Article(id=1153433687346635494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241022006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729526400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929620824, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929620824, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929620824, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929620824, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433687665402599, articleId=1153433687346635494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress of tea polyphenol extraction, metabolism and nanotechnology improvement on its biological efficacy, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of public health awareness and the ongoing enhancement of social living standards, tea polyphenols have garnered significant attention due to their associated health benefits. However, the instability of tea polyphenols and their poor bioavailability—stemming from environmental sensitivity—render them susceptible to oxidation and degradation during processing and utilization. This instability severely impacts the bioactive potential of tea polyphenols, highlighting considerable limitations in their application. Consequently, it is crucial to implement effective strategies aimed at improving the bioavailability of these compounds. The extraction technology employed for tea polyphenols plays a pivotal role in determining their product efficacy and applications. This paper provided a review of the composition, extraction methodologies, and metabolic absorption processes related to tea polyphenols. Furthermore, it summarized recent advancements in enhancing the bioefficacy of tea polyphenols through various nanotechnological systems—including nano-emulsions, nanoparticles, and nano-liposomes. The findings presented herein provide valuable insights for optimizing the utilization and development of products derived from tea polyphenols.

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在公众健康意识和社会生活水平不断提高的背景下, 茶多酚因对人体健康益处而引起人们的广泛关注。因茶多酚的不稳定性以及对环境的敏感性等原因导致的生物利用度差, 在实际加工和利用过程中易发生氧化降解, 这严重影响了茶多酚的生物活性利用, 表现出巨大局限性。故而采取有效方法提高茶多酚的生物利用度至关重要。茶多酚的提取技术是其产品和应用的关键, 本文综述了茶多酚的组成、提取技术和代谢吸收, 概述了基于不同纳米技术体系对提高茶多酚的生物功效的研究进展, 包括纳米乳液、纳米颗粒和纳米脂质体体系。为茶多酚的有效利用和产品开发提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=毛建卫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 毛建卫(1964—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农林生物质资源全生物利用与高值化利用。E-mail:
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李圣淇(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为茶叶精深加工。E-mail:

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李圣淇(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为茶叶精深加工。E-mail:

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014, 62(4): 934-941., articleTitle=Characterization and bioavailability of tea polyphenol nanoliposome prepared by combining an ethanol injection method with dynamic high-pressure microfluidization, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1173278481992528332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, awardId=2017C02009, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省重点研发计划项目(2017C02009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278478494478746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278478502867355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, companyId=1173278478494478746, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: a. O/W纳米乳液; b. W/O纳米乳液; c. 脂质体; d. 蛋白质基纳米颗粒; e.碳水化合物基纳米颗粒; f. 双聚合物基纳米颗粒。

, figureFileSmall=caDpuVOcVm8ql1nBf8pr1Q==, figureFileBig=ONFKv7EswD3YBBVf29iyUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278481514377672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Polyphenol content of 6 types of tea (mg/g dry weight)[9]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多酚类型 绿茶 红茶 黑茶 乌龙茶 白茶 黄茶
总酚 93.96~254.29 71.11~129.64 37.25~152.17 158.91~201.36 166.35~214.72 66.04~98.28
EC 5.38~8.70 0.48~0.80 0.98~10.36 1.58~13.72 1.311 0.97~10.01
GC 1.82~4.00 1.10 1.06~5.54 2.51~11.53 - 2.82~11.86
EGC 13.10~100.68 8.48 2.29~23.43 31.25~139.85 8.42 13.66~45.48
CG 0.35 - - 0.98 - 0.35~1.61
ECG 7.60~35.40 1.50~2.58 0.52~10.88 3.68~8.44 2.27~3.84 5.55~30.49
GCG 0.60~5.84 0.51 0.93 0.56~2.61 - 1.39~24.71
EGCG 33.10~59.35 0.40~3.80 0.58~10.89 20.21~36.70 3.54~8.54 17.21~57.23
GA 0.53~1.43 1.75~3.55 1.51~3.10 0.29~3.28 2.02~2.49 0.75~1.50
绿原酸 0.22~0.37 0.18~0.19 0.28 0.18~0.23 - 0.24~0.31
鞣花酸 1.76~2.14 2.21~3.57 1.55~2.21 1.88 - 1.85~3.36
山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖甙 0.35~1.74 0.39~1.59 0.52~1.00 0.57~1.19 0.36~0.50 0.50~1.08
), ArticleFig(id=1173278481602458057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6大茶类的多酚物质含量(mg/g干重)[9]

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多酚类型 绿茶 红茶 黑茶 乌龙茶 白茶 黄茶
总酚 93.96~254.29 71.11~129.64 37.25~152.17 158.91~201.36 166.35~214.72 66.04~98.28
EC 5.38~8.70 0.48~0.80 0.98~10.36 1.58~13.72 1.311 0.97~10.01
GC 1.82~4.00 1.10 1.06~5.54 2.51~11.53 - 2.82~11.86
EGC 13.10~100.68 8.48 2.29~23.43 31.25~139.85 8.42 13.66~45.48
CG 0.35 - - 0.98 - 0.35~1.61
ECG 7.60~35.40 1.50~2.58 0.52~10.88 3.68~8.44 2.27~3.84 5.55~30.49
GCG 0.60~5.84 0.51 0.93 0.56~2.61 - 1.39~24.71
EGCG 33.10~59.35 0.40~3.80 0.58~10.89 20.21~36.70 3.54~8.54 17.21~57.23
GA 0.53~1.43 1.75~3.55 1.51~3.10 0.29~3.28 2.02~2.49 0.75~1.50
绿原酸 0.22~0.37 0.18~0.19 0.28 0.18~0.23 - 0.24~0.31
鞣花酸 1.76~2.14 2.21~3.57 1.55~2.21 1.88 - 1.85~3.36
山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖甙 0.35~1.74 0.39~1.59 0.52~1.00 0.57~1.19 0.36~0.50 0.50~1.08
), ArticleFig(id=1173278481707315658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Different extraction techniques of tea polyphenols

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提取方法 提取条件 提取率/提取量 参考文献
溶剂提取法 溶剂水, 温度80 ℃, 时间20 min, 料液比1:50 25.98%±0.75% [14]
溶剂提取法 溶剂乙醇, 料液比1:20, 温度70 ℃, 时间20 min 18.46%±0.27% [14]
超声波辅助法 料液比1:20, 超声时间3.2 h, 温度为49.9 ℃ 68.429% [23]
微波辅助法 温度65 ℃, 料液比1:40, 微波强度180 W, 时间7.8 min, 循环提取3次 (125±5) mg/g [24]
超临界萃取法 温度46 ℃、压力30 MPa、质量比0.35, 2.382 kg CO2/100 g样品 73.70%±0.34%
(2.18±0.05) mg/g
[25]
酶解法 料液比1:5.9, pH 4.4, 时间36 min 185.9 mg GAE/g [26]
高静水压提取法 溶剂蒸馏水和乙醇(50%, V:V)料液比2:5, 压力200 MPa, 时间5 min 3327.27 mg GAE/L [27]
加压溶剂萃取法 溶剂蒸馏水, 料液比1:15, 温度140~200 ℃ 130 mg GAE/g [28]
膜分离法 料液比1:20, 温度80 ℃, 时间60 min, 0.22 μm的醋酸纤维素平膜 9501 mg GAE/L [29]
双水相萃取法 乙醇4.5 mL, 硫酸铵2.9 g, 氯化钠0.05 g, 温度40 ℃, 时间20 min 98.80% [30]
低共熔溶剂萃取法 萃取剂为氯化胆碱/乙二醇(摩尔比1:2), 料液比1:44, 温度84 ℃, 时间
39 min
20.12% [31]
脉冲电场提取法 强度5.88 kV/cm, 频率200 Hz, 处理时间1000 μs 149.87%±0.569% [21]
大孔树脂提取法 温度25 ℃, 进样样品质量浓度6.0 mg/mL, 进样体积500 mL, 流速6.0 BV/h 60% [32]
), ArticleFig(id=1173278481816367563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433687346635494, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

茶多酚的不同提取技术

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提取方法 提取条件 提取率/提取量 参考文献
溶剂提取法 溶剂水, 温度80 ℃, 时间20 min, 料液比1:50 25.98%±0.75% [14]
溶剂提取法 溶剂乙醇, 料液比1:20, 温度70 ℃, 时间20 min 18.46%±0.27% [14]
超声波辅助法 料液比1:20, 超声时间3.2 h, 温度为49.9 ℃ 68.429% [23]
微波辅助法 温度65 ℃, 料液比1:40, 微波强度180 W, 时间7.8 min, 循环提取3次 (125±5) mg/g [24]
超临界萃取法 温度46 ℃、压力30 MPa、质量比0.35, 2.382 kg CO2/100 g样品 73.70%±0.34%
(2.18±0.05) mg/g
[25]
酶解法 料液比1:5.9, pH 4.4, 时间36 min 185.9 mg GAE/g [26]
高静水压提取法 溶剂蒸馏水和乙醇(50%, V:V)料液比2:5, 压力200 MPa, 时间5 min 3327.27 mg GAE/L [27]
加压溶剂萃取法 溶剂蒸馏水, 料液比1:15, 温度140~200 ℃ 130 mg GAE/g [28]
膜分离法 料液比1:20, 温度80 ℃, 时间60 min, 0.22 μm的醋酸纤维素平膜 9501 mg GAE/L [29]
双水相萃取法 乙醇4.5 mL, 硫酸铵2.9 g, 氯化钠0.05 g, 温度40 ℃, 时间20 min 98.80% [30]
低共熔溶剂萃取法 萃取剂为氯化胆碱/乙二醇(摩尔比1:2), 料液比1:44, 温度84 ℃, 时间
39 min
20.12% [31]
脉冲电场提取法 强度5.88 kV/cm, 频率200 Hz, 处理时间1000 μs 149.87%±0.569% [21]
大孔树脂提取法 温度25 ℃, 进样样品质量浓度6.0 mg/mL, 进样体积500 mL, 流速6.0 BV/h 60% [32]
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茶多酚提取、代谢及纳米技术对其生物功效的改善研究进展
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李圣淇 1 , 汪泽奥 1 , 沙如意 2 , 陈小强 1 , 毛建卫 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(7): 126-135
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(7): 126-135
茶多酚提取、代谢及纳米技术对其生物功效的改善研究进展
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李圣淇1 , 汪泽奥1, 沙如意2, 陈小强1, 毛建卫2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
  • 2.浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310063
  • 李圣淇(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为茶叶精深加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 毛建卫(1964—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农林生物质资源全生物利用与高值化利用。E-mail:
Research progress of tea polyphenol extraction, metabolism and nanotechnology improvement on its biological efficacy
Sheng-Qi LI1 , Ze-Ao WANG1, Ru-Yi SHA2, Xiao-Qiang CHEN1, Jian-Wei MAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2. School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310063, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241022006
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在公众健康意识和社会生活水平不断提高的背景下, 茶多酚因对人体健康益处而引起人们的广泛关注。因茶多酚的不稳定性以及对环境的敏感性等原因导致的生物利用度差, 在实际加工和利用过程中易发生氧化降解, 这严重影响了茶多酚的生物活性利用, 表现出巨大局限性。故而采取有效方法提高茶多酚的生物利用度至关重要。茶多酚的提取技术是其产品和应用的关键, 本文综述了茶多酚的组成、提取技术和代谢吸收, 概述了基于不同纳米技术体系对提高茶多酚的生物功效的研究进展, 包括纳米乳液、纳米颗粒和纳米脂质体体系。为茶多酚的有效利用和产品开发提供了参考。

茶多酚  /  代谢吸收  /  提取技术  /  纳米技术

In the context of public health awareness and the ongoing enhancement of social living standards, tea polyphenols have garnered significant attention due to their associated health benefits. However, the instability of tea polyphenols and their poor bioavailability—stemming from environmental sensitivity—render them susceptible to oxidation and degradation during processing and utilization. This instability severely impacts the bioactive potential of tea polyphenols, highlighting considerable limitations in their application. Consequently, it is crucial to implement effective strategies aimed at improving the bioavailability of these compounds. The extraction technology employed for tea polyphenols plays a pivotal role in determining their product efficacy and applications. This paper provided a review of the composition, extraction methodologies, and metabolic absorption processes related to tea polyphenols. Furthermore, it summarized recent advancements in enhancing the bioefficacy of tea polyphenols through various nanotechnological systems—including nano-emulsions, nanoparticles, and nano-liposomes. The findings presented herein provide valuable insights for optimizing the utilization and development of products derived from tea polyphenols.

tea polyphenols  /  metabolic absorption  /  extraction technology  /  nanotechnology
李圣淇, 汪泽奥, 沙如意, 陈小强, 毛建卫. 茶多酚提取、代谢及纳米技术对其生物功效的改善研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 126 -135 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241022006
Sheng-Qi LI, Ze-Ao WANG, Ru-Yi SHA, Xiao-Qiang CHEN, Jian-Wei MAO. Research progress of tea polyphenol extraction, metabolism and nanotechnology improvement on its biological efficacy[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 126 -135 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241022006
茶被分为六大类: 绿茶、红茶、黑茶、乌龙茶、白茶和黄茶, 茶叶含有丰富的多酚、色素、多糖、生物碱、游离氨基酸、皂甙等多种植物化学物质[1]。这些成分赋予了茶叶多种显著的健康益处, 包括抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、抗增殖、抗高血压、抗血栓形成以及降脂等作用[2]。这些活性主要归因于其内含不同种类的多酚物质, 尤其是儿茶素, 作为茶叶中至关重要的生物活性成分, 受到了广泛的关注与研究[3]
尽管茶多酚在体外实验中表现出有效的生物活性和广泛的功能应用潜力, 但在实际应用中, 茶多酚面临着诸多挑战。这些挑战主要源于其在生物介质中较低的稳定性, 易受碱性pH环境、温度、氧浓度和金属离子等因素的影响而发生降解[4]。此外, 茶多酚的口服吸收效率低和生物利用度差, 进一步限制了其在医学和保健领域中的广泛应用[5]。为克服这些难题, 近年来科研人员不断探索并提出了多种技术策略以提升茶多酚的生物利用度。其中, 基于纳米技术的递送系统因其新颖性和广阔前景而备受瞩目。鉴于此, 本文旨在全面综述茶多酚的提取方法、生物代谢机制, 以及纳米技术在增强茶多酚体内外生物利用度方面的最新研究进展, 以期为提高茶多酚的实际应用提供有价值的参考, 推动其在健康保健领域的广泛应用与发展。
茶多酚作为茶叶中重要的生物活性成分, 是衡量茶叶品质的关键标志物, 鲜叶中的含量一般介于18%~36%之间(干重)[6]。根据茶叶中多酚类物质含量的不同, 茶多酚可被分为儿茶素类化合物、花青素类化合物、黄酮类化合物和酚酸类化合物等。其中儿茶素类化合物尤为突出, 占据茶叶中总黄酮含量的80%~90%, 是茶多酚中的关键核心成分。儿茶素主要由几种单体组成, 根据结构不同分为表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate, ECG)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin, EGC)和表儿茶素(epicatechin, EC)。以C6-C3-C6为基本骨架, 其独特性在于A环和B环上的多个羟基, 以及C环上的没食子酰基[7]。在儿茶素类中, EGCG是茶叶中的主要儿茶素, 占总儿茶素的50%~80%, 是茶叶多酚中最具生物活性的化合物, 也是茶中最被广泛表征的多酚类化合物[8]表1详细概括了6种茶类中各类多酚的具体含量, 此外, 这些化学成分的化学结构如图1所示。
许多研究表明, 茶多酚因其显著的抗癌、抗炎及抗菌等生物活性, 在人类健康领域展现出极高的研究与应用价值[10]。但流行病学研究表明, 为了获得健康益处, 需每天摄入5~10杯茶, 仅从饮茶难以获得足够水平的生物活性物质来实现健康益处[3]。因此, 从植物中提取所需的生物活性成分是至关重要的, 这些成分可以作为食品补充剂或功能性食品添加剂的浓缩制剂, 为人们带来更高层次的健康益处。值得注意的是, 不同提取方法对提取物的产率、纯度和独特性具有显著影响[11]。常用技术包括溶剂提取法、超声波浸提法、微波辅助提取法、深共晶提取法和超临界二氧化碳萃取等。
溶剂提取法是最为常见的提取方法之一, 其中溶剂的选择是萃取过程中的一个关键因素, 关乎萃取效率与产品质量。在选择溶剂时, 需综合考虑特异性、成本效益、相容性、溶解性、安全性及毒性等多重因素[12]。水是最常用的溶剂, 因其无毒环保而被广泛使用。而其他常见溶剂如乙醇、甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等, 虽然能提供相对更高的提取率, 并有助于缓解水提取法中部分提取物的降解等问题, 但同时也存在耗时长、成本高以及潜在的安全风险等缺点。一项不同溶剂对茶多酚的提取效率的研究发现[13], 丙酮、甲醇、乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF)及其水溶液(1:1, V:V)作为溶剂对茶多酚的提取效率具有显著差异, DMF水溶液和丙酮水溶液与其他两种水性溶剂相比, 能更有效地从茶中提取多酚。从自由基清除能力的角度来看, 丙酮和乙醇的水溶液提取茶多酚的自由基清除率最好。
热水提取、超声波辅助提取和乙醇提取是常见的提取茶多酚技术, 最佳提取率分别为29.3%、29.93%和27.32%, 对应的其中关键成分EGCG的含量分别为20.99、16.75、13.19 mg/L[14]。这些研究揭示了溶剂提取法在茶多酚提取中的普遍高效性, 但提取效率也受温度、处理时间和原料粒径等因素的影响。高温下茶多酚易降解, 差向异构化和氧化低聚化也会导致原料损失。溶剂的高残留和毒性还可能对环境造成危害。因此, 在选择和优化提取方法时, 需要综合考虑这些因素。
当前, 新型提取工艺的发展需遵循绿色、生态友好的原则, 科学界正不断探索与创新, 旨在克服传统提取方法的局限性。这些创新技术包括酶解法、超声波浸提法、高压辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、深共晶提取法和树脂吸附法等。这些方法各具独特的优势, 且往往可以相互组合应用, 以实现更高效的提取过程。酶解法是提取茶多酚的常用方法, 还可用于茶多酚的预处理, 通过使细胞壁破裂而提高提取效率, 且当使用两种或更多种酶的组合时提取效率更高。通常使用纤维素酶、果胶酶和蛋白酶等。与其他常规技术相比, 该技术已用于提取不可提取的多酚和甚至更高含量的原花青素[15]。高静水压提取法被认为是一种环境友好型提取技术, 可在较低温度下提取, 避免了茶多酚因高温而降解的问题, 压力传递介质通常为水、乙醇和甘油等, 在生产过程中不会产生有害物质。该技术具有操作简便、溶剂消耗少、提取物收率高、产品质量好等优点。高压提取法可与酶解法相结合, 提高提取效率, 有报道指出, 在高压环境中, 部分酶的活性增加, 如聚半乳糖醛酸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和β-糖苷酶等[16]。加压溶剂萃取法是在较高温度和压力条件下从茶叶中提取目标化合物的方法, 通过高温减弱化合物中的结构键, 消除相互作用和降低解吸过程所需的活化能, 提高扩散速率, 同时高压环境破坏细胞结构, 溶剂能更有效地渗透进样品内部, 而快速提取目标化合物。水是最常见的溶剂, 但有研究表明水与乳酸乙酯组合作为溶剂时提取效率比分别使用水和乳酸乙酯时高3.5倍和1.5倍[17]。深共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents, DES)作为一种新型溶剂, 通过氢键供体和氢键受体的自缔合制备而成。与常规溶剂相比, DES展现出诸多优势, 诸如良好的热稳定性、高度的生物降解性、简便的制备流程、低廉的成本以及毒性低等特点, 因此正逐步成为传统有机溶剂的绿色替代品[18]。超声波技术与DES技术相结合, 是一种快速高效提取茶叶中抗氧化多酚的方法[19], 氯化胆碱-甘油作为提取绿色茶抗氧化多酚的最佳溶剂, 最佳萃取条件为: 固液比为1:36 (g/mL), 超声功率为461.5 W, 超声时间为21 min, 最高提取茶多酚含量为(243±7) mg/g干重。在最优条件下, 采用超声波辅助提取(ultrasound- assisted extraction, UAE)-DES法提取的绿茶总酚含量、4种主要儿茶素的总量及抗氧化活性均高于常规方法(UAE-乙醇提取法、乙醇提取法和热水提取法)。这种组合技术不仅可以显著降低溶剂、能源和人工的消耗, 还可以通过声空化作用破坏植物细胞壁的结构, 进而促进生物活性成分的释放, 提高产量[20]。此外, 脉冲电场作为一种非热处理技术, 在茶多酚的提取中同样展现出巨大的潜力。随着脉冲时间的延长, 细胞渗透性逐渐增强, 促进了溶剂的渗透与多酚的迁移, 提高了茶多酚的提取效率。在电场强度为5.88 kV/cm、频率为200 Hz、处理时间为1000 μs条件下, 脉冲电场法相较于常规浸渍法, 茶多酚的提取率提高了50%[21]。根据所施加的电场强度, 脉冲电场技术还可以用作灭活茶中存在的微生物[22]。其他提取技术包括膜提取法和双水相提取法等在茶多酚提取领域都具有较好的应用前景。表2统计了部分茶多酚提取的不同工艺及最佳参数。
新型提取技术较传统提取技术更绿色环保, 且提取效率和活性保留效果更好。不同提取技术的影响因素具有差异, 特别是溶剂的使用以及溶剂间的组合使用, 探索不同影响因素对提取率的影响至关重要。因此, 应致力于开发既能高效提取茶多酚又能有效减少使用成本并降低环境风险的创新技术。提升茶叶废弃物的资源利用率, 促进绿色、可持续的提取工艺的发展。
茶多酚作为一种具有广泛健康益处的天然化合物, 具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、抗菌、抗心血管疾病等特性。而茶多酚的天然功能活性在实际应用中的功效却非常有限, 受到代谢吸收和生物利用度的影响[33]。茶多酚的吸收和生物转化受到肠道微生物群的分子结构和代谢过程的影响。其扩散速率主要由分子量、脂溶性以及氢键供体和受体的数量决定[34]。生物利用度可定义为在前系统代谢和肠内皮吸收后, 在体循环中可能被吸收和可接近的成分的分数, 是衡量茶多酚在体内有效性的关键指标。茶多酚的生物利用度受到吸收代谢过程的直接影响。如在胃肠道的严酷环境中, 肠上皮细胞、各种酶和胃液都会造成茶多酚的降解[35]。以及小肠绒毛顶端的外排转运蛋白, 包括P-糖蛋白(P-gp)、多药耐药相关蛋白和乳腺癌耐药蛋白, 可将上皮细胞中的多酚外排到肠腔, 而造成生物利用度的降低[36]
茶多酚的吸收代谢途径影响着其生物利用度。茶多酚在胃转运的过程中相对稳定, 但在进入小肠期间被快速吸收和转化。在此过程中, 肠道细胞中的特定酶, 如尿苷-5’-二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶、磺基转移酶和儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶会部分分解代谢茶多酚, 生成葡萄糖醛酸化、硫酸化和甲基化(甲氧基)衍生物[37], 茶多酚主要吸收路径见图2。在饮用500 mL绿茶24 h后, 血液中检测出儿茶素和(epi)gallocatechin的O-甲基化, 硫酸化和葡萄糖醛酸结合物在内的10种代谢产物, 摄入后1.6~2.3 h出现29~126 nmol/L峰值血浆浓度[38]。这表明茶多酚在小肠被分解转化和吸收。在排泄物中, 总黄烷-3-醇代谢产物的量相当于摄入量的8.1%, 而表儿茶素代谢物的量相当于摄入量的28.5%, 茶多酚48 h生物利用度接近62%[39], 相较于桑叶多酚的59.48%吸收率[40], 茶多酚在吸收和代谢方面显示出一定的优势, 尽管仍有大部分未被有效利用。
未被小肠吸收的茶多酚会进入结肠和大肠, 并受到大量的肠道菌群进一步分解代谢。相关微生物菌包括产气肠杆菌、植物拉乌尔菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种和长双歧杆菌肺炎亚种等, 特别是真杆菌属菌株SDG-2, 可以通过C环的分裂和B环上的二羟基化来降解儿茶素[41]。研究表明, 对于EGCG和ECG的没食子酰化黄烷-3-醇单体, 微生物群的催化代谢通常始于微生物酯酶快速裂解没食子酸部分, 先释放游离的EGC和EC, 随后进一步催化, 包括C环打开、A环分裂、形成苯基戊内酯(phenylvalerolactone, PVL)/苯基戊酸(phenylvaleric acid, PVA)和产生较小的酚酸, 如苯丙酸和苯甲酸衍生物[42]。在此过程中, 茶多酚及其分解代谢产物还通过门静脉转运到肝脏, 被甲基化和进一步的吸收和生物转化[43], 并通过肝肠再循环返回小肠或进入体循环, 被递送至器官和组织。未被吸收的茶多酚最终会通过粪便和尿液排泄体外, 通常粪便中的排泄量多于尿液[44]
茶多酚的吸收速率还受到其结构的影响。人体研究显示, 饮用绿茶后24 h内, 具有没食子酰部分的儿茶素(EGCG和ECG)的回收率较低为11%, 而不具有没食子酰基部分的儿茶素(EGC和EC)的回收率较高为28%[38], 这表明顺式儿茶素的利用度大于反式儿茶素, 后来同样有研究验证了此结果[42]。这与没食子酰基的存在密切相关, 顺式儿茶素在结肠被微生物分解成没食子酸和反式儿茶素, 而没食子酸具有较好的吸收率[45]。此外, 个体间肠道微生物群落组成的多样性影响了茶多酚的吸收率进而影响其生物利用度[46-47]
综上所述, 茶多酚的吸收代谢途径涉及多个步骤和生物转化过程, 涉及小肠吸收、肠道微生物降解、肝脏代谢以及最终的排泄等过程。这些过程的复杂性和多样性共同决定了茶多酚的生物利用度和表现出的生物活性。鉴于茶多酚因其固有的不稳定性, 在体内经历的吸收与代谢过程受限, 导致其生物利用度相对较低, 这一状况显著削弱了茶多酚的实际应用效能。因此, 积极探索并开发能够有效减缓茶多酚降解、同时提升其生物利用度的新策略, 成为了当前亟待解决的关键问题。应致力于研究提高茶多酚稳定性、改善其体内吸收与代谢路径的方法, 从而充分发掘并发挥茶多酚的潜在健康益处, 提升其在实际应用中的效能与价值。
纳米乳液是一种多相胶体分散体系, 通过适当的表面活性剂或外部条件, 使一相以纳米级液滴的形式高度分散于不相溶的另一相中。这些体系通常由水相和油相组成, 平均液滴尺寸通常小于500 nm。根据组分和内外相分布不同, 纳米乳液可分为水包油型(O/W)和油包水型(W/O)的双相乳液, 以及水包油包水型(W/O/W)和油包水包油型(O/W/O)的多相乳液。茶多酚纳米乳液是一种将茶多酚等活性成分分散在纳米级液滴中的特殊体系。由于茶多酚本身的极性, 在油相中的溶解度非常有限。但已有研究表明, 纳米乳液通过其超低界面张力和大界面面积特性, 能有效提升茶多酚在油相中的溶解度, 同时增强了其在储存和模拟胃肠道消化过程中的稳定性[48]。因此, 纳米乳液能有效提升茶多酚的稳定性和生物利用度, 在有效利用茶多酚方面具有广阔前景。茶多酚的主要递送系统见图3
通过亲脂性乳化剂, 将茶多酚以0.1% (m/m)的浓度包封在葵花籽油和棕榈油中, 以高剪切和高压均化技术制备出茶多酚纳米乳液, 可显著提高茶多酚的稳定性和溶解度。在长达14 d的储存期内, 其液滴直径、电导率、折射率和pH都没有显著变化[49]。此外, 以1-十二醇作为载体材料, EGCG在葵花籽油中的溶解度可大幅提升至(85.98±2.31) mg/g, 最佳的液滴直径为(280±10) nm, 最高包封效率为(83.16±1.12)%。这表明纳米乳液作为载体可有效减少茶多酚与外界环境的接触面积, 从而降低其氧化降解的损失, 提高稳定性并延长储存期。
在模拟胃肠道消化的环境中, 纳米乳液负载的茶多酚表现出更低的降解率。大豆蛋白稳定的油包水型纳米乳液茶多酚损失率从73.46%降低到20.28%, 在4 ℃下储存15 d后茶多酚的保留率超过80%[50]。这不仅提升了茶多酚的生物可及性, 还增强了其在Caco-2细胞单层中的通透性, 进一步证实了纳米乳液在提高茶多酚生物利用度方面的潜力。其较小的粒径和更强的聚集能力, 使茶多酚更易穿透细胞膜到达目标组织, 在胃肠道中被迅速消化吸收, 从而减少损失并提升生物可及性和生物利用度。茶多酚纳米乳液不仅在模拟胃肠道消化环境中体现出有效的生物可及性和体外抗氧化活性, 同时在动物实验中也表现出较好的生物活性, 能有效提高微环境的抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化活性, 还表现出有效的生物膜消除活性, 促进血管生成、胶原成绩和皮肤再生, 在开发安全有效的植物源新型伤口敷料上有较大潜力[51]
综上所述, 纳米乳液技术为茶多酚等活性成分的递送提供了一种高效、稳定的平台。与其他包埋系统相比, 纳米乳液具有黏附性强、溶解度增加和保留时间更长的显著优势。对于开发研究功能性食品、药物开发及营养补充剂方面具有重要意义。
纳米颗粒包埋是一种将茶多酚等活性成分包裹在纳米级颗粒内部, 以隔离外界不利因素, 提高其稳定性和生物利用度的技术。纳米颗粒的尺寸范围为10~500 nm, 根据包埋材料的不同, 纳米颗粒包埋技术一般可分为蛋白质基颗粒和碳水化合物基颗粒两种。
由于蛋白质的丰富性、生物相容性和生物可降解性, 蛋白基纳米颗粒在提高茶多酚生物利用度和生物活性方面展现出巨大潜力。明胶作为一种天然蛋白质, 能形成热可逆的水凝胶, 广泛应用于茶多酚的包封。由于带正电荷的明胶在中性pH条件下能与带负电荷的茶多酚相互作用, 这一特性扩大了其应用范围。包封后的EGCG明胶纳米颗粒直径为200~300 nm, 缓释时间由15 min延长至8 h, 保留了生物学活性, 并有效阻断肝细胞生长因子诱导的细胞内信号传导[52]。明胶在提高茶多酚生物利用度方面显示出巨大潜力。电喷雾法是一种有效的组装明胶/EGCG胶囊的方法, 封装效率和粒径分别达到96%和470 nm, 且完全保留了生物活性物质的抗氧化活性。电喷雾法制备的纳米粒子在各方面效果均优于喷雾干燥法[53]
除了明胶, 动物蛋白如牛奶蛋白也是茶多酚的良好载体。乳蛋白的氨基酸残基、亲水性和疏水性结构域决定了其与茶多酚的不同亲和力。酪蛋白对茶多酚的负载效果最好, 且分子量越大的儿茶素所形成的蛋白质复合物更稳定[54]。此外, 来自不同植物来源的其他蛋白质, 如铁蛋白[55]、玉米醇溶蛋白[56]和大豆分离蛋白[57], 也被用于制造茶多酚封装的纳米颗粒。值得注意的是, 通过美拉德反应进行蛋白质糖基化处理, 可以在温和条件下抑制包封过程中酚类物质诱导的沉淀, 提高EGCG的负载率, 同时保护EGCG在碱性环境中免于降解[58]。这一方法有效避免了蛋白包封多酚的缺陷, 为提高茶多酚的生物利用度和生物活性提供了新的途径。
碳水化合物基纳米颗粒因优异的生物降解性和生物相容性在提高茶多酚生物利用度方面展现出显著优势。通过化学、酶法等手段修饰碳水化合物作为茶多酚的包封材料, 不仅能增强茶多酚的稳定性, 还能改善其应用性能, 从而提高其生物利用度。
环糊精是淀粉的酶解产物, 作为一种环状低聚糖, 主要通过疏水相互作用与氢键作用和茶多酚形成稳定的复合物。通常通过均质化和喷雾干燥技术, 制备成粒径在120 nm左右的负载茶多酚纳米颗粒, 可显著降低茶多酚的苦味并保护其免受降解[59]。玉米淀粉和β-环糊精制备复合纳米颗粒封装茶多酚的包封率高达86.96%[60], 表现出优异的光热稳定性和抗氧化活性。此外, 其生物可及性实验表明, 在碱性条件下该纳米颗粒可以完全释放并精准到达目标位点, 具有潜在的pH响应性和肠道靶向递送特性。
壳聚糖因其独特的生物降解性和无毒特性, 成为茶多酚纳米颗粒重要载体。通过共价键和氢键与茶多酚形成纳米颗粒, 其粒径范围可控制在100~400 nm范围内[61]。已有多种体内及细胞实验证明, 这些纳米颗粒可提升茶多酚的稳定性和生物活性, 且通过影响肠道细胞和被动跨细胞运转过程而促进茶多酚吸收[62]。并可应用于食品包装。一种以溶液流延法制备的负载茶多酚纳米颗粒壳聚糖基复合膜, 可显著提高紫外线/水/氧气阻隔性能、机械性能、热稳定性和物理性能, 包括水蒸气、氧气渗透性和拉伸强度等[63]。此外, 壳聚糖基复合薄膜还表现出优异的生物降解性、无毒性和抗菌功效。其1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基和2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[ABTS]阳离子自由基清除率高达89.25%±0.18%和93.84%±0.42%。该膜还成功应用于草莓保鲜, 延长保质期且不影响果实品质。此外, 羧甲基壳聚糖和壳聚糖盐酸盐也被用于制备茶多酚纳米颗粒, 颗粒形态为非球形, 具有良好的包封性能, 在中性环境中表现出对茶多酚的缓释作用, 同时体现出显著的抗肿瘤活性, 进一步提升了茶多酚的生物利用度[64]。除了上述材料, 藻酸盐等碳水化合物也在茶多酚纳米化领域展现出潜力, 通过均质化或喷雾干燥技术, 这些材料成功实现了茶多酚的高效包封, 为提升茶多酚生物利用度提供了多样化的解决方案。
双聚合物纳米颗粒是指由两个聚合物结合自组装作为纳米负载, 其特点在于能够高效负载目标物质, 通常由蛋白质和多糖通过静电相互作用交联形成, 展现出优异的静电复合物功能特性。这种纳米颗粒载体展现出高产率和高包埋率的特性, 具有强大的开发与应用潜力。
为了进一步提升纳米颗粒在恶劣环境中的稳定性并控制药物释放速率, 研究人员探索了在蛋白质与多糖之间构建共价键的方法。XIA等[58]成功地将两个葡聚糖分子(10 kDa和20 kDa)连接到牛血清蛋白分子上, 形成的缀合物具有核-壳结构, 半径为4.2 nm, 为EGCG的负载提供了理想平台。且葡聚糖的亲水层抑制了牛血清蛋白和EGCG之间通过疏水作用和氢键产生的非特异性结合。与天然蛋白质相比, 这种偶联物的结合亲和力较低, 为多酚纳米载体的开发提供了有效证明。此外, 化学交联剂也被用来提高蛋白质和多糖结构的稳定性[65], 负载EGCG的酪蛋白磷酸肽壳聚糖纳米颗粒在模拟胃酸环境中展现出良好的稳定性, 显著减缓释放速率, 同时避免沉淀, 并表现出对癌细胞的抑制效果, 为合理设计有效递送多酚的生物聚合物纳米颗粒系统提供了基础研究。
近年来, 复合成分包封茶多酚制成的纳米颗粒成为研究热点。如海藻酸盐/壳聚糖-玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒, 包封率超过75%, 抗氧化性、稳定性和抗菌能力显著[66]。值得注意的是, 壳聚糖的添加显著增强了茶多酚的抗菌能力, 这种增强作用可能归因于聚合物的正电荷与革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁中磷壁酸的负电荷之间的相互作用, 从而改变了细胞质膜的电位, 增强了抗菌效果[67]。关于壳聚糖纳米颗粒对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌效果有着不同的观点, 其与茶多酚的抑菌协同效果还有待进一步研究论证。
纳米脂质体是一种先进的生物递送系统, 具有良好的生物相容性, 在提升茶多酚生物利用度和生物活性方面的巨大潜力。其独特之处在于由磷脂构成的球形囊泡结构与生物体内的脂质双层高度兼容, 能够同时递送亲水性和亲脂性生物活性化合物, 其尺寸小于200 nm, 可通过多种传统分散方法如溶剂扩散法、均质化技术、双重乳液法及超临界流体技术等制备而成。为各种生物活性化合物的有效递送构建了理想的平台。
纳米脂质体负载茶多酚能显著提升其稳定性和抗氧化性, 即使在50 ℃下仍具有较好的生物活性, 可以防止茶多酚的过度降解以及实现茶多酚的持续释放。通过乙醇注射法结合动态高压微流化可成功制备负载茶多酚的纳米脂质体, 包封率为78.5%, 粒径为66.8 nm, 可有效延长茶多酚的缓释效果, 24 h后释放率仅为29.8%[68]。此外, 在模拟肠道环境实验中表明, 负载EGCG的纳米脂质体可显著提高稳定性并降低抗氧化活性能力的下降, 增强茶多酚在胃肠道环境的稳定性和生物利用度[69]
这些研究结果表明, 纳米脂质体对茶多酚的负载不仅有助于保护茶多酚的稳定性和生物活性, 还为其在生物体内的有效递送提供了有力支持。然而, 脂质纳米载体对儿茶素的化学稳定性、生物可及性和渗透性的影响仍需深入探索。未来的研究应致力于优化纳米脂质体的制备工艺, 以进一步提高其在生物递送系统中的应用效能。
茶多酚的丰富活性已被广泛证实, 现多采用新型提取工艺以及联合提取技术提取。乳液包封和颗粒包埋等纳米技术的引入, 可显著提升茶多酚的生物功效、稳定性和生物利用度, 拓宽其应用领域。尽管茶多酚的研究已取得较大进展, 但仍有以下问题需要解决: (1)开发新型纳米载体和给药系统, 未来, 可以探索将茶多酚与这些新型载体相结合, 制备出具有更高生物利用度、更好稳定性和更强靶向性的纳米药物, 并加强其安全性评价。(2)加深对于纳米包裹茶多酚在生物体内的作用机制研究, 以开发具有精准靶向释放的制剂, 充分发挥其抗癌抗炎活性。(3)进一步探究茶多酚在细胞水平、组织水平和整体动物水平上的作用机制, 为其在疾病治疗和健康保健中的应用提供科学依据。(4)开发更高效的提取技术, 以提高提取效率并减少过程中的损耗, 除已知的如pH和温度等影响因素外, 还需更深入的研究茶多酚与食品基质在加工和储存工程中的相互作用。综上所述, 对茶多酚潜在价值的深入挖掘与纳米技术的创新应用, 可以推动茶多酚在食品科学与医药领域的应用和深度开发, 进而引领茶叶资源向更高效、更全面的利用方向迈进。
  • 浙江省重点研发计划项目(2017C02009)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241022006
  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
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浙江省重点研发计划项目(2017C02009)
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    1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
    2.浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310063

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* 毛建卫(1964—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农林生物质资源全生物利用与高值化利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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