Article(id=1153433636423589939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608684, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608684, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433637371502655, articleId=1153433636423589939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Preparation process optimization and structural characterization of low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads, columnId=1153433635433730748, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Comprehensive Utilization and Quality Safety of Agricultural Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the process of preparing low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads by combining low methoxy pectin and lentinan with calcium lactate, and characterize the structure of gel beads prepared under the optimal process conditions. Methods The effects of calcium lactate concentration, curing time, and curing temperature on the hardness of gel beads were investigated through single factor experiment and response surface methodology, and the structure of gel beads was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, texture analysis, rheological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Results The optimum preparation process of low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads was determined by response surface methodology as calcium lactate concentration of 6.2%, curing time of 44 min, and curing temperature of 48 ℃. Under these conditions, the hardness of the gel beads was 35.60 gf. Compared with low methoxy pectin gel beads, low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads produced stronger hydrogen bond interaction, and their elasticity, cohesion, and dynamic modulus were improved. Conclusion Lentinan can effectively improve the mechanical properties and texture properties of low methoxy pectin gel beads, and this study will provide a reference for the improvement of pectin gel bead systems.

, correspAuthors=Zhen-Jia ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-Xin BAO, Wen-Qing ZHU, Yang LIU, Zhi-Bo LI, Xin-Yu ZHANG, Zhen-Jia ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433671471194385, articleId=1153433636423589939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠制备工艺优化与结构表征, columnId=1153433635601502912, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化低酯果胶、香菇多糖复合与乳酸钙交联制备低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的工艺, 并对最佳工艺条件下制备的凝胶珠进行结构表征。方法 通过单因素实验和响应面实验探究乳酸钙浓度、固化时间和固化温度对凝胶珠硬度的影响, 并通过红外光谱、质构分析、流变分析及扫描电镜对凝胶珠进行结构表征。结果 通过响应面法优化得出低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的最佳制备工艺为: 乳酸钙浓度6.2%、固化时间44 min、固化温度48 ℃, 此条件下制备的凝胶珠硬度为35.60 gf。与低酯果胶凝胶珠相比, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠产生了更强的氢键相互作用, 并且其弹性、内聚性及动态模量均有所提高。结论 香菇多糖可以有效改善低酯果胶凝胶珠的机械性能与质构特性, 本研究将为果胶凝胶珠体系的改良提供参考。

, correspAuthors=郑振佳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郑振佳(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工与功能食品。E-mail:
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鲍佳欣(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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注: 不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异, P<0.05, 图5同。

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注: A. 低酯果胶凝胶珠鲜珠; B. 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠鲜珠; C. 低酯果胶凝胶珠干珠; D. 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠干珠。

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注: 不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异, P<0.05。

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注: A~C. 低酯果胶凝胶珠; a~c. 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠。

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Factors and horizontal design of response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A(乳酸钙浓度)
/%
B(固化时间)
/min
C(固化温度)
/℃
-1 6 30 40
0 7 40 50
1 8 50 60
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响应面因素及水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A(乳酸钙浓度)
/%
B(固化时间)
/min
C(固化温度)
/℃
-1 6 30 40
0 7 40 50
1 8 50 60
), ArticleFig(id=1175086961804067195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636423589939, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design scheme and results of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号 A/% B/min C/℃ 硬度/gf
1 7 30 40 33.91
2 7 50 40 34.49
3 7 40 50 36.15
4 8 40 40 34.07
5 7 40 50 36.12
6 6 30 50 33.74
7 6 40 60 35.35
8 8 40 60 35.16
9 8 30 50 35.10
10 6 50 50 36.06
11 6 40 40 34.09
12 7 50 60 35.31
13 7 40 50 36.23
14 8 50 50 34.35
15 7 30 60 35.46
16 7 40 50 36.41
17 7 40 50 36.35
), ArticleFig(id=1175086961879564668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636423589939, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面实验设计方案及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号 A/% B/min C/℃ 硬度/gf
1 7 30 40 33.91
2 7 50 40 34.49
3 7 40 50 36.15
4 8 40 40 34.07
5 7 40 50 36.12
6 6 30 50 33.74
7 6 40 60 35.35
8 8 40 60 35.16
9 8 30 50 35.10
10 6 50 50 36.06
11 6 40 40 34.09
12 7 50 60 35.31
13 7 40 50 36.23
14 8 50 50 34.35
15 7 30 60 35.46
16 7 40 50 36.41
17 7 40 50 36.35
), ArticleFig(id=1175086961950867837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636423589939, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variance analysis results of regression model

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差异源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 差异性
模型 13.7500 9 1.5300 46.6000 <0.0001 **
A 0.0392 1 0.0392 1.2000 0.3103
B 0.5041 1 0.5041 15.3700 0.0057 **
C 2.7800 1 2.7800 84.8600 <0.0001 **
AB 2.3700 1 2.3700 72.2100 <0.0001 **
AC 0.0075 1 0.0075 0.2279 0.6476
BC 0.1288 1 0.1288 3.9300 0.0880
A2 2.5700 1 2.5700 78.5100 <0.0001 **
B2 1.8300 1 1.8300 55.7600 0.0001 **
C2 2.6900 1 2.6900 82.1600 <0.0001 **
残差 0.2295 7 0.0328
失拟项 0.1662 3 0.0554 3.5000 0.1289 不显著
绝对
误差
0.0633 4 0.0158
总和 13.9800 16
R2=0.9836; R2Adj=0.9625
), ArticleFig(id=1175086962043142526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433636423589939, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型的方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
差异源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 差异性
模型 13.7500 9 1.5300 46.6000 <0.0001 **
A 0.0392 1 0.0392 1.2000 0.3103
B 0.5041 1 0.5041 15.3700 0.0057 **
C 2.7800 1 2.7800 84.8600 <0.0001 **
AB 2.3700 1 2.3700 72.2100 <0.0001 **
AC 0.0075 1 0.0075 0.2279 0.6476
BC 0.1288 1 0.1288 3.9300 0.0880
A2 2.5700 1 2.5700 78.5100 <0.0001 **
B2 1.8300 1 1.8300 55.7600 0.0001 **
C2 2.6900 1 2.6900 82.1600 <0.0001 **
残差 0.2295 7 0.0328
失拟项 0.1662 3 0.0554 3.5000 0.1289 不显著
绝对
误差
0.0633 4 0.0158
总和 13.9800 16
R2=0.9836; R2Adj=0.9625
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低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠制备工艺优化与结构表征
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鲍佳欣 1 , 朱文卿 1 , 刘阳 2 , 李智博 1 , 张馨予 1 , 郑振佳 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025,16(6): 161-169
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025, 16(6): 161-169
低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠制备工艺优化与结构表征
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鲍佳欣1 , 朱文卿1, 刘阳2, 李智博1, 张馨予1, 郑振佳1, *
作者信息
  • 1.山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室, 泰安 271018
  • 2.乳山市检验检测中心, 威海 264500
  • 鲍佳欣(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郑振佳(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工与功能食品。E-mail:
Preparation process optimization and structural characterization of low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads
Jia-Xin BAO1 , Wen-Qing ZHU1, Yang LIU2, Zhi-Bo LI1, Xin-Yu ZHANG1, Zhen-Jia ZHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, Tai’an 271018, China
  • 2. Rushan City Inspection and Testing Center, Weihai 264500, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227005
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目的 优化低酯果胶、香菇多糖复合与乳酸钙交联制备低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的工艺, 并对最佳工艺条件下制备的凝胶珠进行结构表征。方法 通过单因素实验和响应面实验探究乳酸钙浓度、固化时间和固化温度对凝胶珠硬度的影响, 并通过红外光谱、质构分析、流变分析及扫描电镜对凝胶珠进行结构表征。结果 通过响应面法优化得出低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的最佳制备工艺为: 乳酸钙浓度6.2%、固化时间44 min、固化温度48 ℃, 此条件下制备的凝胶珠硬度为35.60 gf。与低酯果胶凝胶珠相比, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠产生了更强的氢键相互作用, 并且其弹性、内聚性及动态模量均有所提高。结论 香菇多糖可以有效改善低酯果胶凝胶珠的机械性能与质构特性, 本研究将为果胶凝胶珠体系的改良提供参考。

低酯果胶  /  香菇多糖  /  凝胶珠  /  工艺优化  /  结构表征

Objective To optimize the process of preparing low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads by combining low methoxy pectin and lentinan with calcium lactate, and characterize the structure of gel beads prepared under the optimal process conditions. Methods The effects of calcium lactate concentration, curing time, and curing temperature on the hardness of gel beads were investigated through single factor experiment and response surface methodology, and the structure of gel beads was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, texture analysis, rheological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Results The optimum preparation process of low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads was determined by response surface methodology as calcium lactate concentration of 6.2%, curing time of 44 min, and curing temperature of 48 ℃. Under these conditions, the hardness of the gel beads was 35.60 gf. Compared with low methoxy pectin gel beads, low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads produced stronger hydrogen bond interaction, and their elasticity, cohesion, and dynamic modulus were improved. Conclusion Lentinan can effectively improve the mechanical properties and texture properties of low methoxy pectin gel beads, and this study will provide a reference for the improvement of pectin gel bead systems.

low methoxy pectin  /  lentinan  /  gel beads  /  process optimization  /  structural characterization
鲍佳欣, 朱文卿, 刘阳, 李智博, 张馨予, 郑振佳. 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠制备工艺优化与结构表征. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227005
Jia-Xin BAO, Wen-Qing ZHU, Yang LIU, Zhi-Bo LI, Xin-Yu ZHANG, Zhen-Jia ZHENG. Preparation process optimization and structural characterization of low methoxy pectin-lentinan gel beads[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227005
水凝胶是一种交联的亲水性聚合物网络, 具有优异的生物相容性和递送效果, 在生物食品以及医药领域具有广泛的应用前景[1]。目前, 制备水凝胶常用果胶、海藻酸钠、壳聚糖和卡拉胶等材料[2]。果胶由于其来源范围广、成本低、易提取、可生物降解, 被广泛用于构建水凝胶[3]。低酯果胶分子链上的羧基可以通过与二价阳离子(如Ca2+、Zn2+、Ba2+)交联形成果胶凝胶珠并应用于包埋和靶向递送活性成分[4]。ZHAO等[5]利用低酯苹果果胶和柑橘果胶制备了果胶酸钙凝胶珠并用于包埋人永生化肝(C3A)细胞, 结果表明两种凝胶珠都有紧密的外壳和稀疏的内部结构, 有效保护了C3A细胞。JANTRAWUT等[6]制备了低酯果胶凝胶珠并包埋芦丁, 结果显示, 负载芦丁的果胶凝胶珠粒径约为600 μm, 凝胶结构致密, 有效提高了芦丁的稳定性, 并促进了其在胃肠道中的释放。
在凝胶珠体系中, 硬度较高的凝胶珠通常具有更致密的结构, 不仅可以更好地保持其形状和质地, 并且能够延缓药物的释放, 实现活性成分的缓释或控释[7]。虽然果胶凝胶珠被成功用作药物释放载体, 但其易溶胀的特性以及有限的机械性能, 会导致包埋成分泄露。与其他物质进行复合, 改善单一果胶凝胶珠性能, 是增强凝胶珠的硬度、结构性能和稳定性的重要方式[8]。非果胶类多糖具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性, 且大部分多糖还具有重要的生物活性, 也被广泛用于构建水凝胶珠[1]。当前, 关于果胶凝胶珠的改良主要集中在果胶与海藻酸钠、阿拉伯胶、黄原胶等的复配研究上, 而利用功能多糖与果胶复合制备改性凝胶珠的研究较少, 因此尝试利用功能多糖与低酯果胶复合制备具有潜在功能活性的改性凝胶珠, 并弥补单种凝胶珠特性上的不足[9]。香菇多糖是一类从香菇中提取分离纯化得到的生物活性物质, 是以β-1,3-葡聚糖为主链、β-1,6-糖苷链为支链形成的高分子量多糖。研究表明, 香菇多糖具有诸多生物活性功能, 如抗癌、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血脂、治疗糖尿病等。此外, 香菇多糖作为一种食品级多糖, 具有良好的亲水性和胶凝性, 在食品和医药领域引起了广泛的关注[10]
本研究将利用低酯果胶与香菇多糖制备复合低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠, 基于单因素实验和响应面法优化凝胶珠的制备工艺, 探究乳酸钙浓度、固化时间和固化温度对凝胶珠硬度的影响, 确定凝胶珠的最佳制备工艺条件, 并对凝胶珠进行结构表征, 为开发具有潜在功能活性的改良果胶凝胶珠提供有效参考。
低酯果胶(食品级, 苹果来源, 烟台帝斯曼安德利果胶股份有限公司); 香菇多糖(纯度40%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 乳酸钙(食品级, 河南金丹乳酸科技股份有限公司)。
ME204E/02电子天平(感量为0.1 mg, 瑞士梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司); LLS PLUS-B196实验室蠕动泵[卡川尔流体科技(上海)有限公司]; TA.XTC-20物性分析仪(上海保圣实业发展有限公司); SCIENTZ-10YG/A冷冻干燥机(宁波新芝冻干设备股份有限公司); Nicolet iS10傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); MCR 102模块化智能流变仪(奥地利安东帕有限公司); TESCAN MIRA LMS扫描电子显微镜(捷克泰思肯有限公司)。
参考陈芳等[8]的方法并稍作修改。准确称取5.0 g低酯果胶和2.5 g香菇多糖, 均匀混合后加入100 mL去离子水中, 在40 ℃水浴锅中磁力搅拌溶解3 h, 溶解完成后静置12 h。称取不同质量的乳酸钙粉末分别加入200 mL去离子水中。将低酯果胶-香菇多糖溶液通过蠕动泵以2.0 mL/min的速率滴加到200 mL乳酸钙溶液中, 固化不同时间后收集凝胶珠, 用纯净水冲洗即得低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠鲜珠, 冷冻干燥24 h得凝胶珠干珠。采用相同步骤制备不添加香菇多糖的低酯果胶凝胶珠作为对照。
参考张慧敏等[11]的方法, 以硬度为测定指标, 探究不同乳酸钙浓度、固化时间与固化温度对低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠硬度的影响。单因素实验设计为: 不同乳酸钙浓度(3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%)条件下, 固化时间为30 min, 固化温度为室温; 不同固化时间(10、20、30、40、50、60 min)条件下, 乳酸钙浓度为4%, 固化温度为室温; 不同固化温度(30、40、50、60 ℃)条件下, 乳酸钙浓度为4%, 固化时间为30 min。
基于单因素实验结果设计响应面实验, 选择乳酸钙浓度(%)、固化时间(min)与固化温度(℃) 3个因素为自变量, 硬度为响应值, 利用Design-Expert 13软件设计响应面组合探究低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的最佳制备工艺条件, 响应面因素与水平设计如表1所示。
利用衰减全反射FTIR仪对最佳工艺条件下制备的凝胶珠进行分析, 将约3 mg冻干后的凝胶珠粉末直接放置在样品架上, 扫描范围为4000~500 cm-1, 分辨率4 cm-1, 扫描64次[12]
参考WANG等[13]的方法并稍作修改。利用物性分析仪评估凝胶珠的质构特性, 采用TA/0.5凝胶探头, 全质构测定模式下设定测试条件为测前、测试和测后速度均为1 mm/s, 下压程度为30%, 触发力为4.00 gf (1 N=102 gf), 保持时间5 s。每组实验重复10次。
参考BU等[14]的方法并稍作修改。使用模块化智能流变仪测定凝胶珠样品的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")随角频率的变化。测量应变为0.5%, 角频率范围为0.1~100.0 rad/s。
将冻干凝胶珠表面和横截面粘在导电台上, 在真空条件下喷金后, 通过扫描电镜观察凝胶珠样品的表面形貌和内部结构, 扫描电镜工作电压为5 kV[15]
实验数据以“平均值±标准偏差”表示, 利用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行显著性分析, 不同字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。每组实验至少重复3次。
不同乳酸钙浓度对凝胶珠硬度的影响如图1A所示。随着乳酸钙浓度的增加(3%~8%), 凝胶珠硬度呈现先增大后减小的趋势, 乳酸钙浓度在7%时, 硬度最大为35.52 gf。这可能是因为当乳酸钙浓度较低时, 果胶分子与Ca2+交联程度较低, 因而形成的凝胶珠机械强度较低, 而随着乳酸钙浓度的增加, 果胶分子与Ca2+的交联增多, 使形成更致密的凝胶网络结构, 从而提高了凝胶珠的硬度[16]。而进一步增加乳酸钙浓度时, 果胶溶液滴入高浓度乳酸钙溶液的瞬间即会形成致密的凝胶网络结构, 影响了凝胶珠的通透性, Ca2+难以继续渗入, 影响了交联作用, 导致凝胶珠硬度降低[17]。因此确定最佳的乳酸钙浓度为7%。
不同固化时间对凝胶珠硬度的影响如图1B所示。当固化时间在10~60 min范围内, 随着固化时间的延长, 凝胶珠硬度呈现先增大后减小的趋势, 当固化时间为40 min时, 凝胶珠硬度最大为35.53 gf。这一趋势归因于固化时间较短时, 形成的凝胶珠网络结构较为疏松, 导致凝胶性能较弱, 硬度较小; 随着固化时间的延长, Ca2+有更多的时间渗透到珠粒中与果胶分子发生交联反应, 提高凝胶珠硬度[18]; 长时间的固化会导致凝胶珠内结合水减少, 从而会导致硬度降低。因此确定最佳的固化时间为40 min。
不同固化温度对凝胶珠硬度的影响如图1C所示。当固化温度在30~50 ℃范围内, 随着温度的升高, 凝胶珠的硬度逐渐增加, 在50 ℃时硬度最大为35.63 gf, 继续增加至60 ℃, 硬度变化不大。原因是当温度升高时, 分子热运动变剧烈, 有利于果胶分子与Ca2+的交联固化, 凝胶珠硬度增大, 稳定性增强[19]; 然而温度进一步升高会导致果胶分子在溶液中移动速率加快, Ca2+无法深入凝胶珠内部形成稳定的交联区, 从而影响凝胶珠硬度[20]。因此确定最佳的固化温度为50 ℃。
根据单因素实验结果, 选择乳酸钙浓度(7%)、固化时间(40 min)与固化温度(50 ℃)进行响应面优化选择, 响应面实验设计方案与结果见表2, 回归模型的方差分析结果见表3。利用Design-Expert 13软件进行完全回归分析得到硬度(Y)与乳酸钙浓度(A)、固化时间(B)和固化温度(C)之间的二阶多项式回归方程: Y=36.25-0.0700A+0.2510B+ 0.5898C-0.7694AB-0.0432AC-0.1794BC-0.7819A2-0.6590B2-0.7999C2
方差分析结果(表3)表明, 所建立的回归模型表现出极显著差异(P<0.01), 同时失拟项无显著差异(P>0.05), 表明此模型没有显著的失拟, 拟合度较好; 决定系数R2=0.9836, 说明凝胶珠硬度的实验值和模拟回归值有很好的一致性; 校正后决定系数R2Adj=0.9625, 表明回归方程的可信度较高, 可以反映96.25%的响应值变化, 因此该回归模型表现出较高的可信度和拟合度, 可以用于低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠硬度的预测和分析。此外, 因素BCABA2B2C2对结果的影响极显著(P<0.01), 对模型有很大的贡献, 表明对凝胶珠硬度有显著的影响。
根据回归方程得到不同因素之间的交互作用对凝胶珠硬度的影响, 如图2所示。乳酸钙浓度(A)与固化时间(B)的相互作用对凝胶珠硬度的影响如图2A所示, 等高线图呈椭圆形, 响应面倾斜程度大, 表明两者的交互作用对凝胶珠硬度影响显著, 并且固化时间的变化趋势大于乳酸钙浓度, 说明固化时间对凝胶珠硬度的影响大于乳酸钙浓度。乳酸钙浓度(A)与固化温度(C)的相互作用对凝胶珠硬度的影响如图2B所示, 等高线图近似圆形, 且曲面相对平缓, 说明两者的交互作用对凝胶珠硬度的影响较弱, 并且固化温度的变化趋势大于乳酸钙浓度, 说明固化温度对凝胶珠硬度的影响大于乳酸钙浓度。固化时间(B)与固化温度(C)的相互作用对凝胶珠硬度的影响如图2C所示, 等高线图呈微椭圆形, 说明两者的交互作用对凝胶珠硬度有一定影响, 并且固化温度的变化趋势大于固化时间, 表明固化温度对凝胶珠硬度的影响大于固化时间。综合不同因素交互作用的响应面图及等高线图分析结果, 得出各因素对低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠硬度的影响作用大小依次为: 固化温度(C)>固化时间(B)>乳酸钙浓度(A)。
经过响应面法优化, 模型预测低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的最佳制备工艺条件为: 乳酸钙浓度6.20%、固化时间44.22 min、固化温度48.23 ℃, 在此条件下, 预测凝胶珠的硬度为35.93 gf。考虑到实验条件和实际操作, 将最佳工艺条件调整为: 乳酸钙浓度6.2%、固化时间44 min、固化温度48 ℃, 此条件下得到凝胶珠的实际硬度为35.60 gf, 与理论预测值仅相差0.33 gf, 说明此模型对优化低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的制备工艺条件稳定且可靠。
低酯果胶凝胶珠与低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠鲜珠和干珠的外观图如图3所示。低酯果胶凝胶珠鲜珠直径约为3 mm, 呈现透明微黄色, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠鲜珠直径有所减小, 黄色加深, 可能由于香菇多糖本身呈褐色所致。两种凝胶珠都具有光滑的表面和规则的形状, 可作为递送活性物质的良好载体。冷冻干燥过程会导致凝胶珠水分流失, 体积收缩, 两种凝胶珠干珠的直径均有所减小, 约减小至2.3~2.4 mm。
低酯果胶凝胶珠与低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的FTIR光谱如图4所示。在低酯果胶凝胶珠中, 3257 cm-1处的吸收峰对应O-H伸缩振动, 2930 cm-1处的吸收峰与C-H伸缩振动有关, 1580 cm-1处的吸收峰由果胶的羧基(-COOH)的C=O不对称拉伸振动导致, 1420 cm-1处的吸收峰是由于C-O的对称拉伸振动导致, 1008 cm-1处的吸收峰对应C-O-C的伸缩振动[21-23]。加入香菇多糖后, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的O-H伸缩振动吸收峰红移至3247 cm-1, 且吸收峰强度明显增大, 说明低酯果胶与香菇多糖之间发生了较强的氢键相互作用[24], 此外整个FTIR光谱区域内没有产生新的吸收峰, 说明低酯果胶与香菇多糖没有形成新的化学键。
通过全质构分析对比了最佳工艺条件下制备的低酯果胶凝胶珠与低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶着性、内聚性和回复性差异, 结果分别如图5A~F所示。与纯低酯果胶凝胶珠相比, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的硬度降低9.76%、弹性增加7.11%、咀嚼性降低10.85%、胶着性降低8.54%、内聚性提高7.57%、回复性降低6.25%。推测原因为当低酯果胶与香菇多糖复合制备凝胶珠时, 香菇多糖可能会减弱果胶分子与Ca2+的有效交联, 影响纯果胶凝胶网络结构的强度以及凝胶珠之间的黏附力[25], 进而降低了低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的硬度和胶着性[26]; 香菇多糖含有大量的羟基等极性基团, 具有较好的水溶性, 因此香菇多糖的加入能够在复合凝胶珠体系中形成大量氢键, 使凝胶珠保持较高的水分含量, 有助于维持凝胶珠的柔软性和延展性, 从而增加低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的弹性[27], 更有利于咀嚼和吞咽[28]。香菇多糖在果胶基质中起到了填充和支撑的作用, 增加了复合凝胶珠的内聚性[29]; 但香菇多糖与果胶分子之间的相互作用可能会影响果胶分子的排列和交联过程, 而且可能在一定程度上阻碍果胶分子链的有效复原, 降低了低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的回复性[30]
动态流变学在研究食品加工特性方面可用来确定样品的黏弹性。储能模量(G')表示材料在施加应力下的弹性变形过程中储存的能量, 反映了弹性; 损耗模量(G")表示材料在变形后恢复到初始状态时损耗的能量, 反映了黏性[31]图6显示了低酯果胶凝胶珠与低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的G'和G"随角频率的变化情况。两种凝胶珠的G'和G"均随角频率的增加而增大, 表现出显著的频率依赖性, 同时两种凝胶珠的G'均大于G", 说明在两种凝胶珠中维持凝胶网络的弹性特性占主导地位, 这是具有相对稳定凝胶结构的典型固体凝胶[32-33]。此外, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的G'和G"大于纯低酯果胶凝胶珠, 这可能是由于添加香菇多糖后, 除了果胶分子之间的相互交联外, 果胶分子还与香菇多糖相互作用, 使得分子间的缠结点增多, 促进形成具有更大刚性的凝胶, 使复合凝胶珠体系更稳定[27,34]
通过扫描电镜观察了冻干凝胶珠的表面形态以及截面结构, 如图7所示。从整体结构看, 两种凝胶珠均呈球形, 并有一定程度的收缩, 这被认为是由冷冻干燥过程中的水分流失引起的。5000倍的放大倍数下观察到两种凝胶珠的表面均呈现出独特的静脉结构, 这是Ca2+和多糖水凝胶之间离子交联的典型结构[15], 并且香菇多糖与低酯果胶复合后凝胶珠的静脉网络更为明显。当凝胶液滴与Ca2+接触的瞬间即会发生外周交联, 使珠粒保持球形结构, 然后Ca2+会逐渐扩散到凝胶珠的整个内部基质结构中, 有利于进一步固化, 进而形成均匀排列的多层结构[35]。在冷冻干燥过程中, 交联多糖基质中的水分被消除, 从而导致多层结构的间隙可以形成相互连接的多孔结构[36], 这种多孔结构有助于活性成分的包封和递送。低酯果胶凝胶珠截面的孔隙较为松散, 而低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠截面的孔隙更致密、均一, 说明香菇多糖的加入可以提高低酯果胶凝胶珠结构的致密性, 这可能更有利于活性成分的封装。
本研究利用离子交联法成功制备了低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠, 通过响应面法优化确定最佳制备工艺条件为: 乳酸钙浓度6.2%、固化时间44 min、固化温度48 ℃, 此条件下得到的凝胶珠实际硬度为35.60 gf。与纯低酯果胶凝胶珠相比, 低酯果胶-香菇多糖凝胶珠的硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性和回复性有所降低, 而弹性和内聚性有所增加, 此外添加香菇多糖可以促进具有更大刚性和结构更稳定的凝胶珠的形成。综上所述, 香菇多糖与低酯果胶复合可以有效改善低酯果胶凝胶珠的机械性能和质构特性, 研究结果对功能性凝胶珠的制备具有参考意义。
  • 山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2024TSGC0483)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
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山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2024TSGC0483)
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    1.山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室, 泰安 271018
    2.乳山市检验检测中心, 威海 264500

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* 郑振佳(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工与功能食品。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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