Article(id=1153433638407492368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929609157, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929609157, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929609157, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929609157, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433638956946207, articleId=1153433638407492368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Risk assessment of heavy metal content and dietary intake of agricultural products in a region of the North China Plain, columnId=1175040621128598346, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the contents of 7 kinds of elements in agricultural products in a certain area in North China plain, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), and evaluate the safety risks of dietary ingestion. Methods The samples were pretreated by microwave digestion, and the contents of 7 kinds of heavy metals in 611 agricultural products collected in the certain area from 2022 to 2024 were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Index (Pi), Nemero comprehensive pollutant index (PN) and target hazard quotient/total target hazard quota (THQ/TTHQ) were used to evaluate the pollution levels of heavy metals in agricultural products. Results All elements except Hg were detected in the agricultural products. Among them, the content of Pb and Cr in individual samples exceeded the limit values specified in GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Limits of contaminants in foods (Pb≤0.2 mg/kg, Cr≤0.5 mg/kg). The overall content levels of the 7 kinds of elements were relatively low, and their order in the agricultural products was Ni (0.192 mg/kg)>Cr (0.040 mg/kg)>Pb (0.017 mg/kg)>Sn (0.011 mg/kg)>As (0.009 mg/kg)>Cd (0.005 mg/kg), the heavy metal content of agricultural products in different types and regions was quite different, and the THQ/TTHQ of all agricultural products was less than 1, and the Pi and PN were less than 1. Conclusion The quality and safety of agricultural products in the study area are in good condition, and the level of heavy metal pollution is relatively low. However, there may be potential heavy metal exposure risks in some individual villages and towns in the southeastern part, and the dietary exposure risks for children are greater than those for adults.

, correspAuthors=Li-Ping LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Ming WANG, Li-Ping LIU, Ni-Na ZHANG, Yang LIU, Shao-Zhan CHEN, Qian-Yu LI, Zhang-Yi YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433662742844068, articleId=1153433638407492368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=华北平原某地区农产品重金属含量及膳食摄入风险评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究华北某市农村地区农产品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、锡(Sn)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)重金属含量, 并评价经膳食途径摄入的安全风险。方法 采用微波消解对样品进行前处理, 应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对2022—2024年在该市农村地区采集的611份农产品中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Ni、Cr 7种元素类污染物含量进行测定, 利用单因子污染指数法(single factor index, Pi)、内梅罗综合污染指数法(Nemero composite pollution index, PN)和目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient/total target hazard quotient, THQ/TTHQ)对农产品中重金属的污染水平进行评估。结果 农产品中除Hg以外均有检出, 其中个别样品中Pb和Cr超出GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量标准》中规定的限量(Pb≤0.2 mg/kg, Cr≤0.5 mg/kg), 7种元素含量水平总体较低, 其在农产品中排序为Ni (0.192 mg/kg)>Cr (0.040 mg/kg)>Pb (0.017 mg/kg)>Sn (0.011 mg/kg)>As (0.009 mg/kg)>Cd (0.005 mg/kg), 不同种类、不同地区的农产品重金属含量差异较大, 所有农产品的THQ/TTHQ均小于1, 单因子污染指数及内梅罗污染指数小于1。结论 研究地区农产品质量安全情况良好, 重金属污染水平较低, 但东南部的个别村镇可能存在潜在的重金属暴露风险, 儿童的膳食暴露风险大于成人。

, correspAuthors=刘丽萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘丽萍(1965—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为与健康相关的有害物质和营养成分分析。E-mail:
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王一鸣(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为与健康相关的有害物质和营养成分分析。E-mail:

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The Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 642: 864-878., articleTitle=Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the vegetable bases of northwest China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175086881101459979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, awardId=2022-2G-30113, language=CN, fundingSource=首都卫生发展科研专项项目首发课题项目(2022-2G-30113), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175086876038934896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086876047323505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, companyId=1175086876038934896, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Poisoning Diagnosis and Traceability Technology, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086876055712114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, companyId=1175086876038934896, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京市疾病预防控制中心, 食物中毒诊断溯源技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175086876135403892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086876143792502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, companyId=1175086876135403892, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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Shijingshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100043, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086876257038714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, companyId=1175086876223484280, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.石景山区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100043)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175086879490847172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sampling point distribution map, figureFileSmall=7nHrPW1X0kSizuYiqx344g==, figureFileBig=T191Z8JNXPTQde5WJqVHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879566344646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样点位分布图, figureFileSmall=7nHrPW1X0kSizuYiqx344g==, figureFileBig=T191Z8JNXPTQde5WJqVHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879633453512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Histogram of heavy metal content distribution in different types of agricultural products, figureFileSmall=bE0pVdogGOc5+18CLWxvHg==, figureFileBig=19Ge1qU0Qz2EgBtGDmeNeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879696368074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同农产品类别中重金属含量分布柱状图, figureFileSmall=bE0pVdogGOc5+18CLWxvHg==, figureFileBig=19Ge1qU0Qz2EgBtGDmeNeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879759282636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Percentage contribution analysis of different heavy metals ingested through the diet, figureFileSmall=q0ktxFTZqwCE71ppUX7i4A==, figureFileBig=m0FFlZL51DaD5NnLoe+uDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879822197201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同重金属经膳食途径摄入的贡献百分比, figureFileSmall=q0ktxFTZqwCE71ppUX7i4A==, figureFileBig=m0FFlZL51DaD5NnLoe+uDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879872528854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Bar graph of the contribution rate of TTHQ of heavy metals in crops, figureFileSmall=fNHPKwYrgaoxi6VjbpkYaQ==, figureFileBig=gBLpRZb2jF/XARz5lbAQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879931249112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=图4, caption=农产品重金属TTHQ贡献率条形图, figureFileSmall=fNHPKwYrgaoxi6VjbpkYaQ==, figureFileBig=gBLpRZb2jF/XARz5lbAQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086879977386458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation parameters of the target hazard quotient

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 名称 取值 参考
来源
EF/(d/a) 暴露频率 365 [16]
ED/a 暴露时间 30(成人) [17]
7(儿童) [14]
FIR/(g/d) 蔬菜摄入剂量 244.95(成人) [18]
186.8(儿童)
C/(mg/kg) 蔬菜中重金属
含量
测定值 本研究
TA/d 平均暴露时间 10950(成人) [14]
2555(儿童)
WAB/kg 平均体重 63.45(成人) [20]
25.6(儿童)
RFD/[mg/(kg·d)] 参考剂量 RFD(Pb)=0.0035 [21]
RFD(Cd)=0.001
RFD(Cr)=0.001
RFD(As)=0.0003
RFD(Hg)=0.0003
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880048689631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标危害系数法计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 名称 取值 参考
来源
EF/(d/a) 暴露频率 365 [16]
ED/a 暴露时间 30(成人) [17]
7(儿童) [14]
FIR/(g/d) 蔬菜摄入剂量 244.95(成人) [18]
186.8(儿童)
C/(mg/kg) 蔬菜中重金属
含量
测定值 本研究
TA/d 平均暴露时间 10950(成人) [14]
2555(儿童)
WAB/kg 平均体重 63.45(成人) [20]
25.6(儿童)
RFD/[mg/(kg·d)] 参考剂量 RFD(Pb)=0.0035 [21]
RFD(Cd)=0.001
RFD(Cr)=0.001
RFD(As)=0.0003
RFD(Hg)=0.0003
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880115798500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Heavy metal content in crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 样品数/份 含量范围/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) 检出数/份 检出率/% 超标数/份 超标率/% 限量值/(mg/kg)
As 611 ND~0.23 0.009 485 79.0 0 0 0.5
Cr ND~0.97 0.040 516 84.0 4 0.6 0.5
Cd ND~0.14 0.005 570 92.8 0 0 0.2
Pb ND~0.74 0.017 567 92.3 2 0.3 0.2
Hg ND ND 0 0 0 0 0.01
Ni ND~4.47 0.192 572 93.2
Sn ND~0.43 0.011 448 73.0
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880208073191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

农产品中重金属含量情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 样品数/份 含量范围/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) 检出数/份 检出率/% 超标数/份 超标率/% 限量值/(mg/kg)
As 611 ND~0.23 0.009 485 79.0 0 0 0.5
Cr ND~0.97 0.040 516 84.0 4 0.6 0.5
Cd ND~0.14 0.005 570 92.8 0 0 0.2
Pb ND~0.74 0.017 567 92.3 2 0.3 0.2
Hg ND ND 0 0 0 0 0.01
Ni ND~4.47 0.192 572 93.2
Sn ND~0.43 0.011 448 73.0
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880300347885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection rates of heavy metals in different types of agricultural products (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类 份数 As Cr Cd Pb Hg Ni Sn
检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率
叶菜类 228 71.2 / 86.9 4 (1.8) 95.6 / 95.6 / 0 / 76.4 / 65.1 /
瓜果类 284 82.8 77.5 / 93 91.2 0 95.8 64.6
水果类 49 75.5 71.4 71.4 81.6 0 93.9 67.3
谷物类 33 61.8 82.4 88.2 82.4 2 (6.0) 0 97.1 79.4
坚果类 17 88.2 100 88.2 82.4 / 0 100 88.2
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880380039665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同种类农产品的重金属检出率及超标率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类 份数 As Cr Cd Pb Hg Ni Sn
检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率 检出率 超标率
叶菜类 228 71.2 / 86.9 4 (1.8) 95.6 / 95.6 / 0 / 76.4 / 65.1 /
瓜果类 284 82.8 77.5 / 93 91.2 0 95.8 64.6
水果类 49 75.5 71.4 71.4 81.6 0 93.9 67.3
谷物类 33 61.8 82.4 88.2 82.4 2 (6.0) 0 97.1 79.4
坚果类 17 88.2 100 88.2 82.4 / 0 100 88.2
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880455537140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of heavy metals in agricultural products in different regions (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属 项目 TZ区 PG区 SY区
As 平均值 0.011 0.007 0.008
最大值 0.234 0.172 0.059
P25 0.002 / /
P75 0.015 0.013 0.011
Cr 平均值 0.058 0.029 0.017
最大值 0.969 0.476 0.157
P25 0.001 0.002 /
P75 0.061 0.025 0.022
Cd 平均值 0.004 0.008 0.005
最大值 0.026 0.14 0.033
P25 0.001 / /
P75 0.005 0.008 0.006
Hg 平均值 /
最大值
P25
P75
Pb 平均值 0.026 0.011 0.006
最大值 0.736 0.284 0.06
P25 0.002 / /
P75 0.03 0.01 0.009
Ni 平均值 0.06 0.591 0.033
最大值 0.516 4.47 0.239
P25 0.019 0.008 0.01
P75 0.07 0.171 0.04
Sn 平均值 0.017 0.008 0.002
最大值 0.428 0.079 0.046
P25 / 0.001 /
P75 0.015 0.009 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880526840311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同地区农产品重金属含量(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属 项目 TZ区 PG区 SY区
As 平均值 0.011 0.007 0.008
最大值 0.234 0.172 0.059
P25 0.002 / /
P75 0.015 0.013 0.011
Cr 平均值 0.058 0.029 0.017
最大值 0.969 0.476 0.157
P25 0.001 0.002 /
P75 0.061 0.025 0.022
Cd 平均值 0.004 0.008 0.005
最大值 0.026 0.14 0.033
P25 0.001 / /
P75 0.005 0.008 0.006
Hg 平均值 /
最大值
P25
P75
Pb 平均值 0.026 0.011 0.006
最大值 0.736 0.284 0.06
P25 0.002 / /
P75 0.03 0.01 0.009
Ni 平均值 0.06 0.591 0.033
最大值 0.516 4.47 0.239
P25 0.019 0.008 0.01
P75 0.07 0.171 0.04
Sn 平均值 0.017 0.008 0.002
最大值 0.428 0.079 0.046
P25 / 0.001 /
P75 0.015 0.009 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880606532090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Pi and PN of heavy metals in agricultural products in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 种类 Pi PN 级别
As Cr Cd Pb
TZ区 叶菜类 0.038 0.248 0.036 0.154 0.275 无污染
瓜果类 0.016 0.049 0.023 0.066 0.076 无污染
谷物类 0.009 0.044 0.018 0.369 0.385 无污染
PG区 叶菜类 0.011 0.093 0.091 0.082 0.082 无污染
瓜果类 0.009 0.029 0.134 0.012 0.100 无污染
水果类 / / 0.007 0.024 0.019 无污染
谷物类 0.010 0.117 0.179 0.021 0.139 无污染
坚果类 / / / 0.040 0.040 无污染
SY区 瓜果类 0.012 0.015 0.049 0.008 0.038 无污染
叶菜类 0.021 0.066 0.162 0.041 0.125 无污染
水果类 / / 0.024 0.003 0.019 无污染
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880690418173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同地区农产品重金属的PiPN

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 种类 Pi PN 级别
As Cr Cd Pb
TZ区 叶菜类 0.038 0.248 0.036 0.154 0.275 无污染
瓜果类 0.016 0.049 0.023 0.066 0.076 无污染
谷物类 0.009 0.044 0.018 0.369 0.385 无污染
PG区 叶菜类 0.011 0.093 0.091 0.082 0.082 无污染
瓜果类 0.009 0.029 0.134 0.012 0.100 无污染
水果类 / / 0.007 0.024 0.019 无污染
谷物类 0.010 0.117 0.179 0.021 0.139 无污染
坚果类 / / / 0.040 0.040 无污染
SY区 瓜果类 0.012 0.015 0.049 0.008 0.038 无污染
叶菜类 0.021 0.066 0.162 0.041 0.125 无污染
水果类 / / 0.024 0.003 0.019 无污染
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880761721344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Content of heavy metals ingested through the diet (µg/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 叶菜类 瓜果类 谷物类 水果类 总摄入量
As 3.08 1.68 1.68 0.32 6.76
Cr 18.90 4.35 18.40 0.29 42.00
Cd 1.61 0.82 3.15 0.06 5.63
Pb 7.18 1.97 16.20 0.56 25.90
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880828830210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

经膳食途径摄入的重金属含量(µg/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 叶菜类 瓜果类 谷物类 水果类 总摄入量
As 3.08 1.68 1.68 0.32 6.76
Cr 18.90 4.35 18.40 0.29 42.00
Cd 1.61 0.82 3.15 0.06 5.63
Pb 7.18 1.97 16.20 0.56 25.90
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880895939076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

THQ and TTHQ values ingested through the dietary route

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 取样量 元素 THQ(成人) THQ(儿童)
$\bar{X}±S$ 最大值 N (THQ>1) $\bar{X}±S$ 最大值 N (THQ>1)
TZ区 n=302 As 0.138±0.220 3.01 3 (1.0) 0.260±0.416 5.69 6 (2.0)
Cr 0.079±0.173 1.25 3 (1.0) 0.150±0.327 2.36 5 (1.7)
Cd 0.015±0.017 0.10 0 0.028±0.032 0.19 0
Pb 0.031±0.073 0.81 0 0.059±0.139 1.53 1 (0.3)
PG区 n=160 As 0.052±0.088 0.52 0 0.099±0.167 1.83 3 (1.9)
Cr 0.037±0.079 0.61 0 0.071±0.149 1.16 1 (0.6)
Cd 0.031±0.071 0.54 0 0.059±0.134 0.69 0
Pb 0.013±0.030 0.31 0 0.024±0.057 0.59 0
SY区 n=149 As 0.102±0.120 0.76 0 0.193±0.227 1.44 2 (1.3)
Cr 0.022±0.031 0.20 0 0.041±0.058 0.38 0
Cd 0.022±0.057 0.66 0 0.041±0.109 0.24 0
Pb 0.007±0.010 0.07 0 0.013±0.019 0.13 0
), ArticleFig(id=1175086880967242246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433638407492368, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

经膳食途径摄入的THQ及TTHQ值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 取样量 元素 THQ(成人) THQ(儿童)
$\bar{X}±S$ 最大值 N (THQ>1) $\bar{X}±S$ 最大值 N (THQ>1)
TZ区 n=302 As 0.138±0.220 3.01 3 (1.0) 0.260±0.416 5.69 6 (2.0)
Cr 0.079±0.173 1.25 3 (1.0) 0.150±0.327 2.36 5 (1.7)
Cd 0.015±0.017 0.10 0 0.028±0.032 0.19 0
Pb 0.031±0.073 0.81 0 0.059±0.139 1.53 1 (0.3)
PG区 n=160 As 0.052±0.088 0.52 0 0.099±0.167 1.83 3 (1.9)
Cr 0.037±0.079 0.61 0 0.071±0.149 1.16 1 (0.6)
Cd 0.031±0.071 0.54 0 0.059±0.134 0.69 0
Pb 0.013±0.030 0.31 0 0.024±0.057 0.59 0
SY区 n=149 As 0.102±0.120 0.76 0 0.193±0.227 1.44 2 (1.3)
Cr 0.022±0.031 0.20 0 0.041±0.058 0.38 0
Cd 0.022±0.057 0.66 0 0.041±0.109 0.24 0
Pb 0.007±0.010 0.07 0 0.013±0.019 0.13 0
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华北平原某地区农产品重金属含量及膳食摄入风险评估
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王一鸣 1, 2 , 刘丽萍 1, 2, * , 张妮娜 1 , 刘洋 1 , 陈绍占 1 , 李乾玉 3 , 闫章怡 1, 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(6): 66-75
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(6): 66-75
华北平原某地区农产品重金属含量及膳食摄入风险评估
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王一鸣1, 2 , 刘丽萍1, 2, * , 张妮娜1, 刘洋1, 陈绍占1, 李乾玉3, 闫章怡1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京市疾病预防控制中心, 食物中毒诊断溯源技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100013
  • 2.首都医科大学公共卫生学院, 北京 100069
  • 3.石景山区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100043
  • 王一鸣(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为与健康相关的有害物质和营养成分分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘丽萍(1965—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为与健康相关的有害物质和营养成分分析。E-mail:
Risk assessment of heavy metal content and dietary intake of agricultural products in a region of the North China Plain
Yi-Ming WANG1, 2 , Li-Ping LIU1, 2, * , Ni-Na ZHANG1, Yang LIU1, Shao-Zhan CHEN1, Qian-Yu LI3, Zhang-Yi YAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Poisoning Diagnosis and Traceability Technology, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
  • 2. School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 3. Shijingshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100043, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106005
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目的 探究华北某市农村地区农产品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、锡(Sn)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)重金属含量, 并评价经膳食途径摄入的安全风险。方法 采用微波消解对样品进行前处理, 应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对2022—2024年在该市农村地区采集的611份农产品中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Ni、Cr 7种元素类污染物含量进行测定, 利用单因子污染指数法(single factor index, Pi)、内梅罗综合污染指数法(Nemero composite pollution index, PN)和目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient/total target hazard quotient, THQ/TTHQ)对农产品中重金属的污染水平进行评估。结果 农产品中除Hg以外均有检出, 其中个别样品中Pb和Cr超出GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量标准》中规定的限量(Pb≤0.2 mg/kg, Cr≤0.5 mg/kg), 7种元素含量水平总体较低, 其在农产品中排序为Ni (0.192 mg/kg)>Cr (0.040 mg/kg)>Pb (0.017 mg/kg)>Sn (0.011 mg/kg)>As (0.009 mg/kg)>Cd (0.005 mg/kg), 不同种类、不同地区的农产品重金属含量差异较大, 所有农产品的THQ/TTHQ均小于1, 单因子污染指数及内梅罗污染指数小于1。结论 研究地区农产品质量安全情况良好, 重金属污染水平较低, 但东南部的个别村镇可能存在潜在的重金属暴露风险, 儿童的膳食暴露风险大于成人。

农产品  /  重金属  /  污染评价  /  摄入风险评估

Objective To explore the contents of 7 kinds of elements in agricultural products in a certain area in North China plain, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), and evaluate the safety risks of dietary ingestion. Methods The samples were pretreated by microwave digestion, and the contents of 7 kinds of heavy metals in 611 agricultural products collected in the certain area from 2022 to 2024 were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Index (Pi), Nemero comprehensive pollutant index (PN) and target hazard quotient/total target hazard quota (THQ/TTHQ) were used to evaluate the pollution levels of heavy metals in agricultural products. Results All elements except Hg were detected in the agricultural products. Among them, the content of Pb and Cr in individual samples exceeded the limit values specified in GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Limits of contaminants in foods (Pb≤0.2 mg/kg, Cr≤0.5 mg/kg). The overall content levels of the 7 kinds of elements were relatively low, and their order in the agricultural products was Ni (0.192 mg/kg)>Cr (0.040 mg/kg)>Pb (0.017 mg/kg)>Sn (0.011 mg/kg)>As (0.009 mg/kg)>Cd (0.005 mg/kg), the heavy metal content of agricultural products in different types and regions was quite different, and the THQ/TTHQ of all agricultural products was less than 1, and the Pi and PN were less than 1. Conclusion The quality and safety of agricultural products in the study area are in good condition, and the level of heavy metal pollution is relatively low. However, there may be potential heavy metal exposure risks in some individual villages and towns in the southeastern part, and the dietary exposure risks for children are greater than those for adults.

agricultural products  /  heavy metal  /  pollution assessment  /  ingestion risk assessment
王一鸣, 刘丽萍, 张妮娜, 刘洋, 陈绍占, 李乾玉, 闫章怡. 华北平原某地区农产品重金属含量及膳食摄入风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 66 -75 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106005
Yi-Ming WANG, Li-Ping LIU, Ni-Na ZHANG, Yang LIU, Shao-Zhan CHEN, Qian-Yu LI, Zhang-Yi YAN. Risk assessment of heavy metal content and dietary intake of agricultural products in a region of the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 66 -75 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106005
随着人们生活水平的提高和大众对食品安全的重视, 食品中重金属污染问题越来越受到全球的关注, 不同于有机污染物, 重金属污染物不易降解, 容易在食品中富集。农产品在种植过程中易受土壤、肥料、灌溉用水和空气中重金属的污染, 从而造成食物中重金属的富集[1]。有研究表明, 对于当地居民, 食用受污染的农产品是人体暴露于重金属的主要途径。常见的重金属主要包括铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)等, 类金属砷(As)的毒性较大, 也一直受到关注[2], 其中As、Pb、Cd、Hg被美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)列入了前20种危险物质清单[3], 是联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)重点关注的重金属, 对人体有明显的毒害作用。如长期处于Pb暴露, 可诱发贫血, 造成心血管疾病, 甚至可导致儿童发育迟缓; 长期Cd暴露, 可造成人体肾脏损伤, 引起全身骨质疏松、骨骼萎缩, 例如日本的“痛痛病”; Cr6+和As均具有致癌性, 导致皮肤溃疡, 形成“铬疮”和“砷斑”[4]; Cr、Ni浓度过高时则对人体有一定的毒害作用。
GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量标准》规定了Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Ni、Cr为7种元素类污染物, 由于在环境污染方面, 这些污染元素的生物毒性较为显著, 也被归为重金属[5], 其中对农产品设置限量规定的有Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr 5种元素。通过分析Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Ni、Cr等重金属的污染特征, 对Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr 5种元素进行食品安全评价, 对保障农产品质量和安全水平具有重要意义[6]。课题研究的华北某地区曾发现个别区域存在砷等重金属污染现象[7-9], 目前由于城市发展及土地利用类型的改变, 该地区有些已发展为工业用地, 有些以农作物种植为主, 但近年来鲜有针对该地区农产品中重金属的风险研究, 为了探究该地区的自产农作物中是否存在重金属污染情况, 有必要对其农作物进行风险评估。
目前现有研究大多采用原子荧光光谱法(atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS)、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, GFAAS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)等技术方法测定农作物中的重金属, 如余飞等[10]采用AFS和ICP-MS方法检测了矿区周边种植区的谷类作物的As、Cd、Cr等重金属, 白保勋等[11]用GFAAS和AFS测定了农作物籽类中Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属。由于AFS、GF-AAS测定的元素较少, 分析效率较低; ICP-MS具有线性范围宽、灵敏度高、准确度好的优点, 可实现多元素同时测定。因此, 本研究采用微波消解-ICP-MS法测定农作物中的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Ni、Cr元素含量, 结合健康风险评估模型, 通过食品安全风险评估对农产品中重金属的安全性进行评价, 为食品安全及环境污染评价提供参考。
研究区位于北纬39°, 东经116°, 属农业大区, 地处华北平原北部, 属于温带季风气候, 年降水量在600~700 mm之间, 年平均气温25~26 ℃。研究区位于市郊, 包括TZ区、PG区、SY区, SY区和PG区位于该市东北部, TZ区位于该市东南部, 3个区的农村地区均有种植农产品的农田, 主要供给当地居民, 近年来随着土地利用类型的改变, 该区土壤重金属的含量水平也受到影响, 农产品也随之受到影响, 有必要对其进行分析研究。样品采样点位分布见图1
2022—2024年期间, 课题组于TZ区村镇采集了302份农产品, PG区村镇采集了160份农产品, SY区村镇采集了149份农产品, 共计611份不同类型的农产品, 包含瓜果类、叶菜类、谷物类、水果类及坚果类等。按要求经预处理后取可食部分粉碎均匀, 装入洁净的聚丙烯离心管中冷冻保存。
7700x型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国Agilent公司); Milli-Q Integral超纯水纯化系统(美国Millipore公司); AL204DU-IC电子天平(感量0.001 g, 瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); TOPEX+微波消解仪、聚四氟乙烯微波消解罐(上海屹尧仪器科技发展公司)。
多元素混合标准储备溶液(质量浓度1000 mg/L, 美国Agilent公司); 高纯氩气(纯度大于99.995%, 北京天海工业有限公司); 硝酸(优级纯, 德国Merck公司)。
准确称取粉碎均匀的样品0.5~2.0 g左右(精确至0.001 g)于微波消解罐中, 加入6 mL HNO3后, 按照优化好的程序进行消解。消解程序: 先升温至120 ℃后保温5 min, 再升温至160 ℃持续10 min, 再升温至200 ℃, 保持25 min。用超纯水将消解液转移定容至25 mL, 同时做空白对照。参照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》中的ICP-MS法进行Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Ni、Cr含量的测定。
ICP-MS工作参数: 射频入射频率: 1550 W; 载气(高纯氩气)流速: 0.65 L/min; 补偿气流速: 0.45 L/min; 射频电压: 1.80 V; 采样深度: 8.0 mm; 泵速: 0.1 r/s。
(1)单项污染指数
通过单因子污染指数法(single factor index, Pi)对农产品污染状况进行评价[12]Pi=Ci/SiCi为重金属含量测定值, Si为GB 2762—2022中的限量值。污染指数的评价等级为: Pi≤1.0为无污染; 1.0<Pi≤2.0为轻度污染; 2.0<Pi≤3.0为中度污染; Pi>3.0为严重污染[13]
(2)内梅罗综合污染指数
采用内梅罗综合污染指数法(Nemero comprehensive pollutant index, PN)评价农产品的总体质量, 计算公式见(1):
PN=$\sqrt{({{P}_{i\text{avg}}}^{2}+{{P}_{i\max }}^{2})/2}$
式中: Piavg为每种元素的平均Pi值; Pimax为每种元素的最大Pi值。PN分级为: 无污染(PN≤0.7); 污染警戒线(0.7<PN≤1.0); 低污染水平(1.0<PN≤2.0); 中等污染水平(2.0<PN≤3.0)和高污染水平(PN>3.0)。
Pi仅反映某个重金属的环境质量状况, PN引入了食品中高含量重金属的相应权重, 总体上能更加客观的分析其对环境质量的综合影响作用。
采用美国国家环境保护局(Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)建议的目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient/total target hazard quotient, THQ/TTHQ)评价重金属对人体的健康风险[14]。单一重金属的健康风险THQ=(EF×ED×FIR×C)/(RFD×WAB×TA)×10-3。TTHQ为单一重金属THQ之和, TTHQ=∑THQ。若THQ (TTHQ)<1, 表明没有明显的健康风险; 若THQ (TTHQ)≥1, 表示暴露人群存在健康风险。THQ (TTHQ)越大, 说明其对健康的负面影响越大[15]。计算参数见表1
样品采集时充分考虑样品的代表性, 样品测定时采用相似基体的有证标准参考物质和平行样进行质量控制, 对含量超出限量标准的样品进行复测, 保证了检测结果的准确可靠。
采用Excel 2013和SPSS 29.0对实验数据进行录入和分析, 描述性分析包括数据范围、四分位数、平均数、标准差、变异系数, 统计推断根据正态性检验和方差齐性检验, 对结果进行非参数检验(Kruskal-Wallis), 其中接受统计显著差异为P<0.05。
统计611份农产品中7种元素类污染物的检测结果, 见表2。测定结果表明, Ni平均含量最高, 为0.192 mg/kg, 其次是Cr (0.040 mg/kg), As、Pb、Cd、Sn含量相对较低, 平均值处于0.005~0.017 mg/kg之间。Hg在所有样品中均未检出, 其余重金属均有不同程度的检出, 其中检出率较高的为Ni、Cd、Pb, 均达到90%以上, 其余由高到低依次为Cr (84.0%)>As (79.0%)>Sn (73.0%)。4份样品Cr含量超标(超标率为0.6%)、2份样品Pb含量超标(超标率为0.3%), 所有样品中As、Hg、Cd含量均符合要求。
将所有农产品按照不同类型分类统计。分别计算每种农产品类别中重金属的分布范围, 在表3中列出。As在所有类别农产品中均有检出, 其中坚果类的检出率最高为88.2%, 其次是瓜果类(82.8%)>水果类(75.5%), As在坚果类中的含量最高, 为0.23 mg/kg, 其次是叶菜类(0.012 mg/kg)。Cr在坚果类中均有检出, 其中叶菜类、谷物类均达到80%以上, 其次是瓜果类、水果类。叶菜类和谷物类中Cr的含量分别是0.075、0.050 mg/kg, 水果类含量最低。Cd在所有农产品类别中均有检出, 叶菜类(95.6%)和瓜果类(93.0%)中较高, 其次是谷物类和坚果类。坚果类中Cd的含量最高, 为0.025 mg/kg。Pb均有检出, 叶菜类最高, 其次是瓜果类(91.2%)、谷物类和坚果类(82.4%); 谷物类中Pb的含量最高0.044 mg/kg, 其次是叶菜类(0.028 mg/kg); Ni在坚果类中均有检出, 谷物类、瓜果类、水果类中的检出率均大于90%, 其中坚果类和谷物类中Ni的含量较高(大于1.0 mg/kg), Sn在各农产品类别中的检出率排序为: 坚果类>谷物类>水果类>叶菜类>瓜果类, 坚果类和谷物类中Sn的含量较高。
研究地区同一元素类污染物在不同农产品中富集特征差异较大, 反映了不同农产品对土壤中重金属的选择性吸收和累积[22]。Hg在所有类别农产品中均未检出, 坚果类中As、Cd、Ni等元素含量较高, 谷物类中Pb、Sn等元素含量较高, 瓜果类和水果类的重金属含量都很低。叶菜类普遍比其他种类中重金属含量要高, 可能与不同品种作物对土壤中重金属吸收能力有差异, 也可能由于叶菜类蔬菜叶表面积较大, 空气中的重金属颗粒污染物更易于沉降在叶菜表面, 通过光合作用进入植物体内, 增加了重金属的来源途径[23-24]
图2为不同种类农产品中重金属含量分布的柱状图, 由图2可知, 对于GB 2762—2022作出限量规定的5种元素类污染物, 所有农产品中的含量均低于限量标准; 在所研究的各类农产品类别中, Ni的含量最高, 其中坚果类的Ni含量接近2 mg/kg, Cr、As、Cd、Pb含量较低, Hg含量低于检出限, 不同农产品类别中重金属含量有较大差异。
比较TZ区、PG区、SY区3个区农产品中重金属的含量, 由于重金属含量分布均不符合正态分布, 选用非参数检验方法。经统计分析, TZ区3类农产品中As、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Sn的含量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SY区3类农产品中除Ni之外其他重金属含量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PG区3类农产品中6种元素类污染物含量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
参考GB 2762—2022的限量标准规定, 3个区农产品的重金属含量均符合限量标准, 但TZ区中有个别样品中Cr、Pb的测定值超标, 包括4份叶菜类的Cr含量超标(>0.5 mg/kg), 2份谷物类的Pb含量超标(>0.2 mg/kg), PG区、SY区样品均低于限量标准。如表4, TZ区农产品的As、Cr、Pb、Sn的含量均最高, 分别是0.011、0.058、0.026和0.017 mg/kg, PG区农产品的Cd、Ni的含量最高, 分别是0.008、0.591 mg/kg, 说明TZ区农产品中存在As、Cr、Pb、Sn污染, PG区谷物类农产品中主要存在Ni污染。
用As、Pb、Cr、Cd的Pi值来评价不同地区农产品污染情况, 结果见表5。所有样品的Pi均低于1, 说明该地区农产品的整体污染水平较低。3类农产品的PN依次为: 谷物类>叶菜类>瓜果类, 总体而言, TZ区农产品均表现为无污染, 其中叶菜类中的污染指数排序为Cr>Pb>As>Cd, 瓜果类和谷物类农产品中的污染指数排序为Pb>Cr>Cd>As, 说明叶菜类中更易累积Cr, 这与相关研究结果[25-26]一致。
PG、SY区3类农产品的Pi均低于1, 表明农产品中As、Pb、Cr、Cd处于安全水平。其中PG区水果类的PN最低, 为0.019, 谷物类的PN最高, 为0.139; 瓜果类和叶菜类均低于谷物类。叶菜类中Pi值的排序为: Cr>Cd>Pb>As, 瓜果类中Pi值的排序为: Cd>Cr>Pb>As。SY区瓜果类中Pi值的排序为: Cd>Cr>As>Pb, 叶菜类的Pi值排序为: Cd>Cr>Pb>As, 在不同种类的农产品中, 叶菜类中重金属的Pi值最高, 水果类中各元素的Pi值最低, 与其他两区中农产品污染指数排序相同, 可能与水果类中水分含量较高有关。
计算通过食物摄入的不同重金属的总摄入量, 见表6。将不同类别食物中的相应浓度乘以个体平均消耗的食物重量得到重金属的每日膳食摄入量[27]。对研究地区的居民来说, 谷物类的日消费率为366 g/d, 蔬菜类为252 g/d, 水果类为69 g/d[28]。如表6所示, 通过食物摄入重金属的估计每日摄入量排序为: Cr>Pb>As>Cd。Cr的摄入量是42.00 µg/d, Pb的摄入量是25.9 µg/d, As的摄入量是6.76 µg/d, Cd的摄入量是5.63 µg/d。
此外, 为了更好分析不同食物类别中重金属的来源差异, 还分析了食物类别对重金属的贡献率。如图3, 不同重金属对食物的贡献率差异较大。重金属的主要贡献者是蔬菜及谷类, 其中As的主要贡献食物为叶菜类(45.6%), 其次是瓜果类和谷物类(24.8%), Cr的贡献食物是叶菜和谷物类(45%), 其次是瓜果类(10.4%), Cd的贡献食物是谷物类(56%), 其次是叶菜类(28.5%)和瓜果类(14.5%), Pb的贡献食物是谷物类(62.5%)和叶菜类(27.7%)。以上结果表明, 叶菜类对As、Cr的摄入贡献最大, 谷物类对Cd、Pb的摄入贡献最大。该研究结果与李俐[29]的研究一致。因此叶菜类和谷物类可能是通过食用进入人体的重金属主要来源, 还需进一步研究验证。
采用目标危害系数法对农产品中As、Cr、Cd、Pb进行食品安全评估, 计算成人和儿童通过农产品摄入重金属的THQ和TTHQ值, 不同地区农产品中单一重金属健康风险评价结果见表7。复合健康风险贡献率见图4
在TZ区, As、Cr、Cd、Pb在成人及儿童中的$\overline{X}$THQ均<1; 对于成人共有6份农产品的THQ>1, 分别是叶菜类中的As和Cr, 对于儿童共有12份农产品样品的THQ>1, 分别是5份叶菜类、1份瓜果类的砷、5份叶菜类的Cr和1份谷物类的Pb。儿童摄入As的$\overline{X}$THQ最高, 其次是Cr, 测定结果发现叶菜类中更易赋存Cr, 但是Cr的毒性和其价态有很大关联[30], 研究表明Cr3+毒性低, 而Cr6+是一种剧毒污染物, 它通过食物链在人体内富集, 易被人体吸收[31], 因此总Cr含量超标, 还需要进一步对Cr的赋存形式进行研究。虽然TZ区的农产品中As含量均符合要求, 但是经过THQ评估发现存在As的潜在暴露风险, 还有1份谷物类农产品中Pb的THQ>1, 与Pb含量超标样品一致。
对PG区和SY区的农产品进行食品安全评估, As、Cr、Cd、Pb在成人及儿童中的$\overline{X}$THQ均<1; 成人的THQ值均<1, PG区儿童中存在4份农产品的THQ值>1, 其中有2份叶菜类的As、1份叶菜类的Cr、1份瓜果类的As, 水果类、谷物类中的THQ<1, SY区儿童而言, 存在2份叶菜类农产品的AsTHQ>1, 叶菜类中的As的$\overline{X}$THQ最高, 谷物类中Cr的$\overline{X}$THQ最高, 叶菜类中Pb的$\overline{X}$THQ最高。
从单一重金属风险来看, 成人和儿童经膳食途径摄入3个地区农产品是安全的。不同种类的农产品对重金属的蓄积能力不同, 其中叶菜类和瓜果类中均表现为As的$\overline{X}$THQ最高, 但在谷物类中Pb的$\overline{X}$THQ最高。该研究结果与杨洋等[32]的研究结果一致, 通过监测2013—2016年安徽省六安市食品, 对Pb、Cd的平均值、检出率、超标率等进行分析, 发现各类食品中重金属Pb、Cd的健康风险为谷物类最高, 水果类最低。
图4为3个区的农产品中重金属的TTHQ贡献率。TZ区叶菜类的TTHQ相对较高, 尤其是儿童的TTHQ接近1, 说明在TZ区儿童经膳食途径引起的潜在风险较高, 应受到关注, 其余种类农产品中, 儿童的TTHQ均在0.5左右, 成人的TTHQ在0.2左右, 成人的TTHQ普遍低于儿童, 农产品中重金属对成人不构成健康风险; 儿童由于摄入频率和体重的差异, TTHQ相对较高, 在所有种类的农产品中, PG和SY区水果类的TTHQ值最低, 叶劲松等[33]的研究也证明了这一点, 由于儿童身体尚未发育完全, 特别是肝、肾等器官的排泄、解毒功能较弱, 他们对重金属污染更敏感。
图4可知, 3个区农产品中As对TTHQ的贡献率较高, 尤其是SY区表现明显, TZ区Cd占比最低, SY区和PG区Pb的贡献率占比最低, 说明农产品中As的潜在风险相对较高, Pb的贡献率相对较低; 整体而言, 在该市农村地区的农产品中, As是该地区居民TTHQ的主要风险贡献因子。
食物是人体摄入重金属的主要途径, 而土壤是大气、水圈和生物中重金属的主要来源[34], 土壤中重金属累积对食品安全造成潜在威胁, 并对人类健康产生有害影响, 城市郊区土壤重金属污染源较其他地区复杂, 主要来源于农业生产中的灌溉、周边工业矿区和人为活动等。因此, 研究城郊农产品重金属污染状况, 开展风险评价, 可为制定污染控制措施提供依据。
本研究采集了研究区共611份农产品进行重金属含量测定及风险评价, 结果表明, 采集样品的华北某地区农产品质量安全情况良好, 重金属的Pi和THQ均<1, 其中儿童经口摄入As、Cr、Pb的风险较成人高, 不同重金属的污染程度存在一定差异, SAWUT等[35]的研究表明我国北方农业区表层土壤易受到来自Cr、Pb、As的不同程度污染。所有农产品中均未检出Hg, Ni和Sn的含量水平较高, As、Cr、Cd、Pb含量水平较低, 污染主要集中在TZ区的个别村镇, 可能与灌溉水质有关, PG区农产品整体情况良好。
  • 首都卫生发展科研专项项目首发课题项目(2022-2G-30113)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
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首都卫生发展科研专项项目首发课题项目(2022-2G-30113)
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    1.北京市疾病预防控制中心, 食物中毒诊断溯源技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100013
    2.首都医科大学公共卫生学院, 北京 100069
    3.石景山区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100043

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* 刘丽萍(1965—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为与健康相关的有害物质和营养成分分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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