。
黑木耳饮品多糖含量为528.1 mg/100 mL, 多肽含量为177.9 mg/100 mL。
根据国家标准的菌落总数测定方法, 黑木耳饮品的菌落总数测得为36.71 CFU/mL, 符合相关国家规定的标准(小于等于100 CFU/mL)。
根据国家标准的大肠菌群测定方法, 黑木耳饮品的大肠菌群未检出, 符合相关国家规定的标准(小于等于3 MPN/100 mL)。
将黑木耳酶解获取多肽后, 创新性地利用提取多肽后的黑木耳沉渣再提取多糖, 充分利用实验材料, 按照最佳工艺配方(黑木耳多肽提取液添加量为0.1%, 黑木耳多糖提取液添加量为0.5%, 柠檬酸添加量为0.04%, 蔗糖添加量为6%)调配, 灌装, 杀菌, 制得营养丰富, 口感风味最佳, 感官评分较高的黑木耳饮品。且经过测定, 该款饮品中黑木耳多糖和多肽是黑木耳最重要的生物活性物质之一, 多糖含量为528.1 mg/100 mL, 多肽含量为177.9 mg/100 mL。目前ACE抑制剂的合成降压药应用广泛, 但易引起支气管痉挛性呼吸困难、高血钾、肾功能损伤等副作用, 现已有多位学者证实天然来源的ACE抑制肽具有健康稳定降血压的效果, 本产品中多肽的ACE抑制率为(58.61±0.72)%, 体外证实具有较好的调节血压的作用。自由基是导致细胞损伤和衰老的重要因素。通过清除自由基有助于维护生物分子的稳定性, 减缓氧化应激, 从而可能对预防疾病和促进健康产生积极影响。该饮品的DPPH自由基清除率为(68.22±1.06)%, 羟基自由基清除能力为(70.31±0.68)%, 超氧阴离子清除能力为(61.70±0.37)%, 表明该饮品在抗氧化方面具有较好的保健作用。这些发现与黑木耳的传统健康益处相一致[31], 进一步验证了黑木耳多糖和多肽在保健食品领域的应用价值。此类研究结果具有一定的普遍性, 可为其他类似食材的活性成分开发提供参考。随着消费者对健康饮食的日益重视, 富含天然活性成分的饮品将更具竞争力。此外, 该饮品的商业化生产有望带动黑木耳产业的升级和发展, 实现经济效益与社会效益的双赢。
尽管这款饮品具有潜在的健康益处, 展现出良好的发展前景, 但仍存在一些局限性和待解决问题。例如, 在提取过程中可能会产生少量其他成分, 其对饮品生物活性的具体影响尚需进一步研究。未进行临床试验, 以评估饮品在实际应用中的保健效果和安全性。未来将不断完善该产品的研发, 继续深入研究黑木耳多糖和多肽在人体内的吸收、代谢及作用机制, 为相关饮品的商业化开发提供坚实的科学依据。
  • 黑龙江省重大科技成果产业化项目(CG24037)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250108002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
基金
黑龙江省重大科技成果产业化项目(CG24037)
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    1.黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所, 哈尔滨 150010
    2.黑龙江农垦职业学院护理学院, 哈尔滨 150010
    3.杭州动商科技有限公司, 杭州 310000

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* 孔祥辉(1971—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
毛雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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