Article(id=1153433639816781909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929609493, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929609493, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929609493, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929609493, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433640844386427, articleId=1153433639816781909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and nuts of Carya illinoensis production areas from Anhui Province, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the pollution of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in soil and nuts in the primary Carya illinoensis production areas of Anhui Province, and evaluate the ecological risk and human health risk. Methods A total of 15 soil and nut samples were collected from the main production areas of Carya illinoensis in Anhui Province, and the pollution characteristics of 14 kinds of OPFRs were analyzed. The ecological risk of soil was evaluated using the risk quotient (RQ) method, and the human health risk of consuming nuts was assessed using a health risk assessment model. Results The concentration range of OPFRs in soil samples from Carya illinoensis production areas in Anhui Province was 162.33-394.48 μg/kg, with an average of 305.83 μg/kg. Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) had the highest detection concentration, at 52.62 μg/kg. The concentration range of OPFRs in nut samples was 127.57-310.81 μg/kg, with an average of 223.93 μg/kg. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) had the highest detection concentration, averaging 46.82 μg/kg. The RQ values of 11 kinds of OPFRs ranged from 3.50×10-5 to 0.47, with tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) having RQ values between 0.1 and 1.0. The remaining RQ values were all less than 0.1. The health risk assessment of human intake of pecan showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of children and adults were both less than 0.1, and the risk of intake of TBEP was higher in children and adults, with the HQ value of adults slightly higher than that of children. Conclusion There is a particular ecological risk of OPFRs in the soil of some production areas of Carya illinoensis in Anhui Province, and the residues of OPFRs in nuts can be ignored in terms of human health risk. This study provides a basis for the safety assessment of novel pollutants in the soil and nuts of Carya illinoensis production areas.

, correspAuthors=Lin-Lin JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-Min SUN, Su-Chuan CHEN, Lin-Lin JI, Wen-Yan HAN, Lu-Jun WANG, Ting PAN, Jun-Pei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433660473729791, articleId=1153433639816781909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=安徽省薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及风险评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 调查安徽省薄壳山核桃主产区产地土壤和果实中有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants, OPFRs)的污染情况, 并对生态风险和人体健康风险进行评估。方法 采集薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实样品各15份, 分析14种OPFRs的污染特征, 采用风险熵值法(risk quotient, RQ)对土壤进行生态风险评价, 利用健康风险评估模型对人体摄入果实进行健康风险评估。结果 薄壳山核桃产地土壤中OPFRs浓度范围为162.33~394.48 μg/kg, 平均值为305.83 μg/kg, 磷酸三辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, TEHP]检出浓度最高, 为52.62 μg/kg; 果实中OPFRs浓度范围为127.57~310.81 μg/kg, 平均值为223.93 μg/kg, TEHP检出浓度最高, 平均值为46.82 μg/kg。11种OPFRs生态风险值(risk quotient, RQ)范围为3.50×10-5~0.47, 磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯[tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, TDCIPP]、磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate, TPhP)、2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, EHDPP)的RQ值在0.1和1.0之间, 其余RQ值均小于0.1。薄壳山核桃果实人体摄入健康风险儿童和成人危险商数(hazard quotient, HQ)值均小于0.1, TBEP在儿童和成人中摄入风险较高, 成人HQ值略高于儿童。结论 安徽省薄壳山核桃部分产地土壤中OPFRs存在一定的生态风险, 果实中的OPFRs残留对人体健康风险可以忽略, 为新型污染物在薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中的安全评估提供了依据。

, correspAuthors=季琳琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 季琳琳(1981—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为经济林研究。E-mail:
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孙维敏(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为经济林研究。E-mail:

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孙维敏(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为经济林研究。E-mail:

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Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 806(3): 151206., articleTitle=Pollution profiles and human health risk assessment of atmospheric organophosphorus esters in an e-waste dismantling park and its surrounding area, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175692551299416126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, awardId=2022YFD2200402, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2200402), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175692547855893501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175692547864282110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, companyId=1175692547855893501, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175692547952361473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, companyId=1175692547935585280, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国林业科学研究院, 北京 100091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175692550087262256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Histogram of OPFRs concentration percentage in soil and nuts, figureFileSmall=sHb/wE0U5hxsJsW+KVCyVQ==, figureFileBig=iLjYcgerUc8o3ezygw4mCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175692550154371121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土壤和果实中OPFRs浓度百分比柱状堆积图, figureFileSmall=sHb/wE0U5hxsJsW+KVCyVQ==, figureFileBig=iLjYcgerUc8o3ezygw4mCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175692550208897074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Correlation analysis of OPFRs in soil, figureFileSmall=+Aq6b7FnRuMrAS0Y6ag/IA==, figureFileBig=RVSfHEs15zSM91zVE2jK7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175692550263423027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤中OPFRs相关性分析

注: *表示显著差异, P<0.05。下同。

, figureFileSmall=+Aq6b7FnRuMrAS0Y6ag/IA==, figureFileBig=RVSfHEs15zSM91zVE2jK7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175692550326337588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation analysis of OPFRs in soil and nuts, figureFileSmall=D1s1LgBSvCQVj1S8WL42Iw==, figureFileBig=5GsSiWXHAUzlNFI6FoXXPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175692550385057845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤和果实中OPFRs相关性分析, figureFileSmall=D1s1LgBSvCQVj1S8WL42Iw==, figureFileBig=5GsSiWXHAUzlNFI6FoXXPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175692550439583798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

CAS number, limits of quantification, limits of detection and recovery rates of 14 kinds of OPFRs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 全称 简写 CAS号 定性/定量离子 定量限
/(μg/kg)
检出限
/(μg/kg)
回收率
/%
烷烃类
(Alkyl-OPFRs)
磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯
(tributoxyethyl phosphate)
TBEP 78-51-3 199/299 1.0 0.3 86.7
磷酸三辛酯
[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate]
TEHP 78-42-2 113/211 1.5 0.5 89.5
磷酸三乙酯
(triethyl phosphate)
TEP 78-40-0 155/117 1.5 0.5 81.7
磷酸三丙酯
(tripropyl phosphate)
TPrP 513-08-6 183/141 1.5 0.4 114.2
磷酸三丁酯
(tri-n-butyl phosphate)
TnBP 126-73-8 155/211 1.5 0.5 92.6
磷酸三甲酯
(trimethyl phosphate)
TMP 512-56-1 368/165 1.5 0.4 93.1
氯代类
(Cl-OPFRs)
磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯
[tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate]
TCEP 115-96-8 249/251 1.5 0.5 83.5
磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯
[Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate]
TCPP 13674-84-5 277/279 1.5 0.5 92.6
磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯
[tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate]
TDCIPP 13674-87-8 379/381 1.5 0.5 102.4
芳香烃类
(Aryl-OPFRs)
磷酸三苯酯
(triphenyl phosphate)
TPhP 115-86-6 326/170 2.0 0.6 94.6
2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯
(2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate)
EHDPP 1241-94-7 251/362 1.5 0.5 92.8
磷酸三邻甲苯酯
(tri-o-cresyl phosphate)
ToCP 78-30-8 165/367 1.5 0.5 89.5
三对甲苯基磷酸酯
(tri-p-cresyl phosphate)
TpCP 78-32-0 165/367 1.5 0.5 93.5
三甲苯磷酸酯
(tri-m-cresyl phosphate)
TmCP 563-04-2 165/367 1.5 0.5 94.6
), ArticleFig(id=1175692550515081271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

14种OPFRs的CAS号、定量限、检出限和回收率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 全称 简写 CAS号 定性/定量离子 定量限
/(μg/kg)
检出限
/(μg/kg)
回收率
/%
烷烃类
(Alkyl-OPFRs)
磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯
(tributoxyethyl phosphate)
TBEP 78-51-3 199/299 1.0 0.3 86.7
磷酸三辛酯
[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate]
TEHP 78-42-2 113/211 1.5 0.5 89.5
磷酸三乙酯
(triethyl phosphate)
TEP 78-40-0 155/117 1.5 0.5 81.7
磷酸三丙酯
(tripropyl phosphate)
TPrP 513-08-6 183/141 1.5 0.4 114.2
磷酸三丁酯
(tri-n-butyl phosphate)
TnBP 126-73-8 155/211 1.5 0.5 92.6
磷酸三甲酯
(trimethyl phosphate)
TMP 512-56-1 368/165 1.5 0.4 93.1
氯代类
(Cl-OPFRs)
磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯
[tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate]
TCEP 115-96-8 249/251 1.5 0.5 83.5
磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯
[Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate]
TCPP 13674-84-5 277/279 1.5 0.5 92.6
磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯
[tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate]
TDCIPP 13674-87-8 379/381 1.5 0.5 102.4
芳香烃类
(Aryl-OPFRs)
磷酸三苯酯
(triphenyl phosphate)
TPhP 115-86-6 326/170 2.0 0.6 94.6
2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯
(2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate)
EHDPP 1241-94-7 251/362 1.5 0.5 92.8
磷酸三邻甲苯酯
(tri-o-cresyl phosphate)
ToCP 78-30-8 165/367 1.5 0.5 89.5
三对甲苯基磷酸酯
(tri-p-cresyl phosphate)
TpCP 78-32-0 165/367 1.5 0.5 93.5
三甲苯磷酸酯
(tri-m-cresyl phosphate)
TmCP 563-04-2 165/367 1.5 0.5 94.6
), ArticleFig(id=1175692550582190136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Concentration ranges of OPFRs in soil and nuts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OPFRs 土壤 果实
浓度范围/(μg/kg) 平均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/% 浓度范围/(μg/kg) 平均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/%
TBEP 15.90~79.27 51.76 100.00 ND~34.65 7.77 93.33
TEHP 26.70~75.80 52.62 100.00 16.31~90.00 46.82 100.00
TEP ND ND 0.00 ND~7.32 2.14 13.33
TPrP ND~7.45 5.46 86.67 ND~9.26 5.68 86.67
TnBP 3.61~17.70 11.06 100.00 8.14~15.02 11.06 100.00
TMP ND~80.00 44.47 80.00 ND~72.07 25.08 86.67
Alkyl-OPFRs 80.78~219.77 166.88 100.00 48.12~180.11 98.54 100.00
TCEP 2.31~29.11 16.76 100.00 5.21~46.12 17.06 100.00
TCPP 16.01~47.87 30.24 100.00 13.82~74.33 33.35 100.00
TDCIPP ND~81.33 22.44 93.33 5.84~73.68 19.10 100.00
Cl-OPFRs 22.15~133.26 69.44 100.00 27.37~137.37 69.50 100.00
TPhP ND~11.24 7.88 93.33 ND~6.54 5.08 73.33
EHDPP 2.14~31.33 12.38 100.00 ND~26.00 6.07 73.33
ToCP 2.87~60.33 32.78 100.00 6.88~75.04 28.31 100.00
TpCP ND~16.15 8.90 86.67 ND~12.82 6.96 93.33
TmCP ND~11.41 7.56 93.33 ND~53.59 9.46 73.33
Aryl-OPFRs 10.42~105.25 69.51 100.00 20.20~94.59 55.89 100.00
ΣOPFRs 162.33~394.48 305.83 100.00 127.57~310.81 223.93 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1175692550661881913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤和果实中OPFRs检出浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OPFRs 土壤 果实
浓度范围/(μg/kg) 平均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/% 浓度范围/(μg/kg) 平均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/%
TBEP 15.90~79.27 51.76 100.00 ND~34.65 7.77 93.33
TEHP 26.70~75.80 52.62 100.00 16.31~90.00 46.82 100.00
TEP ND ND 0.00 ND~7.32 2.14 13.33
TPrP ND~7.45 5.46 86.67 ND~9.26 5.68 86.67
TnBP 3.61~17.70 11.06 100.00 8.14~15.02 11.06 100.00
TMP ND~80.00 44.47 80.00 ND~72.07 25.08 86.67
Alkyl-OPFRs 80.78~219.77 166.88 100.00 48.12~180.11 98.54 100.00
TCEP 2.31~29.11 16.76 100.00 5.21~46.12 17.06 100.00
TCPP 16.01~47.87 30.24 100.00 13.82~74.33 33.35 100.00
TDCIPP ND~81.33 22.44 93.33 5.84~73.68 19.10 100.00
Cl-OPFRs 22.15~133.26 69.44 100.00 27.37~137.37 69.50 100.00
TPhP ND~11.24 7.88 93.33 ND~6.54 5.08 73.33
EHDPP 2.14~31.33 12.38 100.00 ND~26.00 6.07 73.33
ToCP 2.87~60.33 32.78 100.00 6.88~75.04 28.31 100.00
TpCP ND~16.15 8.90 86.67 ND~12.82 6.96 93.33
TmCP ND~11.41 7.56 93.33 ND~53.59 9.46 73.33
Aryl-OPFRs 10.42~105.25 69.51 100.00 20.20~94.59 55.89 100.00
ΣOPFRs 162.33~394.48 305.83 100.00 127.57~310.81 223.93 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1175692550804488250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ecological risk assessment of soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OPFRs 有机碳分配系数
(log KOC)
PNECaqua/(ng/L) PNECsoil/(μg/kg) RQ
范围 平均值
TBEP 4.83 13000a 17578.16 9.00×10-4~4.51×10-3 2.94×10-3
TEHP 6.87 10000a 1482620.50 1.80×10-5~5.10×10-5 3.50×10-5
TEP 1.68 1600000a 1531.62 9.80×10-4 9.80×10-4
TPrP 2.83 252000b 3407.46 4.40×10-4~2.19×10-3 1.60×10-3
TnBP 3.28 66000a 2515.21 1.44×10-3~7.04×10-3 4.40×10-3
TMP 4.36 7010000b 3211796.40 4.70×10-7~2.50×10-5 1.40×10-5
TCEP 2.48 330000b 1993.17 1.16×10-3~1.46×10-2 8.41×10-3
TCPP 2.71 120000a 1230.87 1.30×10-2~3.89×10-2 2.46×10-2
TDCIPP 2.35 12400a 55.52 2.70×10-2~1.46 0.40
TPhP 3.72 160a 16.79 0.12~0.67 0.47
EHDPP 4.21 150a 48.65 0.04~0.64 0.25
ToCP NA NA NA NA NA
TpCP NA NA NA NA NA
TmCP NA NA NA NA NA
ΣOPFRs / / / 0.24~2.82 1.17
), ArticleFig(id=1175692550947094587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土壤生态风险评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OPFRs 有机碳分配系数
(log KOC)
PNECaqua/(ng/L) PNECsoil/(μg/kg) RQ
范围 平均值
TBEP 4.83 13000a 17578.16 9.00×10-4~4.51×10-3 2.94×10-3
TEHP 6.87 10000a 1482620.50 1.80×10-5~5.10×10-5 3.50×10-5
TEP 1.68 1600000a 1531.62 9.80×10-4 9.80×10-4
TPrP 2.83 252000b 3407.46 4.40×10-4~2.19×10-3 1.60×10-3
TnBP 3.28 66000a 2515.21 1.44×10-3~7.04×10-3 4.40×10-3
TMP 4.36 7010000b 3211796.40 4.70×10-7~2.50×10-5 1.40×10-5
TCEP 2.48 330000b 1993.17 1.16×10-3~1.46×10-2 8.41×10-3
TCPP 2.71 120000a 1230.87 1.30×10-2~3.89×10-2 2.46×10-2
TDCIPP 2.35 12400a 55.52 2.70×10-2~1.46 0.40
TPhP 3.72 160a 16.79 0.12~0.67 0.47
EHDPP 4.21 150a 48.65 0.04~0.64 0.25
ToCP NA NA NA NA NA
TpCP NA NA NA NA NA
TmCP NA NA NA NA NA
ΣOPFRs / / / 0.24~2.82 1.17
), ArticleFig(id=1175692551060340796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Health risk assessment of human ingestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OPFRs RfD
/[ng/(kg·day)]
EDI/[ng/(kg·day)] HQ
儿童 成人 儿童 成人
TBEP 1500a 3.11 4.53 2.07×10-3 3.02×10-3
TEHP 100000a 18.73 27.31 1.90×10-4 2.70×10-4
TEP 125000a 0.86 1.25 6.80×10-6 1.00×10-5
TPrP NA 2.27 3.31 / /
TnBP 10000a 4.42 6.45 4.40×10-4 6.50×10-4
TMP NA 10.03 14.63 / /
TCEP 7000a 6.82 9.95 9.74×10-4 1.42×10-3
TCPP 10000a 13.34 19.45 1.33×10-3 1.95×10-3
TDCIPP 20000a 7.64 11.14 3.80×10-4 5.60×10-4
TPhP 70000a 2.03 2.96 2.90×10-5 4.20×10-5
EHDPP 15000a 2.43 3.54 1.60×10-4 2.40×10-4
ToCP NA 11.32 16.52 / /
TpCP NA 2.78 4.06 / /
TmCP NA 3.79 5.52 / /
ΣOPFRs / / / 5.59×10-3 8.15×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1175692551152615485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639816781909, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

人体摄入健康风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OPFRs RfD
/[ng/(kg·day)]
EDI/[ng/(kg·day)] HQ
儿童 成人 儿童 成人
TBEP 1500a 3.11 4.53 2.07×10-3 3.02×10-3
TEHP 100000a 18.73 27.31 1.90×10-4 2.70×10-4
TEP 125000a 0.86 1.25 6.80×10-6 1.00×10-5
TPrP NA 2.27 3.31 / /
TnBP 10000a 4.42 6.45 4.40×10-4 6.50×10-4
TMP NA 10.03 14.63 / /
TCEP 7000a 6.82 9.95 9.74×10-4 1.42×10-3
TCPP 10000a 13.34 19.45 1.33×10-3 1.95×10-3
TDCIPP 20000a 7.64 11.14 3.80×10-4 5.60×10-4
TPhP 70000a 2.03 2.96 2.90×10-5 4.20×10-5
EHDPP 15000a 2.43 3.54 1.60×10-4 2.40×10-4
ToCP NA 11.32 16.52 / /
TpCP NA 2.78 4.06 / /
TmCP NA 3.79 5.52 / /
ΣOPFRs / / / 5.59×10-3 8.15×10-3
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安徽省薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及风险评估
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孙维敏 1 , 陈素传 1 , 季琳琳 1, * , 韩文妍 1 , 王陆军 1 , 潘婷 1 , 张俊佩 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(6): 34-44
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(6): 34-44
安徽省薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及风险评估
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孙维敏1 , 陈素传1, 季琳琳1, * , 韩文妍1, 王陆军1, 潘婷1, 张俊佩2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽省林业科学研究院, 合肥 230088
  • 2.中国林业科学研究院, 北京 100091
  • 孙维敏(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为经济林研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 季琳琳(1981—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为经济林研究。E-mail:
Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and nuts of Carya illinoensis production areas from Anhui Province
Wei-Min SUN1 , Su-Chuan CHEN1, Lin-Lin JI1, * , Wen-Yan HAN1, Lu-Jun WANG1, Ting PAN1, Jun-Pei ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei 230088, China
  • 2. Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930007
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目的 调查安徽省薄壳山核桃主产区产地土壤和果实中有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants, OPFRs)的污染情况, 并对生态风险和人体健康风险进行评估。方法 采集薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实样品各15份, 分析14种OPFRs的污染特征, 采用风险熵值法(risk quotient, RQ)对土壤进行生态风险评价, 利用健康风险评估模型对人体摄入果实进行健康风险评估。结果 薄壳山核桃产地土壤中OPFRs浓度范围为162.33~394.48 μg/kg, 平均值为305.83 μg/kg, 磷酸三辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, TEHP]检出浓度最高, 为52.62 μg/kg; 果实中OPFRs浓度范围为127.57~310.81 μg/kg, 平均值为223.93 μg/kg, TEHP检出浓度最高, 平均值为46.82 μg/kg。11种OPFRs生态风险值(risk quotient, RQ)范围为3.50×10-5~0.47, 磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯[tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, TDCIPP]、磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate, TPhP)、2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, EHDPP)的RQ值在0.1和1.0之间, 其余RQ值均小于0.1。薄壳山核桃果实人体摄入健康风险儿童和成人危险商数(hazard quotient, HQ)值均小于0.1, TBEP在儿童和成人中摄入风险较高, 成人HQ值略高于儿童。结论 安徽省薄壳山核桃部分产地土壤中OPFRs存在一定的生态风险, 果实中的OPFRs残留对人体健康风险可以忽略, 为新型污染物在薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中的安全评估提供了依据。

薄壳山核桃  /  土壤  /  安徽省  /  有机磷阻燃剂  /  风险评估

Objective To investigate the pollution of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in soil and nuts in the primary Carya illinoensis production areas of Anhui Province, and evaluate the ecological risk and human health risk. Methods A total of 15 soil and nut samples were collected from the main production areas of Carya illinoensis in Anhui Province, and the pollution characteristics of 14 kinds of OPFRs were analyzed. The ecological risk of soil was evaluated using the risk quotient (RQ) method, and the human health risk of consuming nuts was assessed using a health risk assessment model. Results The concentration range of OPFRs in soil samples from Carya illinoensis production areas in Anhui Province was 162.33-394.48 μg/kg, with an average of 305.83 μg/kg. Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) had the highest detection concentration, at 52.62 μg/kg. The concentration range of OPFRs in nut samples was 127.57-310.81 μg/kg, with an average of 223.93 μg/kg. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) had the highest detection concentration, averaging 46.82 μg/kg. The RQ values of 11 kinds of OPFRs ranged from 3.50×10-5 to 0.47, with tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) having RQ values between 0.1 and 1.0. The remaining RQ values were all less than 0.1. The health risk assessment of human intake of pecan showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of children and adults were both less than 0.1, and the risk of intake of TBEP was higher in children and adults, with the HQ value of adults slightly higher than that of children. Conclusion There is a particular ecological risk of OPFRs in the soil of some production areas of Carya illinoensis in Anhui Province, and the residues of OPFRs in nuts can be ignored in terms of human health risk. This study provides a basis for the safety assessment of novel pollutants in the soil and nuts of Carya illinoensis production areas.

Carya illinoensis  /  soil  /  Anhui Province  /  organophosphate flame retardants  /  risk assessment
孙维敏, 陈素传, 季琳琳, 韩文妍, 王陆军, 潘婷, 张俊佩. 安徽省薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 34 -44 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930007
Wei-Min SUN, Su-Chuan CHEN, Lin-Lin JI, Wen-Yan HAN, Lu-Jun WANG, Ting PAN, Jun-Pei ZHANG. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and nuts of Carya illinoensis production areas from Anhui Province[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 34 -44 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930007
阻燃剂是合成高分子材料的重要助剂, 主要用于纺织、电子、建筑材料等, 用来降低材料的可燃性, 减缓或者中断材料的燃烧过程。传统溴代阻燃剂由于毒性强, 具有持久性, 逐渐被新型阻燃剂替代[1]。有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants, OPFRs)是一种常见的新型阻燃剂, 由于阻燃效果好, 价格便宜, 因此被广泛应用。传统污染物重金属污染持久、隐蔽性强, 过量能导致全身健康问题[2-3], 相较于传统污染物如重金属, 有机污染物污染机制更复杂, 所产生的危害更隐蔽、更持久。相关研究表明, 有机污染物能够干扰人体内分泌系统, 造成内分泌紊乱[4], 还可以通过食物链不断积累和富集[5], 对动植物以及整个生物群落造成危害, 最终对人类健康产生威胁。
OPFRs在各种环境介质(大气、水体、沉积物、土壤)中均有检出, 例如, 天津市津南区、珠三角和渤海黄海海域大气中OPFRs平均检出浓度分别为5142[6]、1773[7]和150 pg/m3[8]; 南京城区、天津某电子垃圾拆解场区和北京城区大气颗粒物中OPFRs平均检出浓度分别为174.39[9]、11500 [10]和17600 ng/g[11]; 广东北江中上游地表水、汉江武汉段地表水和青海省城区地表水中OPFRs检出质量浓度范围分别为85.8~993[1]、21.2~365[12]和21.8~543 ng/L[13]; 江苏某湖泊沉积物、广东贵屿某电子垃圾拆解地沉积物和广东北江清远段沉积物中OPFRs检出浓度范围分别为0.4~28.7[14]、7.1~2120000[15]和3.3~51.5 ng/g[16]; 青藏高原表层土壤、东北地区表层土壤和长三角农田土壤中OPFRs检出浓度范围分别为1.35~126[17]、19.1~180[18]和79.2~697 ng/g[19]。并且OPFRs在各种动植物体内也普遍检出, 特别是一些食品中, 例如谷物[20]、蔬菜[5]、水果[21]、肉类[22]、奶制品[23]、禽蛋[24]、水产品[25]和海产品[26]等, 这些研究表明OPFRs在环境介质和食物中普遍存在。安徽省是我国薄壳山核桃主产区, 然而目前关于薄壳山核桃产地土壤中OPFRs的研究鲜见报道, 果实中OPFRs的污染情况和人体摄入健康风险均未知。因此有必要研究薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中OPFRs的污染现状, 评估OPFRs污染对种植土壤的生态风险和人体摄入健康风险。
本研究分析了14种OPFRs在薄壳山核桃产地土壤和坚果中的含量, 并评估了OPFRs对土壤的生态风险以及人体摄入的健康风险, 为OPFRs在林业方面的研究提供数据支撑。
安徽省薄壳山核桃果实和土壤样品10~11月份于果实成熟期采集, 样品采集点主要分布于薄壳山核桃主产区, 包括滁州市、合肥市、阜阳市、安庆市8个薄壳山核桃种植公司, 共采集到果实和土壤样品各15份。果实样品采取随机采样法, 选取盛果期果树, 在树冠东南西北4个方位以及上中下3个层次采取果实, 随机选取5~10个果树样品混匀, 样品约为1 kg。样品采回后, 带回实验室阴干至水分小于8%, 手工破壳, 粉碎后装于自封袋中, -20 ℃保存待测。
土壤样品和果实同时采集, 按照随机采样法在果实样品对应的果树下东南西北4个方位采集表层土壤, 深度约为0~20 cm, 每个土壤样品由5~10个样品混匀, 去除表层土壤中的枯枝落叶和土壤中动植物残骸及石块, 样品混匀约为1 kg。样品带回实验室后阴干, 研磨后过100目筛保存待测。
GC-MS 7890N-5977A气相色谱-质谱联用仪、HP-5MS气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国安捷伦公司); 3-18ks高速离心机(德国达姆施塔特默克集团); NBI-12A氮吹仪(上海精其仪器有限公司); SN-Vortex-2漩涡仪(天津市晟科思科技发展有限公司); RD0GP0500超纯水仪(上海乐枫生物科技有限公司); XPR205DU/AC电子天平[精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]。
14种OPFRs标准品(质量浓度为100 mg/L, 上海安谱实验科技公司); 正己烷、二氯甲烷、乙腈、乙酸乙酯(色谱纯, 美国默克公司); 氯化钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
土壤样品前处理参考文献[19]中报道的方法。准确称取土壤样品6 g至20 mL玻璃瓶中, 加入20 mL二氯甲烷和正己烷混合液(体积比为1:1), 拧紧瓶盖, 漩涡1 min, 使得土壤和提取液充分混匀。将混匀后的土壤混合液在超声仪中超声40 min, 静置10 min, 4000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液15 mL于事先准备好的40 mL玻璃瓶中。在土壤中继续加入20 mL二氯甲烷和正己烷混合液(体积比为1:1), 重复上述提取操作, 合并两次提取液, 将提取液氮吹至约3 mL。采用Florisil固相萃取小柱(600 mg)进行净化, 净化步骤如下: 加5 mL二氯甲烷和正己烷混合液(体积比为1:1)活化固相萃取小柱, 然后将氮吹后的提取液匀速滴加到固相萃取小柱, 弃去流出液, 加10 mL乙酸乙酯洗脱目标物并收集洗脱液, 洗脱液氮吹至近干, 加1 mL正己烷溶解, 过0.22 μm有机滤膜, 过滤后样品保存于2 mL色谱进样瓶中, 置于4 ℃冰箱待测。
薄壳山核桃果仁前处理方法参考文献[26]中的方法, 具体操作如如下: 称取均质后的20 g薄壳山核桃果仁样品与50 mL乙腈混合, 混合物经均质机高速混合2 min, 超声60 min, 过滤, 滤液中加入10 g氯化钠后充分混匀, 取上清液25 mL于100 mL圆底烧瓶中, 在旋转真空蒸发仪中蒸发至近干(温度40 ℃)。加入2 mL正己烷充分溶解圆底烧瓶中目标物, 并采用florisil固相萃取柱净化(事先用体积比为1:1的5 mL正己烷和二氯甲烷活化固相萃取柱), 将圆底烧瓶中2 mL正己烷相加入固相萃取柱, 用5 mL正己烷和二氯甲烷混合液(体积比1:1)洗脱固相萃取柱, 收集洗脱液并在旋转真空蒸发仪中蒸发至近干(温度40 ℃), 用正己烷定容至2 mL, 转移至2 mL色谱进样瓶中, 保存于4 ℃冰箱待测。
GC-MS采用选择监测离子模式(single ion monitoring, SIM)分析14种OPFRs, 具体参数如下: 色谱柱温箱初始温度为50 ℃, 10 ℃/min升温至200 ℃, 保持5 min, 15 ℃/min升温至300 ℃, 后运行2 min。高纯氦气为载气, 柱流量为1 mL/min, 进样量为1 μL, 进样口温度为250 ℃, 采用不分流进样。离子源、四极杆和传输线温度分别为230、150和280 ℃。具体方法参数见表1
生态风险评价根据风险熵值法(risk quotient, RQ)[19]对土壤OPFRs的生态污染风险进行评估, 计算公式(1)~(3)如下。
RQ=Csoil/PNECsoil
PNECsoil=foc×Koc×PNECaqua
foc=Som/1.724
式中: RQ代表生态风险熵值; Csoil为土壤中OPFRs浓度(soil concentration), μg/kg; PNECsoil为土壤预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration in soil), μg/kg; foc表示土壤有机碳含量(organic carbon mass content), 取值为0.02; Koc表示有机碳分配系数(organic carbon coefficient); PNECaqua表示水溶液预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration in aquatic organisms), ng/L; Som表示土壤有机质含量(soil organic matter)。RQ值大于或等于1, 表示生态风险高; RQ值介于0.1到1之间, 表示生态风险中等; RQ值小于0.1, 表示生态风险低或者无风险。
食用含有OPFRs的薄壳山核桃果实可能会对人体健康产生威胁, 人体摄入健康风险根据相关参考文献[20]进行评估, 计算公式(4)~(5)如下。
HQ=EDI/RfD
EDI=Ci×CFi/BW
式中: HQ表示OPFRs人体摄入危险商数(hazard quotient, HQ); EDI为OPFRs每日摄入量(every day intake), g/(kg·day); RfD为口服OPFRs暴露剂量值(reference dose), g/(kg·day); Ci表示果实中OPFRs浓度水平(concentration), μg/kg; CFi表示每天消耗果实质量(daily consumption), g/day, 根据中国居民膳食指南(2022)[27]推荐量, 成人为35 g, 儿童为10 g; BW为体重(body weight), kg, 成人60 kg, 儿童25 kg。HQ值大于或等于1, 表示OPFRs人体摄入健康风险为高风险; HQ值在0.1和1.0之间, 表示OPFRs摄入风险为中风险; HQ值小于0.1, 表示OPFRs人体摄入健康风险为低风险或者无风险。
采用Microsoft Excel 2019软件进行数据处理, 采用Origin 2022软件绘图。
安徽省薄壳山核桃主产区产地土壤和果实中14种OPFRs检出浓度如表2所示。土壤中ΣOPFRs浓度范围为162.33~394.48 μg/kg, 平均值为305.83 μg/kg; 检出浓度烷烃类(Alkyl-OPFRs)>氯代类(Cl-OPFRs)>芳香烃类(Aryl-OPFRs), 浓度范围分别为80.78~219.77、22.15~133.26和10.42~105.25 μg/kg, 平均值分别为166.88、69.44和69.51 μg/kg。除TEP外, 其余13种OPFRs在土壤中均有检出, 其中3种烷烃类检出浓度较高, 分别为TBEP、TEHP、TMP, 平均检出浓度分别为51.76、52.62和44.47 μg/kg。
安徽省薄壳山核桃果实中ΣOPFRs浓度范围为127.57~310.81 μg/kg, 平均值为223.93 μg/kg, 均小于土壤中ΣOPFRs的含量。薄壳山核桃果实中检出浓度烷烃类(Alkyl-OPFRs)>氯代类(Cl-OPFRs)>芳香烃类(Aryl-OPFRs), 与土壤中检出规律一致, 浓度范围分别为48.12~180.11、27.37~137.37和20.20~94.59 μg/kg, 平均值分别为98.54、69.50和55.89 μg/kg, 低于土壤中OPFRs含量。14种OPFRs在果实中均有检出, 其中烷烃类TEP检出浓度最低, TEHP检出浓度最高, 平均值为46.82 μg/kg, 与土壤中检出规律一致。
安徽省薄壳山核桃主产区土壤中14种OPFRs组成如图1所示。从平均值和中位值来看, 土壤中3种OPFRs组成排序为: 烷烃类>芳香烃类>氯代类。烷烃类OPFRs中, TBEP和TEHP是检出浓度最高的单体, 浓度分别为51.76 μg/kg和52.62 μg/kg, 占检出浓度的平均值均为17%。TCPP和ToCP分别是氯代类和芳香烃类OPFRs中主要的检出单体, 检出平均浓度分别是30.24 μg/kg和32.78 μg/kg, 占检出浓度的平均值分别为10%和11%。从整体分析, TBEP、TEHP和TMP是检出浓度占比最高的3种化合物, 均为烷烃类, 平均占比分别为17%、17%和15%, 与土壤中OPFRs单体浓度含量大小排序一致。
图1所示, 薄壳山核桃果实中OPFRs组成烷烃类(Alkyl-OPFRs)>氯代类(Cl-OPFRs)>芳香烃类(Aryl-OPFRs), 烷烃类中, TEHP是检出浓度最高的单体, 检出浓度平均值为46.82 μg/kg, 占检出浓度的平均值为21%。TCPP和ToCP分别是芳香烃类和氯代类OPFRs中主要的检出单体, 检出平均浓度分别是33.35 μg/kg和28.31 μg/kg, 分别占检出浓度的15%和13%。所有检出OPFRs中, TEHP、TCPP和ToCP是占比最高的3种化合物, 平均占比分别为21%、15%和13%。
采用斯皮尔曼相关性分析来研究土壤和果实中OPFRs可能的污染来源。土壤中14种OPFRs相关性分析如图2所示。TPrP分别与TnBP (R2=0.85, P≤0.05)、TmCP (R2=0.85, P≤0.05), EHDPP分别与TnBP (R2=0.85, P≤0.05)、TDCIPP (R2=0.92, P≤0.05)呈显著正相关, 表明土壤中这些化合物可能具有相同的来源。TBEP分别与TPhP (R2=-0.53, P≤0.05)、TpCP (R2=-0.56, P≤0.05)呈显著负相关, 表明土壤中这些化合物可能具有不同的来源。
土壤和果实中OPFRs浓度相关性分析如图3所示。TCEP与TDCIPP (R2=0.75, P≤0.05)、TPrP与TnBP (R2=0.67, P≤0.05)、ToCP与TpCP (R2=0.61, P≤0.05)呈显著正相关, 推测果实中这几种污染物可能主要来源于土壤。TPrP与TEP (R2=-0.55, P≤0.05)呈显著负相关, 表明果实中的这几种污染物除了来源于土壤之外, 还可能来源于其他途径。
薄壳山核桃种植土壤生态风险评价如表3所示。除ToCP、TpCP、TmCP未获得相关毒理学数据外, 其余11种OPFRs计算了生态风险。从均值上看, 11种OPFRs的RQ值范围为3.50×10-5~0.47, RQ值在0.1和1.0之间的有3种, 分别为TDCIPP、TPhP、EHDPP, 表示为中等生态风险; 其余8种OPFRs的RQ值在0.1以下, 表示生态风险为低风险。从RQ值分布范围上看, TDCIPP的RQ值在2.70×10-2~1.46之间, 生态风险从低风险到高风险之间; TPhP生态风险从0.12~0.67, 生态风险范围为中风险; EHDPP生态风险从0.04~0.64, 生态风险从低风险到中风险; 其余8种OPFRs的RQ值均小于0.1, 生态风险为低风险。综合得出, 烷烃类均为低风险, 芳香烃类中TPhP、EHDPP和氯代类TDCIPP为中风险。当RQ˂0.1, 也即低风险或者无风险, 从毒理学角度分析, 低风险意味着OPFRs污染对生态环境造成的影响几乎可以忽略不计, 对生物多样性的影响微乎其微。当RQ为中风险时(0.1˂RQ˂1), 土壤中OPFRs污染会造成一定的生态风险, 这主要是OPFRs污染会导致动植物体内细胞信号传导异常, 从而影响正常的生命活动, 例如能量代谢异常, 物质合成和转运受阻、免疫力下降、部分细胞凋亡等, 并且影响土壤中微生物群落结构, 最终对污染区域的生态系统产生不利影响[29]。由于OPFRs具有疏水性和化学性质稳定性, 其进入生物体后容易富集在脂肪含量较高的组织或器官中, 并且在食物链中进行富集, 这意味着越是食物链顶端的消费者, 体内富集的OPFRs浓度越高, 由此产生的风险越高。
薄壳山核桃果实中人体每日OPFRs摄入量(EDI)和人体摄入健康风险评估(HQ)如表4所示。TEHP每日摄入量最高, 儿童和成人分别为18.73 ng/(kg·day)、27.31 ng/(kg·day), 其次是TCPP, 儿童和成人每日摄入量分别为13.34 ng/(kg·day)、19.45 ng/(kg·day)。除去TPrP、TMP、ToCP、TpCP、TmCP人体摄入健康风险评估数据无法获得, TBEP在儿童和成人摄入风险较高, 分别为2.07×10-3、3.02×10-3; TCPP人体摄入健康风险次之, 儿童和成人分别为1.33×10-3和1.95×10-3。TEHP相较于TBEP每日摄入量较高而HQ值较小, 主要是由于TBEP口服暴露剂量值(RfD)较小, 从而导致TBEP人体健康风险评估值较高。综合比较, 成人EDI和HQ均高于儿童, 但总体HQ值均小于0.1, 为低风险, 说明安徽省薄壳山核桃人体摄入健康风险较低。
本研究土壤OPFRs检出平均浓度为305.83 μg/kg, 与国内外其他土壤相比, 高于成都市主城区土壤99.9 ng/g[30]、浙江省土壤24.87 ng/g[31]、青藏高原表层土壤12.6 ng/g[17]、中国水稻田土壤64.74 μg/kg[20]; 低于重庆市街道灰尘794 ng/g[32]、中国电子垃圾回收地区表层土壤829 ng/g[10]; 与长三角农田土壤209.61 μg/kg[19]、中国农田土壤230 ng/g[33]检出浓度接近。人类活动是导致OPFRs污染最主要的原因, 例如电子垃圾拆解区域周边农田土壤中OPFRs检出浓度显著高于其它农田土壤[10], 城市土壤中检出浓度高于农村土壤[34], 这主要是因为电子产品中含有大量OPFRs, 拆解过程中OPFRs释放到周边土壤中, 造成土壤中OPFRs浓度显著高于其他地区, 而城市中由于人口密集和工商业活动集中, 各种污染物排放强度大, 导致城市土壤中OPFRs检出浓度普遍高于农村土壤。此外, 季节也会影响土壤中OPFRs浓度, 例如夏季高于秋季[35], 这主要是因为夏季温度高于秋季, 温度越高, 污染物迁移扩散速率越快, 土壤是OPFRs的汇, 夏季迁移扩散至土壤中OPFRs的含量高于其他季节。果实中OPFRs检出平均浓度为223.93 μg/kg, 高于中国茶叶17.6 ng/g[36]、太湖鱼类1.91 ng/g[25]检出浓度; 低于莱州湾虾体内(477.8 μg/kg)检出浓度[26]和北江中上游沉积物346.46 ng/g[1]检出浓度。此外, 不同的样品前处理方法也会导致检测有差异, 例如采用索氏提取法可以尽可能将目标污染物从土壤中提取[37], 但该方法需要消耗大量提取溶剂, 并且需要长时间提取(一般需要24 h); 加速溶剂萃取法相比于索氏提取法, 具有较高的提取效率, 但该方法对实验设备要求较高[18]; 而采用固液萃取方法具有效率高、设备要求低的优点, 但可能存在对土壤中目标物提取不彻底的问题, 造成检测误差。中国西部某大型城市土壤中, 烷烃类为主要污染物[37], 与本研究中结果相一致。尼泊尔土壤OPFRs中TMPP占比最高, 为35%~49%, 其次是TCIPP[38]; 青藏高原表层土壤中主要污染单体是TNBP与TCEP[17]; 中国三峡大坝地区土壤中TMPP和EHDPP占比最高, 占ΣOPFRs的90%[39]; 中国4省农田土壤中TEHP浓度最高为143 ng/g, 占ΣOPFRs的63%[33]; 中国居民住宅地土壤和中国电子回收地区灰尘和土壤中TCIPP含量最高[10,40]。以上研究与本研究OPFRs单体在土壤中占比不同, 表明不同区域、不同类型土壤中OPFRs单体占比会有一定的差异。
TEHP和TBEP是薄壳山核桃土壤中污染浓度最高的两类单体, TEHP主要用作聚氯乙烯塑料管中, TBEP主要用作聚氯乙烯增塑剂、橡胶制品以及地板抛光剂[41], 农田中OPFRs主要来源于塑料地膜使用[42]。水稻中OPFRs主要来源于大气沉降, 通过降水渗入土壤, 最后被水稻吸收[35]; 中国西藏高海拔地区土壤EHDPP为主要污染物, 推测建筑材料和大气沉降是主要来源[41]。本研究中采集的薄壳山核桃林地主要位于城郊, 推测薄壳山核桃土壤中OPFRs来源有大气沉降, 结合上文分析, 大气沉降主要来源有城市中塑料制品、造纸、建筑装潢等。
本研究中, 烷烃类RQ值均小于0.1为低风险, 芳香烃类中TPhP、EHDPP和氯代类TDCIPP风险熵值在0.1~1.0之间为中风险。与国内外其他研究相比, 中国电子垃圾回收地区表层土壤中TMPP (RQ值: 68.5)、TPHP (RQ值: 2.33)、TCEP (RQ值: 1.42) RQ值大于1, 存在高风险, TCIPP (RQ值: 0.81)、TDCIPP (RQ值: 0.55)、EHDPP (RQ值: 0.14)风险熵值在0.1到1之间[10], 存在中风险, 表明电子垃圾回收地区的OPFRs存在的生态风险高于本研究。电子垃圾回收地区的河流中主要污染单体是TCPP和TPhP, 生态风险在中风险和高风险之间, 其余单体RQ值小于0.1为低风险, 生态风险略高于本研究, 表明电子回收地区河流存在一定的污染风险[15]。中国西藏高海拔地区土壤EHDPP存在中等生态风险(RQ=0.30~0.83), 其余OPFRs单体为低风险[41]; 中国大陆地区农田土壤除TEHP存在中风险, 其余单体RQ值均小于0.1, 均为低风险, 以上研究与薄壳山核桃种植土壤生态风险得出结果相似。
太湖鱼类EDI儿童略高于成人, 可能由于成人鱼类摄入量与体重的比例(0.71)略低于儿童(0.82)有关[25]; 成人摄入米饭健康风险高于儿童, 可能是由于成人摄入更多的大米造成的[5]; 本研究中成人果实摄入量与体重的比例略大于儿童, 可能导致成人摄入OPFRs的健康风险高于儿童。中国水稻中OPFRs人体健康风险评估为低风险[20]; 中国居民住宅地土壤中OPFRs对居民的身体健康风险可以忽略[40]; 电子拆解厂周边大气OPFRs非致癌风险可以忽略, 并且随着时间的推移而减少[43]; 以上研究与本研究中人体摄入薄壳山核桃整体风险为低风险一致。
为全面了解薄壳山核桃产地土壤和果实中污染物污染特征和分布规律, 应扩大污染监测范围(污染区域和污染物种类), 增加土壤和果实样本量分析, 深入研究产地土壤和果实中污染物来源, 明确土壤污染对果实安全品质的影响, 持续监测果实中污染物浓度和人体摄入健康风险, 为薄壳山核桃种植选址和种植管理提供参考依据。
对安徽省薄壳山核桃土壤和果实中14种OPFRs检测发现, 土壤中ΣOPFRs浓度范围为162.33~394.48 μg/kg, 平均值为305.83 μg/kg, 3种烷烃类检出浓度最高, 分别为TBEP、TEHP、TMP, 平均检出浓度分别为51.76、52.62和44.47 μg/kg; 果实中ΣOPFRs浓度范围为127.57~310.81 μg/kg, 平均值为223.93 μg/kg, TEHP检出浓度最高, 平均值为46.82 μg/kg。土壤中组成占比最多的为TBEP、TEHP、TMP, 与土壤中OPFRs单体浓度含量大小排序一致; 果实中组成占比最多的为TEHP、TCPP、以及ToCP。相关性分析表明, 土壤和果实中TPrP与TEP含量具有显著负相关, TPrP与TnBP、TCEP与TDCIPP、ToCP和TpCP具有相同来源。薄壳山核桃种植土壤生态风险评价(RQ)结果表明, TPhP、EHDPP和TDCIPP为中风险, 其余生态风险为低风险。薄壳山核桃果实人体摄入健康风险评估HQ值均小于0.1, 为低风险, 表明安徽省薄壳山核桃人体摄入健康风险处于较低水平。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2200402)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930007
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2200402)
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    1.安徽省林业科学研究院, 合肥 230088
    2.中国林业科学研究院, 北京 100091

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* 季琳琳(1981—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为经济林研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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