Article(id=1153433638847894300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240924003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929609262, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929609262, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929609262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929609262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433639254741796, articleId=1153433638847894300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium pollution and health risk assessment of Triticum aestivum L. exposure in Anhui Province in 2023, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the dietary exposure levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium in Triticum aestivum L. in Anhui Province in 2023 and to evaluate dietary health risks combined with population consumption. Methods A total of 212 Triticum aestivum L. samples collected from Anhui Province in 2023 were analyzed for plumbum, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The contamination status of the 4 kinds of elements was evaluated using the contamination index method. The margin of exposure (MOE) was used for plumbum exposure assessment, while the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) or benchmark dose level (BMDL) compared with dietary exposure, expressed as the margin of safety (MOS), was applied for cadmium and arsenic exposure assessment. For chromium, the dietary exposure (EXP) was calculated as a percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Results Among the 212 Triticum aestivum L. samples, As levels did not exceed the standard limits. The exceedance rates for cadmium, plumbum, and chromium were 1.89%, 1.42% and 7.55%, respectively. The single-factor contamination index for all elements was less than 1, indicating safety, while the comprehensive contamination index was 1.737, suggesting mild contamination. The average dietary exposure levels of plumbum, cadmium, and arsenic for residents of different age groups and cities in Anhui Province showed MOE and MOS values greater than 1, and the EXP/TDI percentage for chromium was less than 1. However, for high-exposure P97.5 populations, including children aged 13-36 months and 7-12 years, the EXP/TDI percentage for chromium exceeded 1. Similarly, in northern Anhui cities such as Fuyang, Huaibei, and Suzhou, the EXP/TDI percentage for Cr in high-exposure P97.5 populations also exceeded 1. Conclusion The exposure risk levels of plumbum, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium from Triticum aestivum L. consumption among Anhui residents are generally acceptable. However, special attention shall be given to children, adolescents, and high-exposure populations in Fuyang, Huaibei, and Suzhou.

, correspAuthors=Bo-Lin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-Yuan CHEN, Mei-Hui ZHUANG, Jian JIANG, Hua-Dong WANG, Zhi-Fei CHEN, Hui LIU, Ning-Ning CHEN, Ji-An XIE, Bo-Lin LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433639552537389, articleId=1153433638847894300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2023年安徽省小麦铅、镉、砷、铬污染分析及暴露健康风险评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估2023年安徽省小麦膳食中铅、镉、砷与铬的暴露水平并结合人群消费量评价膳食健康风险。方法 收集2023年安徽省小麦样品212份, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定样品中铅、镉、砷与铬含量。运用污染指数法评价4种元素的污染状况; 暴露边界比(margin of exposure, MOE)评估铅暴露, 每月允许摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake, PTMI)或者基准剂量下限值(bench mark dose level, BMDL)与膳食暴露量的比值即安全限值(margin of safety, MOS)评估镉和砷暴露, 人群膳食暴露量(exposure, EXP)占每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake, TDI)的百分比评估铬暴露。结果 212份小麦样品中砷未超标, 镉、铅与铬的超标率分别为1.89%、1.42%和7.55%, 其单因子污染指数均小于1, 在安全范围内, 综合污染指数为1.737, 为轻度污染; 安徽省不同年龄段和不同地市居民摄入小麦膳食铅、镉和砷的平均暴露量的MOE、MOS均大于1以及铬EXP/TDI百分比均小于1; 高暴露P97.5人群13~36个月和7~12岁膳食中铬EXP/TDI百分比大于1; 皖北地区阜阳、淮北和宿州高暴露P97.5膳食中铬EXP/TDI百分比大于1。结论 安徽省居民经小麦摄入铅、镉、砷、铬的暴露风险水平可接受, 但是儿童青少年以及阜阳、淮北和宿州的高暴露人群需要关注。

, correspAuthors=刘柏林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘柏林(1984—), 男, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与营养的检测与风险评估。E-mail:
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陈元元(1993—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全和快速检测。E-mail:

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Shanghai Preventive Medicine, 2019, 35(6): 529-535., articleTitle=Risk assessment of dietary lead exposure in residents aged 15 and above in Shanghai, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175086590759158079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086590771740992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, companyId=1175086590759158079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086590792712516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, companyId=1175086590759158079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽省疾病预防控制中心, 合肥 230601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175086597008671149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection results of 4 kinds of elements in Triticum aestivum L. (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 含量范围 平均值 中位数 标准偏差 P50 P99 检出率/% 超标率/%*
0.075~3.670 0.596 0.4340 0.593 0.4340 3.59 100 7.55
0.0044~0.3328 0.0337 0.0268 0.0315 0.0268 0.18 100 -
0.0028~0.2720 0.0501 0.0455 0.0355 0.0455 0.24 100 1.89
0.0035~0.5337 0.0612 0.0414 0.0652 0.0414 0.44 100 1.42
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597130305967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小麦中4种元素检测结果(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 含量范围 平均值 中位数 标准偏差 P50 P99 检出率/% 超标率/%*
0.075~3.670 0.596 0.4340 0.593 0.4340 3.59 100 7.55
0.0044~0.3328 0.0337 0.0268 0.0315 0.0268 0.18 100 -
0.0028~0.2720 0.0501 0.0455 0.0355 0.0455 0.24 100 1.89
0.0035~0.5337 0.0612 0.0414 0.0652 0.0414 0.44 100 1.42
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597209997745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pollution index of 4 kinds of elements in Triticum aestivum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 Pi 污染程度 P 污染程度
0.306 优良 1.737 轻度污染
0.501 优良
0.067 优良
0.596 优良
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597340021170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

小麦中4种元素污染指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 Pi 污染程度 P 污染程度
0.306 优良 1.737 轻度污染
0.501 优良
0.067 优良
0.596 优良
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597428101556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Daily consumption of Triticum aestivum L. by age group in Anhui Province (g/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄 数量 平均体重/kg 平均值 P50 P97.5 最大值
0~12月 9 10.24 16.48 13.33 14.97 46.67
13~36月 34 13.25 23.16 20.00 79.25 83.33
4~6岁 4 20.60 14.00 13.33 25.12 26.00
7~12岁 446 34.12 39.48 24.17 179.71 320.00
13~18岁 336 53.50 56.19 33.33 248.58 633.33
19~59岁 443 64.75 61.01 36.67 262.33 526.67
60岁及以上 261 61.16 58.12 33.33 289.33 423.33
总计 1533 51.18 51.98 33.33 243.10 633.33
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597532959157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

安徽省各年龄段小麦的每日消费量(g/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄 数量 平均体重/kg 平均值 P50 P97.5 最大值
0~12月 9 10.24 16.48 13.33 14.97 46.67
13~36月 34 13.25 23.16 20.00 79.25 83.33
4~6岁 4 20.60 14.00 13.33 25.12 26.00
7~12岁 446 34.12 39.48 24.17 179.71 320.00
13~18岁 336 53.50 56.19 33.33 248.58 633.33
19~59岁 443 64.75 61.01 36.67 262.33 526.67
60岁及以上 261 61.16 58.12 33.33 289.33 423.33
总计 1533 51.18 51.98 33.33 243.10 633.33
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597604262326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Daily consumption of Triticum aestivum L. by city in Anhui Province (g/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 数量 平均体重/kg 平均值 P50 P97.5 最大值
皖北地区 蚌埠 128 62.44 31.07 16.67 213.04 246.67
亳州 127 56.54 33.56 31.67 146.64 156.67
阜阳 165 64.42 87.81 65.00 351.83 423.33
淮北 129 42.72 49.87 23.33 305.00 603.33
淮南 239 41.24 48.86 33.33 196.67 228.33
宿州 168 62.89 92.91 52.2 345.62 526.67
皖南地区 滁州 16 67.85 33.33 18.33 89.58 93.33
合肥 343 40.82 34.88 23.33 133.33 633.33
六安 115 52.03 44.85 30.00 248.40 510.00
芜湖 103 54.97 54.13 33.33 238.00 460.00
总计 1533 51.18 51.98 33.33 243.10 633.33
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597725897143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

安徽省各地市小麦的每日消费量(g/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 数量 平均体重/kg 平均值 P50 P97.5 最大值
皖北地区 蚌埠 128 62.44 31.07 16.67 213.04 246.67
亳州 127 56.54 33.56 31.67 146.64 156.67
阜阳 165 64.42 87.81 65.00 351.83 423.33
淮北 129 42.72 49.87 23.33 305.00 603.33
淮南 239 41.24 48.86 33.33 196.67 228.33
宿州 168 62.89 92.91 52.2 345.62 526.67
皖南地区 滁州 16 67.85 33.33 18.33 89.58 93.33
合肥 343 40.82 34.88 23.33 133.33 633.33
六安 115 52.03 44.85 30.00 248.40 510.00
芜湖 103 54.97 54.13 33.33 238.00 460.00
总计 1533 51.18 51.98 33.33 243.10 633.33
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597834949049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Dietary exposure in different age groups (μg/kg BW)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄段 暴露量EXP(平均) 暴露量EXP (P97.5)
0~12月 0.10 2.42 0.05 0.96 0.09 2.20 0.05 0.87
13~36月 0.11 2.63 0.06 1.04 0.37 8.99 0.20 3.56
4~6岁 0.04 1.02 0.02 0.41 0.07 1.83 0.04 0.73
7~12岁 0.07 1.74 0.04 0.69 0.32 7.92 0.18 3.14
13~18岁 0.06 1.58 0.04 0.63 0.28 6.98 0.16 2.77
19~59岁 0.06 1.42 0.03 0.56 0.25 6.09 0.14 2.41
60岁及以上 0.06 1.43 0.03 0.57 0.29 7.11 0.16 2.82
总计 0.07 1.75 0.04 0.69 0.24 5.87 0.13 2.33
), ArticleFig(id=1175086597948195258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同年龄段膳食暴露量(μg/kg BW)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄段 暴露量EXP(平均) 暴露量EXP (P97.5)
0~12月 0.10 2.42 0.05 0.96 0.09 2.20 0.05 0.87
13~36月 0.11 2.63 0.06 1.04 0.37 8.99 0.20 3.56
4~6岁 0.04 1.02 0.02 0.41 0.07 1.83 0.04 0.73
7~12岁 0.07 1.74 0.04 0.69 0.32 7.92 0.18 3.14
13~18岁 0.06 1.58 0.04 0.63 0.28 6.98 0.16 2.77
19~59岁 0.06 1.42 0.03 0.56 0.25 6.09 0.14 2.41
60岁及以上 0.06 1.43 0.03 0.57 0.29 7.11 0.16 2.82
总计 0.07 1.75 0.04 0.69 0.24 5.87 0.13 2.33
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598036275644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Assessment of dietary exposure to 4 kinds of elements in residents of different ages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄段 平均值 高暴露P97.5
MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI铬)/% MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI铬)/%
0~12月 6.09 10.34 55.31 0.32 6.71 11.38 60.89 0.29
13~36月 5.61 9.52 50.93 0.35 1.64 2.78 14.88 1.19
4~6岁 14.43 24.47 130.99 0.14 8.04 13.64 73.00 0.24
7~12岁 8.47 14.38 76.93 0.23 1.86 3.16 16.90 1.05
13~18岁 9.33 15.84 84.76 0.21 2.11 3.58 19.16 0.92
19~59岁 20.81 17.65 94.48 0.19 4.84 4.11 21.97 0.80
60岁及以上 20.63 17.50 93.68 0.19 4.14 3.52 18.82 0.94
总计 16.87 15.67 83.87 0.23 5.02 6.02 32.23 0.78
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598094995902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同年龄段居民4种元素膳食暴露量评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄段 平均值 高暴露P97.5
MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI铬)/% MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI铬)/%
0~12月 6.09 10.34 55.31 0.32 6.71 11.38 60.89 0.29
13~36月 5.61 9.52 50.93 0.35 1.64 2.78 14.88 1.19
4~6岁 14.43 24.47 130.99 0.14 8.04 13.64 73.00 0.24
7~12岁 8.47 14.38 76.93 0.23 1.86 3.16 16.90 1.05
13~18岁 9.33 15.84 84.76 0.21 2.11 3.58 19.16 0.92
19~59岁 20.81 17.65 94.48 0.19 4.84 4.11 21.97 0.80
60岁及以上 20.63 17.50 93.68 0.19 4.14 3.52 18.82 0.94
总计 16.87 15.67 83.87 0.23 5.02 6.02 32.23 0.78
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598204047808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Dietary exposure of residents in different cities (μg/kg BW)

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地区 暴露量EXP(平均) 暴露量EXP (P97.5)
皖北地区 蚌埠 0.03 0.75 0.02 0.30 0.21 5.13 0.11 2.03
亳州 0.04 0.89 0.02 0.35 0.16 3.90 0.09 1.55
阜阳 0.08 2.05 0.05 0.81 0.33 8.21 0.18 3.26
淮北 0.07 1.75 0.04 0.70 0.44 10.73 0.24 4.26
淮南 0.07 1.78 0.04 0.71 0.29 7.17 0.16 2.84
宿州 0.09 2.22 0.05 0.88 0.34 8.26 0.19 3.28
皖南地区 滁州 0.03 0.74 0.02 0.29 0.08 1.98 0.04 0.79
合肥 0.05 1.28 0.03 0.51 0.20 4.91 0.11 1.95
六安 0.05 1.30 0.03 0.51 0.29 7.18 0.16 2.85
芜湖 0.06 1.48 0.03 0.59 0.26 6.51 0.15 2.58
总计 0.06 1.42 0.03 0.56 0.26 6.40 0.14 2.54
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598287933890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同地市居民膳食暴露量(μg/kg BW)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 暴露量EXP(平均) 暴露量EXP (P97.5)
皖北地区 蚌埠 0.03 0.75 0.02 0.30 0.21 5.13 0.11 2.03
亳州 0.04 0.89 0.02 0.35 0.16 3.90 0.09 1.55
阜阳 0.08 2.05 0.05 0.81 0.33 8.21 0.18 3.26
淮北 0.07 1.75 0.04 0.70 0.44 10.73 0.24 4.26
淮南 0.07 1.78 0.04 0.71 0.29 7.17 0.16 2.84
宿州 0.09 2.22 0.05 0.88 0.34 8.26 0.19 3.28
皖南地区 滁州 0.03 0.74 0.02 0.29 0.08 1.98 0.04 0.79
合肥 0.05 1.28 0.03 0.51 0.20 4.91 0.11 1.95
六安 0.05 1.30 0.03 0.51 0.29 7.18 0.16 2.85
芜湖 0.06 1.48 0.03 0.59 0.26 6.51 0.15 2.58
总计 0.06 1.42 0.03 0.56 0.26 6.40 0.14 2.54
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598468288964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Assessment of dietary exposure to 4 kinds of elements in residents of different city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 平均值 高暴露P97.5
MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI)铬/% MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI铬)/%
皖北地区 蚌埠 19.70 33.43 178.90 0.10 2.87 4.88 26.09 0.68
亳州 16.52 28.02 149.98 0.12 3.78 6.41 34.32 0.52
阜阳 7.19 12.20 65.31 0.27 1.80 3.05 16.30 1.09
淮北 8.40 14.25 76.26 0.23 1.37 2.33 12.47 1.42
淮南 8.27 14.04 75.14 0.20 2.06 3.49 18.67 0.95
宿州 6.64 11.26 60.26 0.29 1.78 3.03 16.20 1.09
皖南地区 滁州 19.96 33.86 181.22 0.10 7.43 12.60 67.43 0.26
合肥 11.47 19.47 104.18 0.17 3.00 5.09 27.25 0.65
六安 11.37 19.30 103.27 0.17 2.05 3.48 18.65 0.95
芜湖 9.96 16.89 90.40 0.20 2.26 3.84 20.56 0.86
总计 10.35 17.55 93.94 0.19 2.30 3.91 20.92 0.85
), ArticleFig(id=1175086598543786437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638847894300, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同地市居民4种元素膳食暴露量评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 平均值 高暴露P97.5
MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI)铬/% MOE铅 MOS镉 MOS砷 (EXP/TDI铬)/%
皖北地区 蚌埠 19.70 33.43 178.90 0.10 2.87 4.88 26.09 0.68
亳州 16.52 28.02 149.98 0.12 3.78 6.41 34.32 0.52
阜阳 7.19 12.20 65.31 0.27 1.80 3.05 16.30 1.09
淮北 8.40 14.25 76.26 0.23 1.37 2.33 12.47 1.42
淮南 8.27 14.04 75.14 0.20 2.06 3.49 18.67 0.95
宿州 6.64 11.26 60.26 0.29 1.78 3.03 16.20 1.09
皖南地区 滁州 19.96 33.86 181.22 0.10 7.43 12.60 67.43 0.26
合肥 11.47 19.47 104.18 0.17 3.00 5.09 27.25 0.65
六安 11.37 19.30 103.27 0.17 2.05 3.48 18.65 0.95
芜湖 9.96 16.89 90.40 0.20 2.26 3.84 20.56 0.86
总计 10.35 17.55 93.94 0.19 2.30 3.91 20.92 0.85
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2023年安徽省小麦铅、镉、砷、铬污染分析及暴露健康风险评估
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陈元元 , 庄美慧 , 姜健 , 王华东 , 陈志飞 , 刘惠 , 陈宁宁 , 谢继安 , 刘柏林 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(6): 83-90
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(6): 83-90
2023年安徽省小麦铅、镉、砷、铬污染分析及暴露健康风险评估
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陈元元 , 庄美慧, 姜健, 王华东, 陈志飞, 刘惠, 陈宁宁, 谢继安, 刘柏林*
作者信息
  • 安徽省疾病预防控制中心, 合肥 230601
  • 陈元元(1993—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全和快速检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘柏林(1984—), 男, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与营养的检测与风险评估。E-mail:
Analysis of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium pollution and health risk assessment of Triticum aestivum L. exposure in Anhui Province in 2023
Yuan-Yuan CHEN , Mei-Hui ZHUANG, Jian JIANG, Hua-Dong WANG, Zhi-Fei CHEN, Hui LIU, Ning-Ning CHEN, Ji-An XIE, Bo-Lin LIU*
Affiliations
  • Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240924003
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目的 评估2023年安徽省小麦膳食中铅、镉、砷与铬的暴露水平并结合人群消费量评价膳食健康风险。方法 收集2023年安徽省小麦样品212份, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定样品中铅、镉、砷与铬含量。运用污染指数法评价4种元素的污染状况; 暴露边界比(margin of exposure, MOE)评估铅暴露, 每月允许摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake, PTMI)或者基准剂量下限值(bench mark dose level, BMDL)与膳食暴露量的比值即安全限值(margin of safety, MOS)评估镉和砷暴露, 人群膳食暴露量(exposure, EXP)占每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake, TDI)的百分比评估铬暴露。结果 212份小麦样品中砷未超标, 镉、铅与铬的超标率分别为1.89%、1.42%和7.55%, 其单因子污染指数均小于1, 在安全范围内, 综合污染指数为1.737, 为轻度污染; 安徽省不同年龄段和不同地市居民摄入小麦膳食铅、镉和砷的平均暴露量的MOE、MOS均大于1以及铬EXP/TDI百分比均小于1; 高暴露P97.5人群13~36个月和7~12岁膳食中铬EXP/TDI百分比大于1; 皖北地区阜阳、淮北和宿州高暴露P97.5膳食中铬EXP/TDI百分比大于1。结论 安徽省居民经小麦摄入铅、镉、砷、铬的暴露风险水平可接受, 但是儿童青少年以及阜阳、淮北和宿州的高暴露人群需要关注。

小麦  /  铅  /  镉  /  砷  /  铬  /  健康风险  /  污染指数  /  膳食暴露  /  暴露评估

Objective To evaluate the dietary exposure levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium in Triticum aestivum L. in Anhui Province in 2023 and to evaluate dietary health risks combined with population consumption. Methods A total of 212 Triticum aestivum L. samples collected from Anhui Province in 2023 were analyzed for plumbum, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The contamination status of the 4 kinds of elements was evaluated using the contamination index method. The margin of exposure (MOE) was used for plumbum exposure assessment, while the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) or benchmark dose level (BMDL) compared with dietary exposure, expressed as the margin of safety (MOS), was applied for cadmium and arsenic exposure assessment. For chromium, the dietary exposure (EXP) was calculated as a percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Results Among the 212 Triticum aestivum L. samples, As levels did not exceed the standard limits. The exceedance rates for cadmium, plumbum, and chromium were 1.89%, 1.42% and 7.55%, respectively. The single-factor contamination index for all elements was less than 1, indicating safety, while the comprehensive contamination index was 1.737, suggesting mild contamination. The average dietary exposure levels of plumbum, cadmium, and arsenic for residents of different age groups and cities in Anhui Province showed MOE and MOS values greater than 1, and the EXP/TDI percentage for chromium was less than 1. However, for high-exposure P97.5 populations, including children aged 13-36 months and 7-12 years, the EXP/TDI percentage for chromium exceeded 1. Similarly, in northern Anhui cities such as Fuyang, Huaibei, and Suzhou, the EXP/TDI percentage for Cr in high-exposure P97.5 populations also exceeded 1. Conclusion The exposure risk levels of plumbum, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium from Triticum aestivum L. consumption among Anhui residents are generally acceptable. However, special attention shall be given to children, adolescents, and high-exposure populations in Fuyang, Huaibei, and Suzhou.

Triticum aestivum L.  /  lead  /  cadmium  /  arsenic  /  chromium  /  health risks  /  contamination index  /  dietary exposure  /  exposure assessment
陈元元, 庄美慧, 姜健, 王华东, 陈志飞, 刘惠, 陈宁宁, 谢继安, 刘柏林. 2023年安徽省小麦铅、镉、砷、铬污染分析及暴露健康风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 83 -90 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240924003
Yuan-Yuan CHEN, Mei-Hui ZHUANG, Jian JIANG, Hua-Dong WANG, Zhi-Fei CHEN, Hui LIU, Ning-Ning CHEN, Ji-An XIE, Bo-Lin LIU. Analysis of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium pollution and health risk assessment of Triticum aestivum L. exposure in Anhui Province in 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 83 -90 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240924003
随着粮食和食品加工业的快速发展, 粮食安全地位不断提升, 对小麦的质量与品质要求越来越高, 小麦重金属污染已成为环境、健康等领域关注的焦点[1]。近年来, 河南、河北、山东等地相继发现了“镉麦”事件[2-5], 金属元素经小麦等粮食作物的吸收富集, 进入食物链对人体健康产生危害[6-8]。因此, 加强对小麦等粮食作物中金属元素的监测和控制是当下食品安全工作的重中之重[9-12]。安徽省作为小麦主产区之一, 小麦种植面积和产量逐年递增, 一旦小麦在种植过程中受到金属元素的污染, 会严重失去营养和经济价值, 造成大量的经济损失。因此, 加强对小麦中的化学污染物, 尤其是有害金属的监测很有必要[13]
本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定2023年安徽省小麦样品中常报道的铅、镉、砷、铬元素[14-17]含量, 采用污染小, 损失少, 样品使用量少的微波消解法消解样品[18-21], 结合2015—2017年安徽省居民营养与健康状况监测中食物消费量数据, 并采用污染指数法及膳食铅、镉、砷、铬暴露进行健康风险评估。为安徽省居民食用小麦膳食中铅、镉、砷和铬的暴露及其可能的健康风险提供信息, 为食品安全及居民膳食健康提供科学依据。
在小麦成熟的季节(2023年6月), 小麦收获入户结束后的2~4周进行采样。选择安徽省主产小麦的10个区(县), 按照小麦播种面积8 km×8 km的网格密度进行布点扦样, 在同一个网格内根据小麦产量按照均匀分布的原则, 选择2~3个自然村, 每个村选取3~5个农户的初始样品, 每个农户采集样品一式两份, 每份不少于1 kg, 一份检验, 一份复检。按上、中、下分层设点, 从不同部位随机扦样, 保证样品具有代表性。对水分较高的样品, 到实验室后, 及时采用妥善方法自然干燥, 防止粮食霉变和发生品质改变。对于采集田间样品, 按农户的地块形状确定扦样部分, 长方形或正方形地块: 面积在5亩以内的, 为1个扦样单元, 设置5个扦样点; 中心和四周设5点, 四周各点距边缘占长或宽的1/4处; 面积每增加5亩, 增加1个扦样单元, 增设3个扦样点, 依次递增; 圆形地块: 将圆形或椭圆形近似分割成长方形或正方形, 扦样设点方法同长方形或正方形。梯形地块: 以面积5亩为1个扦样单元, 将梯形近似分割成长方形或正方形, 设置扦样点。不规则图形地块: 可根据地块形状随机设点。
将采集的检验样品去除无食用价值的杂质部分, 每份样品经高速粉碎机打碎成粉状, 每个样品研磨后, 都要及时清理磨膛。同时, 磨制下一份样品时, 要用少量待测样品对磨膛进行“清洗”, 再进行下个样品的磨制和收集。混合均匀的样品盛放于干净的保鲜盒中, -20 ℃保存。
消费量数据来源于2015—2017年安徽省居民营养与健康状况监测中食用小麦消费量数据。消费量数据调查的原则是每个监测点内, 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法选择调查对象, 其中, 在每个监测点内, 采用人口规模排序的系统抽样, 随机抽取3个乡镇(街道); 在每个抽中的乡镇(街道)内, 采用人口规模排序的系统抽样, 随机抽取2个行政村(居委会); 在每个抽中的行政村(居委会)内, 以不少于60户为规模将居民户划分为若干个村民/居民小组, 并采用简单随机抽样方法抽取1个村民/居民小组。在每个抽中的村民/居民小组中, 选取45户开展调查, 完成家庭问卷调查、膳食调查(包括家庭食用油和调味品称重调查, 所有家庭成员完成3 d 24 h膳食回顾调查), 每个监测点调查户数至少270户, 18岁及以上常住居民调查人数不少于612人。此外, 还应从所在监测点的县级妇幼保健机构开展不少于30人的孕妇调查。收集各调查对象的个体小麦消费量数据, 经整理, 1533条数据用于此次安全评估。
Nex ION 300D电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国Perkin Elmer公司); ultra CLAVE超级微波消解仪(深圳莱奥拓科技有限公司); XPE 204万分之一天平(感量: 0.1 mg, 上海昊扩科学器材有限公司); AS20500BDT超声清洗仪(天津奥特赛恩斯仪器有限公司); 银、铝、砷、钡、钙、镉、钴、铬、铯、铜、铁、钾、镁、锰、钠、镍、铅、硒、锶、锌混合标准溶液(10 µg/mL)、铋、锗、铟、锂、镥、铑、钪、铽混合标准溶液(100.0 mg/L)(国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心); 硝酸(色谱级, 苏州晶瑞化学股份有限公司); 小麦成分分析标准物质[GBW10011a(GSB-2a), 中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所]。
按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》及GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》操作程序进行检测, 方法检出限(limit of detection, LOD)范围为0.005~0.500 mg/kg。实验过程中均采用质控样品、过程空白、平行双样、加标回收等方法进行内部质量控制。
小麦中各元素的安全性判断依据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》, 食品中污染物限量通常以食品的可食部分计算, 铅、镉、砷和铬的限量分别为0.2、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg/kg。
单因子污染指数用以评价单个元素的污染程度, 单因子污染指数[22]如公式(1):
Pi=Ci/Si
式中: Pi为第i个元素的污染指数; Ci为第i个元素的实测值, mg/kg; Si为第i个元素的评价标准中规定的限量值, mg/kg。Pi≤1.0为清洁, 1.0<Pi≤2.0为轻污染, 2.0<Pi≤3.0为中污染, Pi>3.0为重污染。其中Pi越大, 表明受该元素污染程度越大。
综合污染指数[23]兼顾了污染指数平均值和最高值, 可以突出污染较重污染物的作用, 综合指数计算方法以及污染分布如公式(2):
P=$\sqrt{\frac{({{C}_{i}}/{{S}_{i}})_{\max }^{2}+({{C}_{i}}/{{S}_{i}})_{a\text{v}}^{2}}{2}}$
式中: P为综合污染指数; (Ci/Si)max为污染物中污染指数最大值; (Ci/Si)av为污染物中污染指数平均值; P≤0.7, 污染等级为安全; 0.7<P≤1.0, 污染等级为警戒限; 1.0<P≤2.0, 污染等级为轻污染, 2.0<P≤3.0, 污染等级为中污染, P>3.0, 污染等级为重污染。P越大, 表明受该元素污染程度越大。
目前按照联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA)的评估结果, 没有可以用于铅的风险特征描述的健康指导值, 欧洲食品安全局科学委员会提出可将暴露边界比(margin of exposure, MOE)作为没有健康指导值的化学污染物的风险评估, 因此本研究采用MOE方法对安徽省居民小麦中铅暴露进行风险评估。用于成人的铅暴露不良效应的日基准剂量下限值(bench mark dose level0.1, BMDL0.1)为1.2 μg/kg, 儿童的BMDL0.1为0.6 μg/kg[24]。计算如公式(3)。
MOE=BMDL0.1/暴露量
如果暴露相当于或低于这一水平时, 风险被认为相对较低, 即MOE>1。
对于镉, JECFA 2011年第73次会议制定的食品中镉的暂定每月允许摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake, PTMI)为25 μg/kg[24]。采用点评估法[25], 根据测得的小麦中重金属含量和居民消费量数据计算得到每人每月膳食暴露量。计算如公式(4):
EXP=C×F×p×30/BW
式中: EXP为每人每月膳食暴露量, μg/kg BW; C为小麦中实际重金属含量, mg/kg; F为本地居民小麦的每日消费量, g/d; BW为平均体重, kg, p为加工因子, 考虑到重金属的稳定性, 因此本研究未考虑小麦加工过程中重金属含量的变化, 取p=1。
对于砷, 世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)/JECFA在2010年第72次会议上撤销了无机砷暂定每周可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake, PTWI) 15 μg/kg BW, 联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO)/WHO通过评估分析, 确定以无机砷导致人类肺癌为终点的BMDL 3 μg/kg BW作为本次评估无机砷暴露的判断指标[26]。根据评估保守原则, 本次评估中小麦砷的暴露评估采用总砷含量进行评估, 计算如公式(5):
MOS=PTMI或BMDL/膳食暴露量
式中: MOS为健康指导值或基准剂量与标准人膳食暴露量的比值, 即安全限值(margin of safety), MOS≥1表示暴露对居民健康风险可以接受, MOS<1表示暴露对居民健康风险较高。
EFSA根据一项大鼠慢性经口毒性研究中未观察到有害作用的最高水平(no observed adverse effect level, NOAEL), 设定Cr(Ⅲ)每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake, TDI)为300 µg/kg BW[27]。本研究将人群膳食中铬暴露量与TDI相比较, 当占TDI百分比>1时, 认为存在一定的健康风险; 当占TDI百分比≤1时, 认为健康风险相对较低[28]
利用Excel 2016和SPSS 26软件对检测数据、消费量数据、暴露量数据以及风险评估数据进行处理分析, 暴露量平均值=平均含量×平均消费量/体重, 暴露量P97.5=平均含量×P97.5消费量/体重。其中不同地区铅MOE的计算用儿童的BMDL0.1为0.6 μg/kg, 因为若用0.6 μg/kg计算MOE值都不会大于1, 那么用1.2 μg/kg计算更不会大于1。
212份小麦样品中铅、镉、砷、铬的检测结果, 其中铬的超标率为7.55% (16/212), 镉的超标率为1.89% (4/212)和铅的超标率为1.42% (3/212), 检出率均为100%, 且4种元素的平均含量均未超过规定的污染物限量值(GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》), 这批样品中重金属超标率较高, 因此, 需要对其进行健康风险评估。见表1
铅、镉、砷、铬的单因子污染程度均为优良。P为1.737, 属于轻度污染等级, 结果说明小麦样品受到铅、镉、砷、铬元素的污染, 存在一定的安全风险, 应引起重视。见表2
根据膳食调查结果, 计算出安徽省不同年龄段和不同地市食用小麦的膳食消费量。居民每天食用小麦平均含量为51.98 g, P50为33.33 g/d, P97.5为243.10 g/d, 最大消费量为633.33 g/d, 4~6岁的数量最少, 数据结果偏差较大; 其余年龄段消费随着年龄的增大, 消费量有增大的趋势; 皖北地区阜阳消费量(P97.5)最高351.83 g/d, 最低是亳州(P97.5) 146.64 g/d; 皖南地区六安消费量(P97.5)最高248.40 g/d, 最低是滁州(P97.5) 89.58 g/d, 表明安徽省皖南和皖北地区饮食结构存在差异, 居民食用小麦的膳食消费量也存在显著差异。见表3表4
对食用安徽小麦不同年龄段居民铅、镉、砷、铬进行暴露量分析, 计算暴露量平均值和高暴露P97.5。安徽省居民膳食铅平均暴露量和高暴露P97.5在0.04~0.11 μg/kg BW和0.07~0.37 μg/kg BW; 膳食镉平均暴露量和高暴露P97.5在1.02~2.63 μg/kg BW和1.83~8.99 μg/kg BW; 膳食砷平均暴露量和高暴露P97.5在0.02~0.06 μg/kg BW和0.04~0.20 μg/kg BW; 膳食铬平均暴露量和高暴露P97.5在0.41~1.04 μg/kg BW和0.73~3.56 μg/kg BW, 其中4~6岁暴露量最低, 13~36月暴露量最高, 且安徽省居民膳食铅、镉、砷、铬平均值和高暴露P97.5中镉的暴露量在每个年龄段中均最高, 其次是铬、铅、砷。膳食铅、镉和砷在每个年龄段中平均值和P97.5的MOE、MOS均大于1, 表明该元素对人体存在较低的健康风险; 膳食铬的平均值占TDI的百分比在各年龄段中均小于1, 但是13~36月、7~12岁高暴露量P97.5占TDI百分比分别是1.19%和1.05%, 则膳食铬高暴露对居民存在一定的健康风险。见表5表6
安徽省不同地市居民膳食铅、镉、砷、铬暴露量存在较大差异, 皖北地区铅、镉、砷、铬平均暴露量和高暴露P97.5整体上高于其皖南地区, 皖北地区宿州的4种元素平均暴露量最高, 和淮北4种元素高暴露量P97.5最高, 皖南地区芜湖的4种元素平均暴露量最高和六安高暴露量P97.5最高。安徽省10地市中平均暴露和高暴露铅MOE值和镉MOS值以及砷MOS值均大于1, 表明该元素对人体存在较低的健康风险。皖北和皖南地区膳食铬平均EXP/TDI百分比均小于1, 但是高暴露P97.5 EXP/TDI百分比中阜阳、淮北和宿州分别为1.09%、1.42%和1.09%大于1, 存在一定的健康风险, 而该3个地区均属于皖北地区, 皖北地区是食用小麦的主要地区, 居民一日三餐都可能需要食用小麦, 因此皖北地区居民对小麦的摄入更要注重其合理性。见表7表8
本研究评估采用点评估方法对小麦中4种元素暴露进行了评估, 基本描述了安徽省居民小麦中铅、镉、砷、铬暴露的整体情况。分析结果显示, 4种元素铅、镉、砷、铬在212份小麦样品中均有检出, 并且有不同程度的蓄积水平, 对安徽省不同年龄段和不同地市居民产生的一定的健康风险。
安徽省小麦样品中铅超标且低于山东省[29]小麦(4%)、铬超标高于山东省[29]小麦(3%), 可能是因为居民食用小麦后会在体内富集, 与杜天庆[30]的研究一致, 小麦幼苗对镉、铬和铅不断累积能力的强弱顺序为铬>铅>镉。整体看小麦中铅、镉、砷、铬的污染较轻, 平均值低于GB 2762—2022的限量要求, 由均值计算4种元素污染指数和暴露评估, 摄入量均在安全范围内。与陕西省2002—2018年小麦中铅和砷的平均值比较[31]安徽省小麦中铅平均值低于陕西省监测的小麦样品铅的平均值(0.074 mg/kg), 而砷高于陕西省监测的小麦样品砷的平均值(0.027 mg/kg); 与山东省2015—2020年小麦中镉的平均值比较[32], 安徽省小麦中镉平均值要高于山东省小麦镉的平均值(0.024 mg/kg), 与重庆市2018—2021年小麦中铬的平均值相比[28], 安徽省小麦铬平均值远高于重庆市监测的小麦中铬的平均值(0.0475 mg/kg)。
评估结果显示, 安徽省居民小麦中4种元素的平均暴露水平在安全范围内, 表明对于普通居民而言, 仅仅通过小麦摄入铅、镉、砷、铬的风险较低。对于高消费人群, 铅、镉、砷高暴露量对应的MOE和MOS均大于1, 表明尚不会对人体健康造成损害, 但是铬EXP/TDI的百分比在不同年龄段和地市中存在大于1的情况, 需要引起关注。
不同年龄段居民小麦中4种元素的平均暴露量的MOE、MOS大于1, 以及EXP/TDI的百分比小于1, 而居民膳食铬的高暴露P97.5与TDI的百分比大于1, 表明本研究中13~36月和7~12岁人群高暴露量存在一定的风险。与陈佳辉等[28]研究膳食铬高暴露人群摄入量高于成年人结论一致, 提示应关注儿童青少年人群。同样安徽省10个地市中4种元素的平均暴露量的MOE和MOS均大于1以及EXP/TDI的百分比小于1, 只有皖北地区阜阳、淮北和宿州3个地市铬的高暴露P97.5与TDI的百分比大于1, 建议调整饮食结构, 合理膳食, 认真清洗食品及用具等方式[33]降低铬对不同人群造成危害的风险。
本研究存在一定的不确定性, 实验检测结果存在不确定, 如小麦在处理过程中是否存在污染的风险; 监测数据的不确定, 该监测数据来源于食品安全风险监测工作, 时效性方面存在差异, 消费量数据存在不全, 消费量数据中部分年龄段人群的样本量较少; 暴露途径研究仅限于摄食小麦途径的暴露量评估, 摄入量有限、途径单一, 未充分考虑其他食物和饮用水、空气等环境暴露途径摄入, 上述情况可能会影响评估结果的精确性, 导致健康风险的高估或者低估, 但不会对本次结果产生实质性影响。综上所述, 本研究存在一定的不确定性, 需要进一步完善模型和相关参数, 以期展开更加全面准确的研究。此外值得注意的是, 目前缺少对安徽省小麦重金属的风险评估报道, 本次评估可为安徽省粮食部门的把关验收提供可行性依据。
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240924003
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
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    安徽省疾病预防控制中心, 合肥 230601

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* 刘柏林(1984—), 男, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与营养的检测与风险评估。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240924003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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