Article(id=1153433687619260774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929620890, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929620890, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929620890, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929620890, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=148, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433687992553832, articleId=1153433687619260774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on functional components and functional foods of Brassica rapa L., columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Brassica rapa L., a biennial herb belonging to the genus Brassica of the family Cruciferae, is a unique edible plant resource with medicinal, food, and feed uses. It is rich in various functional components with high content, which vary due to different growth environments. This paper reviewed the recent research progress on the functional components of Brassica rapa L. and the development and utilization of functional foods. It introduced the research status of functional components such as vitamins, amino acids, mineral elements, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins in Brassica rapa L., including their types, content, and physiological functions. It pointed out the deficiencies in the analysis and research of functional components and the development of functional foods. Simultaneously, it provided an outlook on the future development of the Brassica rapa L. industry, aiming to provide valuable references for further research on the functional components of Brassica rapa L. and promote the development and utilization of functional foods.

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芜菁(Brassica rapa L.)为十字花科芸薹属两年生草本植物, 是一种药、食、饲三用的特色食用植物资源, 功能性成分种类丰富且含量较高, 不同功能成分含量因生长环境不同存在一定的差异。本文对近年来芜菁功能成分及功能性食品开发利用研究进展进行综述, 介绍芜菁中的维生素、氨基酸、矿物质元素、多糖、黄酮类化合物、皂苷类化合物等功能成分种类、含量及生理功能的研究现状, 指出功能性成分分析研究和功能性食品开发存在的不足, 同时对芜菁产业的未来发展进行展望, 旨在为深入研究芜菁的功能成分以及推动功能性食品的开发与利用提供有价值的参考。

, correspAuthors=陈文彬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈文彬(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助教, 主要研究方向为中药资源及品质评价。E-mail:
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Chinese Journal of Cell Biology, 2001(2):114-119., articleTitle=Protective effects of Brassica rapa L. tuber juice against (60)Co-γ induced injury in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278436383671222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687619260774, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=14, pageStart=401, pageEnd=408, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=142, authorNames=赵云龙, journalName=食品工业科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵云龙. 芜菁山楂复合饮料配方优化及其对运动耐力的影响[J]. 食品工业科技, 2022, 43(14): 401-408., articleTitle=芜菁山楂复合饮料配方优化及其对运动耐力的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278436463362999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687619260774, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=14, pageStart=401, pageEnd=408, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=143, authorNames=ZHAO YL, journalName=Science and Technology of Food Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO YL. Optimization of formula of Brassica rapa L. and hawthorn compound beverage and Its effect on exercise endurance[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2022, 43(14): 401-408., articleTitle=Optimization of formula of Brassica rapa L. and hawthorn compound beverage and Its effect on exercise endurance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278436534666168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687619260774, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=144, authorNames=王铖, 朱红康, 王辞婉, journalName=饮料工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王铖, 朱红康, 王辞婉, 等. 芫根复合维生素饮料的制作及其抗疲劳功能评价[J]. 饮料工业, 2023, 26(1): 3-12., articleTitle=芫根复合维生素饮料的制作及其抗疲劳功能评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278436601775033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687619260774, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=145, authorNames=WANG C, ZHU HK, WANG RW, journalName=Beverage Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG C, ZHU HK, WANG RW, et al. 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芜菁功能成分及其功能性食品研究进展
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陈文彬 * , 石会玲
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(7): 148-156
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(7): 148-156
芜菁功能成分及其功能性食品研究进展
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陈文彬* , 石会玲
作者信息
  • 江西管理职业学院制药工程系, 南昌 330200

通讯作者:

* 陈文彬(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助教, 主要研究方向为中药资源及品质评价。E-mail:
Research progress on functional components and functional foods of Brassica rapa L.
Wen-Bin CHEN* , Hui-Ling SHI
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangxi Management Vocational College, Nanchang 330200, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107003
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芜菁(Brassica rapa L.)为十字花科芸薹属两年生草本植物, 是一种药、食、饲三用的特色食用植物资源, 功能性成分种类丰富且含量较高, 不同功能成分含量因生长环境不同存在一定的差异。本文对近年来芜菁功能成分及功能性食品开发利用研究进展进行综述, 介绍芜菁中的维生素、氨基酸、矿物质元素、多糖、黄酮类化合物、皂苷类化合物等功能成分种类、含量及生理功能的研究现状, 指出功能性成分分析研究和功能性食品开发存在的不足, 同时对芜菁产业的未来发展进行展望, 旨在为深入研究芜菁的功能成分以及推动功能性食品的开发与利用提供有价值的参考。

芜菁  /  功能性成分  /  功能食品  /  开发利用

Brassica rapa L., a biennial herb belonging to the genus Brassica of the family Cruciferae, is a unique edible plant resource with medicinal, food, and feed uses. It is rich in various functional components with high content, which vary due to different growth environments. This paper reviewed the recent research progress on the functional components of Brassica rapa L. and the development and utilization of functional foods. It introduced the research status of functional components such as vitamins, amino acids, mineral elements, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins in Brassica rapa L., including their types, content, and physiological functions. It pointed out the deficiencies in the analysis and research of functional components and the development of functional foods. Simultaneously, it provided an outlook on the future development of the Brassica rapa L. industry, aiming to provide valuable references for further research on the functional components of Brassica rapa L. and promote the development and utilization of functional foods.

Brassica rapa L.  /  functional components  /  functional foods  /  development and utilization
陈文彬, 石会玲. 芜菁功能成分及其功能性食品研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 148 -156 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107003
Wen-Bin CHEN, Hui-Ling SHI. Research progress on functional components and functional foods of Brassica rapa L.[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 148 -156 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107003
芜菁(Brassica rapa L.)源自地中海北岸, 如今已广泛分布于中国各地。芜菁凭借药食饲多用特性, 成为乡村振兴特色产业发展的关键资源, 在培育地域经济中发挥重要作用; 据报道, 仅新疆阿克苏柯坪县在2022年便实现高达1.9亿元的芜菁产业总产值[1]。芜菁不仅以其肉质紧实、口感清甜、开胃等特性受到人们的喜爱, 更因其富含氨基酸、微量元素及有机活性碱元素等多种营养物质而备受推崇。它还含有多糖、黄酮、硫代葡萄糖苷类化合物和酚酸等成分, 这些丰富的营养成分赋予了芜菁润肺止咳、填精壮肾、健胃消食、利尿消肿等多方面的健康益处[2]。正是由于这些卓越的保健功能, 使得芜菁展现出极高的应用价值和开发前景。特别是在东北、西北、华北等较冷凉地区, 芜菁更是春、夏、秋3季的主要蔬菜之一, 同时也是全国公认的碱性食疗蔬菜。
近年来, 国内外学者对芜菁中的功能性成分及其生物活性进行了深入研究, 并成功开发出一系列芜菁相关产品, 如休闲食品[3]、饮料[4]、保健品[5]和果酒[6]等。然而, 尽管已有不少研究揭示了芜菁具有多种健康益处, 但关于其功能成分和功能食品的系统性梳理与总结尚未见诸报道。本文详细综述了芜菁中功能性成分的研究现状及其应用情况, 以期为进一步探索和应用提供参考。
维生素在人体的生长、发育以及代谢过程中都扮演着不可或缺的角色, 它们不仅参与生物化学反应, 还具备调节代谢功能的能力[7]。维生素C (vitamin C, VC)在不同剂量下对人体产生的效应具有显著差异, 低剂量的VC对于预防泌尿系统结石的形成具有显著效果, 而高剂量的VC则展现出潜在的抗癌治疗作用[8-10]
芜菁作为药食饲兼用的特色植物资源, 其维生素含量呈现显著的地域分异特征及品种特异性。这种分异规律不仅受遗传背景调控, 更与气候因子(温度、光辐射)、土壤理化特性及栽培管理措施(施肥制度、灌溉模式)形成协同作用机制(图1)。基于高效液相色谱法的定量分析显示, 青海玉树不同产区的芜菁VC含量介于30.05~36.64 mg/(100 g FW)之间, 其中曲麻莱县产区的VC含量达36.64 mg/(100 g FW), 较西藏芜菁地下部分积累量[(28.90 mg/(100 g FW)]显著提高26.9%[11]。该现象与曲麻莱县独特的生态条件密切相关: 高海拔地理特征(平均海拔4500 m)形成15~20 ℃的昼夜温差, 通过低温胁迫诱导抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性增强, 促进VC生物合成; 年日照时数超过2600 h配合强辐射, 可激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶代谢途径, 协同提升VC的积累效率。不同栽培体系对维生素合成的影响呈现显著差异。宋曙辉等[12]对北京地区9个芜菁品种的研究表明, VC含量变异范围达20.2~44.5 mg/(100 g FW), 变异系数38.6%, 推测与集约化种植中过量氮肥施用导致的碳氮代谢失衡有关。与之形成对比的是新疆柯坪地区的研究数据, 王永刚等[13]采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定显示, 当地芜菁VC平均含量为23.5 mg/(100 g FW), 显著高于萝卜、生菜等常见蔬菜[14]。这可能得益于柯坪砂质土壤(砂粒占比62%)良好的透气性促进根系呼吸作用, 增强L-半乳糖等维生素前体物质的运输效率, 同时膜下滴灌技术将土壤含水量精准控制在60%~70%, 有效避免水分胁迫对细胞抗氧化系统的干扰。此外, 青藏高原特殊生态环境对芜菁维生素谱系产生深刻影响。西藏芜菁冻干粉中B族维生素含量高达0.43 mg/(100 g DW), VC含量[78.65 mg/(100 g DW)]是嘎啦苹果的4.3倍, 而其维生素E含量也大约是橘子10倍[15]。这种显著的维生素富集特征, 可能与高原强辐射、低氧压环境诱导的次生代谢产物合成强化机制密切相关。
综上所述, 芜菁中富含的维生素成分使其在补充维生素方面具有显著优势。其应用价值不仅覆盖功能性食品领域, 更拓展至医药、特医食品等高附加值赛道。在开发利用芜菁中的维生素成分时, 应根据不同的维生素需求选择适宜的产区和种质资源, 以确保其营养价值和功效得到最大化的发挥。
氨基酸是蛋白质和多肽的基本构成单元, 为生命活动提供关键支撑, 除营养和临床功能, 部分游离氨基酸还具有独特口感, 能显著增强食品风味[16]。关于不同地域芜菁种质资源的氨基酸组成特征研究已有系列成果。针对青海玉树4个产区的12批次样本检测显示, 其氨基酸含量均值为13.36 g/(100 g DW), 共鉴定出17种氨基酸组分(7种必需氨基酸)[11]。在更广泛芜菁种质资源研究中, 50份样本的氨基酸总量呈现显著差异[4.16~23.99 g/(100 g DW)], 其中必需氨基酸保持7种、非必需氨基酸10种的构成模式。值得注意的是, 谷氨酸以3.35 g/(100 g DW)的平均含量成为主要组分, 而胱氨酸仅含0.01 g/(100 g DW), 显示出组分间的显著浓度梯度[17]。对比新疆主产区13个栽培品种的分析数据, 尽管氨基酸总量范围收窄至6.99~ 12.32 g/(100 g DW), 但仍维持17种氨基酸的完整谱系, 其中必需氨基酸种类与既有研究具有一致性[18]。由此可知, 芜菁中氨基酸组成及含量测定结果因样品状态、检测方法不同存在一定的差异, 但均含有17种氨基酸, 其中必需氨基酸有7种。总体而言, 芜菁是一种富含氨基酸的天然食用植物资源, 不同品种和生长环境的差异对芜菁中氨基酸的含量有着显著影响。因此, 在开发和利用芜菁中的氨基酸资源时, 应依据其特性选择适宜的种植区域和优质种质资源, 以实现芜菁氨基酸的高值化利用。
任延靖等[17]研究分析了来自不同地区的50份芜菁种质资源中矿质元素(钙、锌、钾、铁、镁、硒、镉)的含量, 并与7种十字花科蔬菜(大白菜、甘蓝、菜花、红菜薹、芥菜)进行对比分析。结果显示, 芜菁富含钙、钾、镁等矿质元素, 且不同种质资源之间含量存在较大差异; 与十字花科其他蔬菜相比, 芜菁的钙、钾、镁含量均显著更高, 其中钾含量的差异最为明显。区域性研究表明, 新疆地区13个芜菁品种呈现独特的元素分布特征, 其钾元素含量显著高于钠、钙等元素, 展现出独特的元素富集模式[18]。谭亮等[11]采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱技术对12个产区样本的检测显示, 不同产区芜菁中各元素含量存在差异; 其中, 钾、钙、铁和锌含量在不同产区之间差异显著, 钾元素平均含量高达270.5 mg/(100 g FW), 显著高于钙、磷、镁和钠等元素且这5种元素平均含量均超过10 mg/(100 g FW), 而铜、铁、锰、锌、锶等其他元素的含量则相对较低。由此可知, 芜菁矿物质元素含量丰富和覆盖范围广且属于高钾低钠植物, 充分展现了它作为天然碱性功能食品的显著地位。在探索和利用芜菁所含矿物质元素的过程中, 应充分考虑到碱性元素的富集特性以及人体酸碱体质的个体差异, 进而研发出既能够发挥芜菁碱性特性又能满足不同体质需求的功能食品。
多糖在各类生物的生长发育中起着至关重要的作用, 植物多糖因其生物活性高、安全无毒和来源广泛等特点备受食品和制药行业研究者的关注[19]。有研究表明, 从药食同源植物中得到的多糖具有显著的抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降糖等生物活性[20-21]。芜菁中含有丰富的碳水化合物, 其水提取液中含有鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖5种单糖[22-23], 多糖含量为89.9~126.2 mg/(g·DW)[24-25]
近年来, 芜菁多糖的生物活性研究取得系列突破性进展。不同结构特征的芜菁多糖呈现显著的功能特异性: (1)中性多糖组分(如BRP-1-1)表现出卓越的抗氧化能力, 其在2.0 mg/mL时1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,‌ ‌DPPH·)的清除率为40.31%, 显著优于BRP-2-1[23]; 在疾病模型研究中, 芜菁中性多糖对糖尿病大鼠具有显著的降血糖效果, 中性多糖连续灌胃糖尿病大鼠4周后, 空腹血糖下降32.5% (P<0.01), 糖耐量曲线下面积减少27%, 肝糖原含量提升1.8倍, 效果与二甲双胍相当133[26], 可显著提高D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠血清中的抗氧化酶活力, 增强总抗氧化能力[27-28], 并能通过调控凋亡蛋白表达, 如下调Bcl-2蛋白和上调Bax蛋白, 促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡[29]。(2)酸性多糖组分显示出独特抗肿瘤、免疫调节特性。芜菁酸性多糖可通过调控坏死性凋亡通路, 促进肿瘤细胞发生坏死性凋亡, 从而抑制癌细胞增殖发挥抗肿瘤作用[30-31], 能激活TLR3/NF-κB信号通路相关因子转录水平抑制炎症因子的产生与释放, 调节受损肺组织抗炎-促炎免疫平衡[32-33]。(3)复合多糖组分研究揭示其多靶点效应, 赵滢等[34-35]研究发现芜菁粗多糖展现出显著的清除DPPH·、2,2’-二氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基[2,2’-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical‌, ABTS+·]和羟基自由基(hydroxyl radical,‌ ‌·OH)的能力, 可抑制结肠癌SW620细胞增殖、促使其发生凋亡。此外, 芜菁多糖还具备降血脂[36]、抗疲劳[37]、抗缺氧[38-39]等多种生物功能。
综上所述, 芜菁多糖因其抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、免疫增强和防癌抗癌等多重生理功能, 在功能性食品和药品开发领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力, 其生理功能的多样性和特异性, 紧密关联于多糖的提取工艺、分子量大小、单糖组成及其比例等关键因素。在开发和利用芜菁多糖的过程中, 应根据具体产品的需求, 科学且有针对性地设计提取工艺, 获得具有特定生理功能的芜菁多糖, 推动其在功能性食品和药品领域的广泛应用。
黄酮类化合物是植物次级代谢产物, 种类繁多, 具有抗氧化、降糖减脂、抑菌抗炎、防癌抗癌和抗疲劳、抑制动脉粥样硬化等多种生理功能[40]。芜菁中已检测到多种黄酮类化合物, 主要以山柰酚、槲皮素和异鼠李素的糖苷形式存在[41-42], 黄酮类化合物总含量为12.69~59 mg/(g DW)[43-44]
张丽静等[45]对西藏9个不同地区芜菁中总黄酮抗氧化活性进行了深入研究, 发现西藏芜菁中的总黄酮具有显著的DPPH·和ABTS+·清除活性, 其中3个地区的芜菁总黄酮在提高H2O2诱导RAW264.7细胞存活率及促进细胞增殖方面表现出显著效果。解云等[46]研究发现新疆芜菁中的总黄酮能够显著增强D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠血清中抗氧化酶的活性、减少氧化应激产物的积累、增强总抗氧化能力, 达到抗衰老的效果。蒋思萍等[47]和杨成东[48]通过采用不同的糖尿病动物模型(如链脲佐菌素和高脂高糖饲料诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型、四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型)进行给药实验, 均得出了芜菁总黄酮具有显著降血糖效果, 能够显著降低小鼠血清中的总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)含量, 并升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)水平, 达到减肥降血脂、抑制动脉粥样硬化的作用[49]
综上所述, 芜菁中黄酮类成分具备多种生理功能, 包括抗氧化、抗衰老、减肥降血脂和抑制动脉粥样硬化等, 是开发相应功能性食品的理想原料。但需要注意的是, 芜菁中黄酮类化合物的含量和活性在很大程度上受提取方法的影响[42]。因此, 在开发以黄酮类化合物为功能性成分的食品时, 应对芜菁的采收时机给予高度重视, 以确保在黄酮类成分含量达到最佳水平时进行采收。
硫代葡萄糖苷广泛存在于十字花科蔬菜中, 是这类植物在氨基酸合成过程中的重要代谢衍生物。不同种类的硫代葡萄糖苷在芜菁不同生长期内其含量会有所变化[50]。据现有文献报道, 芜菁中含有多种硫代葡萄糖苷, 主要为脂肪族硫苷、吲哚族硫苷和芳香族硫苷3大类, 其总含量范围介于36~187 mmol/(kg·DW)之间[51]
芜菁中硫代葡萄糖苷及其降解产物在抗肿瘤方面展现出良好的潜力[52-53]。张涛等[52]采用通过乙醇回流提取法获得的硫代葡萄糖苷提取物, 在小鼠移植瘤模型实验中表现出显著的抗肿瘤效果, 实验数据显示, 该提取物能够有效抑制小鼠S180和结肠癌CT-26实体瘤的生长, 且抑制效果与给药浓度呈正相关。进一步研究揭示, 硫代葡萄糖苷的降解产物β-苯乙基异硫氰酸酯对人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长也表现出显著的剂量依赖性抑制作用[53]。综上所述, 芜菁富含的硫代葡萄糖苷类化合物在抗肿瘤领域具有巨大的应用潜力。为了充分利用芜菁中硫代葡萄糖苷的抗肿瘤特性, 在将其开发成抗肿瘤产品的过程中, 应细致考量其生长期与采收成熟度, 这两个因素对于芜菁中硫代葡萄糖苷及其降解产物的含量与活性有着直接的影响。
皂苷类化合物在高等植物界中分布广泛, 具有抗炎抑菌、抗肿瘤、增强机体免疫功能、调节血糖水平、抗氧化等多重生物活性。近年研究表明, 芜菁皂苷在代谢调控和应激保护方面表现出独特价值, 其具体作用机制如下: (1)调节脂糖代谢作用。芜菁总皂苷可显著降低肥胖模型大鼠血清中TG、TC、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)浓度、提高HDL-C浓度和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)的活力, 且能降低肥胖大鼠的脏器指数[54-56]。该作用与调节脂质代谢关键酶活性和改善氧化应激状态密切相关。(2)抗氧化防御体系调控。芜菁总皂苷表现出显著的DPPH·、·OH、超氧阴离子自由基(superoxide anion radical, ·O2-)清除活性[57], 能够显著增强D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠血清中抗氧化酶的活性、减少氧化应激产物的积累、增强机体总抗氧化作用[58]。(3)抗缺氧作用机制。芜菁总皂苷芜菁总皂苷通过促进细胞无氧酵解、优化乳酸代谢转化及提升三磷酸腺苷利用效率等途径, 显著延长急性低压缺氧小鼠存活时间, 并有效延缓缺氧相关病理改变[59]。综上所述, 芜菁皂苷具备减肥降血脂、降血糖、抗氧化、抗缺氧等多种生理功能, 是开发相关功能性食品的理想原料。在开发利用芜菁皂苷资源时, 应依据其特性选择适宜的种植区域和优质的种质资源。
芜菁作为传统药食饲兼用型经济作物, 其鲜食、加工及药用应用历史悠久[2]。随着科学技术的进步与对芜菁特性的深入了解, 以其为原料的功能性食品研发迎来蓬勃发展的新时期, 根据功能性食品的分类标准, 芜菁相关产品主要聚焦于以下3大类, 其市场分布可通过饼图展示(图2)[60]; 其中, 以芜菁多糖提取物(纯度≥85%)为核心活性成分的免疫调节品“芜菁多糖胶囊”(浙江康恩贝集团)市场表现突出, 2024年产值达1.2亿元[15,60]。以芜菁为原料生产的复合饮料、胶囊、脆片、蜜膏等, 再到近年来兴起的芜菁咀嚼片、代餐粉、碱性营养口服液、果酒等创新产品[5-6,61-64], 极大地拓宽了芜菁的应用领域, 为芜菁深加工产业的多元化发展奠定坚实基础。而芜菁本身所蕴含丰富且多样的功能性成分使得它在功能性食品领域具有广阔的开发前景。
芜菁富含维生素C、维生素E、多糖、黄酮类、皂苷类化合物等抗氧化成分, 可通过清除自由基和抑制脂质过氧化反应减轻细胞氧化应激损伤。张丽静等[5]研究发现芜菁膏对DPPH·和ABTS+·具有较强的清除能力, 其半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration‌, IC50)分别277.54 μg/mL和381.26 μg/mL, 能显著改善H2O2诱导的Raw 64.7细胞氧化应激损伤, 将细胞存活率提高至82.57%。发酵工艺研究揭示不同菌种芜菁发酵液在抗氧化能力上存在差异, 其中J4-1菌芜菁发酵液总抗氧化能力最强, 且对DPPH·和·OH清除能力较好, J1M5菌芜菁发酵液对·O2-清除能力最好[65]。由此可知, 所开发的抗氧化产品中的芜菁膏、芜菁发酵液均具有较高自由基清除率, 其中芜菁膏还能够显著提高氧化应激细胞的存活率, 促进细胞增殖。因此, 以芜菁为原料开发抗氧化食品, 可满足消费者对具有抗氧化功能食品的需求。
芜菁富含多糖、皂苷、黄酮和硫代葡萄糖苷等具有显著免疫调节活性的功能成分。其活性成分可通过激活免疫细胞、增强免疫应等途径提升机体抗病能力。孙艳等[66]通过测定耳肿胀程度、免疫球蛋白M抗体水平、巨噬细胞吞噬能力及碳清除能力等免疫学指标, 证实了芜菁蜜膏具有显著增强免疫力特性, 研究中还发现不同剂量的芜菁蜜膏均表现出增强免疫力的特性, 且高剂量组效果最佳。对比研究表明, 不同剂型的芜菁制品中, 粉体制剂在增强机体免疫功能方面具有更优表现[67]。临床研究证实, 芜菁制剂联合化疗方案可显著提高患者的KPS评分, 改善其体力状态, 同时有效逆转化疗引起的白细胞减少及免疫指标下降趋势[68-70]。综上所述, 芜菁蜜膏、芜菁粉、芜菁胶囊等已开发产品均具有增强免疫力的功效, 非常适合免疫力较低的人群使用。
随着现代电子设备的普及, 人们越来越关注辐射对健康的潜在影响, 芜菁中含有多种抗氧化成分和增强免疫力的成分, 这些成分能够保护细胞免受辐射引起的氧化应激损伤, 并增强机体免疫力。安熙强等[71]通过60Co-γ辐射诱导小鼠损伤模型, 对芜菁粉和蜜膏对辐射损伤后小鼠的防护效果进行了评估, 评估结果显示, 与辐射对照组相比, 低剂量芜菁粉和蜜膏给药组的脾脏指数更高, 芜菁粉各给药组的血小板均值均升高、多染红细胞微核率显著降低且抑制率在80%左右, 表明芜菁粉和蜜膏对辐射引起的免疫系统和造血系统损伤具明显防护和修复作用。另有研究表明芜菁根茎和叶片的新鲜汁液对小鼠辐射损伤具有防护作用[72-73]。综上所述, 以芜菁为原料开发的防辐射损伤食品, 如芜菁粉和芜菁蜜膏等, 适用于在辐射环境下工作的人群食用。
芜菁中多糖、皂苷、黄酮等成分可通过调控能量代谢通路发挥抗疲劳作用。赵云龙[74]对芜菁山楂复合饮料抗疲劳功能进行了评价, 结果显示各剂量给药组均能有效干预运动后小鼠体内的生化指标, 如显著降低体内乳酸(lactic acid, LA)、尿素氮(blood urea mitrogen, BUN)的含量、提高SOD与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活力, 显著延长负重游泳时间, 且抗运动疲劳作用与剂量之间呈现量效关系。另也有研究发现, 按比例调配的芜菁复合维生素饮料也能干预小鼠血清水平, 与运动组相比, 灌胃饮料后小鼠血清LA、BUN、乳酸脱氢酶活力、MDA含量显著降低, 而肝糖原含量、SOD活力、负重游泳时间显著提高, 这些结果表明芜菁复合维生素饮料可以通过减少疲劳相关代谢物堆积、增强能量储备的方式等途径实现了抗疲劳功效[75-76]。因此, 以芜菁为原料开发的芜菁山楂复合饮料和芜菁复合维生素饮料等, 对于运动员、高强度劳动者等易感疲劳的人群而言, 是理想的抗疲劳饮品。
芜菁作为药食饲同源的高附加值作物, 其功能成分谱系与健康效益已获初步验证, 但产业开发仍面临基础研究薄弱与应用转化不足的双重挑战。未来研究需聚焦以下维度: (1)机制解析与组分互作。当前研究多局限于成分鉴定与表型观察, 对活性成分的构效关系、作用靶点及多组分协同/拮抗效应网络仍缺乏系统阐释。建议采用多组学整合分析技术, 揭示硫代葡萄糖苷、多糖等标志性成分的体内代谢轨迹及其与肠道菌群的互作机制, 建立“成分-通路-表型”的因果关联模型; (2)精准营养产品开发。突破传统粗提物应用模式, 通过分子修饰与微胶囊化技术提升活性成分的生物利用度, 重点开发针对代谢综合征的功能制剂、抗疲劳定向配方、特色发酵食品; (3)区域特色产业链构建。依托新疆阿克苏等主产区的资源禀赋, 建立“品种选育-生态种植-智能加工”的全链条产业体系: 选育高活性成分含量的专用品种、开发绿色加工技术以保留热敏成分、构建产地溯源与功能认证体系, 打造“高原芜菁”地理标志品牌; (4)跨学科创新平台建设。搭建“农业-食品-医学”交叉研究平台, 开展栽培模式对活性成分合成的调控机制研究、功能成分跨物种效价评估。通过基础研究的纵深突破与技术应用的横向拓展, 芜菁产业有望成为功能性农产品开发的典范, 为健康中国战略提供兼具科学内涵与市场价值的解决方案。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2022B02058)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107003
  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
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新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2022B02058)
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    江西管理职业学院制药工程系, 南昌 330200

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* 陈文彬(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助教, 主要研究方向为中药资源及品质评价。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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