Article(id=1153429498042241300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731859200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928622017, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928622017, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928622017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928622017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429498453283108, articleId=1153429498042241300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Curdlan, a type of microbial extracellular polysaccharide, is widely utilized as a food additive due to its exceptional gelling, water-holding, thickening, and freeze-thaw stability properties within food systems. In recent years, the research on the regulation of the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules has become a research hotspot in the field of food science, aiming at optimizing the texture of food, enhancing the stability of food, and promoting the development of new healthy foods. However, a systematic summary of the interaction between curdlan and biological macromolecules, as well as their regulatory mechanisms is still insufficient at present. As a result, this review offered a comprehensive overview of recent research progress in the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules, particularly emphasized the interactions between curdlan and polysaccharides, proteins and other macromolecules in food applications. This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the precise design and innovative development of functional foods.

, correspAuthors=Jing-Kun YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng-Cai LIU, Zhi-Wei YE, Long-Qing LI, Ming-Yu JIN, Jing-Kun YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429523833017169, articleId=1153429498042241300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=可得然胶与生物大分子的相互作用及其研究进展, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

可得然胶, 作为一种微生物胞外多糖, 因其在食品体系中良好的凝胶性、持水性、增稠性及冻融稳定性等特性, 被广泛用作食品添加剂。近年来, 针对可得然胶与生物大分子间相互作用的调控研究, 已成为食品科学领域的研究热点, 旨在优化食品质地、增强稳定性及推动新型健康食品的开发。然而, 目前对于可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用及其调控机制的系统性总结尚不充分。鉴于此, 本文对近年来该领域的研究进展进行全面的归纳总结, 特别聚焦于可得然胶与食品中的多糖、蛋白质等大分子之间的相互作用及其应用, 旨在为新型功能食品的精准设计与创新开发提供理论基础。

, correspAuthors=闫景坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 闫景坤(1980—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品碳水化合物结构、功能与应用。E-mail:
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刘正才(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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注: 热可逆凝胶(thermo-reversible curdlan gels, TRC); 热不可逆凝胶(thermo-irreversible curdlan gels, TIRC)。

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Effects of interaction between curdlan and other non-starch polysaccharides and its applications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用多糖 作用效果 应用 参考文献
卡拉胶 形成相当紧密和更加致密的凝胶结构, 改善凝胶质地 功能性食品 [28]
魔芋葡甘聚糖 提高凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和保水性, 结构更致密 食品水凝胶 [64-67]
索拉胶 具有一定的温度敏感性、良好的黏弹性、自回复能力和蠕变性能的凝胶 水凝胶 [68]
纳米纤维素 良好的温度稳定性, 改善了气体阻隔性、力学性能、隔水性和透明度 冷鲜肉保鲜 [69-70]
黄原胶 优异的机械、水分阻隔性能 可食用食品包装膜 [71]
结冷胶 具有均匀且致密的二元凝胶网络 水凝胶 [72]
β-环状糊精 形成了具有一定的温度敏感性、规则溶胀比和独特力学性能的复合水凝胶 水凝胶 [73]
甲基纤维素 良好的疏水性、氧阻隔性、水汽阻隔性、伸长率、透光率 可食用涂层 [74]
羟丙基甲基纤维素 共混膜透射率、氧渗透性和水溶性降低 共混膜材料 [75]
), ArticleFig(id=1177619545926808275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429498042241300, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可得然胶与其他非淀粉类多糖相互作用的效果及其应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用多糖 作用效果 应用 参考文献
卡拉胶 形成相当紧密和更加致密的凝胶结构, 改善凝胶质地 功能性食品 [28]
魔芋葡甘聚糖 提高凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和保水性, 结构更致密 食品水凝胶 [64-67]
索拉胶 具有一定的温度敏感性、良好的黏弹性、自回复能力和蠕变性能的凝胶 水凝胶 [68]
纳米纤维素 良好的温度稳定性, 改善了气体阻隔性、力学性能、隔水性和透明度 冷鲜肉保鲜 [69-70]
黄原胶 优异的机械、水分阻隔性能 可食用食品包装膜 [71]
结冷胶 具有均匀且致密的二元凝胶网络 水凝胶 [72]
β-环状糊精 形成了具有一定的温度敏感性、规则溶胀比和独特力学性能的复合水凝胶 水凝胶 [73]
甲基纤维素 良好的疏水性、氧阻隔性、水汽阻隔性、伸长率、透光率 可食用涂层 [74]
羟丙基甲基纤维素 共混膜透射率、氧渗透性和水溶性降低 共混膜材料 [75]
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可得然胶与生物大分子的相互作用及其研究进展
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刘正才 1, 2 , 叶志伟 1 , 李垄清 2 , 金明玉 2 , 闫景坤 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(5): 52-60
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(5): 52-60
可得然胶与生物大分子的相互作用及其研究进展
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刘正才1, 2 , 叶志伟1, 李垄清2, 金明玉2, 闫景坤2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642
  • 2.东莞理工学院生命健康技术学院, 东莞 523808
  • 刘正才(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 闫景坤(1980—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品碳水化合物结构、功能与应用。E-mail:
Research progress on the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules
Zheng-Cai LIU1, 2 , Zhi-Wei YE1, Long-Qing LI2, Ming-Yu JIN2, Jing-Kun YAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2. School of Life and Health Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118005
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可得然胶, 作为一种微生物胞外多糖, 因其在食品体系中良好的凝胶性、持水性、增稠性及冻融稳定性等特性, 被广泛用作食品添加剂。近年来, 针对可得然胶与生物大分子间相互作用的调控研究, 已成为食品科学领域的研究热点, 旨在优化食品质地、增强稳定性及推动新型健康食品的开发。然而, 目前对于可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用及其调控机制的系统性总结尚不充分。鉴于此, 本文对近年来该领域的研究进展进行全面的归纳总结, 特别聚焦于可得然胶与食品中的多糖、蛋白质等大分子之间的相互作用及其应用, 旨在为新型功能食品的精准设计与创新开发提供理论基础。

可得然胶  /  相互作用  /  蛋白质  /  淀粉  /  多糖  /  功能食品

Curdlan, a type of microbial extracellular polysaccharide, is widely utilized as a food additive due to its exceptional gelling, water-holding, thickening, and freeze-thaw stability properties within food systems. In recent years, the research on the regulation of the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules has become a research hotspot in the field of food science, aiming at optimizing the texture of food, enhancing the stability of food, and promoting the development of new healthy foods. However, a systematic summary of the interaction between curdlan and biological macromolecules, as well as their regulatory mechanisms is still insufficient at present. As a result, this review offered a comprehensive overview of recent research progress in the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules, particularly emphasized the interactions between curdlan and polysaccharides, proteins and other macromolecules in food applications. This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the precise design and innovative development of functional foods.

curdlan  /  interaction  /  protein  /  starch  /  polysaccharide  /  functional food
刘正才, 叶志伟, 李垄清, 金明玉, 闫景坤. 可得然胶与生物大分子的相互作用及其研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118005
Zheng-Cai LIU, Zhi-Wei YE, Long-Qing LI, Ming-Yu JIN, Jing-Kun YAN. Research progress on the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118005
食品体系是一个复杂的多组分体系, 其复杂性主要源于组分之间的相互作用以及加工工艺的多样性。近年来, 食品科学界逐渐意识到, 要深入理解并改善食品的微观结构和品质, 必须从构成食品的基础——生物大分子入手。这些生物大分子, 如多糖和蛋白质, 它们之间的相互作用不仅决定了食品的口感和质构, 更是实现产品创新和品质升级的关键[1]。此外, 多糖和蛋白质等生物大分子之间可以产生协同增效效应, 显著改变食品的口感和质构特征[2-3]。因此, 研究食品中的生物大分子之间的相互作用, 对于改善食品结构, 提高对食品品质特性的精细调控能力, 推动食品产业发展具有重要的指导意义。
可得然胶, 作为一种由微生物产生的胞外多糖[4], 因其良好的凝胶性[5]、持水性[6]和增稠性[7]等特性而备受关注。1989年可得然胶作为食用凝胶投放至日本、韩国和中国台湾等市场; 1996年, 美国食品药品监督管理局(U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA)经过广泛论证证明其食用安全性, 并且批准将它列入食品添加剂行列中。2006年, 我国正式批准将可得然胶作为食品添加剂用于部分食品中, 如肉制品、面食制品等[8]。研究表明, 与单一组分相比, 可得然胶与其他生物大分子相互作用后, 复合体系在功能性和稳定性上显著提升, 特别是在改善食品口感和开发新型食品方面具有突出的应用潜力[9-11]。因此, 将可得然胶添加到食品中, 使其与生物大分子相互作用以改善食品的质地和功能特性的研究得到了越来越多的关注。深入了解可得然胶与其他生物大分子的相互作用, 不仅有助于揭示其在食品体系中的独特作用和功能, 还可为可得然胶的功能化应用提供重要的理论依据。
本文综述了可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用的研究进展, 详细阐述了其与蛋白质、淀粉、多糖等组分间的相互作用及其机制。同时, 通过深入分析这些相互作用的具体特点, 揭示可得然胶在食品科学领域中的重要作用, 为食品工业的创新发展提供理论支撑和实践指导。
可得然胶是一种胞外多糖, 可由不同类型的微生物(例如细菌、酵母和真菌)以胞外多糖的形式产生。目前常见的可以产生可得然胶的菌种有产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes spp.)、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium spp.)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium spp.)、出芽短梗霉菌(Aureobasidium pullulan)等[12]。可得然胶的化学通式为(C6H10O5)n[13], 它是一种由葡萄糖单元通过β-(1,3)-糖苷键连接而成的线性高分子葡聚糖(如图1所示)。可得然胶主要以长链形式存在, 其分子内和分子间的氢键结合能够形成更为复杂的三维结构[14]。研究证实, 可得然胶具有三螺旋结构, 这对可得然胶的生物活性至关重要。值得注意地是, 可得然胶在不同溶剂中主要存在3种构象, 即无规卷曲、单螺旋和三螺旋[15-17]。通过黏度测量发现, 细菌来源可得然胶在碱性溶液(0.3 mol/L)中的分子量范围为5.3×104 Da至5.8×106 Da; 真菌来源的可得然胶分子量范围则为2.1×104 Da至5.0×104 Da[17]。纯可得然胶为无味、无毒的白色粉末, 其溶液在pH 3~9范围内保持稳定。然而, 它不溶于水及大多数有机溶剂, 但可溶于可以破坏氢键的溶液, 如NaOH和二甲基亚砜[18]
可得然胶具有良好的胶凝性能[19], 作为一种食品添加剂, 在食品体系中有增稠、稳定、保水以及抗冻融等作用(如图2所示)。可得然胶能够根据温度条件形成两种不同类型的凝胶。当水溶液被加热至55 ℃并随即冷却时, 会形成TRC; 而当溶液温度达到约80 ℃再冷却时, 则会产生TIRC[20]。值得注意的是, 可得然胶的凝胶强度在130 ℃时仍会持续增强, 且可得然胶的胶质也不会被破坏, 这一特性使其在高温杀菌及需要保持形态稳定的食品中具有重要的应用价值[18]。研究还发现, 可得然胶与肌肉纤维、面筋蛋白等成分的结合, 能显著提升食品的稠度, 不仅改善了产品的质地与口感, 还增强了稳定性, 使产品更加细腻、顺滑[21-22]。此外, ISHIDA等[23]的研究报告指出, 可得然胶在经过冻融处理后仍能保持其凝胶特性的稳定, 这一发现证实了可得然胶具有出色的抗冻融稳定性。考虑到可得然胶的结构不受冷冻和解冻过程的影响, 且对冷冻处理表现出高的稳定性, 因此可将其应用于冷冻食品。此外, 虽然可得然胶具有一定的成膜性, 但其机械性能相对较弱。为了提升可得然胶共混膜的机械性能, 通常会将其与其他物质进行复合使用[24], 这不仅可以增强可得然胶的实用性, 而且可以拓宽其在食品工业中的应用范围。
可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用可以分为两大类: 非共价相互作用和共价相互作用。
非共价相互作用主要包括静电相互作用、氢键、疏水相互作用和范德华力等。具体来说, 范德华力存在于最近的粒子中, 如果粒子靠得更近, 则引力会更强; 当两种生物聚合物在较宽的pH范围内具有相似的电荷时, 就会发生氢键相互作用; 疏水相互作用发生在非极性基团倾向于相互结合的生物聚合物中[25]。由于可得然胶是一种中性多糖[26], 所以其与其他生物大分子之间不能发生静电相互作用。氢键是可得然胶与其他生物大分子之间非共价结合的主要驱动力。可得然胶无水葡萄糖单元具有3个不同位置上的羟基; C-6处的一个伯羟基和C-2和C-4处的两个仲羟基(如图1所示)使得可得然胶很容易与其他生物大分子, 例如蛋白质中的酰胺基团发生氢键相互作用。疏水相互作用和范德华力常与氢键协调相互作用。ZHAO等[27]研究发现, 可得然胶通过氢键和疏水相互作用与面筋相互作用, 从而增强了面筋结构并改善了面筋质量。TAO等[28]则通过分子对接技术发现, 可得然胶与卡拉胶的结合主要由范德华力和氢键驱动。
在可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用中共价相互作用存在较少, ZHAO等[29]通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现在2853 cm-1和2924 cm-1处出现对称和非对称的-CH2基团伸缩振动峰, 新的红外光谱峰的出现表明可得然胶和大豆分离蛋白(soy isolate protein, SPI)之间存在共价相互作用, 并且二者之间的相互作用主要因为蛋白质糖基化形成的共价键(N-C)。
可得然胶与蛋白质相互作用的机制是两种生物大分子上不同侧链和基团之间形成的氢键、共价键、疏水相互作用以及分子间的相互缠绕[30]。可得然胶和蛋白质分子能通过相互作用改善食品的质构和感官等性能, 从而改善食品的品质, 有助于新型食品的开发[31]
肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein, MP), 主要由肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白、肌动球蛋白等组成, 是肌肉纤维中的主要蛋白质, 在肉品加工中发挥重要的作用[32]。大量研究表明, 可得然胶与MP可以形成复合凝胶, 提高MP的持水性和凝胶强度, 进而改善肉制品的感官品质和质构特性。目前, 可得然胶在肉制品中的应用主要集中在鱼糜制品、香肠、肉饼等制品中。
ZHANG等[33]通过分析可得然胶和MP的相行为, 发现适当浓度的可得然胶能够改善蛋白质基质凝胶的品质特性, 进而提升食品的凝胶性能。进一步的研究表明, 可得然胶对MP凝胶强度的增强并不是由于肌球蛋白重链热解产生的疏水片段引起的, 而可能是由于可得然胶与MP之间的弱相互作用(如氢键)引起的[34]。LU等[35]的研究揭示了可得然胶与MP之间的协同作用, 这种协同作用有利于氢键和其他疏水相互作用的形成, 并促进蛋白质从α-螺旋向β-折叠和随机卷曲的转变。微观结构分析进一步证实, 可得然胶与MP相互缠绕, 使蛋白质孔径变小, 形成更稳固的三维网络结构。然而, 过量的可得然胶会干扰蛋白质共价交联, 导致凝胶品质的下降。
可得然胶与MP之间的相互作用机制不仅受分子间非共价键(尤其是氢键)的影响, 还受加工过程中多种外部因素的影响。其中, 预处理方式和热处理就是两个至关重要的因素, 它们在很大程度上决定了可得然胶与MP结合的效果以及最终产品的品质。陈道春等[36-37]研究了通过高速斩拌、酸碱中和等预处理的可得然胶对牛肉制品品质的影响。结果表明, 高速斩拌及酸碱中和预处理后添加可得然胶的牛肉制品蒸煮损失和保水性指标显著高于直接添加可得然胶粉末的牛肉制品, 并且经过酸碱中和处理的效果更佳。这可能是因为酸碱中和预处理的可得然胶三螺旋聚集体的粒径和螺旋间距明显减小, 使其更易穿透到肌肉蛋白的网状结构中, 而且获得的可得然胶解离形成的水合层与肌球蛋白形成氢键的位点增多, 导致其与肌球蛋白之间的氢键作用增强。此外, 热处理被认为是影响可得然胶与MP相互作用模式的重要手段。JIANG等[38-39]和WU等[24]分别研究了TRC和TIRC与MP形成复合蛋白网络的可能作用模式。结果表明, 与TIRC相比, TRC在加热过程中不会干扰或阻碍肉蛋白交联, 而是在肉蛋白内部相互渗透, 重新形成更稳定、复杂的三维肉蛋白凝胶基质。XU等[40]也发现, TRC颗粒在加热过程中会与MP分子发生相互作用, 由于其特殊的热可逆性, 二者会形成更为致密稳定的互穿聚合物凝胶网络, 而TIRC因其稳定的热不可逆性, 仅能充当分散在MP凝胶基质中“填充”颗粒(如图3所示)。
综上所述, 这些研究揭示了可得然胶与MP间复杂的相互作用机制及其对凝胶强度和稳定性的影响。可得然胶与MP能通过氢键等非共价相互作用构建稳定的三维凝胶网络。过量的可得然胶会干扰蛋白质的交联, 所以在实际应用中需要精确控制可得然胶的添加量。此外, 预处理和热处理方式也会显著影响可得然胶与MP的结合效果及产品品质。因此, 在今后的研究中可以进一步探索不同预处理和热处理条件的组合, 以寻求最佳的工艺参数。
SPI是一种在低温下从豆粕中提取的水溶性植物蛋白, 具有优质的食用特性[41]。在加热过程中, SPI可以形成蛋白凝胶, 但所形成的凝胶存在力学性能不足、溶解性差、结构疏松以及对外部环境敏感等缺陷, 这限制了其在食品工业领域的应用[42-43]。为了解决这些问题, 有学者提出向SPI中添加多糖, 从而有效改善SPI的凝胶性质[44]
LI等[45]将不同浓度的TRC和TIRC添加到经超声预处理的SPI溶液中。加入的TRC和TIRC可以改变SPI分子的构象, 这种变化是由多糖和蛋白质之间的相互作用引起的, 导致SPI的二级结构发生变化, 结晶度降低, α-螺旋含量减少, β-折叠含量明显增加, 从而使SPI凝胶形成更规则、均一的网络结构。并且, TRC和TIRC能够与色氨酸残基相互作用, 增强SPI三级结构展开时的极性环境。同时, LIU等[44]发现添加可得然胶增强了热诱导SPI凝胶的凝胶形成性能、持水性能和凝胶强度。可得然胶的存在减少了SPI结构中的游离水和α-螺旋含量, 有助于构建具有均匀、稳定和紧凑网络结构的SPI凝胶。可得然胶与SPI相互作用不仅有助于开发凝胶产品, 还可应用于乳液中。WANG等[46]利用可得然胶与SPI为水相, 蜂蜡为油相, 成功制备了双相稳定的水包油型乳液。结果表明, 可得然胶与SPI相互作用可以稳定乳液的外层水相。此外, 分子对接证明了极性氨基酸在可得然胶与SPI相互作用中的重要作用, 二者之间的相互作用包括氢键、碳-氢键、范德华力和酰胺键。
由此可见, 通过SPI与可得然胶的相互作用改善了SPI凝胶的力学性能、溶解性和稳定性, 并增强了SPI凝胶的持水性能和强度。这不仅为其他多糖与SPI的复配提供新的思路, 也为SPI基凝胶产品在更广泛领域的应用奠定了基础。
面筋蛋白是小麦淀粉加工后的副产物, 主要由麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白组成[47], 它在面团形成中发挥重要的作用, 麦谷蛋白决定面团的延展性, 麦醇溶蛋白决定面团的弹性[48]。面团形成过程中, 环境因素会显著影响面筋网络的结构和性质, 尤其是在冷冻储藏过程中, 面筋的结构和物理化学性质会发生显著降低, 最终影响产品的质量[49]。冰晶的形成和重结晶会导致面筋微观结构破坏, 降低面团的黏弹性, 并促使面筋蛋白的二级结构从ɑ-螺旋向β-转角和β-折叠转变, 从而导致稳定性降低[50]。这些变化均会影响面团的加工特性和口感。
研究发现, 可得然胶能够对面筋蛋白的功能特性产生积极影响[22]。可得然胶能够与面筋蛋白发生相互作用, 抑制二硫键的断裂, 这是维持面筋蛋白结构稳定的关键因素之一。同时, 可得然胶的加入增强了氢键作用力和蛋白质二级结构的稳定性, 有助于提高面团的加工性能和产品的最终质量。LIANG等[22,51-52]的研究指出, 在冷冻贮藏期间, 添加可得然胶的面团能够形成更加紧密的面筋网络结构, 有效抑制面筋蛋白的解聚。这是因为可得然胶能够抑制冰晶的生长, 提高冰晶的均匀性, 从而减少对面筋结构的破坏。除此之外, LIU等[53-54]的研究发现, 在加热过程中, 可得然胶同样能够发挥积极作用。它能够抑制过度加热对面筋网络和面筋蛋白聚集的不利影响, 延缓蛋白质的聚集和构象变化, 提高面团的热稳定性。另外, 可得然胶形成的凝胶还能填充加热过程中面团产生的空穴, 使面筋网络更加致密、均匀。然而, 过量的可得然胶仍会产生不利影响。例如, LIU等[55]的研究表明, 过量添加可得然胶会增大空间位阻, 导致共价键减弱, 并通过配体取代导致氢键减少, 这些变化可能会降低预煮小麦面筋的冻融稳定性, 从而影响产品的品质。
总的来说, 添加适量的可得然胶于面团中, 可得然胶能够稳定面筋蛋白的二级结构, 改善面筋网络结构, 从而提高面团的品质和加工特性(如图4所示)[56]。未来的研究可以进一步探索可得然胶与面筋蛋白相互作用的具体机制, 以及如何在不同食品环境体系中更好地利用其相互作用开发新型健康食品。
可得然胶与淀粉的相互作用, 主要表现在可得然胶的亲水结构可以与淀粉竞争水分子, 使淀粉在老化过程中迅速脱水, 进而抑制淀粉的老化。此外, 可得然胶可通过氢键与淀粉发生相互作用, 改善淀粉制品的质构。WANG等[57]将可得然胶加入到马铃薯淀粉面条中, 结果表明可得然胶的添加可以加速马铃薯淀粉面条在老化过程中水分的释放, 从而缩短面团的老化时间。ZHAO等[58]发现添加0.5%的可得然胶可降低馒头硬化率, 抑制淀粉的回生, 从而延缓馒头在贮藏过程中的老化。此外, HOU等[59]也发现可得然胶可以降低淀粉的结晶度, 阻碍淀粉糊的老化。添加可得然胶减少了淀粉颗粒的水分吸收量, 且加热后快速溶胀的可得然胶可以在淀粉颗粒表面形成一层膜, 以稳固淀粉颗粒结构, 从而有效抑制淀粉的老化[56]。WANG等[5]发现大米淀粉和可得然胶混合加热, 冷却后可以形成双网络结构。如图5所示, 纯大米淀粉颗粒加热糊化, 冷却后, 直链淀粉链之间的链间氢键得到加强, 形成了具有嵌入支链淀粉的三维凝胶网络结构[60]。纯的可得然胶在高温条件下形成高凝固凝胶网络结构, 冷却后形成热不可逆凝胶[61]。将大米淀粉和可得然胶混合并加热至较高温度时, 可得然胶可以形成三维凝胶网络, 而直链和支链淀粉嵌入其中, 冷却过程中, 直链淀粉链通过氢键形成二级网络。此外, 可得然胶分子间的疏水相互作用暴露了羟基, 从而与大米淀粉链之间形成了氢键。因此, 在低温下, 大米淀粉-可得然胶复合体系可以产生互穿的双网络结构。可得然胶在改善淀粉制品品质方面具有显著的优势。其亲水结构与淀粉发生相互作用, 可以在抑制淀粉老化、改善淀粉基食品质构方面发挥重要作用。这不仅为淀粉制品的加工和贮藏提供了新的思路, 也为食品工业中其他类似问题的解决提供了借鉴。
非淀粉类多糖也是食品中常见原料, 但是单一多糖在食品上的应用往往面临功能单一、稳定性不足等问题, 这些问题限制了它们在食品工业中的应用[62]。在实际生产中, 常将几种多糖进行科学的复配, 使多糖具备更多性能及加工稳定性[63]。可得然胶是其中常见的多糖, 它具有多种功能特性, 研究其与其他多糖的相互作用可以为多糖功能性提升提供新的思路, 也为可得然胶的高效利用开辟新的途径。表1汇总了可得然胶与其他非淀粉类多糖相互作用的效果及其应用研究。
蒋明峰等[64]通过分子动力学模拟分析得到魔芋葡甘聚糖与可得然胶之间的构象转变主要是通过氢键相互作用驱动。随着可得然胶的添加, 混合凝胶的剪切黏度显著提高, 表明可得然胶与魔芋葡甘聚糖之间通过氢键产生了协同增效作用。此外, YE等[65]研究了魔芋葡甘聚糖与可得然胶相互作用的机理, 结果表明魔芋葡甘聚糖与可得然胶的共混物中同时存在氢键和疏水相互作用, 二者可以形成互穿网络结构, 且具有良好的相容性[66]。这些研究均表明, 氢键和疏水相互作用是促进多糖间相容性和性能提升的关键因素。
TAO等[28]则从分子尺度的角度研究了卡拉胶和可得然胶混合凝胶化的机理, 分为3个阶段: 第1阶段, 卡拉胶分子分散到解离的可得然胶凝胶基质中, 改善了凝胶网络; 第2阶段, 游离的可得然胶与卡拉胶竞争水分子, 阻止单一凝胶或混合凝胶的形成, 导致质构特性下降; 第3阶段, 由于结构重组、可得然胶与卡拉胶之间氢键的作用, 最终形成了更致密的凝胶。
在多糖基材料的创新应用领域, 可得然胶与其他多糖的复配也展现出了广阔的应用前景。FAN等[68]利用可得然胶与索拉胶制备了具有优异黏弹性的新型复合水凝胶, 为多糖材料的应用开辟了新途径。ZHOU等[69]的研究表明, 适当的干燥温度(60 ℃)能促进纳米纤维素在可得然胶中的分散, 进而增强共混膜的拉伸特性。然而, 过高的温度(100 ℃) 则会破坏氢键, 影响材料的性能。QIAN等[70]的研究则进一步证实了可得然胶与纳米纤维素共混膜在冰鲜肉保鲜方面的显著效果, 有效延长了产品的保质期。此外, 孙雪等[76]通过构建甘蔗渣微晶纤维素/可得然胶混合液体系, 发现良好的分散性有助于增强溶液的网络结构和稳定性。
综上所述, 可得然胶与非淀粉类多糖之间的相互作用显著提升了混合体系的流变特性(如剪切黏度)、力学性能(如拉伸强度和韧性)和功能性(如水溶性和保鲜能力)等。这些研究不仅改善了单一多糖功能单一和稳定性差的问题, 而且为开发新型多糖基材料提供了科学依据。在后续研究中可以进一步揭示可得然胶与其他多糖间的相互作用机制, 设计出更多具有特殊功能的复合水凝胶、可降解保鲜膜等, 拓宽多糖基材料在食品工业中应用范围。
DING等[77]以可得然胶为基体材料, 聚乙烯醇为增强材料, 采用冻融法制备了三维网状可得然胶/聚乙烯醇水凝胶。结果表明, 可得然胶和聚乙烯醇之间发生了强分子间氢键相互作用。随着聚乙烯醇含量的增加, 热分解温度向更高的温度移动, 这意味着聚乙烯醇可作为一种有效的热稳定性增强剂加入到可得然胶中。并且, 研究证实它们之间有很强的生物相容性, 可用于制备新型生物水凝胶, 使其作为细胞支架材料用于软组织工程中, 为细胞提供理想的生长环境。TONG等[78]发现在可得然胶水凝胶的制备过程中加入聚多巴胺会增加聚合物之间的相互作用, 增强可得然胶链间三维网络的缠结和交联。并且, 水凝胶的理化性质如机械性能、热承受性能等可通过聚多巴胺的添加浓度进行调节。
可得然胶与蛋白质、淀粉、多糖等大分子相互作用在改善食品质构、稳定性方面发挥着重要作用。本文对可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用的相关研究进展进行了归纳和总结, 发现目前的研究仍存在以下不足: (1)关于可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用大多数研究只是简单提及相互作用, 而对具体相互作用机制的阐述则较为欠缺; (2)在实际生产过程中, 除了添加可得然胶外, 还会加入食盐、蔗糖等其他调配料。而许多实验仅研究了特定条件下可得然胶与大分子物质的相互作用与机制。因此, 在今后研究中, 应进一步考察不同加工方式、pH和离子强度等环境因素对可得然胶与生物大分子相互作用的影响; (3)可得然胶与生物大分子形成复合物后, 能够改善其凝胶性和保水性, 从而改善食品质地, 但对最终产品风味的影响仍需深入研究; (4)由于可得然胶无支链且主要官能团是羟基, 使其功能受到限制, 要实现可得然胶的更广泛应用, 需要寻求更简单、高效的方法对其进行修饰和改性。以上这些问题的解决将对改善食品结构、满足市场对高性能食品的需求、推动食品产业高质量发展具有重要意义。
  • 广东省教育厅广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2023ZDZX2062)
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
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广东省教育厅广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2023ZDZX2062)
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    1.华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642
    2.东莞理工学院生命健康技术学院, 东莞 523808

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* 闫景坤(1980—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品碳水化合物结构、功能与应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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