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Article(id=1153433635001720873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241110001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731168000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608344, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608344, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608344, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433635412762668, articleId=1153433635001720873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Genomic analysis of high temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To process, annotate and analyze the genomic data of the high temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4 by biological software and databases, and to functionally annotate the strain characteristics at the gene level. Methods Metabolic signaling pathways were analyzed by metabolic signaling pathways kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO), clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), non-redundant protein (NR) database, etc., which were compared with the predicted gene sequences to obtain the gene function annotation table. The protein sequences of the predicted genes were compared with COG, KEGG and GO databases for BLASTP analysis, to realize the prediction of gene annotation information and function prediction. Results The database analysis showed that the number of bases was 4188731, and the GC content accounted for 46.18%. There were 4445 protein genes, with a total length of 3696380 bp. Functional annotation of genomic protein coding genes showed that the highest proportion of COG-annotated genes was for G (carbohydrate transport and metabolism), followed by K (transcription), which indicated that protein genes encoded in the COG database were mainly involved in the basic cellular function. The GO annotation revealed that the predominant gene types and genes were classified under biological processes. The carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) annotation identified hydrolytic enzymes as the most prevalent category. The KEGG annotation showed that carbohydrate metabolism accounted for the highest number of genes. In the environmental information category, information transduction emerged as the most significant percentage. In the high-temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4, 11 genes were found to encode cellulases, with β-glucosidase and endoglucanase being the genes encoding enzymes. Conclusion In this study, the genomic data of Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4 is processed, annotated and analysed in order to further explore the research potential of the strain, to better investigate the regulatory mechanism of cellulose production in Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4 and to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent experiments.

, correspAuthors=Zhi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong-Zhuo WEN, Zhi ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433667348193340, articleId=1153433635001720873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4基因组分析, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 利用生物软件和数据库对耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4的基因组数据进行处理、注释和分析, 并在基因水平上对菌株特征进行功能注释。方法 通过京都基因和基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)和基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)等代谢信号通路, 蛋白质同源组(clusters of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)、非冗余蛋白质(non-redundant protein, NR)数据库等分析, 分别与预测得到的基因序列做比对, 获得基因功能注释表。将预测得到基因的蛋白序列与COG、KEGG和GO数据库进行蛋白质序列对蛋白质序列库比对(basic local alignment search tool: protein, BLASTP)比对分析, 从而实现基因注释信息预测及功能预测。结果 通过数据库分析可知其碱基数目为4188731, GC含量占比为46.18%, 编码的蛋白基因4445条, 基因总长度为3696380 bp。对基因组蛋白编码基因进行功能注释可知, COG注释基因中占比最高的功能为G(碳水化合物的转运和代谢), 其次为K(转录), 表明COG数据库编码的蛋白基因主要参与细胞的基本功能。GO注释中, 基因种类和数目最多的为生物学过程; 碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZy)注释中, 水解酶占比最高; KEGG注释中, 碳水化合物代谢数目最多; 在环境信息中, 信息转导占比最多。耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4共11条编码纤维素酶的基因, β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切葡聚糖酶为基因编码的酶。结论 本研究对耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4的基因组数据进行处理、注释和分析, 进一步探索菌株研究潜力, 以便更好地探究菌株产纤维素的调控机制, 为后续实验提供理论基础。

, correspAuthors=张智, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张智(1964—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品发酵、植物生物转化、功能食品等研究。E-mail:
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温冬灼(1997—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵、功能食品等研究。E-mail:

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温冬灼(1997—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵、功能食品等研究。E-mail:

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注: 由外向内包含6圈, 第一圈为基因组组装结果, 共获得19个scaffold序列; 第二圈为基因的分布, 绘图数据为窗口内存在的基因个数, 窗口大小为2 kb; 第三圈为基因组GC分布, 绘图数据为窗口内序列的GC占比, 窗口大小2 kb; 第四圈为tRNA基因的分布情况; 第五圈为rRNA的分布情况; 第六圈为同源基因的分布情况, 线条连接的两个基因具有同源序列。

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注: C. 能量产生与转换; D. 细胞周期控制, 细胞分裂和染色体分裂; E. 氨基酸转运与代谢; F. 核酸转运与代谢; G. 碳水化合物转运与代谢; H. 辅转运与代谢; I. 脂顾转运与代谢; J. 翻译, 核糖体结构和生物合成; K. 转录; L. 复制, 重组与修复; M. 细胞壁/膜/包膜的生物合成; N. 细胞活性; O. 翻译后修饰, 蛋白质转化与分子伴侣; P. 无机离子的转运与代谢; Q. 次级代谢产物的生物合成, 运输与分解代谢; R. 一般功能预测; S. 未知功能; T. 信号传导机制; U. 细胞内运翰, 分泌和囊泡; V. 防御机制。

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注: 1. 繁殖; 2. 代谢过程; 3. 细胞过程; 4. 生物黏附; 5. 信号传递; 6. 多细胞机体过程; 7. 发育过程; 8. 生长; 9. 运动; 10. 单一机体过程; 11. 生物过程的正向调节; 12. 生物过程的反向调节; 13. 生物过程的调控; 14. 对刺激的反应; 15. 定位; 16. 定位的建立; 17. 多生物过程; 18. 生物调控; 19. 细胞成分组织或生物生成部分; 20. 细胞外区城; 21. 细胞; 22. 核仁; 23. 膜; 24. 病毒; 25. 细胞外矩阵; 26. 膜-封闭的腔体; 27. 大分子复合体; 28. 细胞器; 29. 细胞外基质部分; 30. 细胞外区域部分; 31. 细胞器部分; 32. 病毒部分; 33. 服部分; 34. 突触部分; 35. 细胞部分; 36. 突触; 37. 蛋自结合转录因子活性; 38. 核酸结合转录因子活性; 39. 催化活性; 40. 受体活性; 41. 结构分子活性; 42. 转运体活性; 43. 蛋白结合; 44. 电子载体活性; 45. 抗氧化剂活性; 46. 酶调节剂活性; 47. D-丙氨酰载体活性; 48. 营养库活性; 49. 分子转导剂活性。

, figureFileSmall=UpCcJZwEv/FMWjgmxrBCoA==, figureFileBig=BUy01I2J0tsKlR8Ix0D9cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086929054941422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Carbohydrate-active enzyme gene annotation, figureFileSmall=e70RY/IJZSopTLVNzLpqLw==, figureFileBig=i6wc/W0zrG5Lj5pFj/YvtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086929176576239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=CN, label=图5, caption=碳水化合物活性酶基因注释

注: 糖苷水解酶基因(glycoside hydrolascs, GH); 糖基转变酶基因(glyoosyl transfcrases, GT); 糖脂酶基因(carbohydrale esterases, CE); 糖基聚集模块基(carbobydrate-binding modules, CBM); 辅助功能的酶基因(auxiliary activities, AA); 多糖裂合酶(polysaccharide lyascs, PL)。

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COG annotation of the cellulase gene

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基因编码 COG编码 COG名称 路径名称
PROKKA_02186 COG1363 纤维素酶和相关蛋白 碳水化合物运输
PROKKA_02914 COG1363
PROKKA_04172 COG1363
PROKKA_01487 COG2730 内切葡聚
糖酶
PROKKA_03102 COG2730
PROKKA_03292 COG4305
), ArticleFig(id=1175086929554063605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

COG注释中纤维素酶基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编码 COG编码 COG名称 路径名称
PROKKA_02186 COG1363 纤维素酶和相关蛋白 碳水化合物运输
PROKKA_02914 COG1363
PROKKA_04172 COG1363
PROKKA_01487 COG2730 内切葡聚
糖酶
PROKKA_03102 COG2730
PROKKA_03292 COG4305
), ArticleFig(id=1175086929625366774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

GO annotation of the cellulase gene

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编码 GO编码 GO名称 注释
PROKKA_01074 GO:0008810 纤维素
酶活性		 纤维素通过β-1,4-糖苷键进行催化水解处理
PROKKA_01487
PROKKA_01488
PROKKA_01489
PROKKA_03102
PROKKA_03661
PROKKA_00936 GO:0015926 葡聚糖苷
酶活性		 葡萄糖基化合物水解的催化, 葡萄糖基化合物含有源自葡萄糖的环状形式或葡萄糖衍生物的基团的物质
), ArticleFig(id=1175086929700864247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GO注释中纤维素酶基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编码 GO编码 GO名称 注释
PROKKA_01074 GO:0008810 纤维素
酶活性		 纤维素通过β-1,4-糖苷键进行催化水解处理
PROKKA_01487
PROKKA_01488
PROKKA_01489
PROKKA_03102
PROKKA_03661
PROKKA_00936 GO:0015926 葡聚糖苷
酶活性		 葡萄糖基化合物水解的催化, 葡萄糖基化合物含有源自葡萄糖的环状形式或葡萄糖衍生物的基团的物质
), ArticleFig(id=1175086929776361720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

KEGG annotation of the cellulase gene

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编码 KO编号 名称 酶编号 路径名称
PROKKA_01487 K01179 内切葡聚糖酶 EC:3.2.1.4 ko00500: 淀粉与蔗糖代谢
PROKKA_01489 K01179
PROKKA_02914 K01179
PROKKA_03102 K01179
PROKKA_04172 K01179
), ArticleFig(id=1175086929851859193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433635001720873, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

KEGG注释中纤维素酶基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编码 KO编号 名称 酶编号 路径名称
PROKKA_01487 K01179 内切葡聚糖酶 EC:3.2.1.4 ko00500: 淀粉与蔗糖代谢
PROKKA_01489 K01179
PROKKA_02914 K01179
PROKKA_03102 K01179
PROKKA_04172 K01179
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耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4基因组分析
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温冬灼 1 , 张智 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(6): 10-16
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(6): 10-16
耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4基因组分析
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温冬灼1 , 张智2, *
作者信息
  • 1.吉林工程职业学院粮油食品学院, 四平 136001
  • 2.东北林业大学生命科学学院, 哈尔滨 150040

    • 温冬灼(1997—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品发酵、功能食品等研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张智(1964—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品发酵、植物生物转化、功能食品等研究。E-mail:
Genomic analysis of high temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4
Dong-Zhuo WEN1 , Zhi ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs, Jilin Engineering Vocational College, Siping 136001, China
  • 2. College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241110001
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摘要
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目的 利用生物软件和数据库对耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4的基因组数据进行处理、注释和分析, 并在基因水平上对菌株特征进行功能注释。方法 通过京都基因和基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)和基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)等代谢信号通路, 蛋白质同源组(clusters of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)、非冗余蛋白质(non-redundant protein, NR)数据库等分析, 分别与预测得到的基因序列做比对, 获得基因功能注释表。将预测得到基因的蛋白序列与COG、KEGG和GO数据库进行蛋白质序列对蛋白质序列库比对(basic local alignment search tool: protein, BLASTP)比对分析, 从而实现基因注释信息预测及功能预测。结果 通过数据库分析可知其碱基数目为4188731, GC含量占比为46.18%, 编码的蛋白基因4445条, 基因总长度为3696380 bp。对基因组蛋白编码基因进行功能注释可知, COG注释基因中占比最高的功能为G(碳水化合物的转运和代谢), 其次为K(转录), 表明COG数据库编码的蛋白基因主要参与细胞的基本功能。GO注释中, 基因种类和数目最多的为生物学过程; 碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZy)注释中, 水解酶占比最高; KEGG注释中, 碳水化合物代谢数目最多; 在环境信息中, 信息转导占比最多。耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4共11条编码纤维素酶的基因, β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切葡聚糖酶为基因编码的酶。结论 本研究对耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4的基因组数据进行处理、注释和分析, 进一步探索菌株研究潜力, 以便更好地探究菌株产纤维素的调控机制, 为后续实验提供理论基础。

解淀粉芽孢杆菌  /  纤维素酶  /  基因组

Objective To process, annotate and analyze the genomic data of the high temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4 by biological software and databases, and to functionally annotate the strain characteristics at the gene level. Methods Metabolic signaling pathways were analyzed by metabolic signaling pathways kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO), clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), non-redundant protein (NR) database, etc., which were compared with the predicted gene sequences to obtain the gene function annotation table. The protein sequences of the predicted genes were compared with COG, KEGG and GO databases for BLASTP analysis, to realize the prediction of gene annotation information and function prediction. Results The database analysis showed that the number of bases was 4188731, and the GC content accounted for 46.18%. There were 4445 protein genes, with a total length of 3696380 bp. Functional annotation of genomic protein coding genes showed that the highest proportion of COG-annotated genes was for G (carbohydrate transport and metabolism), followed by K (transcription), which indicated that protein genes encoded in the COG database were mainly involved in the basic cellular function. The GO annotation revealed that the predominant gene types and genes were classified under biological processes. The carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) annotation identified hydrolytic enzymes as the most prevalent category. The KEGG annotation showed that carbohydrate metabolism accounted for the highest number of genes. In the environmental information category, information transduction emerged as the most significant percentage. In the high-temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4, 11 genes were found to encode cellulases, with β-glucosidase and endoglucanase being the genes encoding enzymes. Conclusion In this study, the genomic data of Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4 is processed, annotated and analysed in order to further explore the research potential of the strain, to better investigate the regulatory mechanism of cellulose production in Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4 and to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent experiments.

Bacillus amyloliticus  /  cellulase  /  genome
温冬灼, 张智. 耐高温解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4基因组分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 10 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241110001
Dong-Zhuo WEN, Zhi ZHANG. Genomic analysis of high temperature resistant Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 10 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241110001
正文
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0 引言
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纤维素是自然界中蕴藏最为丰富的可再生资源, 绝大部分尚未被人类利用, 采用适合的方法高效降解纤维素逐渐成为研究热点[1-2]。生物降解法降解纤维素具有耗费小、污染少、效果好的优点, 是一种理想的降解手段[3]。在生物降解纤维素中, 纤维素降解菌是纤维素降解的关键, 纤维素降解菌的筛选和应用对于提高纤维素的转化效率、农业废弃物处理具有重要意义。传统工业上利用的真菌类纤维素降解菌有一定的局限性, 而细菌类纤维素降解菌株具有生长速度快、酶产量高、对环境条件适应性强等优点, 是不错的菌株来源[4-5]。本研究实验菌株为经诱变后获得的耐高温产纤维素酶菌株, 菌株名称为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliticus BA-DES4), 该菌株具有耐高温、兼性厌氧等生物性状, 为其工业的发展, 满足其工业生产上的需求。
近年来, 生物信息学作为菌株探索的新手段逐渐进入人们视野, 基因功能越来越多通过基因组挖掘导向而发现, 生物信息学手段具有操作简便、效率高以及目的性强等优点, 为微生物潜力开发奠定了基础, 也推动了新型次级代谢产物的挖掘[6-7]。张晶[8]通过宏基因组测序探究了麦曲阿魏酸产生功能酶基因和微生物多样性, 最终发现共有8个细菌属和2个真菌属的微生物注释到阿魏酸酯酶, 共有23个细菌属和13个真菌属注释到的5种参与纤维素降解相关的酶类基因。杨美玲[9]通过对放线菌的新物种进行生物信息学分析研究, 分析京都基因和基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)代谢途径中, 碳水化合物代谢及氨基酸代谢占比较大。内切葡聚糖酶是纤维素酶系统最主要部分, 对纤维素降解有至关重要的作用, 但天然微生物中产生的内切葡聚糖酶活性低、稳定性差, 难以满足工业生产中的要求。可以通过基因工程技术, 将内切葡聚糖酶的基因插入到高效的宿主细胞中, 从而大规模生产内切葡聚糖酶, 显著提高酶的产量[10-12]。因此, 本研究目的菌株基因编码蛋白的结构与功能, 预测降解纤维素有关的功能基因。通过蛋白质同源组(clusters of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)、KEGG、基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)数据库及非冗余蛋白质(non-redundant protein database, NR)功能数据库分别与预测得到的基因序列做比对, 获得基因功能注释表。将预测得到基因的蛋白序列与COG、KEGG和GO数据库进行蛋白质序列对蛋白质序列库比对(basic local alignment search tool: protein, BLASTP)比对分析, 从而实现基因注释信息预测及功能预测, 以便更好地探究菌株产纤维素的调控机制, 进一步探索该菌株研究潜力, 为后续基因工程实验提供理论基础。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 实验菌株
解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4, 由东北林业大学发酵实验室筛选保藏, 纤维素酶活力为61.5 U/mL。
1.2 试剂与设备
1.2.1 试剂
蛋白胨、酵母粉、牛肉膏(生物试剂, 北京奥博星生物技术有限公司); 二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitro salicylic acid, DNS)试剂(生物试剂)、羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxyme thyl cellulose, CMC-Na)、硫酸镁、氯化钠、柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、蔗糖、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钙、氯化镁(分析纯)(天津市天力试剂有限公司); Rapid Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]。
1.2.2 仪器与设备
JA2003分析天平(感量0.1 mg, 上海良平仪器仪表有限公司); BS 124 S电子天平(感量0.01 g, 沈阳龙腾电子仪器厂); DHG-9240电热鼓风干燥箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); SJ-3 F pH计(上海圣科仪器设备有限公司); TGL-16G台式离心机(上海科雳仪器设备有限公司); DK-98-Ⅱ A电热恒温水浴锅(天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司); RT-6000酶标仪(深圳雷杜生命科学有限公司); KQ-300 DE数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); UV-5500 PC紫外可见分光光度计(上海元析仪器有限公司)。
1.3 实验方法
1.3.1 发酵产酶培养基配制
分别称量蛋白胨3 g, 酵母粉0.5 g, 硫酸铵2.0 g, 磷酸二氢钾4 g, 氯化钠0.3 g, 硫酸镁0.3 g, CMC-Na 20 g, 加入蒸馏水1000 mL, 121 ℃灭菌20 min[13-14]。
1.3.2 目的菌株全基因组测序分析
(1)基因组测序
对解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4的基因组序列的测定由上海生工公司利用Illumina高通量测序平台完成[15]。
(2)基因组DNA提取
对解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-DES4的基因组提取采用试剂盒(Rapid Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit)[16]。
(3)基因组基因注释预测
GeneMark(版本4.17)软件可以预测基因, 以及蛋白编码区阅读框的位移的工具。通过GeneMark软件对菌株全基因组进行编码基因预测及过滤[17-19]。
(4)基因组的非编码基因预测
非编码RNA, 指不翻译成蛋白质的RNA, 如tRNA、rRNA等。软件tRNAscan-SE可对基因组中tRNA进行注释, 将拼接组装好的的基因组输入进行注释, 使用tRNAscan-SE v1.3.1预测tRNA; 然后使用RNAmmer v1.2进行rRNA预测[20-22]。
(5)基因组的蛋白编码基因功能注释
蛋白编码基因的功能注释的目的在于对蛋白编码基因的功能进行注释可以从分子水平角度对物种认识更加清晰。基因(蛋白)常见的功能分析方法有: 代谢信号通路KEGG和GO分析。另外还有COG、NR数据库等分析[23-24]。
(6)全基因组数据处理分析
对组装结果进行预测由GeneMark软件完成[20], 通过GO、COG、KEGG及NR功能数据库分别与预测得到的基因序列做比对, 获得基因功能注释表。将预测得到基因的蛋白序列与COG、KEGG和GO数据库进行BLASTP比对分析, 从而实现基因注释信息预测及功能预测[25-27]。
1.4 数据处理
实验中的数据均平行测定3次, 以平均值±标准偏差表示, 基础数据统计采用Excel 365软件, 作图采用Origin 8.5软件, 显著性分析采用SPSS 19.0软件完成[28]。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 基因组分析及功能注释
2.1.1 基因组基本特征
采用circos绘制基因组圈图, 菌株BA-DES4基因组由一条环状染色体组成, 如图1所示, 总基因长度为3696380 bp, 831.58 bp是基因的平均长度, 最短及最长基因长度分别为45 bp和7158 bp; 其环状基因组示意图如图1所示, 碱基数目为4188731, 编码蛋白的基因数4445条, 编码蛋白的基因比率为88.25%, 77个tRNA基因和10个rRNA, GC含量占比46.18%。由图2可知, 菌株BA-DES4的基因长度大多数在200~1200 bp之间, 其中39个基因长度大于3000 bp, 而长度在1600~3000 bp之间的基因较少。
2.1.2 COG数据库功能注释
图3为在BA-DES4基因组中COG的功能分类图。COG注释基因数3111条, 占编码蛋白基因的72.96%。由图3可知, 与代谢编码的蛋白相关基因数共1231条, 占比为39.57%。COG注释基因中代谢途径占比最高的功能为G(碳水化合物的转运和代谢)达到9.58%, 相关基因数为298条, 其次为K(转录)相关的基因数为281条, 占比为9.03%。之后E(氨基酸转运和代谢)相关的基因数为255条, 占比为8.20%。这3大类功能说明COG数据库编码的蛋白基因主要参与细胞的基本功能, 这些相关的功能基因在保障微生物正常生长活动的同时, 还可以促进它们对外部环境的适应。
2.1.3 GO数据库功能注释
GO注释基因的总数为3242条, 占编码蛋白基因的76.03%。由图4可知, 基因种类和数目最多的为生物学过程, 基因种类达到19种, 其中细胞内过程、代谢过程占主导地位; 17种与细胞过程相关的基因, 占主要组分的为细胞部位、细胞; 13种与分子功能相关的基因, 催化活性和蛋白结合这两部分在其过程中起着关键的作用。
2.1.4 碳水化合物活性酶注释
如图5所示, 采用比对CAZy数据库的方式, 获得菌株BA-DES4的碳水化合物活性酶基因注释并进行统计, GH占比最高达到33.95%, 其次为GT, 占比达到23.26%。
2.1.5 KEGG代谢通路分类
经KEGG注释基因数共1845条, 占编码蛋白基因的43.27%。从图6中可知, 菌株BA-DES4代谢途径中, 碳水化合物代谢相关的基因数最多为491条, 氨基酸代谢相关的基因数350条。表明碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢在代谢途径中占主要优势。在环境信息中, 信息转导占比最多, 相关基因数为231条。
2.2 纤维素降解相关基因预测
如图7所示为基因韦恩图, 菌株BA-DES4被3个数据库同时注释的基因数为1559条。此外, COG和GO数据库共同注释基因数为1288条, GO和KEGG数据库共同注释基因数23条, COG和KEGG数据库共同注释基因数20条。
2.2.1 COG注释中的纤维素酶基因
参与碳水化合物运输与代谢通过COG注释基因数为298条。分析表1可知, COG注释结果, 进行比对后获得6条纤维素酶相关基因, 包括表示纤维素酶和参与纤维素酶促反应的相关蛋白的COG1363, 以及表示内切葡聚糖酶的COG2730和COG4305, 表明菌株BA-DES4含有纤维素酶相关蛋白并且能够分泌内切葡聚糖酶。
2.2.2 GO注释中的纤维素酶基因
如表2所示, GO注释结果中搜索到7条纤维素酶相关基因。表示纤维素酶活性的GO:0008810, 其作用为将纤维素中的β-1,4-糖苷键进行催化水解处理; 表示葡萄糖苷酶活性的GO:0015926, 其作用为催化葡萄糖基复合物的水解反应。
2.2.3 KEGG注释中的纤维素酶基因
KEGG注释结果中分析共有328种代谢通路, 分析表3可知, 淀粉与蔗糖代谢途径中与纤维素酶解相关的基因共5条, 其产酶为内切葡聚糖酶, 对应酶编号为EC:3.2.1.4。
2.2.4 COG、GO、KEGG共同注释的纤维素酶基因
将共同注释的基因去除掉后, 共11条纤维素酶基因被3个数据库注释到, β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切葡聚糖酶为基因编码的酶。分析上述数据库注释基因可知, 其中3个数据库均注释到的基因有2条, 分别为PROKKA_01487和PROKKA_03102。
3 结论
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在实际应用中, 纤维素降解菌的应用范围广泛, 包括农业废弃物处理、堆肥过程、生物燃料生产等领域。例如, 在牛粪堆肥中添加纤维素降解菌可以显著提高堆肥的腐熟度和肥效。此外, 纤维素酶在食品加工、造纸、纺织等行业也有广泛应用[29]。纤维素降解菌的筛选和应用对于提高纤维素的转化效率和农业废弃物处理具有重要意义。传统工业上利用的真菌类纤维素降解菌有一定的局限性, 而细菌类纤维素降解菌株因其生长速度快、酶产量高、对环境条件适应性强等优点, 成为理想的菌株来源。通过诱变等手段获得耐高温、高产纤维素酶的细菌菌株, 结合优化产酶条件和微生物协同降解的优势, 可以有效提高纤维素的转化效率, 推动可持续发展和绿色经济的发展[30]。内切葡聚糖酶是纤维素酶系统最主要部分, 对纤维素降解有至关重要的作用, 但天然微生物中产生的内切葡聚糖酶活性低、稳定性差, 难以满足工业生产中的要求。本研究实验菌株为经诱变后获得的耐高温产纤维素酶菌株, 菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BA-DES4), 该菌株具有耐高温、兼性厌氧等生物性状, 为其工业的发展, 满足其工业生产上的需求。
本研究通过基因组测序, 分析其参与纤维素降解的基因, 并对纤维素酶的功能进行验证。结果表明, 将预测得到基因的蛋白序列与COG、KEGG和GO数据库进行BLASTP比对分析, 结果表明, COG注释基因中占比最高的功能为G(碳水化合物的转运和代谢), 其次为K(转录)。GO注释中, 基因种类和数目最多的为生物学过程。CAZy注释中, 水解酶占比最高。KEGG注释中, 碳水化合物代谢数目最多, 在环境信息中, 信息转导占比最多, 与上述结果相符, 本研究结果有一定理论依据[31]。但目前对于解淀粉芽孢杆菌产纤维素酶的酶学性质仍需要进一步的研究, 将解淀粉芽孢杆菌开发成为工业化生产纤维素酶的微生物潜力等技术仍需要完善, 为实现基因组改组技术筛选优良性状菌株提供试验基础。后续研究可以通过基因工程技术, 将内切葡聚糖酶的基因插入到高效的宿主细胞中, 从而大规模生产内切葡聚糖酶, 显著提高酶的产量。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241110001
  • 接收时间：2024-11-10
  • 首发时间：2025-07-19
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-10
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    1.吉林工程职业学院粮油食品学院, 四平 136001
    2.东北林业大学生命科学学院, 哈尔滨 150040

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* 张智(1964—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品发酵、植物生物转化、功能食品等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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