Article(id=1153429502148469281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241111008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731254400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928622995, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928622995, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928622995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928622995, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1758690311058, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=167, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429503104770597, articleId=1153429502148469281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress in immunoassay techniques of heterocyclic acaricides, columnId=1153429495274000613, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Research and Detection of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, the demand for acaricides in agricultural production in China ranks second only to insecticides. As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, acaricides, represented by heterocyclic compounds, have relatively stable structures, long half lives, are not easily degraded, and are more likely to remain on the surface or inside of food, causing serious food safety problems. The development of economically effective detection methods for heterocyclic acaricides has become a current research trend, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of public vegetable baskets, promoting green ecological agriculture, and advancing high-quality agricultural development. Immunoassay methods are widely used in the field of pesticide residue detection due to their fast, simple, efficient, and sensitive characteristics. This paper reviewed the research progress of immunological analysis methods for heterocyclic acaricides pesticides from the aspects of synthesis of haptens, preparation of antibodies, and their detection applications in agricultural product matrices, analyzed the challenges and future development prospects of immunoassay methods, which have certain reference value for the detection of heterocyclic acaricides residues.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yao-Hai ZHANG, Yong-Liang CUI, Yi-Lin PENG, Cheng-Qiu WANG, Qi-Yang ZHAO, Ai-Hua CHEN, Yue HE, Jing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yao-Hai ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429503423537704, articleId=1153429502148469281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=杂环类杀螨剂的免疫检测技术研究进展, columnId=1153429495479521513, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前, 在我国农业生产中杀螨剂的需求仅次于杀虫剂, 位列第二位。杀螨剂作为影响农产品安全的重要化学污染物, 其中以含杂环为代表的一类杀螨剂结构相对稳定、半衰期长、不易降解, 更易残留在食品表面或内部造成严重的食品安全问题, 开发经济有效的杂环类杀螨剂检测方法已成为目前的研究趋势, 对保障群众菜篮子安全、助力绿色生态农业、推进农业高质量发展具有重要意义。免疫分析方法以其快速简便、高效灵敏等特点被广泛应用于农药残留检测领域。本文从半抗原的合成、抗体的制备及其在农产品基质中的检测应用等方面综述了杂环类杀螨剂农药免疫分析方法的研究进展, 分析了免疫分析方法所面临的挑战和未来发展前景, 对杂环类杀螨剂残留检测研究具有一定的参考价值。

, authors=null, authorsList=张耀海, 崔永亮, 彭怡霖, 王成秋, 赵其阳, 陈爱华, 何悦, 李晶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张耀海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张耀海(1977—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品监测和产地溯源。E-mail:
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2. Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
3. National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1177620409244594260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, authorId=1177620409101987919, language=CN, stringName=张耀海, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.西南大学/中国农业科学院柑桔研究所, 重庆 400712
2.农业农村部柑橘类果品质量安全控制重点实验室, 重庆 400712
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2.农业农村部柑橘类果品质量安全控制重点实验室, 重庆 400712
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2.农业农村部柑橘类果品质量安全控制重点实验室, 重庆 400712
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2. Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000, 48(9): 4071-4078., articleTitle=Evaluation and validation of a commercial ELISA for diazinon in surface waters, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177620412268687510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, awardId=CARS-26, language=CN, fundingSource=农业农村部现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-26), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177620408779026499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177620408783220804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, companyId=1177620408779026499, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177620409013907532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, companyId=1177620408988741706, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家柑桔工程技术研究中心, 重庆 400712)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177620411681484944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design status of haptens of heterocyclic acaricides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药 结构 半抗原设计 参考文献
乙螨唑 [7]
[8]
虫螨腈 [9]
[10]
哒螨灵 [11]
[12]
[13]
氟啶胺 [14]
[15]
螺虫乙酯 [16-17]
[18]
螺螨酯 [19]
噻虫胺 [20]
[21-23]
噻嗪酮 [24]
噻螨酮 [25]
喹螨醚 [26]
啶虫脒 [27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
三唑锡 [33]
伏杀硫磷 [34]
三唑磷 [35]
[36]
二嗪农 二嗪农已有半抗原设计方法相关综述, 此处不再赘述 [37]
), ArticleFig(id=1177620411761176721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

杂环类杀螨剂半抗原设计现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药 结构 半抗原设计 参考文献
乙螨唑 [7]
[8]
虫螨腈 [9]
[10]
哒螨灵 [11]
[12]
[13]
氟啶胺 [14]
[15]
螺虫乙酯 [16-17]
[18]
螺螨酯 [19]
噻虫胺 [20]
[21-23]
噻嗪酮 [24]
噻螨酮 [25]
喹螨醚 [26]
啶虫脒 [27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
三唑锡 [33]
伏杀硫磷 [34]
三唑磷 [35]
[36]
二嗪农 二嗪农已有半抗原设计方法相关综述, 此处不再赘述 [37]
), ArticleFig(id=1177620411861840018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Immunoassays of heterocyclic acaricide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药 免疫分析
方法
抗体类型 样品基质 检测能力 参考
乙螨唑 ITS mAb 柑橘、葡萄 icELISA的IC50为4.04 ng/mL, ITS的定性检出限
为10 ng/g
[7]
虫螨腈 ITS mAb 茄子、结球甘蓝 检出限1 mg/kg [40]
ELISA - 苹果、桃子 IC50为2.3 ng/g, IC20~IC80为1~10 ng/g [41]
哒螨灵 icELISA mAb IC50为0.21 ng/mL [13]
ITS mAb - - [42]
ITS mAb 黄瓜、苹果 IC50为2.36 ng/mL, 对黄瓜和苹果的检出限分别为
25 ng/g和50 ng/g
[12]
氟啶胺 icELISA mAb - IC50为0.1 μg/L [14]
icELISA mAb - IC50为2.68 ng/mL [15]
螺虫乙酯 dcELISA、ITS mAb、pAb 葡萄、葡萄酒 检出限为1000 μg/L [17,43]
icELISA mAb 河水、土壤、番茄和柑橘 IC50为2.1 μg/L [18]
噻虫胺 TRFIA mAb - - [44]
ELISA、TIS mAb 大白菜、水稻 ELISA检出限为l μg/kg [20,45]
icELISA、ITS 重组完整抗体 - icELISA的IC50为4.62 ng/mL; ITS的检出限为
2.5 ng/mL
[16]
ELISA mAb 稻田水、土壤、小麦、糙米、卷心菜、土豆、梨、柑橘 竞争性ELISA的IC50为3.83 ± 0.23 ng/mL, 非竞争性ELISA的IC50为(0.45±0.02) ng/mL, [46]
dcELISA mAb 黄瓜、番茄、苹果 IC50为4.4 ng/mL [21]
ITS mAb 河水、土壤、卷心菜、番茄、青菜 检出限为8 ng/mL [47]
icELISA pAb、mAb、scfv 河水、土壤、甘蓝、番茄、大米 PAb、mAb、scfv建立方法的IC50分别为46.0、
25.6和62.3 ng/mL
[22]
CLEIA pAb 河水、土壤、大米、甘蓝、番茄 IC50为14.8 ng/mL
TRFIA、FLISA、FPIA mAb 河水、土壤、大米、甘蓝、番茄 TRFIA、FLISA、FPIA的IC50分别为2.07、
12.5和87.3 ng/mL
噻嗪酮 ITS mAb - - [48]
噻螨酮 ITS mAb - 检出限为0.1 mg/L [25]
四螨嗪 ITS mAb - - [49]
喹螨醚 icELISA pAb 苹果、梨 IC50为96.97 ng/mL, 检出限为8 ng/mL [26]
啶虫脒 ITS mAb 黄瓜、苹果 黄瓜和苹果样品中截止限值分别为5 ng/mL和
30 ng/mL
[50]
dcELISA mAb 黄瓜、青椒、番茄、苹果 IC50为1 ng/mL [27]
ELISA - 桃子、苹果、草莓、黄瓜、茄子、番茄 IC50为0.6 ng/g, 检出限为0.053 ng/g [51]
免疫传感器 mAb 草莓、卷心菜 检出限为3.2 ng/L [32]
ITS mAb 大米、白菜、烟草 对大米的检出限为0.5 mg/kg, 对白菜、烟草的
检出限为1 mg/kg
[30]
TRFIA mAb 烟草 灵敏度为2 μg/L, 对烟草的检出限为0.1 mg/kg [52]
ITS mAb 大米、苹果、卷心菜、茶 肉眼定性阈值为1 ng/mL, 定量检测的IC50
1.12 ng/mL
[53]
icELISA mAb 山茶花粉、荷花花粉、油菜
花粉
IC50为0.17 ng/mL [54]
免疫传感器 mAb 梨、苹果、番茄和黄瓜 检出限为4.68 pg/mL [55]
IFEIA mAb 土壤、梨、小麦、黄瓜 IC50为0.04 µg/L [56]
icELISA mAb IC50为4.5 ng/mL [57]
CLEIA mAb 中药 检出限为4.77 pg/mL [58]
CLEIA mAb - - [59]
免疫传感器 mAb 检出限为6.51 ng/L [60]
CLEIA mAb 大白菜、黄瓜 IC50为10.24 ng/mL [61]
免疫传感器 mAb 苹果、番茄 检出限为8.780 pg/mL [62]
免疫芯片 mAb 蜂蜜 检出限为2.47 ng/mL [63]
ITS mAb 蔬菜 线性范围为50~1800 µg/kg [64]
ITS mAb 检出限为0.05 mg/kg [65]
ITS mAb 检出限为10 ng/mL [66]
icELISA、ITS mAb 黄瓜、苹果 icELISA的IC50为0.396 ng/mL; ITS对黄瓜和苹果的检出限分别为5 ng/g和10 ng/g [67]
三唑锡 免疫传感器 mAb - - [33]
喹硫磷 icELISA Nb - IC50为22.72 ng/mL [38]
伏杀硫磷 icELISA pAb IC50为2 mg/L [34]
二嗪农 icELISA pAb 检出限为0.40 µg/L [68]
icELISA mAb 生菜、米 icELISA的IC50为4.0 ng/mL, dcELISA的IC50
6.0 ng/mL
[69]
icELISA mAb 黄瓜、生菜、卷心菜 IC50为0.58 ng/mL [37]
三唑磷 三唑磷已有免疫分析相关综述, 此处不再赘述 [70-71]
), ArticleFig(id=1177620411954114707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

杂环类杀螨剂的免疫分析方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药 免疫分析
方法
抗体类型 样品基质 检测能力 参考
乙螨唑 ITS mAb 柑橘、葡萄 icELISA的IC50为4.04 ng/mL, ITS的定性检出限
为10 ng/g
[7]
虫螨腈 ITS mAb 茄子、结球甘蓝 检出限1 mg/kg [40]
ELISA - 苹果、桃子 IC50为2.3 ng/g, IC20~IC80为1~10 ng/g [41]
哒螨灵 icELISA mAb IC50为0.21 ng/mL [13]
ITS mAb - - [42]
ITS mAb 黄瓜、苹果 IC50为2.36 ng/mL, 对黄瓜和苹果的检出限分别为
25 ng/g和50 ng/g
[12]
氟啶胺 icELISA mAb - IC50为0.1 μg/L [14]
icELISA mAb - IC50为2.68 ng/mL [15]
螺虫乙酯 dcELISA、ITS mAb、pAb 葡萄、葡萄酒 检出限为1000 μg/L [17,43]
icELISA mAb 河水、土壤、番茄和柑橘 IC50为2.1 μg/L [18]
噻虫胺 TRFIA mAb - - [44]
ELISA、TIS mAb 大白菜、水稻 ELISA检出限为l μg/kg [20,45]
icELISA、ITS 重组完整抗体 - icELISA的IC50为4.62 ng/mL; ITS的检出限为
2.5 ng/mL
[16]
ELISA mAb 稻田水、土壤、小麦、糙米、卷心菜、土豆、梨、柑橘 竞争性ELISA的IC50为3.83 ± 0.23 ng/mL, 非竞争性ELISA的IC50为(0.45±0.02) ng/mL, [46]
dcELISA mAb 黄瓜、番茄、苹果 IC50为4.4 ng/mL [21]
ITS mAb 河水、土壤、卷心菜、番茄、青菜 检出限为8 ng/mL [47]
icELISA pAb、mAb、scfv 河水、土壤、甘蓝、番茄、大米 PAb、mAb、scfv建立方法的IC50分别为46.0、
25.6和62.3 ng/mL
[22]
CLEIA pAb 河水、土壤、大米、甘蓝、番茄 IC50为14.8 ng/mL
TRFIA、FLISA、FPIA mAb 河水、土壤、大米、甘蓝、番茄 TRFIA、FLISA、FPIA的IC50分别为2.07、
12.5和87.3 ng/mL
噻嗪酮 ITS mAb - - [48]
噻螨酮 ITS mAb - 检出限为0.1 mg/L [25]
四螨嗪 ITS mAb - - [49]
喹螨醚 icELISA pAb 苹果、梨 IC50为96.97 ng/mL, 检出限为8 ng/mL [26]
啶虫脒 ITS mAb 黄瓜、苹果 黄瓜和苹果样品中截止限值分别为5 ng/mL和
30 ng/mL
[50]
dcELISA mAb 黄瓜、青椒、番茄、苹果 IC50为1 ng/mL [27]
ELISA - 桃子、苹果、草莓、黄瓜、茄子、番茄 IC50为0.6 ng/g, 检出限为0.053 ng/g [51]
免疫传感器 mAb 草莓、卷心菜 检出限为3.2 ng/L [32]
ITS mAb 大米、白菜、烟草 对大米的检出限为0.5 mg/kg, 对白菜、烟草的
检出限为1 mg/kg
[30]
TRFIA mAb 烟草 灵敏度为2 μg/L, 对烟草的检出限为0.1 mg/kg [52]
ITS mAb 大米、苹果、卷心菜、茶 肉眼定性阈值为1 ng/mL, 定量检测的IC50
1.12 ng/mL
[53]
icELISA mAb 山茶花粉、荷花花粉、油菜
花粉
IC50为0.17 ng/mL [54]
免疫传感器 mAb 梨、苹果、番茄和黄瓜 检出限为4.68 pg/mL [55]
IFEIA mAb 土壤、梨、小麦、黄瓜 IC50为0.04 µg/L [56]
icELISA mAb IC50为4.5 ng/mL [57]
CLEIA mAb 中药 检出限为4.77 pg/mL [58]
CLEIA mAb - - [59]
免疫传感器 mAb 检出限为6.51 ng/L [60]
CLEIA mAb 大白菜、黄瓜 IC50为10.24 ng/mL [61]
免疫传感器 mAb 苹果、番茄 检出限为8.780 pg/mL [62]
免疫芯片 mAb 蜂蜜 检出限为2.47 ng/mL [63]
ITS mAb 蔬菜 线性范围为50~1800 µg/kg [64]
ITS mAb 检出限为0.05 mg/kg [65]
ITS mAb 检出限为10 ng/mL [66]
icELISA、ITS mAb 黄瓜、苹果 icELISA的IC50为0.396 ng/mL; ITS对黄瓜和苹果的检出限分别为5 ng/g和10 ng/g [67]
三唑锡 免疫传感器 mAb - - [33]
喹硫磷 icELISA Nb - IC50为22.72 ng/mL [38]
伏杀硫磷 icELISA pAb IC50为2 mg/L [34]
二嗪农 icELISA pAb 检出限为0.40 µg/L [68]
icELISA mAb 生菜、米 icELISA的IC50为4.0 ng/mL, dcELISA的IC50
6.0 ng/mL
[69]
icELISA mAb 黄瓜、生菜、卷心菜 IC50为0.58 ng/mL [37]
三唑磷 三唑磷已有免疫分析相关综述, 此处不再赘述 [70-71]
), ArticleFig(id=1177620412063166612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of different immunoassays for heterocyclic acaricide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫检测
方法
优点 缺点
ELISA 特异性强、灵敏度高、检测结果准确、适合大批量样品的检测 操作烦琐耗时, 自动化程度低
化学发光法 特异性强、灵敏度高、线性范围宽 化学发光标记物和配套试剂成本相对较高
ITS 简单快捷、结果直观、适合现场大批量初筛 灵敏度和精确度普遍较低, 多用于定性检测
FIA 线性范围宽、重复性和稳定性好 极易受到环境因素的影响
免疫传感器 灵敏度高、无需复杂的检测设备、可实现便携化、结果呈现方式多样 稳定性和可靠性可能受到环境因素的影响
), ArticleFig(id=1177620412134469781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429502148469281, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

杂环类杀螨剂不同免疫检测方法的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫检测
方法
优点 缺点
ELISA 特异性强、灵敏度高、检测结果准确、适合大批量样品的检测 操作烦琐耗时, 自动化程度低
化学发光法 特异性强、灵敏度高、线性范围宽 化学发光标记物和配套试剂成本相对较高
ITS 简单快捷、结果直观、适合现场大批量初筛 灵敏度和精确度普遍较低, 多用于定性检测
FIA 线性范围宽、重复性和稳定性好 极易受到环境因素的影响
免疫传感器 灵敏度高、无需复杂的检测设备、可实现便携化、结果呈现方式多样 稳定性和可靠性可能受到环境因素的影响
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张耀海 1, 2, 3, * , 崔永亮 1, 2, 3 , 彭怡霖 1, 2, 3 , 王成秋 1, 2, 3 , 赵其阳 1, 2, 3 , 陈爱华 1, 2, 3 , 何悦 1, 2, 3 , 李晶 1, 2, 3
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测 2025,16(5): 167-178
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食品安全质量检测学报 |本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测 2025 , 16 (5) : 167 -178
杂环类杀螨剂的免疫检测技术研究进展
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2. Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
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2.农业农村部柑橘类果品质量安全控制重点实验室, 重庆 400712
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张耀海1, 2, 3, * , 崔永亮1, 2, 3, 彭怡霖1, 2, 3, 王成秋1, 2, 3, 赵其阳1, 2, 3, 陈爱华1, 2, 3, 何悦1, 2, 3, 李晶1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学/中国农业科学院柑桔研究所, 重庆 400712
  • 2.农业农村部柑橘类果品质量安全控制重点实验室, 重庆 400712
  • 3.国家柑桔工程技术研究中心, 重庆 400712
通讯作者:
* 张耀海(1977—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品监测和产地溯源。E-mail:
Research progress in immunoassay techniques of heterocyclic acaricides
Yao-Hai ZHANG1, 2, 3, * , Yong-Liang CUI1, 2, 3, Yi-Lin PENG1, 2, 3, Cheng-Qiu WANG1, 2, 3, Qi-Yang ZHAO1, 2, 3, Ai-Hua CHEN1, 2, 3, Yue HE1, 2, 3, Jing LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Southwest University/Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
  • 3. National Citrus Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241111008
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目前, 在我国农业生产中杀螨剂的需求仅次于杀虫剂, 位列第二位。杀螨剂作为影响农产品安全的重要化学污染物, 其中以含杂环为代表的一类杀螨剂结构相对稳定、半衰期长、不易降解, 更易残留在食品表面或内部造成严重的食品安全问题, 开发经济有效的杂环类杀螨剂检测方法已成为目前的研究趋势, 对保障群众菜篮子安全、助力绿色生态农业、推进农业高质量发展具有重要意义。免疫分析方法以其快速简便、高效灵敏等特点被广泛应用于农药残留检测领域。本文从半抗原的合成、抗体的制备及其在农产品基质中的检测应用等方面综述了杂环类杀螨剂农药免疫分析方法的研究进展, 分析了免疫分析方法所面临的挑战和未来发展前景, 对杂环类杀螨剂残留检测研究具有一定的参考价值。

农药残留  /  质量安全  /  半抗原  /  免疫检测  /  杂环类杀螨剂

At present, the demand for acaricides in agricultural production in China ranks second only to insecticides. As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, acaricides, represented by heterocyclic compounds, have relatively stable structures, long half lives, are not easily degraded, and are more likely to remain on the surface or inside of food, causing serious food safety problems. The development of economically effective detection methods for heterocyclic acaricides has become a current research trend, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of public vegetable baskets, promoting green ecological agriculture, and advancing high-quality agricultural development. Immunoassay methods are widely used in the field of pesticide residue detection due to their fast, simple, efficient, and sensitive characteristics. This paper reviewed the research progress of immunological analysis methods for heterocyclic acaricides pesticides from the aspects of synthesis of haptens, preparation of antibodies, and their detection applications in agricultural product matrices, analyzed the challenges and future development prospects of immunoassay methods, which have certain reference value for the detection of heterocyclic acaricides residues.

pesticide residue  /  quality safety  /  haptens  /  immunoassay  /  heterocyclic acaricide
张耀海, 崔永亮, 彭怡霖, 王成秋, 赵其阳, 陈爱华, 何悦, 李晶. 杂环类杀螨剂的免疫检测技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 167 -178 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241111008
Yao-Hai ZHANG, Yong-Liang CUI, Yi-Lin PENG, Cheng-Qiu WANG, Qi-Yang ZHAO, Ai-Hua CHEN, Yue HE, Jing LI. Research progress in immunoassay techniques of heterocyclic acaricides[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 167 -178 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241111008
在农产品从生产到销售的过程当中, 农药的施用无可避免, 而农药的乱用或滥用是食品生产源头环节中容易出安全问题的突出因素。植食性螨虫因具有形体微小、活动范围广、繁殖快、世代周期短、耐药性强等特点, 是水果、蔬菜、花卉、茶叶等农业种植中的主要虫害。自1944年合成第一种农用杀螨剂以来, 杀螨剂在农业种植当中的应用变得普遍起来, 成为现代农业防治害螨的主要手段。近几年, 随着我国经作面积的逐渐增多, 尤其是柑橘种植的快速扩张, 导致螨类危害大规模爆发, 使得杀螨剂的市场需求进一步扩大[1]。根据中国农药信息网杀螨剂登记信息显示, 我国已登记的现有杀螨剂可分为人工合成和天然产物两大类, 而人工合成的杀螨剂中含杂环类占据绝大多数[2]。杂环类杀螨剂是指结构中成环的原子除了碳原子外, 还至少含有一个杂原子, 最常见的杂原子是氮原子、硫原子、氧原子。杂环类杀螨剂因具有选择性高、活性高、作用机制独特、无交互抗性等特点被广泛应用于蔬菜、水果、谷物、茶叶中。
然而, 以含杂环类为代表的杀螨剂基本结构稳定, 半衰期长, 不易降解, 导致施用后易残留在食品表面或内部, 所带来的食品安全问题一直备受关注。例如, 杂环类杀螨剂中应用最广泛的啶虫脒可通过兴奋烟碱乙酰胆碱受体产生神经毒性, 对哺乳动物具有较大威胁[3]; 果皮中乙螨唑的残留对于人体的慢性风险值较大[4]; 螺虫乙酯可抑制鱼类生长发育, 主要效应器官是肝脏和睾丸[5], 对人体有潜在风险; 唑螨酯作为线粒体活性的一种有效抑制剂可导致神经毒性, 还可能与帕金森综合症有关[6]。因此, 创新发展科学、有效的农药残留检测技术势在必行, 要通过研发出更高效更便利的农药杀螨剂检测技术助力农产品安全监督控制, 防止农药杀螨剂滥用和乱用, 实现农产品高质量发展。
农药残留检测方法多样, 其中基于抗体与抗原特异性结合的免疫分析方法具有快速、高效、检测灵敏度高、特异性强、价格低廉以及高通量等优点, 已被广泛应用于农药、兽药、重金属等物质的检测。免疫分析方法主要包括: 酶联免疫分析法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、化学发光酶联免疫分析法(chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, CLEIA)、免疫层析试纸条(immunochromatographic test strip, ITS)、荧光免疫分析法(fluoroimmunoassay, FIA)、免疫传感器等。近年来, 国内外科研人员在杂环类杀螨剂半抗原的合成、抗体的制备及应用这一领域做了大量的探索和研究, 并取得了一定的进展。本文从半抗原的合成、抗体的制备及其在农产品基质中的检测应用等方面综述了杂环类杀螨剂农药免疫分析方法的研究进展, 分析了免疫分析方法所面临的挑战和未来发展前景, 以期为杂环类杀螨剂残留检测研究提供参考。
杂环类杀螨剂属于小分子化合物, 只有反应原性, 缺乏免疫原性, 无法直接诱导动物机体产生抗体, 因此需要与牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)、卵清蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA)或钥孔血蓝蛋白(keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)等大分子蛋白质偶联构成人工抗原, 以此作为免疫原免疫动物使其产生特异性的抗体。其中BSA因其溶解性好容易与半抗原偶联、性质稳定不易变性、价格便宜等特点被广泛应用于免疫抗原制备。然而, 并不是所有的小分子都可以与蛋白等大分子直接偶联获得人工抗原, 这就需要先在小分子上引入能够与蛋白偶联的活性基团制备出半抗原。人工抗原制备的关键在于半抗原的设计, 在尽量保留目标小分子特征结构的原则上对不同分子结构进行化学改造, 使其获得活性基团后可与载体蛋白进行偶联。抗体则主要包括多克隆抗体(polyclonal antibody, pAb)、单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody, mAb)和基因工程抗体等。基因工程抗体中的纳米抗体(nanobody, Nb)是羊驼外周血液中存在的一种天然缺失轻链的单链抗体, 是自然存在的能够与抗原结合的最小片段, 直径和分子量均小于一般抗体, 具有表达效率高、便于纯化等优势。
目前, 已制备出抗体的杂环类杀螨剂包括氟啶胺、啶虫脒、乙螨唑、虫螨腈、哒螨灵、喹螨醚、螺虫乙酯、螺螨酯、噻螨酮、噻虫胺、噻嗪酮、三唑锡、二嗪农、四螨嗪、喹硫磷、伏杀硫磷以及三唑磷等。而唑螨酯、螺甲螨酯、腈吡螨酯、乙唑螨腈等杂环类杀螨剂尚未有半抗原、抗体制备的报道, 表1列出了杂环类杀螨剂半抗原设计现状。
杂环结构多是杀螨剂的特征结构, 在半抗原设计时应最大程度的保留。LIU等[7]设计的乙螨唑半抗原在远离特征结构处有较长的连接臂, 能避免特征结构被蛋白覆盖, 免疫小鼠后筛选出一株分泌抗乙螨唑单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株, 己保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心。付辉等[8]在乙螨唑的苯醚结构上衍生出带有羧基连接臂, 合成的乙螨唑半抗原既能最大程度保留乙螨唑的特征结构, 增强了乙螨唑半抗原的免疫原性, 但未制备出抗体。虫螨腈的芳基吡咯是其特征结构, 若将虫螨腈吡咯环上的腈基还原成氨基, 进而与载体蛋白偶联, 修饰位点与虫螨腈分子的特征结构距离较近, 不利于虫螨腈分子特征结构的暴露, 何方洋等[9]、ITO等[10]为最大程度保留虫螨腈特征结构的半抗原, 在虫螨腈吡咯环上的乙氧基甲基引入羧基活性基团, 再通过活性酯法与载体蛋白偶联后, 可突出虫螨腈本身独有的芳基吡咯结构, 最后制得鼠源单克隆抗体。王弘等[38]构建了一种噬菌体展示纳米抗体文库, 并从噬菌体展示纳米抗体文库中筛选得到一种针对喹硫磷农药的纳米抗体VHH 8F, 该抗体热稳定性强, 抗原结合活性高。徐振林等[39]通过构建双峰驼免疫抗体文库, 结合噬菌体展示技术, 对抗体文库进行亲和淘筛, 获得一种抗二嗪农特异性结合的纳米抗体。
综上, 杂环类杀螨剂合成半抗原的路径主要有: 通过设计水解、取代、氧化和其他反应在目标农药分子自身结构、代谢降解产物或带有目标农药分子特征结构的中间产物上衍生出适当的活性基团; 直接在由原料合成农药的过程中引入适合反应条件并带有活性基团的分子。同时, 要想制备出高特异性识别目标农药分子的抗体则在半抗原设计时要注意合理选择连接臂的长度及其衍生位置以保障农药特征结构最大限度地被免疫细胞识别。
免疫分析基于特异性抗原-抗体结合, 将抗体或抗原标记酶、发光物或其他物质, 达到检测样品中被测物的目的。免疫分析可以是非竞争性的, 也可以是竞争性的。竞争性免疫测定法通常用于检测只有一个抗原决定簇的小分子化合物, 多用于小分子农药领域, 而非竞争性免疫测定法通常用于检测具有多个抗原表位的蛋白质或多糖等大分子化合物。目前, 杂环类杀螨剂的免疫分析方法主要包括ELISA、CLEIA、ITS、FIA、免疫传感器等, 见表2表3为杂环类杀螨剂不同免疫检测方法的优缺点。
ELISA是将抗原抗体的特异反应与酶的高效催化作用结合在一起的免疫分析方法。农药小分子和偶联上农药小分子的包被原竞争性结合酶标记的抗体, 形成抗原抗体复合物后, 复合物上的酶催化底物, 产生有色产物, 再通过眼睛或仪器进行定量或定性检测, 该方法特异性强、灵敏度高。ELISA分析常作为筛选新型抗体、鉴定抗体抑制率的通用方法。杂环类杀螨剂属于小分子, 主要采用的是icELISA和dcELISA。
YOU等[46]开发了基于噬菌体展示肽的竞争性ELISA和非竞争性ELISA检测噻虫胺, 竞争性ELISA的方法IC50为(3.83±0.23) ng/mL, 非竞争性ELISA的IC50为(0.45±0.02) ng/mL, 分别对稻田水、土壤、小麦、糙米、卷心菜、土豆、梨、柑橘进行加标回收, 平均回收率分别为73.8%~104.1%, 与高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)具有良好的相关性。FANG等[54]建立了一种生物素化icELISA检测花粉中啶虫脒的方法, 检出限为0.17 ng/mL, 平均回收率为81.1%~108.0%, 日内相对标准偏差为4.8%~10.9%, 检测结果与高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)具有一致性。魏新林等[57]对6种茶叶(黑茶、黄茶、白茶、红茶、乌龙茶、绿茶)中的啶虫脒建立高通量icELISA检测体系, 用铂包金纳米粒子(Au@Pt NPs)标记二抗实现信号放大, 铂包金纳米粒子能催化氧化四甲基联苯胺(etramethylbenzidine, TMB)产生蓝色氧化产物, 并在滴加终止液后于450 nm处产生紫外吸收峰实现定量检测, 方法的IC50为4.5 ng/mL, 检出限为0.17 ng/mL, 加标回收率为81.4%~120.5%, 变异系数为0.14%~15.58%。LEE等[69]基于抗二嗪农单克隆抗体, 建立了间icELISA, IC50为4.0 ng/mL, 检出限为0.7 ng/mL, 利用酶示踪剂建立了dcELISA, IC50为6.0 ng/mL, 检出限为0.9 ng/mL。
基于杂环类杀螨剂抗体制备的ELISA检测试剂盒被广泛使用, 例如虫螨腈[41]、噻虫胺[20]、啶虫脒[51,72-73]、二嗪农[39,74]等, 对其检出限、特异性进行了验证, 灵敏度和准确度大多都能够满足国家农药残留限量标准要求, 但有一定的适用范围, 不能适用于复杂基质的样品检测。
CLEIA是将化学发光信号与特异性的免疫分析法相结合, 在抗体或抗原上标记化学发光剂, 通过获取标记物进行化学发光反应时的化学发光强度实现定量检测。具有特异性强、灵敏度高、线性范围宽、易于实现自动化等优点, 在检测灵敏度上优于ELISA, 现已成为农药检测的一种常用工具。
ZHANG等[58]利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB)的疏水保护作用, 通过表面活性剂辅助合成策略, 合成了水稳定性显著提高的金属有机框架(metal organic frameworks, MOFs), 合成的CTAB-Co-MOFs具有良好的催化活性, 可显著增强鲁米诺体系的化学发光信号, 将其作为化学发光探针建立了一种高灵敏度、高选择性的CLEIA法用于检测中药中啶虫脒, 该方法检测的线性范围为0.01~25 ng/mL, 检出限为4.77 pg/mL, 中药中的加标回收率为90.40%~113.33%。纳米酶是一类具有类似于天然酶催化活性的纳米材料, 相比于天然酶其稳定性更好且易于储存和大批量生产, 徐东辉等[59]采用纳米酶Au作为天然酶的替代物, 制备纳米酶Au的啶虫脒CLEIA试剂盒, 该试剂盒的发光强度可达7×104 RLU, 发光时间持续可达60 min, 化学发光稳定平台期持续时间可达35 min, 可惜未进行实际样品的测定。ZHU等[61]建立了间接竞争CLEIA, 优化了影响CLEIA敏感性的条件, 在最优条件下该方法的IC50为10.24 ng/mL, 在大白菜和黄瓜中的平均加标回收率为82.7%~112.2%, 变异系数<9.19%, 与HPLC检测结果一致。
CLEIA分析法在含杂环类杀螨剂抗体的应用中相对较少, 但现有研究已将其与高分子材料、纳米材料等结合以改善催化反应条件提高检测性能, 充分利用了化学发光技术优势为杂环类杀螨剂残留检测开辟新的途径。
ITS以膜为固相, 基于吸水垫的毛细管虹吸效应将抗原抗体特异性识别应用于试纸条上的免疫技术, 也称为横向流动免疫分析(lateral flow immunoassays, LFIA)。ITS是杂环类杀螨剂免疫分析方法中应用最广泛的, 与ELISA相比, ITS检测简单、快速、灵敏、廉价, 可在5~10 min内得到结果, 是现场即时筛查的一种理想手段。
CEVALLOS-CEDENO等[17]基于抗螺虫乙酯单克隆抗体建立了dcELISA, 对葡萄、葡萄汁和葡萄酒基质进行加标回收实验, 并且该课题组还以此建立了螺虫乙酯胶体金免疫层析法[43], 对葡萄酒样品中螺虫乙酯及其代谢物残留进行半定量测定, 其可视化检出限为1000 μg/L, 满足欧洲对葡萄酒中螺虫乙酯残留的半定量快速分析的要求。LI等[47]基于制备的抗噻虫胺单克隆抗体建立了TIS, 在最佳条件下, 该抗体ELISA的IC50和检出限分别为25.6 ng/mL和3.8 ng/mL, 胶体金单抗探针的可视化检出限为8 ng/mL, 肉眼可在10 min内判断结果, 对河水、土壤、卷心菜、番茄、青菜的ELISA加标回收率为78.0%~114.5%。LIU等[50]基于抗啶虫脒单克隆抗体研发了ITS, 对啶虫脒的检出限为1 ng/mL, 黄瓜和苹果样品中的检出限分别为5 ng/mL和30 ng/mL, 检测时间只需5 min。LIU等[53]建立了一种基于量子点(quantum dots, QDs)的ITS检测方法, 用于农业样品中啶虫脒的定性和定量检测, 采用QDs-mAb偶联探针建立竞争, 对啶虫脒的肉眼定性阈值为1 ng/mL, 定量检测的IC50为1.12 ng/mL, 对大米、苹果、卷心菜、茶的平均加标回收率为78.38%~126.97%, 在盲茶样品的检测中, QDs-ITS与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的检测结果具有较高的相关性。WU等[64]通过对比不同抗原抗体组合并采用最佳组合开发了8 min的QDs-ITS, 对蔬菜加标的平均回收率为75%~117%, 假阳性率<5%, 假阴性率为0%, 该方法的线性范围为50~1800 µg/kg, 符合中国、欧盟和美国的啶虫脒检测标准。姚蕾珺[67]建立了检测果蔬中啶虫脒的ITS, 黄瓜和苹果中啶虫脒的检出限分别为5 ng/g和10 ng/g。
免疫试纸条作为杂环类杀螨剂抗体应用最广泛的方法, 在水果、蔬菜、茶叶等农产品的现场检测中发挥了极大的作用。为提高免疫试纸条的灵敏度和稳定性, 近几年的研究方法常将免疫试纸条与新型材料, 如量子点、纳米颗粒、荧光微球、高分子材料等相结合, 或与传感器、化学发光、荧光免疫检测等不同检测体系相组合进行应用。
FIA是将荧光的敏感可测性与抗原抗体免疫反应的高特异性有机结合的方法。FIA可以分为TRFIA、FPIA、FLISA。
王秀国等[44]开发了一种测试噻虫胺的TRFIA并制成试纸条, 样品扩散速度快, 可大大提高检测灵敏度和检测效率。李明[22]建立了检测噻虫胺的TRFIA, 噻虫胺和噻虫啉同时检测的量子点FLISA和噻虫胺FPIA, 3种方法的IC50分别为2.07、12.5和87.3 ng/mL, 结果表明: TRFIA法在灵敏度方面得到了显著提高, 属于高灵敏检测方法; FLISA法可同时对噻虫胺和噻虫啉进行残留定性定量检测; FPIA法无需分离洗涤步骤, 在检测时间、操作步骤、示踪物稳定性方面显示出明显的优势。陈黎等[52]基于此前制备的抗啶虫脒单克隆抗体建立了检测啶虫脒的TRFIA, 并制成试纸条, 检测灵敏度为2 μg/L, 对烟草中啶虫脒的检出限为0.1 mg/kg。
FIA还可以根据抗原抗体反应是否需要分离分为均相荧光免疫分析、非均相荧光免疫分析。LI等[56]以上转化纳米颗粒(UCNPs)偶联的单克隆抗体为荧光源, 金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)偶联的抗原为荧光开关试剂, 啶虫脒为荧光开启试剂, 建立了检测啶虫脒的非辐射能量转换的内过滤效应均相免疫测定方法(IFEIA), 该单抗在icELISA中IC50为0.15 µg/L, 该方法的灵敏度在此基础上提高3.75倍为0.04 μg/L, 检测范围为0.002~0.58 μg/L, 对土壤、梨、小麦、黄瓜加标得平均回收率为75.1%~104.7%。
FIA作为一类高灵敏度的检测方法可实现精准检测, 通过在标记物、标记方法及应用上不断优化, 如应用发光寿命长的上转化纳米颗粒、强发光的量子点以及免疫磁分离荧光检测法, 以应对多样化的检测需求。
免疫传感器是一种将免疫检测技术和传感技术相结合的免疫分析技术, 免疫传感器基于抗体的敏感和特异性作为传感元件, 再通过合适的转导机制将识别作用转换为可读的信号, 从而达到识别和捕获目标农药的目的。借助传感器信号放大的作用, 免疫分析的灵敏度和特异性也随之提高。免疫传感器正向着便携化、自动化、省时化、可重复使用以及实时在线检测的方向发展。
XU等[32]开发了一种基于半抗原接枝程序探针(half antigen grafting program probe, HGPP)作为共识别元件的高效竞争性电化学免疫传感器方法, 样品中的啶虫脒与HGPP通过特异性识别与电极上捕获的抗体相结合实现间接检测, 方法检出限为3.2 ng/L, 在草莓、卷心菜中的平均回收率为93.7%~104.3%, 相对标准偏差为1.89%~4.66%。提高灵敏度一直是免疫传感器研究的热点, BAI等[55]研究开发了一种基于Bi半金属/沸石咪唑酸骨架混合材料的免疫层析条带(Bi semimetal/zeolitic imidazolate frameworks hybrid material-immunochromatographic test strip, Bi/ZIF HM-ITS)传感器, 用于啶虫脒的敏感检测。Bi/ZIF HM不仅具有优越的色强、与单克隆抗体的强亲和力和良好的生物相容性, 而且作为信号标记, 在啶虫脒的残留检测中表现突出。Bi/ZIF HM-ITS传感器的检出限为4.68 pg/mL, 线性范围为0.01~6 ng/mL, 比传统金纳米颗粒型ITS (0.457 ng/mL)低98倍, 在梨、苹果、番茄和黄瓜样品中的加样回收率为80.3%~118.5%, 相对标准偏差小于3.67%。BAI等[62]又开发Bi2Se3微粒子免疫层析条带(Bi2Se3 microparticles- immunochromatographic test strip, BS MPs-ITS)传感器, 方法检出限为8.78 pg/mL, 比传统金纳米颗粒型ITS (0.54 ng/mL)低约62倍, 在苹果和番茄样品中平均回收率为83.823%~99.223%, 相对标准偏差和小于1.7%。SONG等[60]基于时间分辨效应和icELISA原理, 研制了一种用于对啶虫脒和氟虫腈现场快速同时检测的双荧光光纤生物传感器, 用两种半抗原蛋白偶联物修饰的光纤可作为一种双功能生物探针, 靶标存在时, 相应抗体的结合位点被占据, 连接探针表面的抗体减少, 导致荧光信号减弱, 最后通过分别测量568 nm和702 nm(发射波长)的荧光信号来确定啶虫脒和氟虫腈的浓度; 啶虫脒和氟虫腈的线性反应范围分别为14.2~225.4 ng/L和25.1~162.8 ng/L, 检出限分别为6.51 ng/L和17.8 ng/L, 可对3种环境样品中啶虫脒和氟虫腈同时检测, 加样回收率为90%~128%。孟东等[63]建立了可视化微阵列蛋白芯片法, 可同时检测蜂蜜中多菌灵、啶虫脒和蝇毒磷3种农药残留, 该方法对啶虫脒的定量检测范围为0.3~4.8 ng/mL, 检出限为2.47 ng/mL。
近年来, 在免疫传感技术的基础上, 研究者进行了拓展延伸, 各种免疫芯片法(immunochip)发展迅速。可视化免疫芯片可同时检测多种药物及有害物残留, 具有可视化、快速、高灵敏度、无需复杂的检测设备、性价比高等优点, 在农药残留的现场快速检测方面有较好发展前景。
免疫分析方法在杂环类杀螨剂残留检测领域发挥着重要的作用, 且正朝着更高效、灵敏、便捷的方向发展, 但在发展过程中仍存在诸多挑战。目前, 已经报道了部分杂环类杀螨剂的免疫检测方法, 但是还有一些杂环类杀螨剂半抗原难以合成, 无法制备出抗体。已制备出的抗体主要以单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体为主, 仅有部分单链抗体以及重组抗体。单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体制备方法存在对动物不友好, 抗体稳定性差, 灵敏度欠佳, 批次之间差异大等问题。而基因工程抗体具有分子量小、稳定性强、批次间差异小、免疫原性低、可塑性强、成本低等优点, 是当前的研究热点, 必将在农药小分子的抗体制备和免疫分析方面获得广泛应用和深入研究。
在杂环类杀螨剂的免疫分析方法中ELISA与ITS被广泛应用。ELISA作为免疫分析方法中基础通用的方法, 存在灵敏度不够高、过程耗时、易受基质干扰、检测目标单一等缺点; ITS是现场检测的一种常用手段, 但检测灵敏度有限、无法精确界定和量化、仅适用于对样品的初筛, 在复杂的基质中易受干扰; 此外, ELISA法与ITS法在实际操作中还易出现假阳性。未来的研究方向应着重于: 设计更贴近目标结构的半抗原, 优化抗体筛选方法; 开发更灵敏、更稳定的酶标记; 设计多残留免疫层析检测系统, 助力实现ITS免疫定量分析; 创新多信号的识别体系, 解决单信号偶然误差所导致假阳性/阴性结果的问题; 结合智能设备和5G网络进一步提高试纸条的识别和数据分析性能。
近年来, CLEIA、FIA和免疫传感器发展迅速, 较好地弥补了传统免疫分析方法存在的灵敏度差和定量困难等问题, 但是也存在一些不足, 如化学发光法稳定性差、易受外界环境因素干扰等, 未来的研究方向应着重于: 开发新型化学增强剂、发光剂和催化剂、优化化学发光液的稳定性; 探索开发多通道检测化学发光试剂盒; 开发便携式设备, 联合其他技术实现现场多残留分析或自动化检测等。
FIA的标记材料信号强度不足、稳定性差、易受样品自带颜色的干扰、少数荧光染液具有毒性等, 未来的研究方向应着重于: 开发新型成本低廉、无污染的标记材料; 改进标记技术, 促进FIA多组分检测发展; 实现荧光检测仪器智能化便携化发展等。
免疫传感器稳定性和重现性较差, 背景干扰大, 程序复杂, 读取数据时需借助大型仪器等, 未来研究方向应着重于: 简化分析程序和时间; 结合适配体等新技术取代传统抗原抗体特异性结合的模式; 结合纳米材料、量子点等提高传感器灵敏度和准确度; 开发新型经济环保、吸附能力强、可重复利用的纳米材料应用于传感器中; 将智能手机、3D打印技术、“云”计算、数据储存等技术集成到免疫传感器中等。
相信在不久的将来, 更为准确、快速、高效、操作简便且价格低廉的杂环类杀螨剂免疫检测方法会被开发出来。
  • 农业农村部现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-26)
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241111008
  • 接收时间:2024-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-11
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农业农村部现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-26)
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    1.西南大学/中国农业科学院柑桔研究所, 重庆 400712
    2.农业农村部柑橘类果品质量安全控制重点实验室, 重庆 400712
    3.国家柑桔工程技术研究中心, 重庆 400712

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* 张耀海(1977—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品监测和产地溯源。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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