Article(id=1153433639804195635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929609489, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929609489, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929609489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929609489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433640550781760, articleId=1153433639804195635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on extraction technology and biological activity of Cyperue esculentust L. oil, columnId=1153433635433730748, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Comprehensive Utilization and Quality Safety of Agricultural Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cyperue esculentust L. oil was a kind of high-quality edible oil rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, protein and other nutrients. This paper reviewed the main extraction technologies of Cyperue esculentust L. oil (supercritical CO2 extraction, subcritical butane extraction, pressing, leaching, aqueous enzymatic extraction, aqueous extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in recent years. By summarizing and analyzing the characteristics of different extraction technologies in practical operation and their effects on the basic physical and chemical properties, fatty acids, sterols, vitamin E and volatile compounds of Cyperue esculentust L. oil, it was suggested that the development of Cyperue esculentust L. oil in the future could focus on 3 aspects: Optimizing the key machinery and equipment of traditional oil extraction technologies (pressing, aqueous extration and leaching) to improve the quality of oil and reducing the production cost of new oil extraction technologies (aqueous enzymatic extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, subcritical butane extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) to increase the popularization feasibility, strengthening the cultivation of new varieties of Cyperue esculentust L. oil with high oleic acid and increasing the research and development of its functions, so as to be beneficial to the industrialization of Cyperue esculentust L. oil.

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油莎豆油是一种富含单不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质等多种营养物质的优质食用油。本文对油莎豆油主要提取技术(超临界CO2萃取法、亚临界流体萃取法、压榨法、浸出法、水酶法、水代法、超声波辅助法和微波辅助萃取法)的近年研究进行了综述, 通过总结分析不同提取技术在实际操作中的特点和对油莎豆油基本理化性质、脂肪酸、甾醇、维生素E和挥发性化合物的影响, 建议未来油莎豆油发展可集中在优化传统榨油技术(压榨法、水代法和浸出法)的关键机械设备来提升油脂品质和降低新型榨油技术(水酶法、超临界CO2萃取法、超声波萃取法、亚临界萃取法、微波辅助萃取法)的生产成本来增加推广可行性、加强对高油酸油莎豆新品种的培育和加大油莎豆油功能研发力度3个方面, 以期为油莎豆油的产业化可持续发展提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=别海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 别海(1981—), 男, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆种质资源及栽培工作。E-mail:
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付尧(1990—), 女, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆栽培育种研究。E-mail:

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付尧(1990—), 女, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆栽培育种研究。E-mail:

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付尧(1990—), 女, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆栽培育种研究。E-mail:

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Molecules, 2023, 28: 2949., articleTitle=Comparative study on the volatile organic compounds and characteristic flavor fingerprints of five varieties of walnut oil in northwest China using headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175086613844603223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=258, pageEnd=267, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=100, authorNames=牛志雅, 王亚杰, 张高虔, journalName=食品工业科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=牛志雅, 王亚杰, 张高虔, 等. 基于GC-IMS技术分析五种市售不同工艺油莎豆油理化品质与风味差异[J]. 食品工业科技, 2024, 45(1): 258-267., articleTitle=基于GC-IMS技术分析五种市售不同工艺油莎豆油理化品质与风味差异, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175086613924295000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=258, pageEnd=267, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=101, authorNames=NIU ZY, WANG YJ, ZHANG GQ, journalName=Science and Technology of Food Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIU ZY, WANG YJ, ZHANG GQ, et al. Analysis of physicochemical quality and flavor differences of five commercially available tiger nut oils with different processes based on GC-IMS technique[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(1): 258-267., articleTitle=Analysis of physicochemical quality and flavor differences of five commercially available tiger nut oils with different processes based on GC-IMS technique, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175086604734574833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, awardId=211100110100, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省重大科技专项(211100110100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175086604843626738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, awardId=222102110382, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技攻关项目(222102110382), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175086600892592283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086600900980892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, companyId=1175086600892592283, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Zhengzhou Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086600905175197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, companyId=1175086600892592283, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=郑州市农业科技研究院, 郑州 450005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175086603157516504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quality indexes of Cyperue esculentust L. oil obtained by different extraction techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 压榨法 超临界CO2萃取法 亚临界丁烷萃取法 水酶法 浸出法 微波辅助萃取法
热榨 冷榨
水分含量/(g/100 g) 0.06[10] 0.09[10], 0.06[17] 0.33[10] 0.48[10] - 0.03[17] -
出油率/% 25.52[12] 24.18[12] 31.23[12] 31.89[12] - - 23.81[33]
酸价/(mg/g) 0.55[10], 2.2[22] 2.99[10], 2.0[22] 0.44[10] 0.49[10] 3.26[24] 1.07[24], 1.3[22] -
过氧化值/(mmol/kg) 0.00[10], 0.11[22] 0.10[10], 0.08[22] 0.01[10] 0.00[10] 1.54[24] 2.00[24], 0.01[22] -
色泽 淡黄[10] 深黄[10] 淡黄[10] 淡黄[10] 深黄[24] 淡黄[24] -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086603266568412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同提取技术所得油莎豆油的品质指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 压榨法 超临界CO2萃取法 亚临界丁烷萃取法 水酶法 浸出法 微波辅助萃取法
热榨 冷榨
水分含量/(g/100 g) 0.06[10] 0.09[10], 0.06[17] 0.33[10] 0.48[10] - 0.03[17] -
出油率/% 25.52[12] 24.18[12] 31.23[12] 31.89[12] - - 23.81[33]
酸价/(mg/g) 0.55[10], 2.2[22] 2.99[10], 2.0[22] 0.44[10] 0.49[10] 3.26[24] 1.07[24], 1.3[22] -
过氧化值/(mmol/kg) 0.00[10], 0.11[22] 0.10[10], 0.08[22] 0.01[10] 0.00[10] 1.54[24] 2.00[24], 0.01[22] -
色泽 淡黄[10] 深黄[10] 淡黄[10] 淡黄[10] 深黄[24] 淡黄[24] -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086603333677277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different extraction techniques on the content of major fatty acids in Cyperue esculentust L. oil (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 压榨法 浸出法 超临界CO2
萃取法
水酶法 微波辅助
萃取法
超声波辅助
萃取法
水代法 文献
冷榨 热榨
棕榈酸 - - 11.93 - 12.34 - - - [24]
硬脂酸 - - 2.93 - 2.47 - - -
油酸 - - 74.85 - 74.07 - - -
亚油酸 - - 8.62 - 9.30 - - -
亚麻酸 - - 0.49 - 0.41 - - -
饱和脂肪酸 - - 15.18 - 15.08 - - -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - 83.96 - 83.75 - - -
棕榈酸 - - - 12.54 - - - - [43]
硬脂酸 - - - 2.57 - - - -
油酸 - - - 69.58 - - - -
亚油酸 - - - 9.42 - - - -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - - 80.29 - - - -
棕榈酸 - - - - - 16.65 - - [33]
硬脂酸 - - - - - 3.71 - -
油酸 - - - - - 64.72 - -
亚油酸 - - - - - 12.45 - -
花生酸 - - - - - 0.86 - -
饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 22.30 - -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 77.70 - -
单不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 64.98 - -
多不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 12.72 - -
棕榈酸 12.95 13.03 12.99 - 12.71 - - 12.54 [20]
硬脂酸 2.49 2.40 2.58 - 2.59 - - 2.09
油酸 74.32 74.22 73.70 - 74.26 - - 76.04
亚油酸 9.55 9.59 9.87 - 9.68 - - 8.78
亚麻酸 0.68 0.76 0.86 - 0.76 - - 0.55
饱和脂肪酸 15.44 15.43 15.57 - 15.30 - - 14.63
不饱和脂肪酸 84.56 84.57 84.43 - 84.70 - - 85.37
多不饱和脂肪酸 10.24 10.35 10.73 - 10.44 - - 9.33
棕榈酸 - - - - - 14.58 - - [34]
硬脂酸 - - - - - 2.68 - -
油酸 - - - - - 70.64 - -
亚油酸 - - - - - 10.65 - -
亚麻酸 - - - - - 0.50 - -
棕榈酸 - - - - - - 12.75 - [30]
硬脂酸 - - - - - - 2.56 -
油酸 - - - - - - 73.96 -
亚油酸 - - - - - - 9.37 -
花生酸 - - - - - - 0.40 -
饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 16.00 -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 84.00 -
单不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 74.50 -
多不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 9.50 -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086603451117791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同提取技术对油莎豆油主要脂肪酸含量的影响(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 压榨法 浸出法 超临界CO2
萃取法
水酶法 微波辅助
萃取法
超声波辅助
萃取法
水代法 文献
冷榨 热榨
棕榈酸 - - 11.93 - 12.34 - - - [24]
硬脂酸 - - 2.93 - 2.47 - - -
油酸 - - 74.85 - 74.07 - - -
亚油酸 - - 8.62 - 9.30 - - -
亚麻酸 - - 0.49 - 0.41 - - -
饱和脂肪酸 - - 15.18 - 15.08 - - -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - 83.96 - 83.75 - - -
棕榈酸 - - - 12.54 - - - - [43]
硬脂酸 - - - 2.57 - - - -
油酸 - - - 69.58 - - - -
亚油酸 - - - 9.42 - - - -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - - 80.29 - - - -
棕榈酸 - - - - - 16.65 - - [33]
硬脂酸 - - - - - 3.71 - -
油酸 - - - - - 64.72 - -
亚油酸 - - - - - 12.45 - -
花生酸 - - - - - 0.86 - -
饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 22.30 - -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 77.70 - -
单不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 64.98 - -
多不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - 12.72 - -
棕榈酸 12.95 13.03 12.99 - 12.71 - - 12.54 [20]
硬脂酸 2.49 2.40 2.58 - 2.59 - - 2.09
油酸 74.32 74.22 73.70 - 74.26 - - 76.04
亚油酸 9.55 9.59 9.87 - 9.68 - - 8.78
亚麻酸 0.68 0.76 0.86 - 0.76 - - 0.55
饱和脂肪酸 15.44 15.43 15.57 - 15.30 - - 14.63
不饱和脂肪酸 84.56 84.57 84.43 - 84.70 - - 85.37
多不饱和脂肪酸 10.24 10.35 10.73 - 10.44 - - 9.33
棕榈酸 - - - - - 14.58 - - [34]
硬脂酸 - - - - - 2.68 - -
油酸 - - - - - 70.64 - -
亚油酸 - - - - - 10.65 - -
亚麻酸 - - - - - 0.50 - -
棕榈酸 - - - - - - 12.75 - [30]
硬脂酸 - - - - - - 2.56 -
油酸 - - - - - - 73.96 -
亚油酸 - - - - - - 9.37 -
花生酸 - - - - - - 0.40 -
饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 16.00 -
不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 84.00 -
单不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 74.50 -
多不饱和脂肪酸 - - - - - - 9.50 -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086603606307042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different extraction techniques on total sterols and major monomers in Cyperue esculentust L. oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 活性成分 含量/(mg/100 g)
冷榨 热榨 超临界CO2萃取法 亚临界丁烷萃取法 浸出法 水酶法
油莎豆粉[20] 总甾醇 220.04 256.41 - - 271.26 217.60
菜油甾醇 41.81 50.06 - - 54.47 42.45
豆甾醇 47.59 53.21 - - 60.24 46.04
β-谷甾醇 130.63 148.74 - - 165.18 129.11
油莎豆[10] 总甾醇 278.59 - 283.48 281.26 - -
脱皮油莎豆[22] 总甾醇 221.90 241.20 - - 251.04 -
菜油甾醇 32.48 37.13 - - 39.49 -
豆甾醇 41.61 44.86 - - 47.11 -
β-谷甾醇 147.81 159.19 - - 164.43 -
未脱皮油莎豆[22] 总甾醇 209.24 250.48 - - 243.86 -
菜油甾醇 31.25 39.96 - - 37.81 -
豆甾醇 38.96 45.96 - - 48.88 -
β-谷甾醇 139.02 164.56 - - 157.18 -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086603715358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同提取技术对油莎豆油中总甾醇及主要单体的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 活性成分 含量/(mg/100 g)
冷榨 热榨 超临界CO2萃取法 亚临界丁烷萃取法 浸出法 水酶法
油莎豆粉[20] 总甾醇 220.04 256.41 - - 271.26 217.60
菜油甾醇 41.81 50.06 - - 54.47 42.45
豆甾醇 47.59 53.21 - - 60.24 46.04
β-谷甾醇 130.63 148.74 - - 165.18 129.11
油莎豆[10] 总甾醇 278.59 - 283.48 281.26 - -
脱皮油莎豆[22] 总甾醇 221.90 241.20 - - 251.04 -
菜油甾醇 32.48 37.13 - - 39.49 -
豆甾醇 41.61 44.86 - - 47.11 -
β-谷甾醇 147.81 159.19 - - 164.43 -
未脱皮油莎豆[22] 总甾醇 209.24 250.48 - - 243.86 -
菜油甾醇 31.25 39.96 - - 37.81 -
豆甾醇 38.96 45.96 - - 48.88 -
β-谷甾醇 139.02 164.56 - - 157.18 -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086603992183016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different extraction techniques on the content of VE in Cyperue esculentust L. oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 VE组分 含量/(mg/100 g)
液压冷榨 液压热榨 超临界CO2萃取法 亚临界丁烷萃取法 浸出法
脱皮油莎豆[19] α-TP 15.37 19.22 - 27.41 -
VE总量 30.94 37.58 - 54.37 -
未脱皮油莎豆[19] α-TP 13.28 18.37 - 25.67 -
VE总量 27.56 36.98 - 51.05 -
油莎豆块茎[42] VE总量 - - 65.70 - -
脱皮油莎豆[22] α-TP 16.77 16.22 - - 13.33
VE总量 24.42 25.12 - - 20.70
未脱皮油莎豆[22] α-TP 14.87 14.64 - - 13.69
VE总量 23.17 23.39 - - 21.46
), ArticleFig(id=1175086604361281771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同提取技术对油莎豆油中VE含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 VE组分 含量/(mg/100 g)
液压冷榨 液压热榨 超临界CO2萃取法 亚临界丁烷萃取法 浸出法
脱皮油莎豆[19] α-TP 15.37 19.22 - 27.41 -
VE总量 30.94 37.58 - 54.37 -
未脱皮油莎豆[19] α-TP 13.28 18.37 - 25.67 -
VE总量 27.56 36.98 - 51.05 -
油莎豆块茎[42] VE总量 - - 65.70 - -
脱皮油莎豆[22] α-TP 16.77 16.22 - - 13.33
VE总量 24.42 25.12 - - 20.70
未脱皮油莎豆[22] α-TP 14.87 14.64 - - 13.69
VE总量 23.17 23.39 - - 21.46
), ArticleFig(id=1175086604478722285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different extraction techniques on volatile components in Cyperue esculentust L. oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 化合物
种类
热榨法 冷榨法 亚临界丁烷
萃取法
超临界CO2
萃取法
含量/(μg/kg) 数量/个 含量/(μg/kg) 种类/个 含量/(μg/kg) 种类/个 含量/(μg/kg) 种类/个
油莎豆[12] 杂环类 5931.07 20 582.85 5 2133.62 2 26.38 1
酸类 2553.00 3 2239.62 8 3603.69 2 1615.58 2
醛类 1575.94 10 5774.33 18 15407.40 11 432.92 4
酮类 1024.39 9 231.80 7 3507.00 4 - -
醇类 1296.07 6 1348.11 9 6970.41 7 91.94 2
酯类 500.52 5 388.75 10 7921.87 9 99.83 2
烯烃类 109.78 6 56.39 3 1427.21 4 15942.35 12
烷烃类 37.08 1 386.61 3 5970.26 1 - -
苯类 - - 91.29 3 3236.73 5 28945.01 5
脱皮
油莎豆[15]
杂环类 14.68 15 1.23 12 0.25 6 - -
酸类 0.62 6 0.55 7 0.78 6 - -
醛类 35.29 20 14.07 23 9.80 16 - -
酮类 1.55 9 0.48 6 0.10 6 - -
醇类 3.14 10 1.53 8 2.45 13 - -
酯类 1.97 16 0.43 13 2.87 15 - -
烯烃类 1.02 17 0.37 16 1.74 22 - -
烷烃类 4.07 42 8.77 41 6.02 37 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1175086604550025455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433639804195635, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同提取技术对油莎豆油中挥发性成分含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 化合物
种类
热榨法 冷榨法 亚临界丁烷
萃取法
超临界CO2
萃取法
含量/(μg/kg) 数量/个 含量/(μg/kg) 种类/个 含量/(μg/kg) 种类/个 含量/(μg/kg) 种类/个
油莎豆[12] 杂环类 5931.07 20 582.85 5 2133.62 2 26.38 1
酸类 2553.00 3 2239.62 8 3603.69 2 1615.58 2
醛类 1575.94 10 5774.33 18 15407.40 11 432.92 4
酮类 1024.39 9 231.80 7 3507.00 4 - -
醇类 1296.07 6 1348.11 9 6970.41 7 91.94 2
酯类 500.52 5 388.75 10 7921.87 9 99.83 2
烯烃类 109.78 6 56.39 3 1427.21 4 15942.35 12
烷烃类 37.08 1 386.61 3 5970.26 1 - -
苯类 - - 91.29 3 3236.73 5 28945.01 5
脱皮
油莎豆[15]
杂环类 14.68 15 1.23 12 0.25 6 - -
酸类 0.62 6 0.55 7 0.78 6 - -
醛类 35.29 20 14.07 23 9.80 16 - -
酮类 1.55 9 0.48 6 0.10 6 - -
醇类 3.14 10 1.53 8 2.45 13 - -
酯类 1.97 16 0.43 13 2.87 15 - -
烯烃类 1.02 17 0.37 16 1.74 22 - -
烷烃类 4.07 42 8.77 41 6.02 37 - -
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油莎豆油提取技术及其生物活性研究进展
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付尧 , 张东举 , 别海 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025,16(6): 151-160
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025, 16(6): 151-160
油莎豆油提取技术及其生物活性研究进展
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付尧 , 张东举, 别海*
作者信息
  • 郑州市农业科技研究院, 郑州 450005
  • 付尧(1990—), 女, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆栽培育种研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 别海(1981—), 男, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆种质资源及栽培工作。E-mail:
Research progress on extraction technology and biological activity of Cyperue esculentust L. oil
Yao FU , Dong-Ju ZHANG, Hai BIE*
Affiliations
  • Zhengzhou Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450005, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203003
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油莎豆油是一种富含单不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质等多种营养物质的优质食用油。本文对油莎豆油主要提取技术(超临界CO2萃取法、亚临界流体萃取法、压榨法、浸出法、水酶法、水代法、超声波辅助法和微波辅助萃取法)的近年研究进行了综述, 通过总结分析不同提取技术在实际操作中的特点和对油莎豆油基本理化性质、脂肪酸、甾醇、维生素E和挥发性化合物的影响, 建议未来油莎豆油发展可集中在优化传统榨油技术(压榨法、水代法和浸出法)的关键机械设备来提升油脂品质和降低新型榨油技术(水酶法、超临界CO2萃取法、超声波萃取法、亚临界萃取法、微波辅助萃取法)的生产成本来增加推广可行性、加强对高油酸油莎豆新品种的培育和加大油莎豆油功能研发力度3个方面, 以期为油莎豆油的产业化可持续发展提供理论支撑。

油莎豆油  /  提取技术  /  理化性质  /  脂肪酸  /  甾醇  /  维生素E  /  挥发性化合物

Cyperue esculentust L. oil was a kind of high-quality edible oil rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, protein and other nutrients. This paper reviewed the main extraction technologies of Cyperue esculentust L. oil (supercritical CO2 extraction, subcritical butane extraction, pressing, leaching, aqueous enzymatic extraction, aqueous extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in recent years. By summarizing and analyzing the characteristics of different extraction technologies in practical operation and their effects on the basic physical and chemical properties, fatty acids, sterols, vitamin E and volatile compounds of Cyperue esculentust L. oil, it was suggested that the development of Cyperue esculentust L. oil in the future could focus on 3 aspects: Optimizing the key machinery and equipment of traditional oil extraction technologies (pressing, aqueous extration and leaching) to improve the quality of oil and reducing the production cost of new oil extraction technologies (aqueous enzymatic extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, subcritical butane extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) to increase the popularization feasibility, strengthening the cultivation of new varieties of Cyperue esculentust L. oil with high oleic acid and increasing the research and development of its functions, so as to be beneficial to the industrialization of Cyperue esculentust L. oil.

Cyperue esculentust L. oil  /  extraction technology  /  physical and chemical properties  /  fatty acids  /  sterol  /  vitamin E  /  volatile compounds
付尧, 张东举, 别海. 油莎豆油提取技术及其生物活性研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203003
Yao FU, Dong-Ju ZHANG, Hai BIE. Research progress on extraction technology and biological activity of Cyperue esculentust L. oil[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203003
油莎豆(Cyperue esculentust L.)又名油莎草、人参果、祖鲁坚果、地下板栗, 为莎草科莎草属草本植物, 因其地下块茎外形似豆而得名[1]。油莎豆原产于非洲, 于1952年引入我国, 现在新疆、吉林、河南、内蒙古等地均有种植[2]。油莎豆干豆产量为7.5~15 t/hm2, 按20%出油率计算, 每公顷产油量为2250~4500 kg, 约为大豆的4倍、油菜的2倍、花生的1.5倍, 故油莎豆因其适应性广、生育期短、生物量大、含油量高和富有其他多种高附加值而被誉为“油料作物之王”[3-4]。油莎豆油提取自油莎豆, 油脂内富含不饱和脂肪酸、植物甾醇、维生素E (vitamin E, VE)等丰富的生物活性成分, 是一种性能稳定、不易变质、易于吸收的优质植物油。同时, 油莎豆油还具有预防心脑血管疾病、缓解血脂升高等保健功效, 又因其具有较强的抗氧化力, 亦可作为工业机械专用油的原材料[5]
目前, 油莎豆在制油技术、工艺条件和效果方面不明确的问题在很大程度上制约了油莎豆油加工业的发展。同时, 我国市场上存在的油莎豆油产品质量参差不齐, 缺少统一制定的行业标准。因此, 综合比较不同油莎豆油提取技术特点及其制油的品质数据, 有助于在面对不同制油需求时, 能更高效地选择适宜的提油生产技术。目前, 已知油莎豆油的主要提取技术有超临界CO2萃取法、亚临界流体萃取法、压榨法、水酶法、水代法、溶剂浸出法及其衍生而来的微波辅助萃取法和超声波辅助萃取法等。但不同制油提取技术获得的油莎豆油在油脂品质、出油率、工艺难易程度、设备成本及环保效果均有所不同[6]。故本文针对油莎豆油常见提取技术的工艺流程和提取效果进行综述, 比较分析不同提取工艺对油莎豆油基本理化性质、脂肪酸及生物活性成分的影响, 以期为油莎豆油产业化发展和油莎豆油精加工奠定理论基础。
超临界CO2萃取法是指利用压力和温度对超临界流体溶解能力的影响, 来实现化合物分离提纯的新型提取技术[7-8]
超临界CO2萃取法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→粉碎→装入超临界萃取釜→设定萃取压力、温度和时间→减压降温→分离→油莎豆油。
超临界CO2萃取法具有萃取条件温和、出油效率高等优点, 但因其萃取设备工厂化成本较高, 故在产业化发展上会受到一定的限制。MOHAMED等[9]通过实验对比发现将压榨法和超临界CO2萃取法结合能够更快速高效地获得油莎豆油并提取到更多的酚类物质。邓淑君[10]利用不同提取方法对油莎豆油的基本理化指标进行比较, 发现超临界CO2萃取法的得油率为31.23 g/100 g, 酸值为0.44 mg/g, 过氧化值为0.01 g/100 g。其中, 油脂中多不饱和脂肪酸含量为49.63 mg/g, 较螺旋压榨法、液压法和亚临界萃取法获得的含量均有显著增加。这说明超临界CO2萃取法对油莎豆油中不饱和脂肪酸具有较好的提取效果。同时, 因为萃取过程是在封闭环境下进行, 减少了油脂氧化酸败的发生, 故获得的油莎豆油色泽上更加清亮透明。段蕾等[11]采用3种方法提取油莎豆油, 经过比较过氧化值、共轭二烯、共轭三烯数值含量一致得出超临界CO2萃取法所得油莎豆油的氧化稳定性相对最弱, 在储藏过程中易发生腐败酸化。邓淑君等[12]研究4种提取工艺对油莎豆油气味活力值的影响得知, 不同提取技术获得的风味物质数量类型均有所不同, 仅有己醛一种为共有成分, 其中超临界CO2萃取样品中的关键风味物质共8种, 原油整体呈现以烯烃类为主的柑橘和草本香气。
亚临界流体萃取法是选用亚临界流体作萃取剂, 根据有机物相似相溶原理, 利用调整压力等手段实现萃取剂与目标产物分离的一种新型萃取技术[13]。目前, 适合作为亚临界溶剂的有丙烷、丁烷、二甲醚、四氟乙烷、液氨, 其中最为常用的是丁烷。
亚临界流体萃取法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→轧坯处理→置于萃取罐内→加入萃取剂进行萃取→压缩机脱溶→破真空分离→油莎豆油。
亚临界流体萃取法具有环境封闭、萃取条件温和、油质安全等优势, 也因此在油脂加工领域广受欢迎[14]。连四超[15]以萃取后油莎豆粕的残油率为考察指标, 确定亚临界萃取油莎豆油的最佳工艺条件为: 萃取温度45 ℃、萃取时间50 min、液固比8:1 (mL/g)。此条件下油莎豆粕的残油率仅为2.91%, 萃取效果极佳。同时, 利用亚临界流体法对脱皮油莎豆进行萃取获得的油莎豆油酸值仅为1.61 mg/g, 过氧化值为2.52 mmol/kg。
压榨法是利用机械外力不断压缩油料, 将其油脂挤压出来的一种传统取油方法。根据压榨前是否需要进行热处理, 可分为热榨法和冷榨法。热榨法因其易于操作且获得油脂香味浓郁而在我国农村广泛应用, 但高温加热后易导致对人体有害的苯并芘生成, 故而存在不可忽视的安全风险[16]。冷榨法因其操作过程始终低于60 ℃, 使其在保留油莎豆油天然风味方面优势突出。根据榨油设备不同, 又可将压榨法分为螺旋压榨法和液压法。螺旋压榨法操作前需对油莎豆进行高温处理, 故与热榨法相似, 存在易产生有害物质的缺点。液压法无需高温处理, 能更好地保留油莎豆油中的多重营养成分, 若出油率能够进一步提升, 将会拥有更为广阔的应用前景。
压榨法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→粉碎→设置不同温度(冷榨、热榨)→螺旋榨油机/液压榨油机→二次压榨→油莎豆油。
田瑜[17]比较压榨法和浸出法对油莎豆油特征指标和质量指标的影响发现, 压榨油在获得酸价(0.76 mg/g)、过氧化值(0.92 mmol/Kg)、碘值(82.52 g/100 g)和皂化值(195.88 mg/g)方面表现均优于浸出油, 表明压榨法在获取原油纯度上效果更佳。在获得甾醇和磷脂方面, 由于此两种物质更易在有机溶剂中流出, 故浸出油中的含量高于压榨油。GUO等[18]对压榨法萃取的油莎豆油进行分析, 发现在油莎豆油脂肪酸组成方面, 与亚临界流体萃取方式无明显差异。连四超等[19]发现在油莎豆进入压榨程序前, 利用搓刮式脱皮设备对油莎豆种皮进行脱皮, 在油莎豆水分含量为12%、脱皮时长为9 min的情况下, 能较好地保证高水平的脱皮率和豆仁得率。同时, 压榨前采用液压榨油机将油莎豆粉碎料经过30 min的70~80 ℃湿润蒸坯处理, 可在提升压榨饼残油率方面表现出积极效果。
浸出法是通过有机溶剂浸泡油料后提取油脂的一种方法, 常用有机溶剂包括石油醚、正己烷、乙醇等。传统的浸出法工艺简单, 对不同油料品种适应力强, 获得油品的天然风味、色泽和质量较好, 但需要注意的是浸出法容易产生溶剂残留, 不够环保的同时还存在一定的安全隐患。
浸出法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→粉碎→选定溶剂、料液比、提取温度和时间→有机溶液浸提→过滤→回收溶剂→烘干去除溶剂残留→油莎豆油。
王亚杰等[20]对比5种提取技术对油莎豆油得油率的影响发现, 用正己烷作有机溶剂对油莎豆油提取效果最佳, 得油率可达88.31%, 且油脂中生育酚、总酚和植物甾醇含量均为所有方法中最高。辛明航等[21]采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术比较4种提取方法对油莎豆油挥发性化合物组成及相对含量的影响时发现, 不同提取方法提取到的风味化合物数量无明显差别, 其中浸出法提取的样品中戊烷相对含量较高(25.41%), 因为戊烷是此实验中使用的有机溶剂石油醚的主要成分, 猜测是提取油脂时溶剂残留所致。宋二立等[22]用4种不同品质的油莎豆为原材料, 采取3种提取方法制取油莎豆油样品, 发现浸出油氧化诱导时间(29.47~39.77 h)远远高于热榨法和冷榨法, 说明浸出法获得的油莎豆油具备更好的氧化稳定性。李超颖等[23]探索不同提取条件下油莎豆油品质时发现, 浸出法获得的油脂中酸值为5.06 mg/g, 明显高于其他两种提取方法, 浸出法的得油率最高可达89.65%, 且提取时间较其他2种方法大大缩短。刘秀妨等[24]采用浸出法得到的油莎豆油油脂色泽较浅, 透明度不高且存在溶剂残留带来的少许异味。同时, 浸出法采用有机溶剂能够更有效地把油脂内抗氧化能力较强的物质提取出来, 故而获得的油莎豆油具有更强的抗氧化能力。
水酶法是一种使用机械破碎原始油料后, 利用酶降解植物细胞壁释放油料内部油脂的制油方法, 常见酶制剂有蛋白酶、淀粉酶和果胶酶等。水酶法的独特优势在于酶制剂的加入会确保提取过程更加绿色环保, 而无法大规模推广的重要原因也在于酶制剂的使用所带来的高经济成本。
水酶法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→粉碎→缓冲液调pH→水浴处理→酶解反应→离心分离→破乳→油莎豆油。
靳俊莹[25]利用水酶法对提取油莎豆油最佳条件进行优化时发现, 当提取条件为料液比1:5 (g/mL)、碱性蛋白酶添加量1.70%、酶解pH=8.6、酶解温度55 ℃、酶解时间4.6 h时提油率效果最好, 最高可达80.43%。陈星等[26]通过水酶法对油莎豆油进行提取发现, 影响油莎豆油得油率的主次因素依次为酶的种类、加酶量和酶解时间。同时, 在加酶量2.5%, 酶解时间5 h条件下利用豆粕专用酶制油, 可获得92.12%油得率。严寒等[27]选用纤维素酶进行水酶法提取工艺优化试验, 发现水酶法制油影响因素由大到小为: 加酶量>酶解温度>料液比>酶解时间。同时, 酶解前将样品置于70 ℃水浴20 min的预处理也有助于得油率的提升。敬思群等[28]采用碱性蛋白酶和纤维素酶复合酶提取油莎豆油的效果比单一水酶法提油效果要好且油脂品质高。高芳芳等[29]借助超声波预处理辅助水酶法获得的油莎豆油提取率比单一水酶法获得的提取率要高出10%, 这可能是因为酶制剂和超声波的组合能够更好地破解细胞, 值得注意的是操作中超声功率应控制在一定使用范围内方可达到此效果[30]
微波辅助萃取法是一种利用高频电磁波的穿透作用造成被萃取物有效成分流出并溶解于萃取介质中, 再通过过滤分离得到油脂的现代化提取技术[31]。超声波辅助萃取法是一项利用超声波辐射压强产生的多级效应加速目标成分进入溶剂来实现提取的成熟萃取技术。微波辅助萃取法和超声波辅助萃取法在保证油脂品质的同时大大缩短了提取时间, 其中微波辅助萃取法因速度快、效率高、溶剂消耗量少而被广泛应用于环境、生物、食品等领域[32]
微波辅助萃取法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→粉碎→与溶剂混合后置于微波反应釜中→设置微波时间和温度→冷却过滤→回收溶剂→干燥→油莎豆油。
超声波辅助萃取法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→粉碎→超声辅助溶剂提取→常温离心→蒸发溶剂→干燥恒重→油莎豆油。
段蕾等[33]对微波辅助提取油莎豆油的条件进行优化, 发现在温度30℃、微波功率609 W、提取时长15 min、料液比1:10 (g/mL)时, 油莎豆油得率最高。所提取的油莎豆油脂肪酸中油酸和亚油酸含量分别达到64.717%和12.453%。彭丹等[34]利用微波辅助萃取法对油莎豆油脂进行提取, 筛选出最佳工艺条件为石油醚(30~60 ℃)作提取溶剂, 液料比10:1 (mL/g)、微波时间120 s、微波功率325 W, 此条件下油莎豆油的提取率最高可达91.72%。胡炜东等[35]采用超声波辅助法筛选出超声波提取油莎豆油优化工艺为: 温度39 ℃, 超声时间20.5 min, 超声功率128 W, 料液比1:10 (m:V), 此条件下油莎豆油提取率达到92.14%。
水代法是一种利用特定条件下, 水与蛋白质亲和力更强的特性而以水代油获得油脂的提取技术。水代法提取工艺环保简单, 但在提取过程中易产生乳状液而存在降低提油效果的情况。
水代法提取油莎豆油的工艺流程为:
油莎豆→清洗烘干→水混合后水浴加热→调pH→离心取上层清液→冷冻→解冻后再次离心→油莎豆油。
王亚杰等[20]比较5种提取技术下油莎豆油营养成分时发现, 水代法获得的油莎豆油脂肪酸中油酸含量达到76.04%, 与其他提取技术下的油酸含量存在显著差异的升高。
表1比较了不同提取技术所得油莎豆油的品质指标, 从出油率来看, 超临界CO2萃取法和亚临界丁烷萃取法的出油率均超过30%[12], 表现出了更高的油脂萃取能力。从酸价和过氧化值来看, 压榨法的含量要高于同期试验的其他提取方法, 这可能与压榨过程中因暴露而导致的油脂氧化水解有关[10,22]。水酶法的酸价含量显著高于浸出法[24], 可能与水酶法提取过程中的酶解作用和高温环境有关。
油莎豆油富含不饱和脂肪酸且组成成分与橄榄油相似, 是一种天然优质的食用植物油脂[36]。油莎豆油中含量最高的油酸具有有效降低患冠心病和心血管疾病概率、调节血脂平衡等功效[37-40], 亚油酸具有有效提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、减少脂质在血管壁上累积、有效改善血管壁的功能[41-42]表2列出了不同学者采用不同提取技术对油莎豆油中主要脂肪酸类型和含量的测定。据表2可知, 不同提取技术获得的油莎豆油脂肪酸组成类型无明显差异, 含量由高到低依次为: 油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸等, 其中油酸的含量远远高于其他类型脂肪酸, 亚油酸含量在8.62%~12.45%。段蕾等[33]和彭丹等[34]均采用微波辅助萃取法对油莎豆油进行提取, 得出的油莎豆油中油酸含量却有所差距, 这可能与试验中设置的提取溶剂、微波功率和微波时间不同导致。表中除超临界CO2萃取法[43]和微波辅助萃取法[33]提取的油酸含量不足70%, 其余提取技术获得的油酸含量均在74%左右, 这可能与两种方法在萃取过程中受到多重萃取条件影响有关。因而, 在进行油莎豆油提取技术选择时, 对受多因素影响的萃取方法应注重萃取条件的优化, 方能达到目标脂肪酸的理想含量。
植物甾醇是一种可通过降低胆固醇来有效预防心脑血管疾病的天然活性物质[43-45]。油莎豆油中的甾醇含量(约1000 μg/g)高于橄榄油(约100 μg/g), 是一种新型优质的保健食用油[46-48]表3对不同提取技术中得到的油莎豆油甾醇含量进行比较可知, 油莎豆油中甾醇类型主要包括β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇和菜油甾醇, 其中β-谷甾醇含量占总甾醇含量一半以上。在总甾醇含量比较方面, 浸出法与热榨法在获取甾醇效果上要优于液压冷榨法和水酶法, 这可能是因为有机溶剂和适度的加热处理能更大程度地破坏细胞, 进而有助于甾醇的流出[20,22]。邓淑君[10]比较了液压冷榨法、超临界CO2萃取法和亚临界丁烷萃取法提取油莎豆油中总甾醇含量时发现, 3种方法对油莎豆油甾醇总含量的影响无明显差异。种皮处理方面, 经过脱皮处理的油莎豆在液压冷榨和浸出法提取技术中获得的总甾醇含量要高于未脱皮处理的油莎豆, 这可能与油莎豆较厚的种皮影响甾醇的提取效果有关[22]。根据上述研究比较, 为了更好的获得油莎豆油总甾醇, 可结合适当的油莎豆前期处理以及选取带有加热程序的提取技术。
VE是一种具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎功能的重要营养物质, 也是人体维持正常生理代谢的必要维生素之一[49-50]。根据其分子结构可分为生育酚和生育三烯酚两大类, 每类按照色原醇环上甲基位置分为αβγδ 4种, 其中生物活性最强的是α-生育酚(α-tocopherol, α-TP)[51]表4列出了不同提取技术获得的油莎豆油中α-TP含量和VE总含量。据表可知, 不同提取技术对油莎豆油VE的含量会产生不同程度的影响。根据提取α-TP和VE含量由高到低的技术排序为: 亚临界丁烷萃取法>液压热榨法>液压冷榨法[19]。液压热榨法在获取VE的效果要略微优于液压冷榨法, 可能是适当的热处理对油料细胞的破坏更有利于VE的溶出[19,22]。亚临界丁烷萃取法萃取的油莎豆油中VE含量表现效果明显优于压榨法, 这可能是生育酚分子结构更能加强与弱极性溶剂的亲和力, 使得生育酚在此条件下更易溶出。浸出法在提取VE的过程中表现效果不佳, 超临界CO2萃取法提取效果良好。种皮处理方面, 油莎豆经过脱皮处理后制取的油莎豆油在VE总含量表现上要略微优于未进行脱皮处理的油莎豆[19,22]。因此, 适当的脱皮处理和萃取过程中的热处理能够在一定程度上有助于油莎豆油中VE的获取, 可为技术选择上提供一定的参考。
食用植物油中的风味挥发物质会在很大程度上影响消费者的感官评价和选择[52]。不同的制油提取技术会影响食用植物油中脂肪氧化的分解和脂溶性化合物的挥发, 导致产生的挥发性化合物种类和含量有所不同, 进而影响植物油的风味[53-54]表5比较了不同提取技术对油莎豆油中挥发性成分的影响发现, 热榨法和冷榨法在获取挥发性化合物种类方面差异不明显, 但均明显优于亚临界丁烷萃取法[12,15]。超临界CO2萃取法在获取挥发性化合物方面最不丰富。邓淑君等[12]分析4种萃取方法关键风味物质贡献度前两位分别为: 冷榨法是醛类和酯类, 热榨法是醛类和杂环类, 亚临界丁烷萃取法是醛类和酯类, 超临界CO2萃取法是烯烃和醛类。辛明航等[21]比较4种提取技术获得的油莎豆油挥发性化合物种类发现, 超临界CO2萃取法有34种, 压榨法有51种, 浸出法有59种, 水酶法获得的种类最多, 达到70种, 4种方法共有的挥发性化合物有22种。其中, 超临界CO2萃取法主要挥发性化合物为醛类化合物(36.71%)和酯类化合物(23.21%), 关键风味化合物为壬醛、柏木脑和十二醛等; 压榨法主要挥发性化合物为醛类化合物(25.64%)和酯类化合物(22.81%), 关键风味化合物为壬醛、十二醛和4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚等; 浸出法主要挥发化合物为烷烃类化合物(31.07%)和醛类化合物(12.93%), 关键风味化合物为壬醛、2-乙基-3,6-二甲基吡嗪和柏木脑; 水酶法主要挥发化合物为酯类化合物(45.66%)和醛类化合物(19.57%), 关键风味化合物为壬醛、柏木脑和4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚。由此可知, 油莎豆油的风味并非由一种挥发性化合物决定, 不同风味之间的差别也可为鉴别提取技术提供一定的思路。牛志雅等[55]运用气相离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy, GC-IMS)技术分析比较5种不同提取技术获取的油莎豆油挥发性化合物可知, 物理压榨法和热榨法提取的油莎豆油醛类物质含量均超过50%, 赋予了油莎豆油更浓郁的果香、清香风味。另外, 热榨提取技术在获取酯类和呋喃类物质时表现最好, 有助于赋予油莎豆油更多的甜香味。亚临界萃取法在获取油酮类物质方面效果最佳, 帮助原油整体风味更加饱满。
油莎豆油作为一款优质保健食用油, 在国内高端食用油市场中具有强大潜力。但由于目前国内关于油莎豆油的相关研究仍处于起步阶段, 各提取技术在油莎豆油品质、提取率、设备成本等方面各有利弊, 现有的油莎豆油加工生产规模小, 效率低, 急需对可规模化产业化的制油技术进行比较筛选, 故本文对不同油莎豆油提取技术的研究进展进行了综述, 分析不同提取技术的优缺点, 并对比不同提取技术获取的油莎豆油中基本理化性质、脂肪酸、甾醇、VE和挥发性化合物种类和含量。总结发现: 压榨法工艺流程简便易于推广, 热冷榨法在得油率上无明显差别, 但热榨法在获得甾醇和挥发性化合物的效果要优于冷榨法。综合比较其他方法, 压榨法更适合在对出油率及油脂品质要求不高时采用; 浸出法也是一项比较成熟的传统应用技术, 尤其在对低含油料作物进行提取时效果更好, 但浸出法由于采用的有机溶剂存在易燃易爆的风险, 存在一定安全隐患。同时获得的混合油中杂质较多, 仍需进一步投入精炼对原油品种进行优化; 水酶法获取的原油在保证较高得油率的同时还不需高温处理, 无废水废渣非常环保, 目前无法大规模推广可能是受限于酶和特定的控制系统带来的高操作成本, 未来若能在优化酶制剂方面有所突破, 降低生产成本, 水酶法会在很大程度上成为可大规模推广的一种绿色制取油莎豆油的工业技术; 水代法操作过程简单, 设备及生产成本都不高, 但水代法的出油率较低, 且因需要消耗大量的水来推动油脂的提取, 故产生的废水会对环境造成一定污染; 超临界CO2萃取法、超声波辅助萃取法和微波辅助萃取法在获得油料作物得油率方面表现出了一定的不稳定性, 这可能与萃取功率、时间、温度等萃取条件不同导致, 故此类型方法若不能在提取前进行条件的筛选与优化, 将很难获得预期的原油品质; 亚临界流体萃取法获得的原油品质极佳, 虽然在挥发性化合物数量上表现欠佳, 可能会在一定程度上影响原油的风味, 但在其他营养物质的获得上表现优异, 也是一项未来可重点关注的环保安全的提取技术。
根据不同提取技术的特点, 建议在推动油莎豆油产业化发展进程中, 可将研究发展方向集中在以下3方面: (1)深入优化油莎豆油提取技术、降低榨油装备成本, 提高油莎豆油提取效率和效益。针对传统工艺简单的榨油技术(压榨法、水代法和浸出法), 可侧重对关键机械设备的优化, 以减少油脂提取率的流失。针对成本较高、提取条件较为严格的榨油技术(水酶法、超临界CO2萃取法、超声波辅助萃取法、亚临界流体萃取法、微波辅助萃取法), 可侧重于在保证提油质量的同时, 有效降低装备与原材料成本, 以便在产业化推广中占有优势。同时, 结合不同榨油技术优点, 也可在未来创新出更加优质环保的复合型提取技术机制; (2)加强对高油酸油莎豆新品种的持续培育, 为油莎豆油系列产品的研发应用提供稳定优质的原料保障。高品质油莎豆新品种直接关系到包括油莎豆油在内的油莎豆直接产品和衍生产品的质量。因此, 建立完善的良种繁育体系, 持续高效地推进油莎豆新品种的培育, 才能为我国油莎豆种质资源注入源源不断的动力; (3)加大对油莎豆油营养价值的研发力度, 除作为日常食用油外, 还可侧重研究探讨油莎豆油中有助于预防高血脂、心脑血管疾病的营养成分及作为石化柴油替代燃料的性能指标等方面, 促进油莎豆油在食品、保健品、医药、日化品、燃料等领域共同发展, 激发油莎豆油在市场的经济活力。
  • 河南省重大科技专项(211100110100)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(222102110382)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
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河南省重大科技专项(211100110100)
河南省科技攻关项目(222102110382)
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    郑州市农业科技研究院, 郑州 450005

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* 别海(1981—), 男, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为油莎豆种质资源及栽培工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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