Article(id=1153433640701780082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241228001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735315200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929609704, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929609704, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929609704, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929609704, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=190, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433641494503568, articleId=1153433640701780082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Nutrient characteristics of Tricholoma matsutake from different production regions in China and current situation of food exploitation, columnId=1153429494506447365, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Development and Detection of Health Foods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tricholoma matsutake is a high-quality edible wild fungi in China, rich in a variety of nutritional constituents. Research shows that Tricholoma matsutake contains Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides, Tricholoma matsutake proteins, Tricholoma matsutake polyphenols, sugar alcohols and other nutrients, high nutritional value, delicious taste, with the promotion of intestinal peristalsis, antioxidant, activation of the immune system, anticancer, antihypertension, antidiabetic and other efficacy, is known as “King of Fungi”. The principal production regions of Tricholoma matsutake in China is divided into the southwest region, such as Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and other places, as well as the northeastern region, such as Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province. Due to the different genetic backgrounds and growth environments of different production areas, the types and content of nutrients contained in Tricholoma matsutake are also different. Tapping into the nutritional quality characteristics of local Tricholoma matsutake is the basis for developing local specialty Tricholoma matsutake industry and creating regional brands. This paper systematically summarized and compared the main nutritional characteristics of the Tricholoma matsutake produced in the main producing regions of China. In general, the total fat content of the matsutake mushrooms in the producing regions was lower and the protein content was higher, among which the amino acid and crude fiber contents were higher in the southwestern producing region, while the northeastern producing region had lower fat content and higher average protein content. This review will provide new ideas and theoretical basis for the development of specialty food and health food of Tricholoma matsutake in each production area in China.

, correspAuthors=Nan YANG, Jiao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He-Yang LI, Yi-Luan LIU, Hong LIU, Rui QIN, Hong-Zao HE, Nan YANG, Jiao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433662726071110, articleId=1153433640701780082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=中国不同产区松茸营养物质特征及食品开发现状研究进展, columnId=1153429494632276488, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:保健食品的研发与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)为我国特色高档食用野生菌, 富含多种营养成分。研究表明, 松茸含有松茸多糖、松茸蛋白、松茸多酚、糖醇等多种营养物质, 营养价值高, 口感鲜美, 具促进肠道蠕动、抗氧化、激活免疫系统、抗癌、抗高血压、抗糖尿病等功效, 被誉为“菌中之王”。我国松茸的主产区分为西南地区如四川省、云南省等地, 以及东北地区如黑龙江省、吉林省一带。不同产区松茸由于遗传背景、生长环境不同, 所含营养物质的种类与含量也不同, 挖掘当地松茸营养品质特征, 是发展本地特色松茸产业, 打造区域品牌的基础。本文系统性归纳并比较了我国各主产区所产松茸主要营养特点, 总体来说, 各产区松茸总脂肪含量较低、蛋白质含量较高, 其中西南产区氨基酸和粗纤维含量较高, 而东北产区有更低的脂肪含量和更高的平均蛋白质含量。本综述将为我国各产区松茸特色食品、保健食品的开发提供新思路和理论依据。

, correspAuthors=杨楠, 刘娇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨楠(1982—), 男, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为生态学。E-mail:
刘娇(1987—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
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#李和阳和刘弈銮为共同第一作者

李和阳(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物学。E-mail:

刘弈銮(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物与医药。E-mail:

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2.中南民族大学武陵山区特色资源植物种质保护与利用湖北重点实验室, 武汉 430074, bio={"content":"

李和阳(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物学。E-mail:

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李和阳(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物学。E-mail:

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2. South-Central Minzu University Key Laboratory for Protection and Applicatin of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Wuhan 430074, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175086849140867717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433640701780082, authorId=1175086848876626557, language=CN, stringName=刘弈銮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, #, address=1.中南民族大学生命科学学院, 武汉 430074
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刘弈銮(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物与医药。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘弈銮(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物与医药。E-mail:

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Summary of extraction and detection techniques of active ingredients in Tricholoma matsutake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法 检测方法 参考文献
松茸多糖 热水浸提法、
超声辅助法、
酶提取法
薄层层析法、红外光谱法 [8-11]
松茸蛋白 超声辅助碱
提法
纳米高效液相色谱-质谱法(nano high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, nano-HPLC-MS) [12-13]
松茸脂类 索氏提取法 气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, GC-MS)
[14-15]
松茸矿
物质
微波消解法 原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合-等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS) [16-17]
挥发性
物质
有机溶剂萃取-
蒸馏法
气相色谱离子迁移谱技术
(gas chromatography ion migration spectrometry, GC-IMS)、GC-MS
[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1175086852500505303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433640701780082, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

松茸活性成分提取及检测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法 检测方法 参考文献
松茸多糖 热水浸提法、
超声辅助法、
酶提取法
薄层层析法、红外光谱法 [8-11]
松茸蛋白 超声辅助碱
提法
纳米高效液相色谱-质谱法(nano high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, nano-HPLC-MS) [12-13]
松茸脂类 索氏提取法 气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, GC-MS)
[14-15]
松茸矿
物质
微波消解法 原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合-等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS) [16-17]
挥发性
物质
有机溶剂萃取-
蒸馏法
气相色谱离子迁移谱技术
(gas chromatography ion migration spectrometry, GC-IMS)、GC-MS
[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1175086852601168601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433640701780082, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of Tricholoma matsutake nutritional composition in different main production areas in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均海拔/m 主产区 粗蛋白/% 粗多糖/% 粗脂肪/% 氨基酸/% 粗纤维/% 参考文献
西藏 3485 波密县、工布江达县、巴宜区、米林县、察隅县 12.3 9.53 7.74 8.67 7.84 [39-42]
四川 3214 甘孜、阿坝、凉山、攀枝花市 21 / 3.2 13.8 18.2 [39,43-44]
云南 2651 迪庆州、雄楚州、丽江市、昆明市、保山市腾冲县 12.5 11.97 3.3 7.2~9.9 / [39,45-46]
黑龙江 370~500 鸡西市、牡丹江市东宁县、伊春市带岭区 21.7~26.2 / 2.4 1~11.5 9.4~10.4 [47-49]
吉林 500~800 安图县、图们市、珲春市和龙井市 / / 0.17 / / [50-52]
), ArticleFig(id=1175086852693443291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433640701780082, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国不同主产区松茸营养成分对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均海拔/m 主产区 粗蛋白/% 粗多糖/% 粗脂肪/% 氨基酸/% 粗纤维/% 参考文献
西藏 3485 波密县、工布江达县、巴宜区、米林县、察隅县 12.3 9.53 7.74 8.67 7.84 [39-42]
四川 3214 甘孜、阿坝、凉山、攀枝花市 21 / 3.2 13.8 18.2 [39,43-44]
云南 2651 迪庆州、雄楚州、丽江市、昆明市、保山市腾冲县 12.5 11.97 3.3 7.2~9.9 / [39,45-46]
黑龙江 370~500 鸡西市、牡丹江市东宁县、伊春市带岭区 21.7~26.2 / 2.4 1~11.5 9.4~10.4 [47-49]
吉林 500~800 安图县、图们市、珲春市和龙井市 / / 0.17 / / [50-52]
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中国不同产区松茸营养物质特征及食品开发现状研究进展
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李和阳 1, 2, # , 刘弈銮 1, 2, # , 刘虹 1, 2 , 覃瑞 1, 2 , 贺红早 3 , 杨楠 2, 4, * , 刘娇 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:保健食品的研发与检测 2025,16(6): 190-198
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:保健食品的研发与检测 2025, 16(6): 190-198
中国不同产区松茸营养物质特征及食品开发现状研究进展
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李和阳1, 2, # , 刘弈銮1, 2, # , 刘虹1, 2, 覃瑞1, 2, 贺红早3, 杨楠2, 4, * , 刘娇1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中南民族大学生命科学学院, 武汉 430074
  • 2.中南民族大学武陵山区特色资源植物种质保护与利用湖北重点实验室, 武汉 430074
  • 3.贵州科学院, 生物研究所, 贵阳 550009
  • 4.西南民族大学, 青藏高原动物遗传资源保护与利用教育部/四川省重点实验室, 成都 610225
  • 李和阳(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物学。E-mail:

    刘弈銮(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物与医药。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨楠(1982—), 男, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为生态学。E-mail:
刘娇(1987—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
Nutrient characteristics of Tricholoma matsutake from different production regions in China and current situation of food exploitation
He-Yang LI1, 2 , Yi-Luan LIU1, 2 , Hong LIU1, 2, Rui QIN1, 2, Hong-Zao HE3, Nan YANG2, 4, * , Jiao LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. South-Central Minzu University College of Life Science, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2. South-Central Minzu University Key Laboratory for Protection and Applicatin of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3. Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241228001
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松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)为我国特色高档食用野生菌, 富含多种营养成分。研究表明, 松茸含有松茸多糖、松茸蛋白、松茸多酚、糖醇等多种营养物质, 营养价值高, 口感鲜美, 具促进肠道蠕动、抗氧化、激活免疫系统、抗癌、抗高血压、抗糖尿病等功效, 被誉为“菌中之王”。我国松茸的主产区分为西南地区如四川省、云南省等地, 以及东北地区如黑龙江省、吉林省一带。不同产区松茸由于遗传背景、生长环境不同, 所含营养物质的种类与含量也不同, 挖掘当地松茸营养品质特征, 是发展本地特色松茸产业, 打造区域品牌的基础。本文系统性归纳并比较了我国各主产区所产松茸主要营养特点, 总体来说, 各产区松茸总脂肪含量较低、蛋白质含量较高, 其中西南产区氨基酸和粗纤维含量较高, 而东北产区有更低的脂肪含量和更高的平均蛋白质含量。本综述将为我国各产区松茸特色食品、保健食品的开发提供新思路和理论依据。

松茸  /  不同产区  /  活性成分  /  食品加工

Tricholoma matsutake is a high-quality edible wild fungi in China, rich in a variety of nutritional constituents. Research shows that Tricholoma matsutake contains Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides, Tricholoma matsutake proteins, Tricholoma matsutake polyphenols, sugar alcohols and other nutrients, high nutritional value, delicious taste, with the promotion of intestinal peristalsis, antioxidant, activation of the immune system, anticancer, antihypertension, antidiabetic and other efficacy, is known as “King of Fungi”. The principal production regions of Tricholoma matsutake in China is divided into the southwest region, such as Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and other places, as well as the northeastern region, such as Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province. Due to the different genetic backgrounds and growth environments of different production areas, the types and content of nutrients contained in Tricholoma matsutake are also different. Tapping into the nutritional quality characteristics of local Tricholoma matsutake is the basis for developing local specialty Tricholoma matsutake industry and creating regional brands. This paper systematically summarized and compared the main nutritional characteristics of the Tricholoma matsutake produced in the main producing regions of China. In general, the total fat content of the matsutake mushrooms in the producing regions was lower and the protein content was higher, among which the amino acid and crude fiber contents were higher in the southwestern producing region, while the northeastern producing region had lower fat content and higher average protein content. This review will provide new ideas and theoretical basis for the development of specialty food and health food of Tricholoma matsutake in each production area in China.

Tricholoma matsutake  /  different production areas  /  active ingredients  /  food processing
李和阳, 刘弈銮, 刘虹, 覃瑞, 贺红早, 杨楠, 刘娇. 中国不同产区松茸营养物质特征及食品开发现状研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 190 -198 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241228001
He-Yang LI, Yi-Luan LIU, Hong LIU, Rui QIN, Hong-Zao HE, Nan YANG, Jiao LIU. Nutrient characteristics of Tricholoma matsutake from different production regions in China and current situation of food exploitation[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 190 -198 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241228001
松茸(Tricholoma matsutake), 又称松口蘑、松蕈, 属担子菌亚门, 担子菌纲, 伞菌目, 口蘑科, 口蘑属[1]。其菌体肥厚, 味道鲜美, 富有独特的迷人香气, 是消费者喜爱的高档天然野生食用菌。
松茸在全世界多地均有分布, 以亚洲地区分布居多, 欧洲、北非等地区也有发现[2], 在海拔300~4500 m的范围内均有可能生长[3]。松茸是一种共生性真菌, 多依附于松林、栎林及松栎混交林[4]。松茸菌丝在5 ℃左右就能生长, 在22 ℃的最适温度下会迅速生长, 当温度降低到19 ℃以下时开始形成子实体原基, 子实体露出地表后, 在温度湿度适宜的情况下7~10 d即可成熟。松茸适宜生长的土壤缺乏水分, 呈酸性, 这样的土壤中与松茸形成竞争的真菌较少, 利于松茸生长, 同时也适于松树、蒙古栎等耐旱耐酸的利于松茸附着的树木生长[5]。目前研究表明, 不同地区所产松茸所含营养成分种类趋近一致, 如松茸多糖、松茸蛋白、脂质、膳食纤维、维生素、矿物质及微量元素等, 但由于品种与产地自然环境的不同, 营养物质含量呈现一定波动性, 例如松茸醇、松茸多酚、挥发性物质例如醛、酮、杂环化合物。在我国, 东北地区的黑龙江省、吉林省, 西南地区的云南省、四川省、西藏自治区等地是松茸的主产区。由于海拔、纬度等气候条件的不同以及当地土壤成分的差异, 使得不同产地的松茸中的营养成分及风味物质成分也不尽相同[6]。松茸含有丰富的营养物质, 其蛋白质和碳水化合物含量较高, 从其中提取出的松茸多糖、松茸多肽和松茸醇等活性成分是松茸具有保健功能和药理作用的基础。目前松茸仍未实现人工栽培, 且精深加工产品研发不足, 我国松茸功能性原料、保健食品开发还处于初步阶段[7]
基于中国知网和PUBMED数据库, 围绕中国松茸、营养功能、产地等关键词进行检索, 共检索出自1988—2024年公开发表的61篇国内外文献。通过深入阅读, 本文首先系统性的总结出我国松茸共同含有营养物质的种类、含量及生物活性功能, 然后分主产区逐一概括了我国不同产区松茸产量、面积、生长环境以及营养成分组成的特点, 最后总结了现有松茸保健食品开发的现状并提出了未来相关科研工作开展方向的建议, 旨在为我国特色松茸产业的高值化发展提供一定参考依据。
综合过往研究发现, 松茸的主要营养成分按含量从高到低依次为多糖、蛋白、脂质、矿物质等, 常见提取方法参考表1。此外松茸含有一些特有的小分子化合物, 如醇、多酚、醛、酮及杂环化合物, 赋予松茸特殊的香气及营养功能。丰富的营养成分赋予了松茸多样生物活性及特殊的感官品质, 是松茸作为高端食材或功能性食品加工原料的物质基础。
松茸多糖(Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides, TMP)是松茸最具有代表性的活性物质, 含量为3%~11%左右, 不同地区松茸粗多糖含量有较大差别。TMP生物活性研究最为广泛, 目前已有报道包括增强免疫力、抗氧化、降血糖等多种潜在保健作用, 但具体的功效与多糖提取方式密切相关, TMP常见的提取方式为热水浸提法[8]、超声辅助提取法[9]、酶提取法[10]、超高压萃取法[11]等。目前文献中报道的TMP保健功效包括提高免疫力[19]、调节血糖[20]、抗氧化[21]等, 且TMP生物活性分子机制研究已取得系统性进展, 其多靶点调控特性在多个生理过程中得到实验证实。在免疫系统调节方面, 陈怡帆等[19]研究TMP可通过刺激巨噬细胞Toll样受体信号轴, 上调一氧化氮(NO)及促炎细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6); 经核转录因子κB (transnuclear transcription factors-κB, NF-κB)信号通路从而增强免疫应答。此外, TMP具有神经系统重塑作用, 可通过上调脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)的表达刺激神经元生长, 缓解抗炎双重通路缓解脊髓损伤的作用[22-23]。在调节血糖方面, 研究发现TMP可通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性抑制肠道中葡萄糖的吸收效率[20]。此外, TMP抗氧化机制主要依靠激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路, 上调超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)表达水平, 有效清除活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 维持氧化还原稳态[21]
松茸中粗蛋白含量较高, 不同产地含量一般在12%~25%之间, 其中氨基酸的种类和含量略有差异, 总体来看松茸所含氨基酸种类包括缬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸等共18种氨基酸, 其中8种必需氨基酸含量约在6%~8%之间[24], 可见松茸蛋白的营养价值较高。常见松茸蛋白提取方法有超声辅助碱提法[12]。已有研究显示松茸蛋白及氨基酸提取物有免疫调节[25]、改善皮肤水分[26]、改善记忆损伤[27-29]、抗氧化[30]和改善肠道菌群[31]等作用。此外, 松茸粗蛋白酶解活性肽也具有诸多活性功能。松茸子实体粗蛋白酶解后可分离出特定序列的活性肽, 如SDIKHFPF及SDLKHFP, 可缓解F葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt, DSS)诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型的病症, 通过抑制TNF-α、IL-1β分泌, 调控NF-κB/MLCK/p-MLC信号轴的磷酸化级联反应, 改善肠道屏障完整性。松茸活性肽, 如SHSFFLP和SFPPIWQ, 可以显著提升小鼠血清的抗氧化能力, 有效抑制东莨菪碱诱导的记忆损伤模型小鼠海马区乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE)活性, 从而改善认知及记忆功能[27-29]
松茸中脂肪含量在2%~7%左右, 其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量远高于饱和脂肪酸, 例如油酸、亚油酸[15], 因此松茸脂肪酸具有保护心脑血管健康、减少血栓产生、改善血脂水平等潜在功效[32]。此外, 在熬制松茸菌汤过程中, 松茸脂肪水解后, 脂肪酸参与还原糖、蛋白质之间的美拉德反应, 可进一步促进风味物质的产生, 改变松茸菌汤的口感[33]
松茸还富含维生素、矿物质元素、多酚、醇类及其他挥发类物质等成分。维生素包括维生素C、PP、B2、E; 矿物质元素包括钙、锌、铜、锰、镁、铁等。但不同产区松茸所含维生素、矿物质种类与含量差异较大, 整体来看西南产区松茸更适合作为维生素及矿物质来源的功能性原料[24,34], 这可能与松茸生长土壤中矿物质元素含量相关。松茸醇是松茸特有的活性成分, 可以有效清除1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[ABTS]阳离子自由基从而起到缓解户外紫外线(ultraviolet radiation B, UVB)光损伤的功能[35]。松茸多酚则具有中和活性氧自由基含量, 从而抑制炎症因子产生的作用[36]。松茸乙醇提取物富含多酚、醇等小分子化合物, 可加速小鼠皮肤伤口愈合, 此过程与Notch相关信号通路干预及炎症因子抑制相关[37]。此外, 松茸中的醛、酮和杂环化合物等挥发性物质是其独特的香气和口感的呈味基础[38]
西藏的林芝地区面积11.487 km2, 松茸发生地为高山栎林, 海拔相较于其他地区偏高, 平均可达3485 m(如表2), 年均气温在8.4 ℃左右, 降雨量年均约750 mm, 收获期在七月下旬至九月下旬[39]。主要分为5个产区(图1): 波密县, 年均产量最高, 为120 t; 工布江达县, 年均产量60 t; 巴宜区, 年均产量50 t; 米林县, 年均产量40 t; 察隅县, 年均产量30 t。上述林芝市的5个产区, 年均松茸产量超300 t, 占西藏松茸产量的一半以上[40]
表2所示, 西藏林芝粗脂肪和铁含量较高, 为优势营养成分, 而粗蛋白、粗多糖和锌的含量偏低[41]。林芝市不同小产区松茸营养价值也有所不同, 张涪平等[42]对工布江达、百巴、鲁朗、波密、米林的新鲜松茸子实体所含营养成分进行了测定, 发现松茸子实体中粗蛋白含量为9.06%~14.46%, 工布江达和米林松茸较高; 粗脂肪含量在5.47%~8.42%, 其中工布江达松茸含量最低, 为5.47%; 粗多糖含量为8.97%~10.01%, 林芝百巴松茸为最高; 氨基酸含量为5.69%~12.23%, 米林松茸最高。熊伟等[53]采用水提醇沉法提取西藏TMP, 获得最佳工艺条件如下: 料液比为1:10、提取温度为80 ℃、醇析浓度为85%提4 h后, 粗多糖得率为8.98%。
四川松茸主产区为四川甘孜藏族自治州、四川阿坝羌族自治州、凉山彝族自治州、攀枝花市(图2)。松茸仅甘孜面积就超过了466.2 hm2[43]。甘孜州、阿坝州松茸年均产量为2000 t和600 t [54-55], 四川松茸产量为全国最高。四川松茸发生地在平均海拔约3214 m(如表2)的油松和高山栎林中, 年均气温10.7 ℃, 降雨量年均为797.2 mm, 收获期在7月中旬至10月上旬。
表2, 四川松茸氨基酸、纤维素含量为几大产区之首, 粗多糖含量仅次于黑龙江产区。四川小产区松茸营养与风味特征各异, 李强等[44]对四川7个小产区(阿坝小金县、甘孜雅江县、凉山木里藏族自治县、会东县、攀枝花市延边县、冕宁县、盐源县)的松茸进行了营养成分对比分析, 发现冕宁县松茸综合营养品质最高。四川松茸蛋白含量为16.77%~26.2%, 冕宁最高; 纤维素含量为15.3%~22.6%, 小金县最高; 氨基酸含量为11.9%~19.5%, 冕宁最高; 脂肪含量为1.9%~6.3%之间, 冕宁最高; 维生素B1和B2含量分别为3.0~5.6 mg/kg和41.5~98.9 mg/kg。矿物质元素中铁的含量为242.1~1663.4 mg/kg, 钙为61.4~236.2 mg/kg。整体来看, 由于地理环境不同, 会东、木里、冕宁和盐源地区蛋白质和脂肪的含量较高, 盐边、小金、雅江纤维素、矿物资含量较高[56]
氨基酸是松茸生物活性与风味的重要物质基础, 与其他主要产区相比, 四川松茸氨基酸种类差距不大, 但含量有一定差异, 由高到低依次是甘孜、香格里拉、阿坝, 林芝。四川松茸含有丰富的呈味氨基酸, 如谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、精氨酸等, 是松茸味道鲜美的原因之一; 此外, 药效氨基酸含量也十分丰富, 例如亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸等, 具有缓解肝脏损伤、促进脂肪代谢、促进生长发育等潜在作用[24]。不同产区松茸风味物质种类与含量受自然环境影响较大, 如小金松茸含有糠醛、(E)-壬烯醛, 具有苦杏仁味和芳香味; 康定松茸含有β-蒎烯和3-蒈烯, 具有浓烈的松节油和松木香味; 理塘县特有的罗勒烯含有草本香味[57]
四川松茸作为我国松茸最大的主产区之一, 整体呈现高蛋白低脂肪的营养特征, 同时富含膳食纤维、多种维生素和矿物质, 是开发高值化松茸加工产品的理想原料。
云南省的迪庆州、雄楚州、丽江市、昆明市、保山市腾冲县为松茸主产区(图3), 年产量约为2000 t[45]。云南松茸发生地多在云南松、高山栎、锥栗繁茂的地带, 平均海拔2651 m(如表2), 年均气温约13.6 ℃, 年均降雨量约858.7 mm, 发生季节在6至11月[39]
表2, 云南松茸多糖含量为所有产区之首。目前已有云南松茸多糖最佳提取工艺的研究, 魏晓梅等[46]利用水提醇沉法, 以云南雄楚大姚县和香格里拉松茸为研究对象, 确定料液比为1:15 (g:mL), 用95%的乙醇在80 ℃浸提3 h为最佳工艺条件, 基于此方法得出香格里拉松茸多糖得率为11.9%。
云南松茸共含有16种氨基酸, 含量为72.16~ 99.01 mg/g[45], 其中必需氨基酸有8种, 占总的氨基酸含量的36.7%~46.5%; 药效氨基酸丰富, 包括蛋氨酸、亮氨酸及赖氨酸等, 其中蛋氨酸含量最高。
云南松茸产量在进15年来呈现出下降趋势[58], 这可能是因为当地从业者和居民对松茸的过度挖掘导致松茸资源枯竭所导致, 未来应加强对于本地松茸品种的保护, 突破人工种植松茸的技术壁垒以达到可持续性发展的目的。
黑龙江省松茸主产区集中在牡丹江流域的鸡西市、牡丹江市东宁县和伊春市的带岭区, 大兴安岭地区也有分布[47]。产地面积约为94 km2, 2013年统计的产量约为45 t, 总体呈现下降趋势[59]。邱李梅[3]统计了东宁县的气象数据发现, 此地年平均气温4.5 ℃左右, 年平均降水量约400~530 mm。松茸的产量与雨水量成正比, 降雨分布均匀有利于松茸的生长。此产区松茸主要生长在海拔370~500 m(如表2)之间的山坡上, 为中国所有产区之最低[48]。土壤质地是以沙砾和石砾为主粗骨质山地暗棕色森林土, 富含硅酸, 土壤有机质分解缓慢, 呈酸性[60]。宋宇婷等[47]利用序列分析技术发现黑龙江省5个产地的松茸根据基因组DNA序列差异可分为2个类群: 穆棱、海林类群和鸡东、东京城、东宁类群。
表2所示, 黑龙江松茸粗蛋白含量为所有产区最高, 脂肪、纤维含量较低, 不同产地的氨基酸含量存在差异[45]。黑龙江松茸氨基酸含量仅次于四川松茸, 其中41.1%为必需氨基酸[49]。与四川、云南、西藏相比, 天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甲硫氨酸等必需氨基酸含量位列4个产区之首。
长白山区的白山市和延边朝鲜族自治州是吉林省松茸的主产区, 其中安图县、图们市、珲春市和龙井市是延边地区松茸的主要小产区(图4)。吉林共有两个松茸自然保护区, 分别为珲春松茸省级自然保护区(1317.21 km2), 龙井天佛指山松茸自然保护区(773.17 km²)松茸产量占长白山区松茸总产量的一半以上[50]。此地区的松茸主要生长在海拔500~800 m(如表2)的赤松林或赤松-蒙古栎混交林中, 多生长于图们江、绥芬河流域, 年平均气温3~5 ℃, 年降水量500~700 mm[51]。土壤是以花岗岩为母质的暗棕色山地土, 养分含量低, 有机质为1.7 %, pH在4.5~5.5, 土壤中砂砾多, 透气性良好[61]
表2所示, 吉林松茸粗脂肪含量仅为0.17%, 远低于其他产区。其中亚油酸、油酸和共轭亚油酸等多种不饱和脂肪酸, 占总脂肪酸的82.6%[52]。此外, 长白山松茸挥发性化合物组成的研究较为深入, 基于GC-IMS、GC-MS分析发现[18], 挥发性化合中主要成分为1-辛醇-3-醇, 含量为(310.99±34.69) μg/g, 与其他地区松茸差异明显。
整体来看东北地区松茸生长海拔相差近300 m, 不同自然环境、松林植被条件下均有松茸生长, 但由于自然条件的不同, 松茸产量、品质及营养成分均有较大差异。此外, 由于与西藏、四川、云南产区在海拔上的巨大差异, 东北产区年平均气温较高, 这是东北松茸与其他产区松茸在品质上差异较大的因素之一。
保健食品是指声称具有特定保健功能或者以补充维生素、矿物质为目的的食品。它适宜于特定人群食用, 具有调节机体功能, 但不以治疗疾病为目的, 且对人体不产生任何急性、亚急性或者慢性危害。目前允许声称的保健食品功效共24种, 在《允许保健食品声称的保健功能目录 非营养素补充剂(2023年版)》中有所规定。现已有较多文献报道了松茸提取物的各种活性功能及作用机制, 说明松茸具备有开发保健食品原料的巨大潜力。但目前市面上含有松茸原料的保健食品种类不多, 通过查询国家市场监督管理总局特殊食品信息查询平台, 目前仅发现两款具有保健食品批文的产品, 分别为好呱呱牌松茸西洋参牛磺酸口服液: 产品使用西洋参、松茸、牛磺酸为主要原料, 经提取、浓缩、热压灭菌等工艺制成, 具有缓解疲劳的功效(2024); 臻久松茸红景天蜂胶软胶囊: 产品以蜂胶、红景天及松茸作为原料经辐照、混合、压丸等工艺制成, 具有增强免疫力的保健功能(2020)。
近年来, 虽然我国松茸因其独特的风味和较高的营养价值在国内外市场获得越来越多的关注, 但产业仍存在一定局限。目前松茸仍以初级农产品售卖为主要的销售方式, 松茸加工以切片烘干/冻干等初加工为主, 深加工技术薄弱, 产品附加值低; 松茸作为食品原料、保健品原料、化妆品原料的附加值未被充分利用, 产业延伸的链条不长, 易受价格波动冲击; 松茸产地多为民族地区, 区域品牌影响力有限, 对外议价能力不足, 产业链韧性低。因此, 我国特色松茸食品产业开发未来可注重以下几方面研究工作:
第一, 加强不同地区松茸道地性品质形成机制研究。不同自然环境、品种遗传特征决定了不同产区松茸的特色, 但目前针对不同产区松茸营养物质成分及含量的系统性对比分析数据匮乏, 松茸品质因子形成的生物学机制不清。建议可通过遗传学、栽培学、生态学、营养学等多学科交叉手段, 明确不同产区松茸独特的营养成分特征, 深入挖掘道地性品质形成的机制。研究结果将有助于研发本地特色的松茸特色产品, 也可指导当地进行松茸原生境的生态保护, 建立可持续的松茸产业发展。
第二, 加强松茸功能性原料及保健食品开发研究。从构建完整的松茸精深加工产品全产业链角度, 展开一系列关键技术的研发工作, 建议包括: (1)松茸提取物保健功能的挖掘: 分析不同松茸提取物活性成分组成, 通过细胞实验、动物实验系统性的验证松茸提取物生物活性并解析生理机制; (2)建立完善的生产标准体系: 构建松茸提取物来源品种溯源以及营养品质分等分级检测技术体系, 优化提取物生产工艺流程, 建立包含从品种溯源、原料分等分级、提取物制备、成品贮藏等生产环节的一整套生产流程与检测标准体系; (3)完成松茸大健康产品储备: 基于不同产区松茸提取物的特色, 开发一批以松茸提取物为主, 其他保健品原料为辅的保健食品组方, 明确生产工艺、制定产品质量标准、获得保健食品批文, 并形成产业化示范。
  • 中南民族大学科研平台经费项目(PTZ24019)
  • 中南民族大学科研平台经费项目(PTZ24018)
  • 中南民族大学学术创新团队经费项目(XTZ24020)
  • 中南民族大学学术创新团队经费项目(CZD24002)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241228001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-28
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中南民族大学科研平台经费项目(PTZ24019)
中南民族大学科研平台经费项目(PTZ24018)
中南民族大学学术创新团队经费项目(XTZ24020)
中南民族大学学术创新团队经费项目(CZD24002)
作者信息
    1.中南民族大学生命科学学院, 武汉 430074
    2.中南民族大学武陵山区特色资源植物种质保护与利用湖北重点实验室, 武汉 430074
    3.贵州科学院, 生物研究所, 贵阳 550009
    4.西南民族大学, 青藏高原动物遗传资源保护与利用教育部/四川省重点实验室, 成都 610225

通讯作者:

* 杨楠(1982—), 男, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为生态学。E-mail:
刘娇(1987—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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