Article(id=1153433634712310454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732809600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608276, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608276, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608276, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=247, endPage=253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433635215626938, articleId=1153433634712310454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Application of fat substitutes in modern food research, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Excessive intake of fat in human body is the main cause of obesity and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the gradual enhancement of national health awareness, people gradually pay attention to fat substitutes with low calorie and low energy. Fat substitutes can not only meet people's sensory needs for color, fragrance and taste of food, but also reduce the intake of fat without changing the taste quality of food, which is of great significance to prevent various chronic diseases. Therefore, producing low-fat or fat-free food is an important way to improve people's eating habits and improve people's health. Fat substitutes are a kind of substances that mimic the fat in natural foods, which can be divided into 3 types: Fat substitutes (esterified derivatives of fatty acids, with almost zero digestibility in human body), fat simulators (carbohydrate fat simulators and protein fat simulators) and compound fat simulators. Fat substitutes can reduce the fat content in food, and more importantly, they can improve the oral sensory lubrication texture of food. This paper summarized the application and development prospect of fat substitutes in modern food research at home and abroad, in order to provide guidance for the research and development of low-calorie diet.

, correspAuthors=Meng-Qin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shun-Shun LIN, Ze-Lin WANG, An WU, Jian ZHANG, Meng-Qin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433635542782655, articleId=1153433634712310454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人体摄入过多脂肪成分是导致肥胖, 诱发心脑血管等多种疾病的主要原因。随着国民健康意识的逐渐增强, 低热量、低能量的脂肪替代品逐渐受到人们的关注。脂肪替代品既能满足人们对食物的色、香、味等感官需求, 又能在不改变食物口感品质的前提下, 降低脂肪的摄入量, 对预防各种慢性病的具有重大意义。因此, 生产低脂或无脂食品是改善人们膳食习惯、提高人民健康水平的重要途径。脂肪替代品是一类模拟天然食物中脂肪的物质, 可分为脂肪替代物(脂肪酸的酯化衍生物, 在人体内的消化率几乎为零)、脂肪模拟物(碳水化合物类脂肪模拟物和蛋白质类脂肪模拟物)和复合型脂肪模拟物3类。脂肪替代品能减少食物中的油脂含量, 更重要的是能够提升食品的口腔感官润滑质地。本文综述了国内外脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用及发展前景, 以期为低热量膳食的研发提供指导。

, correspAuthors=李梦琴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李梦琴(1965—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为谷物化学与精深加工。E-mail:
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林顺顺(1985—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学与农产品加工。E-mail:

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脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用
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林顺顺 1 , 王泽林 1 , 吴安 2 , 张剑 1 , 李梦琴 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(6): 247-253
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(6): 247-253
脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用
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林顺顺1 , 王泽林1, 吴安2, 张剑1, 李梦琴1, *
作者信息
  • 1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院, 郑州 450002
  • 2.贝一食品(山东)有限公司, 临沂 276000
  • 林顺顺(1985—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学与农产品加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李梦琴(1965—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为谷物化学与精深加工。E-mail:
Application of fat substitutes in modern food research
Shun-Shun LIN1 , Ze-Lin WANG1, An WU2, Jian ZHANG1, Meng-Qin LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2. Bei Yi Food (Shandong) Co., Ltd., Linyi 276000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129005
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人体摄入过多脂肪成分是导致肥胖, 诱发心脑血管等多种疾病的主要原因。随着国民健康意识的逐渐增强, 低热量、低能量的脂肪替代品逐渐受到人们的关注。脂肪替代品既能满足人们对食物的色、香、味等感官需求, 又能在不改变食物口感品质的前提下, 降低脂肪的摄入量, 对预防各种慢性病的具有重大意义。因此, 生产低脂或无脂食品是改善人们膳食习惯、提高人民健康水平的重要途径。脂肪替代品是一类模拟天然食物中脂肪的物质, 可分为脂肪替代物(脂肪酸的酯化衍生物, 在人体内的消化率几乎为零)、脂肪模拟物(碳水化合物类脂肪模拟物和蛋白质类脂肪模拟物)和复合型脂肪模拟物3类。脂肪替代品能减少食物中的油脂含量, 更重要的是能够提升食品的口腔感官润滑质地。本文综述了国内外脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用及发展前景, 以期为低热量膳食的研发提供指导。

脂肪替代品  /  感官品质  /  低热量

Excessive intake of fat in human body is the main cause of obesity and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the gradual enhancement of national health awareness, people gradually pay attention to fat substitutes with low calorie and low energy. Fat substitutes can not only meet people's sensory needs for color, fragrance and taste of food, but also reduce the intake of fat without changing the taste quality of food, which is of great significance to prevent various chronic diseases. Therefore, producing low-fat or fat-free food is an important way to improve people's eating habits and improve people's health. Fat substitutes are a kind of substances that mimic the fat in natural foods, which can be divided into 3 types: Fat substitutes (esterified derivatives of fatty acids, with almost zero digestibility in human body), fat simulators (carbohydrate fat simulators and protein fat simulators) and compound fat simulators. Fat substitutes can reduce the fat content in food, and more importantly, they can improve the oral sensory lubrication texture of food. This paper summarized the application and development prospect of fat substitutes in modern food research at home and abroad, in order to provide guidance for the research and development of low-calorie diet.

fat substitute  /  sensory quality  /  low heat
林顺顺, 王泽林, 吴安, 张剑, 李梦琴. 脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 247 -253 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129005
Shun-Shun LIN, Ze-Lin WANG, An WU, Jian ZHANG, Meng-Qin LI. Application of fat substitutes in modern food research[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 247 -253 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129005
人类倾向于从食物消费中获得最大程度的感官愉悦, 其中, 润滑度的感官感知是使食物备受喜好的主要因素[1]。随着中国经济的快速发展, 消费者对食物的功能诉求, 也逐渐从原来的“营养补充剂”转变为“日常膳食补充品”。未来食品发展的新趋势是实现其功能性、方便性和口感享受性的全面结合。
脂肪作为食品的重要组成部分和人类的营养成分, 可以提供人体所必须的能量, 更重要的是脂肪可以提升食物的口感享受品质。但是, 人体过多脂肪成分的摄入, 将导致肥胖, 诱发心脑血管等多种疾病, 有报道显示, 脂肪的摄入量与人体癌症发病率呈显著相关性[2]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)建议脂肪的摄入量应控制在不超过70 g/d, 胆固醇摄入量应控制在300 mg/d。食物中的脂肪含量与食物的享受型口感呈正相关, 即食物中脂肪含量越少, 口感越粗糙, 口感润滑享受性就越差。寻找到一种既能保持食物的润滑口感和质地, 又能减少高能量脂肪导致饮食负担的食品, 成为了一个亟需解决的问题。因此, 脂肪替代品的研究逐渐成为了当前研究的热门话题[3]。脂肪替代品, 既能满足人们对食物的色、香、味等感官质地的需求, 又能缓解高油脂食品的摄入对人体带来的负担, 预防/减轻各种慢性病的发生。
目前用于脂肪替代品的物质基质主要有: 脂肪基质、蛋白质基质、碳水化合物基质。其中脂肪基质的脂肪替代品又称脂肪代替物(简称代脂肪), 蛋白质基质和碳水化合物基质的脂肪替代品统称为脂肪模拟物。目前, 脂肪替代品主要分为3大类, 即脂肪代替物、脂肪模拟物以及复合型脂肪模拟物[4]。本文综述了国内外脂肪替代品在现代食品研究中的应用及发展前景, 以期为低热量膳食的研发提供指导。
脂肪代替物是以脂肪为基质的一种高分子化合物, 其是以脂肪酸为基质通过化学合成、衍生或酶改性等方法获得, 具有类似油脂的物理或化学性质, 由于其本身是油脂, 表现出油脂的各种加工性质, 其酯键容易被脂肪酶水解, 消化率低, 同时具有较低的热量。脂肪代替物最大的优势在于其理化性质与日常食用油脂相似。因此, 用脂肪代替物代替一些食品中的脂肪, 可以显著降低食品的能量含量, 且不会对食品的口感及风味造成不良影响。同时, 脂肪代替物还具有较好的耐热性, 因此相比于脂肪模拟物, 脂肪代替物在高温下的油炸和烘焙食品中就显示出其独特的优势[5]。但是, 由于脂肪代替品的酯键能抵抗人体内脂肪酶的酶解, 故不参与能量代谢, 当其替代率较高时, 因其不消化性, 易引起肠内渗透压升高, 导致渗透性腹泻与肛漏等副反应。正是由于存在这种副作用, 所以对这类脂肪替代品的审批十分严格。其中比较具有代表性的是蔗糖脂肪酸聚酯及甘油二酯(diacylglycerol, DAG)油。
蔗糖脂肪酸聚酯是食品油脂代替物的一类[6], 它可以取代传统的植物油, 在食品加工中发挥着重要的作用。蔗糖脂肪酸聚酯具有许多优点, 如具有高稳定性、高熔点和低气味性, 同时还具有较高的营养价值和健康益处, 可以降低食物中的热量, 有助于控制体重。黄晓霞等[7]利用蔗糖聚酯替代广式月饼中的花生油, 研究发现在蔗糖聚酯替代率为15%的情况下, 制作而成的月饼饼皮口感松软, 不油腻且无黏牙感。
DAG油, 也称二酯油, 是一种新型的功能性食用油, 其核心成分是DAG[8]。是由甘油分子与两个脂肪酸分子结合而成的化合物, 与日常食用的普通油脂(甘油三酯, 即一1个甘油分子与3个脂肪酸分子结合而成)在结构上有所不同。这种结构差异导致了DAG在人体内的代谢途径和生理作用与普通油脂存在显著差异, 可以作为功能性的油脂替代品, 具有防止人体脂肪积累及降血脂的功能。张思源等[9]将DAG油(DAG含量为42%, 油脂替代率为42%)制作而成的面包与无水酥油做成的面包对比, 发现DAG的加入可以改善面包的柔软度及抗老化性、且不会造成面包的酸价与过氧化值的超标, 在感官评价上与市售面包无异。PRABHAVATHI等[10]研究发现富含DAG的油(如米糠油和大豆油)与富含单酰基甘油的油(如葵花子油)相比热量降低30%, 同时能降低大鼠血浆中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平, 具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。
在脂肪替代品中, 蔗糖聚酯具备脂肪的化学性质, 且其生物功能有别于普通的油脂, 适合在高温条件下(如油炸食品)进行应用。而DAG主要是以油脂作为分散相, 将乳化的油滴填充在以蛋白质或多糖为原料的凝胶基质中形成的乳液凝胶, 主要应用于乳制品及酱料的食品中。综上, 脂肪替代品可以模拟脂肪理化性质, 但应用范围狭窄, 存在一定的安全隐患。
脂肪模拟物通常指以蛋白质、碳水化合物等天然非脂质物质经过加工改造、结构修饰等技术手段制备的与脂肪有同样理化性质和功能作用的物质, 它既能降低食品的热量, 模拟脂肪的感官特性, 又不会和脂肪产生冲突。同脂肪替代物相比, 脂肪模拟物在食品应用中具有更高的安全性和更低的能量密度。但是, 脂肪模拟物在高温下易发生变性或失水, 且脂溶性维生素不能溶解于其中, 因此, 目前脂肪模拟物只能应用在一些低温产品中[11]
碳水化合物类脂肪模拟物可利用其自身的胶体效应, 实现对其水相结构的调控, 并赋予其类似油脂的流动性及润滑性能, 相比于脂肪而言, 碳水化合物类脂肪模拟物具有降低血脂水平、降低心脏病和其他代谢性疾病的患病风险、能量低、无毒副作用等优点。但是, 由于该模拟物在高温下易发生失水和焦糖化作用, 对于需要较高温度条件的产品, 其应用存在局限性, 同时, 由于该模拟物的高持水能力会增加产品的水分活性, 降低产品的保质期[12]。碳水化合物类脂肪模拟物的主要原料包括马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉等。此外, 纤维素、多糖及树胶也经常被用来制备碳水化合物类脂肪模拟物, 如改性淀粉、菊粉和纳米纤维素等多糖已被用作冰淇淋中的脂肪替代品, 可以增强低脂冰淇淋的抗融化性和感官特性[13-14]
淀粉及其衍生物是一种能够模仿油脂口感的胶体, 同时它还可以涂抹, 表现出类似于脂肪的“假塑性”[15], 并具有类似油脂的黏性, 其口味和在口中的驻留时间与油脂相当。
杨依然等[16]通过对不同比例玉米淀粉替代香肠脂肪的效果进行了研究, 研究发现, 在乳化肉糜中加入6%玉米淀粉可提高其乳化性, 而蒸煮损失率也得到了显著改善; 同时, 乳化香肠的持水能力和感官品质也呈现上升趋势, 而蒸煮损失率则有所降低。BALIC等[17]以小麦2-辛烯基琥珀酸酐(octenyl succinate anhydride, OSA)改性淀粉或木薯OSA改性淀粉为原料, 研究其作为脂肪替代物替代面包中的起酥油, 结果表明, 当小麦OSA改性淀粉或木薯OSA改性淀粉添加量不超过4%时, 可以作为脂肪替代物应用于面包生产, 而在添加量为2%时, OSA改性淀粉可以改善面团的糊化特性、凝胶硬度、黏性和面团强度, 且木薯OSA改性淀粉比小麦OSA改性淀粉替代效果好。李铭媛等[18]对酶解马铃薯淀粉进行研究, 并采用动态超高压微射流技术处理, 得到的超微化马铃薯淀粉替代冰淇凌中奶油, 研究不同替代率对冰淇淋黏度、膨胀率、硬度、融化率及感官等品质指标的影响, 结果表明, 替代率为60%时, 冰淇淋样品的黏度、膨胀率、硬度和融化率等指标均优于全脂对照样品。SIPAHIOGLU[19]对变性木薯淀粉和卵磷脂混合物进行研究, 并将其用作羊奶奶酪的替代品, 研究表明, 当变性木薯淀粉与卵磷脂比例为1:5时, 将其添加到羊奶奶酪中, 可以提高低脂羊奶奶酪的风味、质构及可接受度。
在淀粉类脂肪模拟物制备中, 通过对淀粉进行适当改性, 使其与食品成分(如蛋白质)发生交互作用, 增强脂溶性风味及营养成分, 提升感官品质。
一些在水中不易溶解的纤维素微粒, 通过解聚、微粒化处理, 得到的产品与食品中其他成分(如植物胶)配合使用, 可模拟脂肪口感[20]
杨家川[21]采用碱性水解-酶解法从苦荞麦皮中分离出纤维素, 采用硫酸水解、醋酸水解和高碘酸钠氧化3步法制备苦荞麦皮纤维素纳米晶(cellulose nanocrystalline, CNC), 结果表明, CNC胶粒对葡萄糖的吸附量及抗氧化性有明显地改善, 证实CNC胶粒制品具有降脂的功能活性。GALANAKIS等[22]以胡萝卜为原料制备了脂肪模拟物并在发酵肉制品中应用, 结果表明, 该方法能显著改善肉制品的组织结构, 加快脂肪降解速率; 当加入量为12%时, 可促进游离脂肪酸的释放, 从而达到良好的脂肪代用品效果。徐群英等[23]以高酯果胶和羧甲基纤维素为原料制备脂肪代用品, 并应用在人工奶油中, 结果表明其最佳替代率为10%。GARCIA等[24]研究了谷物纤维对油脂的替代作用, 结果表明, 在食品中加入1.5%的谷物纤维, 可实现与常规的高脂食品同样的口感和质地。MONTOYA等[25]研究发现, 在鸡肉丸中添加菊粉与低聚果糖后, 产品的水分含量显著增加。然而, 不同类型的膳食纤维对产品的性质影响不尽相同。随着小麦纤维添加量的增加, 鸡肉丸的硬度上升, 但菊粉的添加量增加则会降低鸡肉丸的硬度和内聚性[26]
目前, 纤维素类脂肪模拟物大部分应用于肉制品及乳制品中。纤维素类脂肪模拟物在肉质品中不仅可以很好地替代脂肪还可以提高肉质品的弹性和持水性。而在乳制品中, 纤维素类脂肪模拟物主要作为填充剂存在, 使食品在人口腔加工过程中具有与脂肪相似的柔软质地。同时还可以与食品体系中的其他成分发生交互作用, 阻止三维网络结构的收缩、重组, 从而形成更为致密的结构。
由于胶体的颗粒尺寸接近于脂肪球大小, 且具有较好的柔性和弹性, 因此胶体也可以模拟出脂肪的口感[27], 但胶体的甲酯化程度在50%以下时, 才可形成软而有弹性的胶体。
杭琳悦[28]以乳糜制品为研究对象, 比较了高酰基结冷胶(high acyl gellan gum, HA)、低酰基结冷胶(low acyl gellan gum, LA)、卡拉胶(κ-carrageen, κ-CAR)等对乳糜制品质量的影响, 结果表明HA+κ-CAR在改善低脂猪糜制品中的功能属性, 优于HA+LA, 从而制备出高质量的低脂乳糜制品。CHUGH等[29]以葡萄糖和瓜尔胶为原料替代脂肪, 对低脂饼干进行了优化, 可替代饼干中70%的油脂, 且比普通饼干具有更强的氧化稳定性。ESSA等[30]研究表明, 在牛肉汉堡包中加入明胶及可溶性膳食纤维替代20%的脂肪, 可提高牛肉汉堡包的保水性, 增加其弹性, 从而提升产品的润滑口感。HUANG等[31]用大豆蛋白和魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan, KGM)复合制备脂肪模拟物, 结果表明, KGM能明显改善脂肪模拟物的多汁和咀嚼性能, 产生具有类似脂肪的口感。
因此, 胶体类脂肪模拟物添加于食品中可以很好地增强食品的质构与功能属性。
蛋白质类脂肪模拟物主要是一种由多种蛋白质经过物理处理和化学改性得到的模拟脂肪特性的改性蛋白。蛋白基质模拟脂肪特性的处理方式主要有: (1)经过颗粒化, 可形成细小、可变形的微颗粒, 以模拟脂肪的味道与质地; (2)与胶体材料共混, 形成类似于油脂的水合性质, 例如乳化性质等[32]。蛋白质类脂肪模拟物可以被人体所吸收, 以较低的热量和较高的蛋白含量来模拟脂肪。蛋白类脂肪模拟物的粒径一般在10 μm以下, 经适当的变性处理后, 具有与水包油乳液体系相似的口感, 在食品领域具有广阔的应用前景。目前常采用的原料有以鸡蛋白、牛乳蛋白、大豆蛋白、动物胶质等高分子蛋白。
在众多蛋白质类脂肪模拟物中, 微粒化蛋白[33]制品最为出名, 在微粒化蛋白制品中, 蛋白主要是以乳蛋白和蛋清的形式存在, 在加工时, 将乳蛋白、鸡蛋白进行热变性及微粒化处理, 使其粒度控制在0.1~0.2 μm以下, 经过热处理后的蛋白、蛋清颗粒会发生相互滚动和挤压, 在表面形成一层薄膜, 使该产品呈现类似油脂的质地特征, KHANAL等[34]研究发现, 在奶酪中乳清蛋白通过微粒化制得的微小颗粒来提高奶酪的持水性和润滑性, 从而模拟脂肪球的柔软质地。
李玉娥等[35]研究采用黑豆蛋白为原料并进行物理改性, 用于制备脂肪模拟物, 应用在肉饼中与全脂肉饼对照, 结果发现, 当脂肪替代率为8.1%时, 添加了该脂肪模拟物的低脂肉饼, 其质构、感官特性及储藏特性均优于全脂肉饼。AKESOWAN[36]在蛋糕中添加10%的大豆分离蛋白以及0.5%的魔芋粉的水凝胶复合体系, 替代50%~70%的食用油, 结果显示, 蛋糕中的水分及蛋白含量会显著提高, 蛋糕的硬度和咀嚼性降低, 口感细腻润滑、入口即化。张慧等[37]利用蛋清蛋白制备脂肪模拟物, 应用在冰淇凌中, 结果表明当模拟物替代率为15%时, 冰淇凌膨胀率变高而融化率降低, 此时冰激凌的感官品质最佳。CHENG等[38]利用大豆蛋白和蛋清蛋白制备脂肪模拟物, 应用于饺子馅中, 结果表明, 当大豆蛋白和蛋清蛋白比例为1:1时, 饺子馅的保水性能较高, 流变性较好, 且当替代率为5%时, 所制备的饺子馅口感细腻润滑, 更易被消费者接受。
郭奇玥等[39]探究以大豆蛋白为原料制备脂肪替代品的最佳工艺, 结果表明, 当大豆蛋白浓度为10%, 在转速13000 r/min下高速匀浆40 s, 制得的大豆蛋白脂肪模拟物的综合品质最佳。BERRY等[40]研究发现, 在牛肉馅饼中加入大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate, SPI)后, 其风味与全脂牛肉饼相近, 且其蒸煮损耗最低。SERDAROGLU[41]研究了在肉丸子中加入乳清蛋白以提高其品质, 通过对肉丸子中的蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分、pH等理化指标检测以及对肉丸子的蒸煮性、肉汁质量、色泽等感官质量指标的分析, 发现添加乳清蛋白模拟物不超过4%的肉丸子的保油性显著降低, 同时感官品质与全脂肉丸无显著性差异。徐宝才等[42]采用大豆分离蛋白、魔芋胶为原料制备脂肪模拟物并应用在哈尔滨红肠中, 结果表明, 其最佳替代率为40.75%, 此时感官品质与市售的全脂哈尔滨红肠品质无显著差异。李倩文等[43]以乳清蛋白和低聚木糖为原料, 进行糖基化和剪切处理用于制备脂肪模拟物应用在干酪中, 结果表明, 低脂干酪与全脂干酪相比, 其硬度下降, 融化性上升, 感官品质指标无显著差异。
以蛋白质为基础的脂肪模拟物可被直接用于冷冻食品、烘焙食品、果酱食品。也可以使用由动物性或植物性蛋白、树胶、淀粉和水组成的蛋白质混合物制作冰镇甜品和烘烤食品, 该类混合物能减少脂肪的同时并保持食物的质地。
胶原是哺乳动物中含量最高的一种蛋白, 约占全部蛋白的25%~30%, 从低等脊椎动物的体表到哺乳动物的所有组织都含有胶原, 因其具有较强的水溶性和与肉类蛋白质相容性, 因此, 胶原蛋白通常被用作脂肪模拟物复合体系的原料之一[44]
YAN等[45]用大豆蛋白与黄原胶为脂肪模拟物的主要成分, 研究发现, 在体系中添加黄原胶可改善大豆蛋白的起泡性且体系颗粒尺寸在10 μm以下, 可添加冰淇凌中。SALEHI[46]将胶体添加到蛋糕中, 结果表明, 可明显提高蛋糕的黏性, 并使其变得松软, 其密度由原来的344 kg/m3下降到321 kg/m3, 蛋糕质地更加柔软。黄正芬等[47]采用猪皮蛋白代替不同比例的脂肪, 当脂肪替代率小于50%时, 猪皮蛋白的添加对烤肠的蒸煮损失率、解冻汁液损失率、口感风味和产品总体接受性影响不显著。因此, 利用适量猪皮蛋白替代广式烤肠中的脂肪可以降低烤肠的脂肪和胆固醇含量, 提高蛋白质含量, 并且对感官品质无显著影响, 能被消费者接受。CHOE等[48]以猪皮、麦纤维为原料制备了脂肪模拟物(pig skin and wheat fiber mixture, PSFM), 应用于法兰克福腊肠中, 当PSFM添加20%时, 使腊肠中的脂肪含量降低50%, 能量减少32%, 蒸煮损失降低39.5%, PSFM的加入显著提高了低脂肉制品的色度、风味和多汁性等指标。ATAIE等[49]研究发现鱼明胶结构致密可模拟脂肪乳球特性, 添加在奶油产品中, 可使蛋白质含量上升而脂肪含量下降, 当替代率为40%, 奶油品质最优。
因此, 胶原类脂肪模拟物不仅可以用于降低食品当中的脂肪含量, 还具有保健功效, 并且可以使产品的口感及感官特性得到显著提升。
复合型脂肪模拟物是一类以蛋白质和碳水化合物的优势互补原理为基础制备而成的脂肪模拟物, 将两种或两种以上底物进行复合加工。复合型脂肪模拟物的核心问题是复合体系中可替换种类的选取和适宜比例的确定对制品加工和感官品质的影响[50]。复合脂肪模拟物比单纯的脂肪模拟物具有更好的理化性质及感官形态, 也将为脂肪模拟物产品的研究提供新思路。
FORKER等[51]将玉米纤维、麦芽糖糊精或羽扇豆浸出液制成二元复合物, 以玉米纤维和羽扇豆浸出液为1:1的比例制备复合模拟物, 替代曲奇中30%的脂肪, 可以获得质量较好的低脂曲奇饼干。CHEN等[52]利用KGM和κ-CAR制备脂肪模拟物, 应用于哈尔滨香肠中, 在不超过40%的替代率下, 其风味和口感与市售哈尔滨香肠无显著性差异。PAGLARINI等[53]以大豆蛋白为主要成分, 添加奇异子粉、菊糖和鹿角菜胶等物质制成脂肪模拟物, 结果表明, 其可以与肉类制品中的脂肪形成良好的结合, 应用在博洛尼亚香肠中, 在替代率为50%的情况下, 可以提高肉制品的稳定性, 同时也提高了肉制品的蛋白质结构致密性。WEKWETE等[54]研究了牛油果浆对低脂燕麦曲奇饼干质地及风味的影响, 研究发现, 以牛油果浆代替50%黄油制作低脂曲奇饼干, 显著降低了燕麦曲奇饼干的水分活度、硬度及脆性。
TOMASCHUNAS等[55]将菊糖、柑橘纤维与稻米淀粉复合体加入低脂肠中, 发现在低脂肠中加入油脂模拟物后, 其油脂含量大幅下降, 但在质构、整体可接受度等方面均有较大改善, 并已获得消费者的普遍认可。雷爱玲等[56]以大豆分离蛋白和KGM为原料制备了一种复合脂肪模拟物, 当总固形物含量8%、KGM添加量0.8%、加热温度87 ℃。在此条件下, 制备得到较优的SPI/KGM复合脂肪模拟物, 该复合脂肪模拟物的外观优良与脂肪类似, 并具有良好的流变性能和膨胀率, 可以模拟脂肪的特性。
由于功能特性的限制, 单一的脂肪替代品无法很好地模拟脂肪的功能与感官特征, 而复合型脂肪模拟物能更全面地模拟脂肪。因此, 复合脂肪模拟物在今后的研究中将具有重要的研究趋势。
中国经济的快速发展和科技水平的飞速提高, 不仅带给居民更高品质的物质享受, 也引导居民更加关心健康问题。国家制定“健康中国战略”以及《健康中国2030纲要》, 强调以预防为主。这使消费者的健康意识不断提升, 人们也越发的注重健康低脂饮食, 同时也推动了脂肪替代品的研究进度。
目前已有的脂肪替代品虽然能替代部分脂肪在食品中应用, 但是仍然存在一定的缺陷: (1)单一的脂肪模拟物在高温下容易发生变性和焦糖化, 严重影响其所制得的脂肪替代品在产品中的正常使用; (2)脂肪替代物不能使脂溶性维生素溶解其中, 大大降低了成品的营养价值; (3)现有的脂肪替代物及脂肪模拟物制备工艺较复杂, 工厂批量生产成本较高, 无法大规模的生产使用。目前还未有可以完全取代脂肪功能特性与感官特性的单一、理想的脂肪替代品, 今后应在改善现有质构剂和风味剂的基础上开发复合脂肪替代品, 探寻新的脂肪替代品来源, 最终使脂肪替代品达到不影响人体对营养的利用, 安全、价廉、低热量, 适合煎炸食品和烹调食品的要求。对我国食品产业和人们的身体健康都具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(31901820)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A550011)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(31901820)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A550011)
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    1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院, 郑州 450002
    2.贝一食品(山东)有限公司, 临沂 276000

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* 李梦琴(1965—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为谷物化学与精深加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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