Article(id=1153429503389983271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928623291, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928623291, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928623291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928623291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429504023323177, articleId=1153429503389983271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of dried and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the mucosa-associated microbiota of normal mice, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the effects of dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the gut microbiota of normal mice and to provide a reference for its rational development and application. Methods The normal mice were administrated with dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale for 7 days, respectively. The growth of mice was observed, and the mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine and colon was detected using the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The results showed that both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale could control the weight gain of mice, but the weight-control effect of fresh Dendrobium officinale was more significant than that of dried Dendrobium officinale. Both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale decreased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the colon. However, fresh Dendrobium officinale increased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine, while the effect of dried Dendrobium officinale was the opposite. Moreover, fresh Dendrobium officinale significantly promoted the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Roseburia inulinivorans) in the small intestine and up-regulated metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. In colonic mucosa-associated microbiota, dried Dendrobium officinale showed a stronger inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus than fresh Dendrobium officinale. Conclusion The results show that fresh Dendrobium officinale can control body weight and maintain health by promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and up-regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, while dried Dendrobium officinale can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and may help reduce the potential risk of disease.

, correspAuthors=Guo-Zhen XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ze-Li ZHANG, Xiao-Zhu TAN, Peng ZHANG, Jia-Ting YANG, Guo-Zhen XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429530246111580, articleId=1153429503389983271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=干、鲜铁皮石斛对正常小鼠肠黏膜菌群的影响, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究铁皮石斛干品及鲜品对正常小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 分别给正常小鼠灌胃铁皮石斛干品及鲜品7 d, 观察小鼠的生长情况, 用16S rRNA基因全长序列测序技术检测小肠及结肠黏膜菌群的变化。结果 铁皮石斛干品与鲜品均可控制小鼠体重增长, 但鲜品的作用更显著。二者均降低了结肠黏膜菌群的α多样性, 但鲜品提高了小肠黏膜菌群的α多样性, 干品降低了小肠黏膜菌群的α多样性。铁皮石斛鲜品显著促进小肠黏膜中LactobacillusFaecalibacterium prausnitziiButyricicoccus pullicaecorumRoseburia inulinivorans等短链脂肪酸产生菌的增殖, 上调了脂质代谢、萜类及聚酮类代谢、碳水化合物代谢、外源物质生物降解与代谢等通路; 在结肠黏膜中, 铁皮石斛干品抑制Escherichia coliRuminococcus gnavus等肠道疾病相关细菌的作用强于鲜品。结论 铁皮石斛鲜品可通过促进有益菌增殖, 上调脂质及碳水化合物代谢以控制体重, 维持机体的健康状态; 而铁皮石斛干品可抑制有害菌增长, 或有助于降低潜在的疾病风险。

, correspAuthors=谢果珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谢果珍(1984—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为中药资源开发。E-mail:
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张泽丽(2001—), 女, 主要研究方向为中药学。E-mail:

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张泽丽(2001—), 女, 主要研究方向为中药学。E-mail:

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注: *表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), **表示具有极显著性差异(P<0.01), 图26同。

, figureFileSmall=xRFjSGzGrPUFC1QhoRcC4Q==, figureFileBig=55qDfCFI7IPuKsLClwjhCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619622510609171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429503389983271, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the α diversity of gut microbiota in mice (n=6), figureFileSmall=m1ClVna1y6sh764pOsZf5w==, figureFileBig=TFBS1DCTMTOOA9YuKOXh4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619622690964246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429503389983271, language=CN, label=图2, caption=干、鲜铁皮石斛对小鼠肠道菌群α多样性的影响(n=6), figureFileSmall=m1ClVna1y6sh764pOsZf5w==, figureFileBig=TFBS1DCTMTOOA9YuKOXh4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619622883902231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429503389983271, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the β diversity of gut microbiota in mice (n=6), figureFileSmall=spiU24qlho0tgk7sV/OrWA==, figureFileBig=aaKxKklYpveEfVvaN6FvlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619622984565531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429503389983271, language=CN, label=图3, caption=干、鲜铁皮石斛对小鼠肠道菌群β多样性的影响(n=6)

注: A. 小肠黏膜菌群; B. 结肠黏膜菌群; 下同。

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干、鲜铁皮石斛对正常小鼠肠黏膜菌群的影响
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张泽丽 , 谭小竹 , 张鹏 , 杨家婷 , 谢果珍 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(5): 61-68
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(5): 61-68
干、鲜铁皮石斛对正常小鼠肠黏膜菌群的影响
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张泽丽 , 谭小竹, 张鹏, 杨家婷, 谢果珍*
作者信息
  • 湖南中医药大学药学院, 长沙 410208
  • 张泽丽(2001—), 女, 主要研究方向为中药学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 谢果珍(1984—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为中药资源开发。E-mail:
Effects of dried and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the mucosa-associated microbiota of normal mice
Ze-Li ZHANG , Xiao-Zhu TAN, Peng ZHANG, Jia-Ting YANG, Guo-Zhen XIE*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112003
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目的 探究铁皮石斛干品及鲜品对正常小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 分别给正常小鼠灌胃铁皮石斛干品及鲜品7 d, 观察小鼠的生长情况, 用16S rRNA基因全长序列测序技术检测小肠及结肠黏膜菌群的变化。结果 铁皮石斛干品与鲜品均可控制小鼠体重增长, 但鲜品的作用更显著。二者均降低了结肠黏膜菌群的α多样性, 但鲜品提高了小肠黏膜菌群的α多样性, 干品降低了小肠黏膜菌群的α多样性。铁皮石斛鲜品显著促进小肠黏膜中LactobacillusFaecalibacterium prausnitziiButyricicoccus pullicaecorumRoseburia inulinivorans等短链脂肪酸产生菌的增殖, 上调了脂质代谢、萜类及聚酮类代谢、碳水化合物代谢、外源物质生物降解与代谢等通路; 在结肠黏膜中, 铁皮石斛干品抑制Escherichia coliRuminococcus gnavus等肠道疾病相关细菌的作用强于鲜品。结论 铁皮石斛鲜品可通过促进有益菌增殖, 上调脂质及碳水化合物代谢以控制体重, 维持机体的健康状态; 而铁皮石斛干品可抑制有害菌增长, 或有助于降低潜在的疾病风险。

铁皮石斛  /  肠道菌群  /  小肠  /  结肠

Objective To explore the effects of dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the gut microbiota of normal mice and to provide a reference for its rational development and application. Methods The normal mice were administrated with dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale for 7 days, respectively. The growth of mice was observed, and the mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine and colon was detected using the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The results showed that both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale could control the weight gain of mice, but the weight-control effect of fresh Dendrobium officinale was more significant than that of dried Dendrobium officinale. Both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale decreased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the colon. However, fresh Dendrobium officinale increased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine, while the effect of dried Dendrobium officinale was the opposite. Moreover, fresh Dendrobium officinale significantly promoted the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Roseburia inulinivorans) in the small intestine and up-regulated metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. In colonic mucosa-associated microbiota, dried Dendrobium officinale showed a stronger inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus than fresh Dendrobium officinale. Conclusion The results show that fresh Dendrobium officinale can control body weight and maintain health by promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and up-regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, while dried Dendrobium officinale can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and may help reduce the potential risk of disease.

Dendrobium officinale  /  gut microbiota  /  small intestine  /  colon
张泽丽, 谭小竹, 张鹏, 杨家婷, 谢果珍. 干、鲜铁皮石斛对正常小鼠肠黏膜菌群的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 61 -68 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112003
Ze-Li ZHANG, Xiao-Zhu TAN, Peng ZHANG, Jia-Ting YANG, Guo-Zhen XIE. Effects of dried and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the mucosa-associated microbiota of normal mice[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 61 -68 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112003
铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)是兰科石斛属的一种药食两用植物, 被誉为“九大仙草之一”, 已有数千年的食药用历史。研究发现铁皮石斛富含蛋白质、氨基酸等营养成分及黄酮类、多酚类、生物碱类、菲类、联苄类、多糖等活性成分[1]。药理研究证实铁皮石斛具有抗炎、降血脂、降高血压、抑制肿瘤、提高免疫力等生理活性[2]。根据《中华人民共和国药典》2020版[3], 铁皮石斛的入药部位为干燥茎, 但自古以来新鲜的铁皮石斛亦广泛应用于日常保健及医疗药用。古代医家认为寒凉药的鲜品较干品凉润, 辛香药的鲜品较干品味厚力峻。铁皮石斛鲜品长于生津养胃, 其清热生津的功效胜于干品, 为温病伤阴之要药[4]。因此, 全面比较干品及鲜品的功效差异是合理使用铁皮石斛的前提与基础。然而, 现有鲜、干药材的药效比较研究多为体外实验, 而体内实验所用供试品的制备方法不一致, 如鲜品多为鲜汁灌胃, 干品多为水提液灌胃, 一定程度上影响了实验结果。基于此, 本研究将铁皮石斛茎纵剖, 一半为鲜品, 另一半制成干品; 且根据鲜茎含水量换算取样量, 并以水煎的方式制备干、鲜供试品, 以期减少实验干扰, 能更准确反映干、鲜铁皮石斛的功效差异。
肠道菌群指定植于肠道并与机体相互依存的微生物群, 参与宿主代谢活动与免疫形成。越来越多的证据表明, 食/药物与肠道菌群存在互作, 一方面, 食/药物进入体内可直接影响肠道菌群的组成及功能; 另一方面, 肠道菌群可代谢食/药物并产生代谢产物, 进而调节机体状态[5-7]。有研究认为与干姜相比, 炮姜对脾胃虚寒型胃溃疡大鼠肠道菌群的调节作用更优, 并表现出更好的治疗效果[8], 说明肠道菌群不仅是养生保健及疾病治疗的新靶点, 还可作为药效学及功能学评价的指标之一。然而, 目前关于药材干品与鲜品对肠道菌群影响的比较研究较少。本研究以肠道菌群为评价指标, 比较了干燥与新鲜铁皮石斛对健康小鼠肠道菌群的影响, 旨在为二者的评价与临床应用提供参考。
1年生新鲜铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo), 2023年5月采收于云南德宏铁皮石斛种植基地, 经湖南中医药大学王智副教授鉴定为正品。
TGuideS96磁珠法士壤/粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒[DP812, 天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]; synregy HTX酶标仪(美国伯腾仪器有限公司); DYY-6C电泳仪(北京市六一仪器厂); GeneAmp 9700聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)仪(美国应用生物系统公司); Sequel PacBio测序仪(美国太平洋生物科学公司)。
SPF级雄性BALB/c小鼠18只, 5周龄, 体质量为16~18 g, 购于湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司[SCXK(湘)2019-0004]。小鼠购回后于室温22~25 ℃、相对湿度45%~55%环境下分笼饲养, 自由取食及饮水。小鼠普通维持饲料由湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司提供。本研究通过湖南中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审查批准(伦理批准号: LL202304130002)。
新鲜铁皮石斛洗净后晾干, 纵剖分成两份, 一份为铁皮石斛鲜品; 另一份剪成3~5 mm的斜片, 置于鼓风干燥箱中105 ℃杀青30 min后60 ℃烘干至恒重, 即为铁皮石斛干品。
铁皮石斛洗净, 吸干表面水分, 斜剪成小段, 混匀后取1 g鲜铁皮石斛5份, 105 ℃杀青30 min后60 ℃烘干至恒重, 测得新鲜铁皮石斛的平均含水量为79.92%。以铁皮石斛干品为基准, 按上述含水量换算铁皮石斛鲜品的取样量。分别取干石斛6 g、鲜石斛30 g, 用10倍量的蒸馏水煎煮2次, 每次30 min, 合并两次水煎液后浓缩至66.7 mg/mL。
小鼠适应性饲养1周后随机分成正常组、干石斛组和鲜石斛组, 每组6只。干石斛组及鲜石斛组小鼠分别灌胃铁皮石斛干品及鲜品, 正常组小鼠灌胃等体积无菌水。灌胃量为0.4 mL/只/次, 每天1次, 连续7 d。灌胃期间3组小鼠自由取食及饮水。参考《中华人民共和国药典》2020版[3], 以铁皮石斛干品计, 成人的服用量为6 g/d, 小鼠临床等效用量为1 g/kg/d。
干预期间, 每天观察小鼠的皮毛、活动情况, 定时记录各组小鼠的体重、摄食量及饮水量。
干预结束后采集样品。样品采集前12 h禁食不禁水, 颈椎脱臼处死小鼠, 在无菌环境下解剖取小肠及结肠段, 挤出肠道内容物后剖开小肠及结肠, 用预冷的0.9%氯化钠溶液清洗2次后用灭菌的盖玻片刮取黏膜, 分别装于无菌微量离心管。所有样本冻于-80 ℃冰箱待测。
对所有样本提取基因组DNA后进行PCR扩增与产物纯化, 质检后用Pacbio平台对细菌16S rRNA基因全长序列进行测序, 引物为27F (5′-AGRGTTTGATYNTGGCT CAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TASGGHTACCTTGTTASGACTT-3′)。测序由深圳微科盟科技集团有限公司完成。
使用QIIME2 (2022.2)软件中的DADA2 (1.22.0)插件对原始测序数据进行过滤得到有效数据, 进一步去噪、去嵌合并得到扩增特征序列(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)。选取OTU的代表性序列与Greengenes2数据库(Greengenes Database 13.8)比对进行物种注释。用QIIME2 diversity插件分析αβ多样性, PICRUSt2进行功能预测。
运用SPSS 23.0软件进行数据统计分析, 两组间比较采用独立样本t检验。用Wilcoxon比较菌群α多样性组间差异; 用Kruskal Wallis/LEfSe/DESeq2等进行物种各分类水平在组间的显著性差异分析。
健康小鼠灌胃新鲜及干燥铁皮石斛后, 皮毛、步态、粪便、活动及精神状态等与正常组小鼠无异。适应期及干预期各组小鼠的摄食量、饮水量、体重无显著差异(图1)。适应期结束后, 干石斛组与鲜石斛组小鼠的体重增长率均显著高于正常组小鼠(P=0.018, P=0.002), 然而在干预结束后, 干石斛组小鼠的体重增长率低于正常组小鼠, 鲜石斛组小鼠的体重增长率显著低于正常组小鼠(P=0.034<0.05), 说明铁皮石斛干品及鲜品在不改变摄食量的情况下, 有利于控制体重的增长, 且鲜品控制体重的效果优于干品。
应用16S全长测序技术比较了干、鲜铁皮石斛对小鼠小肠及结肠黏膜菌群的影响, 用Chao1和Simpson指数分别评价肠道菌群的丰富度和均匀度, 用Wilcoxon比较组间差异。由图2可知, 干、鲜铁皮石斛均降低了结肠黏膜菌群的丰富度及均匀度, 但对小肠黏膜菌群丰富度及均匀度的影响趋势不一致。与正常组相比, 铁皮石斛鲜品提高了小鼠小肠黏膜菌群的Chao1和Simpson指数, 而干铁皮石斛降低了小鼠小肠黏膜菌群的Chao1和Simpson指数, 且干、鲜二组有显著性差异(PChao1=0.005; PSimpson=0.015)。
用偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)对丰度大于10的OTU进行分析, 比较各组间的差异。干石斛组小鼠小肠黏膜菌群样本分布较集中, 说明不同样本间菌群差异较小; 鲜石斛组小鼠小肠黏膜菌群样本较离散, 但与正常小鼠小肠黏膜样本距离较近(图3A), 预示着这两组样本的黏膜菌群结构可能较相似。相较而言, 不同组小鼠的结肠黏膜菌群在组内较为集中, 但组间差异较大(图3B), 说明干、鲜铁皮石斛对正常小鼠结肠黏膜中的高丰度菌群影响较大。
在属水平, 正常小鼠小肠黏膜的优势菌属是Barnesiella (23.0%)、Clostridium (21.7%)、Lactobacillus (11.6%)(图4A)。以上菌属在干石斛组小鼠小肠黏膜中的相对丰度均低于正常组, 铁皮石斛鲜品提高了ClostridiumLactobacillus的相对丰度, 降低了Barnesiella的相对丰度。正常小鼠结肠黏膜的优势菌属是Barnesiella (33.6%)、Ruminococcus (18.9%)和Mucispirillum (11.7%)(图4B)。铁皮石斛干品及鲜品均降低了BarnesiellaRuminococcus的相对丰度。
在小鼠小肠黏膜中注释了7个属于Lactobacillus的菌种, 包括Lactobacillus agilisLactobacillus brevisLactobacillus hamsteriLactobacillus helveticusLactobacillus plantarumLactobacillus reuteriLactobacillus vaginalis, 除Lactobacillus agilis在干石斛组中的相对丰度较高外, 其余菌种的相对丰度在鲜石斛组显著提高(图5A), 说明铁皮石斛鲜品有利于Lactobacillus中相关菌种的增殖。此外, 铁皮石斛鲜品显著提高了有益菌株Bacteroides plebeiusAkkermansia muciniphila, 乳酸产生菌Bifidobacterium adolescentis, 丁酸产生菌Faecalibacterium prausnitziiButyricicoccus pullicaecorumRoseburia inulinivorans的相对丰度, 而干铁皮石斛对可产生维生素B的Cetobacterium somerae有促进作用(图5A)。
在结肠黏膜菌群中, 铁皮石斛鲜品增加了Lactobacillus reuteri、Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum、Clostridium perfringens、Plesiomonas shigelloides的相对丰度, 而干铁皮石斛提高了Bifidobacterium adolescentisMucispirillum schaedleri的相对丰度(图5B)。值得注意的是, 铁皮石斛干品还表现出对Escherichia coliRuminococcus gnavus等肠道疾病相关细菌较强的抑制作用。
基于京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)对已测微生物的基因功能进行预测, 利用邓肯检验(Dunn's test)分析微生物群落预测功能的组间差异。在小肠环境中, 干、鲜铁皮石斛在脂质代谢、多糖合成与代谢、萜类及聚酮类代谢、碳水化合物代谢、外源物质生物降解与代谢、氨基酸代谢、其他代谢物的生物合成等通路均有显著性差异。与正常组相比, 干石斛组上述代谢通路的丰度均下调, 而鲜石斛组上调了脂质代谢、萜类及聚酮类代谢、碳水化合物代谢、外源物质生物降解与代谢等代谢通路(图6A)。在结肠环境中, 干、鲜石斛对能量代谢、萜类及聚酮类代谢、脂质代谢、其他代谢物的生物合成、外源物质生物降解与代谢、碳水化合物代谢等代谢通路均表现为下调(图6B)。
课题组前期研究发现铁皮石斛多糖可抑制摄食量及体重增长[9], 而本研究发现铁皮石斛干、鲜品在不改变小鼠摄食量的情况下显著控制了体重的增长, 且鲜品的体重控制作用强于干品。摄食及体重与肠道的代谢功能密切相关, 而肠道菌群是宿主代谢的关键环节。相较于肠腔菌群易受外源物的影响而群落结构波动较大的特点, 肠黏膜的菌群更为稳定, 且直接影响肠黏膜屏障及宿主免疫[10-11]。因此, 本研究重点关注了干、鲜铁皮石斛对健康小鼠不同肠段黏膜菌群的影响。研究发现, 各组小鼠结肠黏膜菌群的多样性高于小肠黏膜菌群。铁皮石斛鲜品提高了小鼠小肠黏膜菌群的α多样性, 降低了结肠黏膜菌群的α多样性; 而铁皮石斛干品降低了不同肠段黏膜菌群的α多样性, 说明干、鲜铁皮石斛对小肠黏膜菌群的影响趋势相反。
从菌群结构分析, 相较于正常组, 铁皮石斛鲜品提高了产丁酸菌Faecalibacterium PrausnitziiButyricicoccus pullicaecorumRoseburia inulinivorans及产乙酸、丙酸菌Akkermansia muciniphila的相对丰度, 但干品对以上菌株无促进作用。丁酸、乙酸、丙酸属于短链脂肪酸的重要组成部分, 是肠道菌群代谢膳食纤维的产物[12]。其中, 丁酸可降低脂肪生成并增加瘦素分泌[13], 还可通过上调Claudin-1Zonula occludens-1Occludin等基因增加紧密连接, 通过增加Mucin 2的表达以增强肠上皮黏液层, 参与氧化应激调节等[14-15]。乙酸参与食欲和人体代谢的调节, 可通过分泌胰高血糖素样肽1和YY肽来减轻体重[16]。丙酸可抑制肝脏糖异生进而改善葡萄糖稳态和胰岛素敏感性[17]。KEGG代谢功能分析显示铁皮石斛鲜品上调了脂质及碳水化合物代谢, 可能是其促进短链脂肪酸产生菌增殖的结果, 并有利于控制体重。
一般情况下, 鲜药干燥时水分大量损失, 伴随着组织和细胞结构的不可逆破坏, 其化学成分改变, 且干燥后的药材很难复水至鲜药状态, 饮片的煎煮复水也不是干燥的可逆过程[18]。陈莉萍等[19]发现鲜马齿苋中总黄酮的含量是干品的1.83倍, 且抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌的效果优于干品; 此外, 鲜马齿苋中生物碱及多酚的含量高于干品, 能显著促进胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞对细胞外葡萄糖的消耗, 表现出更强的降糖活性[20]。研究表明, 铁皮石斛干燥加工后黄酮、生物碱、多糖等成分含量发生改变, 且鲜铁皮石斛的体内外抗氧化活性均优于干品, 与鲜品中多糖的含量高于干品有关[21-24]。综上, 化学成分的改变是药材干品与鲜品药效差异的基础。
膳食成分与肠道菌群的相互影响已被广泛报道。富含多酚、花青素及植物蛋白的饮食有助于提高肠道中乳杆菌属Lactobacillus及双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium的定植, 并诱导短链脂肪酸的产生以促进肠道健康, 从而更好地防御病原体, 改善营养代谢及免疫反应[25-28]。乳杆菌基因组含有大量碳水化合物代谢酶, 参与十二指肠及空肠中碳水化合物的降解, 还可通过减少脂肪酸吸收、增加脂肪酸氧化相关基因的表达来减少脂肪细胞的大小及脂质过氧化, 对体重有显著的调节作用[29]。本研究发现铁皮石斛鲜品对小肠及结肠黏膜中Lactobacillus的促进作用均强于干品。课题组前期研究发现铁皮石斛鲜品中可溶性蛋白质、总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷的含量高于干品[24], 可能是鲜品有效促进Lactobacillus增殖的物质基础。
本研究显示鲜、干铁皮石斛对不同肠段黏膜菌群的影响有差异, 铁皮石斛鲜品有利于促进小肠黏膜益生菌及短链脂肪酸产生菌的增殖, 而干品有助于抑制结肠黏膜病原菌的增殖, 预示铁皮石斛鲜品侧重于调节肠道代谢功能以保持机体的健康状态, 适宜健康人群日常保健使用; 而干品侧重于降低肠道疾病风险, 可用于肠道疾病的预防及辅助治疗。
隋代杨上善在《黄帝内经·太素》中描述药食两用物品“空腹食之为食物, 患者食之为药物”[30], 强调药食两用物品对健康与疾病机体的作用有异。因此, 后续有必要深入比较研究铁皮石斛在健康与不同疾病状态下的作用差异, 为其深度开发提供指导。
  • 湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(22B0391)
  • 湖南省中医药管理局中医药科研课题项目(B2024013)
  • 湖南省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2909)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112003
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
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湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(22B0391)
湖南省中医药管理局中医药科研课题项目(B2024013)
湖南省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2909)
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    湖南中医药大学药学院, 长沙 410208

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* 谢果珍(1984—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为中药资源开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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