Article(id=1153429496670703859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240827003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724688000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928621690, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928621690, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928621690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928621690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=215, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429497140465923, articleId=1153429496670703859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder by deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder based on liquid-liquid microextraction with deep eutectic solvents (DES) combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Sudan red I, Sudan red II, Sudan red III, Sudan red IV, Sudan red 7B and Sudan red G in Capsicum annuum powder were extracted by liquid-liquid microextraction. The extract was filtered through a microporous membrane and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography with external standard method for quantification. The effects of DES dilution ratio, DES molar ratio, DES addition amount, extraction time, and extraction method on the extraction efficiency of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes were investigated. Results The results showed that the optimal method conditions were: Dilution ratio of DES 5 times, molar ratio of DES 1:2.5, addition amount of DES 600 μL, extraction time 50 s, and extraction method was vortex extraction. Under these conditions, the established equation had a good linear relationship in the range of mass concentration 0.1-50.0 mg/L, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.03-0.20 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitative were 0.10-1.00 mg/kg. The recovery rates of Sudan red G, Sudan red I, and Sudan red II were higher, ranging from 71.6% to 117.5%, with relative standard deviations of 0.6% to 4.7%. Conclusion The established method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, and can be used for rapid detection of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum.

, correspAuthors=Zhao-Jing XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zong-Qin RAN, Wen-Qin YU, Qiong CAI, Li-Li YAO, Xiao-Yan TIAN, Zhao-Jing XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429526513177503, articleId=1153429496670703859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=低共熔溶剂液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红色素含量, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立一种基于低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES)萃取结合高效液相色谱法快速检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红的方法。方法 利用液-液微萃取方法提取辣椒粉中的苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ、苏丹红7B、苏丹红G。将提取液通过微孔滤膜过滤后进行高效液相色谱法测定, 外标法定量。考察DES稀释倍数、DES摩尔比、DES用量、萃取时间和萃取方式对6种苏丹红色素萃取效果的影响。结果 最优方法条件为DES稀释倍数为5倍、DES摩尔比1:2.5、DES用量600 μL、萃取时间50 s、萃取方式为涡旋萃取, 在此条件下, 建立的方程在质量浓度0.1~50.0 mg/L范围内, 线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 检出限为0.03~0.20 mg/L, 定量限为0.10~1.00 mg/L。其中苏丹红G、苏丹红Ⅰ和苏丹红Ⅱ的回收率较高, 为71.6%~117.5%, 相对标准偏差为0.6%~4.7%。结论 本研究建立的方法操作简便、高效、绿色环保, 可对辣椒粉中6种苏丹红进行快速检测。

, correspAuthors=肖昭竞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 肖昭竞(1985—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:
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冉宗勤(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:

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Analytical Methods, 2017, 9(25): 3810-3818., articleTitle=Electrolyte-assisted microemulsion breaking in vortexagitated solidified floating organic drop microextraction for preconcentration and analysis of sudan dyes in chili products, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177619558601999188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, awardId=CQSJKJ2020002, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市市场监督管理局项目(CQSJKJ2020002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177619554625798933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619554629993238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, companyId=1177619554625798933, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619554638381847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, companyId=1177619554625798933, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆市计量质量检测研究院, 重庆 401123)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177619557096244032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatograms of different mobile phase, figureFileSmall=Iu7YuudyA+yoNLYvS96odQ==, figureFileBig=tS3mcKnim1/lYfkJw2JMyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557209490241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同洗脱条件下的色谱图

注: a、b、c分别为表1中不同洗脱方案对应的色谱图。1~6分别为苏丹红G、苏丹红I、苏丹红II、苏丹红III、苏丹红7B、苏丹红IV。

, figureFileSmall=Iu7YuudyA+yoNLYvS96odQ==, figureFileBig=tS3mcKnim1/lYfkJw2JMyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557280793410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chromatogram of standard product at different dilution multiples, figureFileSmall=YMFuVhm9S6y/wRIT8UnIaQ==, figureFileBig=6DA/VQXtfC8yTt3lbp7yMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557385651011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同稀释倍数下标准品色谱图, figureFileSmall=YMFuVhm9S6y/wRIT8UnIaQ==, figureFileBig=6DA/VQXtfC8yTt3lbp7yMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557482120004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of molar ratio on recovery rates, figureFileSmall=Q6gcl83sf64OSEt/nDBKUA==, figureFileBig=ri52etHs942N5bkB6dYHog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557595366213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=图3, caption=摩尔比对回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=Q6gcl83sf64OSEt/nDBKUA==, figureFileBig=ri52etHs942N5bkB6dYHog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557670863686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of DES dosage on recovery rates, figureFileSmall=eQjHqrMlP+f65fuCs8caIw==, figureFileBig=w2H90rKQtkZ7OpMBCxixZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557733778247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DES用量对回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=eQjHqrMlP+f65fuCs8caIw==, figureFileBig=w2H90rKQtkZ7OpMBCxixZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557775721288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of extraction method and time on recovery rate, figureFileSmall=KxV1nvz0UxzFi1NiakdONA==, figureFileBig=d08B1sSUGDzrIj1LOPzY3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557842830153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=图5, caption=萃取方式及时间对回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=KxV1nvz0UxzFi1NiakdONA==, figureFileBig=d08B1sSUGDzrIj1LOPzY3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619557914133322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition and ratio of the DES

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DES编号 甲基三辛基氯化铵与油酸摩尔比
DES-1 1.0:1.0
DES-2 1.0:1.5
DES-3 1.0:2.0
DES-4 1.0:2.5
DES-5 1.0:3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1177619557972853579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DES的组成及配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DES编号 甲基三辛基氯化铵与油酸摩尔比
DES-1 1.0:1.0
DES-2 1.0:1.5
DES-3 1.0:2.0
DES-4 1.0:2.5
DES-5 1.0:3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558023185228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Different gradient elution conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 梯度洗脱程序
a 时间/min 0.01 10.00 25.00 32.00 35.00 40.00
流动相A/% 75 75 100 100 75 75
流动相B/% 25 25 0 0 25 25
b 时间/min 0.01 10.00 25.00 32.00 35.00 45.00
流动相A/% 75 75 100 100 100 75
流动相B/% 25 25 0 0 0 25
c 时间/min 4.00 8.00 20.00 25.00
流动相A/% 80 100 100 80
流动相B/% 20 0 0 20
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558098682701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同梯度洗脱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 梯度洗脱程序
a 时间/min 0.01 10.00 25.00 32.00 35.00 40.00
流动相A/% 75 75 100 100 75 75
流动相B/% 25 25 0 0 25 25
b 时间/min 0.01 10.00 25.00 32.00 35.00 45.00
流动相A/% 75 75 100 100 100 75
流动相B/% 25 25 0 0 0 25
c 时间/min 4.00 8.00 20.00 25.00
流动相A/% 80 100 100 80
流动相B/% 20 0 0 20
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558161597262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Separation degree under different elution conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 方案a 方案b 方案c
苏丹红G 2.576 2.529 2.280
苏丹红Ⅰ 3.042 3.015 2.630
苏丹红Ⅱ 17.091 15.107 10.877
苏丹红Ⅲ 11.855 11.194 6.899
苏丹红7B 18.894 16.226 12.615
苏丹红Ⅳ 0.458 1.285 1.514
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558241289039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同洗脱条件下的分离度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 方案a 方案b 方案c
苏丹红G 2.576 2.529 2.280
苏丹红Ⅰ 3.042 3.015 2.630
苏丹红Ⅱ 17.091 15.107 10.877
苏丹红Ⅲ 11.855 11.194 6.899
苏丹红7B 18.894 16.226 12.615
苏丹红Ⅳ 0.458 1.285 1.514
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558295814992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Calibration curve equations, limits of detection and limits of quantification of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分 线性回归
方程
相关
系数
检出限
/(mg/L)
定量限
/(mg/L)
苏丹红Ⅰ Y=66593X+1451 0.9999 0.03 0.10
苏丹红Ⅱ Y=57856X-1316 0.9999 0.05 0.15
苏丹红Ⅲ Y=13843X-1336 0.9999 0.15 1.00
苏丹红Ⅳ Y=30314X-170 0.9998 0.20 1.00
苏丹红7B Y=94825X-969 0.9999 0.05 0.10
苏丹红G Y=53686X-906 0.9999 0.03 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558354535249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

6种苏丹红染料的校准曲线方程、相关系数、检出限和定量限结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分 线性回归
方程
相关
系数
检出限
/(mg/L)
定量限
/(mg/L)
苏丹红Ⅰ Y=66593X+1451 0.9999 0.03 0.10
苏丹红Ⅱ Y=57856X-1316 0.9999 0.05 0.15
苏丹红Ⅲ Y=13843X-1336 0.9999 0.15 1.00
苏丹红Ⅳ Y=30314X-170 0.9998 0.20 1.00
苏丹红7B Y=94825X-969 0.9999 0.05 0.10
苏丹红G Y=53686X-906 0.9999 0.03 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558413255506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average recoveries and precisions of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分 0.5 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg 5.0 mg/kg
回收率
/%
相对标准
偏差/%
回收率
/%
相对标准偏差/% 回收率
/%
相对标准偏差/%
苏丹红G 117.5 0.6 75.1 1.8 71.6 3.2
苏丹红Ⅰ 107.0 1.1 84.2 1.7 76.7 4.7
苏丹红Ⅱ 81.0 0.7 89.2 4.6 81.1 4.0
苏丹红Ⅲ 71.3 2.8 60.2 4.9 50.0 5.2
苏丹红7B 45.2 4.9 35.6 6.1 32.1 11.1
苏丹红Ⅳ 57.7 0.5 46.7 3.8 30.6 6.6
), ArticleFig(id=1177619558476170067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429496670703859, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

辣椒粉中6种苏丹红染料的加标回收率及精密度(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分 0.5 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg 5.0 mg/kg
回收率
/%
相对标准
偏差/%
回收率
/%
相对标准偏差/% 回收率
/%
相对标准偏差/%
苏丹红G 117.5 0.6 75.1 1.8 71.6 3.2
苏丹红Ⅰ 107.0 1.1 84.2 1.7 76.7 4.7
苏丹红Ⅱ 81.0 0.7 89.2 4.6 81.1 4.0
苏丹红Ⅲ 71.3 2.8 60.2 4.9 50.0 5.2
苏丹红7B 45.2 4.9 35.6 6.1 32.1 11.1
苏丹红Ⅳ 57.7 0.5 46.7 3.8 30.6 6.6
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低共熔溶剂液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红色素含量
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冉宗勤 , 余文琴 , 蔡琼 , 姚莉莉 , 田小艳 , 肖昭竞 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(5): 215-221
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(5): 215-221
低共熔溶剂液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红色素含量
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冉宗勤 , 余文琴, 蔡琼, 姚莉莉, 田小艳, 肖昭竞*
作者信息
  • 重庆市计量质量检测研究院, 重庆 401123
  • 冉宗勤(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 肖昭竞(1985—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:
Determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder by deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography
Zong-Qin RAN , Wen-Qin YU, Qiong CAI, Li-Li YAO, Xiao-Yan TIAN, Zhao-Jing XIAO*
Affiliations
  • Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401123, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240827003
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目的 建立一种基于低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES)萃取结合高效液相色谱法快速检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红的方法。方法 利用液-液微萃取方法提取辣椒粉中的苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ、苏丹红7B、苏丹红G。将提取液通过微孔滤膜过滤后进行高效液相色谱法测定, 外标法定量。考察DES稀释倍数、DES摩尔比、DES用量、萃取时间和萃取方式对6种苏丹红色素萃取效果的影响。结果 最优方法条件为DES稀释倍数为5倍、DES摩尔比1:2.5、DES用量600 μL、萃取时间50 s、萃取方式为涡旋萃取, 在此条件下, 建立的方程在质量浓度0.1~50.0 mg/L范围内, 线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 检出限为0.03~0.20 mg/L, 定量限为0.10~1.00 mg/L。其中苏丹红G、苏丹红Ⅰ和苏丹红Ⅱ的回收率较高, 为71.6%~117.5%, 相对标准偏差为0.6%~4.7%。结论 本研究建立的方法操作简便、高效、绿色环保, 可对辣椒粉中6种苏丹红进行快速检测。

低共熔溶剂  /  液-液微萃取  /  高效液相色谱法  /  苏丹红  /  辣椒粉

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder based on liquid-liquid microextraction with deep eutectic solvents (DES) combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Sudan red I, Sudan red II, Sudan red III, Sudan red IV, Sudan red 7B and Sudan red G in Capsicum annuum powder were extracted by liquid-liquid microextraction. The extract was filtered through a microporous membrane and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography with external standard method for quantification. The effects of DES dilution ratio, DES molar ratio, DES addition amount, extraction time, and extraction method on the extraction efficiency of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes were investigated. Results The results showed that the optimal method conditions were: Dilution ratio of DES 5 times, molar ratio of DES 1:2.5, addition amount of DES 600 μL, extraction time 50 s, and extraction method was vortex extraction. Under these conditions, the established equation had a good linear relationship in the range of mass concentration 0.1-50.0 mg/L, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.03-0.20 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitative were 0.10-1.00 mg/kg. The recovery rates of Sudan red G, Sudan red I, and Sudan red II were higher, ranging from 71.6% to 117.5%, with relative standard deviations of 0.6% to 4.7%. Conclusion The established method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, and can be used for rapid detection of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum.

deep eutectic solvent  /  liquid-liquid microextraction  /  high performance liquid chromatography  /  Sudan dye  /  Capsicum annuum powder
冉宗勤, 余文琴, 蔡琼, 姚莉莉, 田小艳, 肖昭竞. 低共熔溶剂液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红色素含量. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 215 -221 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240827003
Zong-Qin RAN, Wen-Qin YU, Qiong CAI, Li-Li YAO, Xiao-Yan TIAN, Zhao-Jing XIAO. Determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder by deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 215 -221 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240827003
苏丹红是一类人工合成的工业用染料, 主要包括苏丹I、苏丹II、苏丹III、苏丹IV、苏丹红7B和苏丹红G等, 常作为添加剂用于矿物油、蜡和纺织品等各种化工材料中[1-3]。由于苏丹红色泽鲜艳、合成简单、稳定性良好, 不少不良商家将其作为食品添加剂非法添加到食品中以获取更多利益。苏丹红分子具有偶氮结构和芳香环, 可严重毒害人体器官, 长期摄入会增加人体致癌的风险, 被国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)列为第三类致癌物[4-6]。我国早已禁止苏丹红用于食品中[7-9]
目前苏丹红的检测方法常用高效液相色谱法[10-12]和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法[13-15]等。GB/T 19681—2005《食品中苏丹红染料的检测方法 高效液相色谱法》可检测食品中苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ以及苏丹红Ⅳ共4种苏丹红成分, 但该方法操作步骤复杂, 耗费大量有机试剂。由于苏丹红7B和苏丹红G也含有偶氮苯结构, 因此从安全角度考虑建立一种同时测定6种苏丹红成分的方法十分必要。有研究表明, 低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES)具有易制备、原料价格低、绿色环保、原子利用率高、生物相容性好和挥发性低等优点。已广泛应用于食品中农药残留[16-18]、兽药残留[19-21]、工业染料[22-24]、重金属[25-26]、污染物[27-29]等的前处理过程。目前用DES提取食品中的苏丹红研究较少。葛丹丹等[30]以苄基三乙基溴化铵和正辛酸制备出的DES提取西瓜果汁和树莓果汁中苏丹红G、苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ; 刘闯[31]以甲基三辛基氯化铵和油酸制备而成的DES用于环境和食物样品中苏丹红I的提取。以上方法大多使用大量有毒的有机试剂、检测方法烦琐, 不符合快速环保的检测要求。
因此, 本研究建立一种基于DES的液-液微萃取结合高效液相色谱快速检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红色素的方法, 以期为辣椒粉中苏丹红色素的快速检测提供依据。
辣椒粉为市售。
苏丹红Ⅰ(纯度91.8%)、苏丹红Ⅱ(纯度85.0%)、苏丹红Ⅲ(纯度90.0%)、苏丹红Ⅳ(纯度82.4%)标准品(北京曼哈格生物科技有限公司); 苏丹红7B(纯度91.92%)、苏丹红G(纯度97.14%)标准品(德国DRE公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 北京百灵威科技有效公司); 丙酮(色谱纯, 成都市诺尔施科技有限公司); 油酸(分析纯, 成都市科隆化学品有限公司); 甲基三辛基氯化铵(分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 实验用水为超纯水。
LC-20A高效液相色谱仪(配备二级管阵列检测器, 日本岛津公司); QT-2A涡旋混合器(上海琪特分析仪器有限公司); Advantage A10型超纯水机(英国埃尔格公司); IKA-WERKE加热板(德国艾卡公司); CF-16RN离心机(株式会社日立制作所); Minilab全自动稀释配标仪(北京莱伯泰科仪器股份有限公司); KH5200DE超声清洗仪(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); QUINTIX3102-1CN分析天平(精度0.01 g)、SECURA225D-1CN分析天平(精度0.01 mg)(德国赛多利斯公司); Inert Sustian C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm, 日本GL Sciences公司)。
准确称取折算纯度后的6种苏丹红标准品各10.0 mg, 用乙腈溶解并定容, 配制成质量浓度为1000 mg/L的单一标准储备液, 再用乙腈稀释成质量浓度为100 mg/L的混合标准中间液, 于-20 ℃冰箱保存。使用时再用乙腈稀释成不同质量浓度的标准使用液。
采用加热法[32-33]制备, 按照一定摩尔比将甲基三辛基氯化铵与油酸混合于烧杯中, 置于80 ℃油浴锅中搅拌加热至澄清均一液体, 所得DES组成及配比见表1
将干辣椒经高速粉碎器粉碎, 准确称取1 g辣椒粉(精确至0.01 g)于离心管中, 加入5 mL丙酮涡旋混匀后, 于振荡器中振摇30 min, 以8000 r/min离心5 min, 取上清液于45 ℃下用氮气吹干, 加入600 μL DES于氮吹管中, 涡旋50 s, 再加入5 mL超纯水, 涡旋混匀, 再以8000 r/min离心5 min, 用长针头去除下层溶液, 剩余DES溶液用400 μL甲醇溶解, 涡旋混匀后过0.45 μm色素专用滤膜, 注入2 mL进样小瓶, 待高效液相色谱仪测定。
吸取5 mL水于离心管中, 加入质量浓度为100 mg/L的混合标准使用液0.1 mL, 涡旋混合均匀, 按照1.3.3进行样品前处理, 在DES稀释倍数5倍、摩尔比1:2.5、DES用量600 μL、萃取方式涡旋、萃取时间50 s固定的基础上, 分别研究DES稀释倍数、摩尔比、DES用量、萃取方式和萃取时间对回收率的影响。
根据吸收波长的测定结果, 苏丹红色素在波长520 nm处有最大吸收峰, 因此6种苏丹红色素的检测波长设定为520 nm, 并在此条件下进行洗脱条件优化。
采用Inert Sustian C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), 柱温35 ℃, 进样体积20 μL, 检测波长520 nm。流动相: A为体积分数0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液:丙酮=80:20 (V:V), B为体积分数0.1%甲酸水溶液:乙腈=85:15 (V:V)。梯度洗脱条件: 0~4 min, 80% A; 4~8 min, 80%~100% A; 8~20 min, 100% A; 20~25 min, 100%~80% A; 流速均为1 mL/min。
采集的数据经岛津Lab Solution 5.98处理获得苏丹红的定量结果, 再将获得的数据导出采用WPS 2023和Origin Pro 9.1进行整理和统计分析。
根据单一标准溶液定位发现, 苏丹红G和苏丹红Ⅰ以及苏丹红7B和苏丹红Ⅳ的出峰时间非常接近, 因此主要调整流动相梯度以实现二者色谱峰的完全分离。分离度是指两个色谱峰的分离程度, 以两个组分保留值之差与其平均峰宽之比表示, 由表2~3图1可知: 方案c中苏丹红Ⅳ的分离度为1.514, 实现了完全分离, 并且用时最短。因此选择方案c进行后续试验。
由于DES黏度较大[34-35], 上机前需用适量甲醇稀释。选择稀释倍数分别为2、5、10倍, 用甲醇稀释后的DES溶液配制质量浓度为2 mg/L的6种苏丹红混合标准溶液, 上机测定。由图2可知, 当稀释倍数为2倍时, 稀释后的DES黏度仍较大, 不利于色谱柱的使用; 当稀释倍数为10倍时, 目标物色谱峰逐渐展宽且出现拖尾现象。考虑到黏度太大不利于色谱柱的使用, 且稀释倍数为5倍时, 黏度适中且色谱峰峰型较好, 因此, 确定DES稀释倍数为5倍。
图3可知, 苏丹红G和苏丹红Ⅰ表现出独特的萃取优势, 回收率明显高于其他4种。在摩尔比为1:2.5时, 6种苏丹红组分的回收率均最高, 可能是在此配比下制备的DES生成了更强的氢键。因此, 选择DES摩尔比为1:2.5。
图4可知, 当DES用量在600 μL时, 苏丹红G、苏丹红I和苏丹红Ⅱ的回收率达到最高值, 之后随着DES用量的继续增加, 回收率略有下降。这可能是由于随着DES用量的增加, DES浓度增大影响了目标组分的传质效率。DES用量增加对苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ和苏丹红7B的回收率影响不大且回收率均较低, 因此, 选择DES用量为600 μL。
图5可知, 在6种苏丹红组分的萃取中, 涡旋萃取方式的回收率均高于超声萃取, 对于回收率较高的苏丹红G、苏丹红I和苏丹红Ⅱ 3种色素, 当萃取时间为50 s时, 涡旋萃取方式的苏丹红G、苏丹红I的回收率均达到最大值, 且苏丹红Ⅱ的回收率也较高, 延长超声时间对苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ和苏丹红7B的回收率影响不大且回收率均较低, 因此, 选择萃取方式涡旋, 时间为50 s。
在最优萃取条件下, 使用稀释后的DES配制质量浓度为0.1~50.0 mg/L的6种苏丹红染料, 用高效液相色谱仪分析。以质量浓度为横坐标(X, μg/mL), 峰面积为纵坐标(Y)绘制标准曲线, 分析得到线性回归方程、相关系数、检出限(以3倍信噪比计算)、定量限(以10倍信噪比计算)见表4。由表4可知, 在质量浓度0.1~50.0 mg/L范围内, 曲线线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 检出限为0.03~0.20 mg/L, 定量限为0.10~1.00 mg/L。满足实验要求。
表5可知: 苏丹红G、苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ的回收率为71.6%~117.5%, 相对标准偏差为0.6%~4.7%; 苏丹红Ⅲ的回收率为50.0%~71.3%, 相对标准偏差为2.8%~5.2%; 苏丹红7B、苏丹红 Ⅳ的回收率为30.6%~57.7%, 相对标准偏差为0.5%~11.1%。此DES对6种苏丹红染料萃取效果的不同, 可能是由于目标提取物本身结构差异造成其极性、疏水性的不同, 与DES引起的π-π亲和、疏水效应、氢键等的相互作用不同, 比如苏丹I、苏丹红II、苏丹红IV和苏丹红IV的酚类化合物结构与醇/水分配系数分别为5.51、6.60、7.63和8.72[36]。还可能是由于DES的羟基和分析物的酚羟基之间形成氢键的能力不同, 而苏丹红II、苏丹红IV的甲基基团和苏丹红7B的氨基连接的甲基基团影响了二者之间氢键的形成, 并且在苏丹红7B结构中没有酚羟基基团, 导致他们的提取效率不高。
应用本方法对从市场收集的10份辣椒粉进行检测, 均未检测出以上6种苏丹红色素。通过实际样品检测表明本方法对6种苏丹红染料具有较好的选择性, 可以应用于辣椒粉中6种苏丹红染料的含量检测。
本研究建立一种基于DES萃取结合高效液相色谱法快速检测辣椒粉中6种苏丹红的方法。DES由甲基三辛基氯化铵和油酸组成, 辣椒粉样品使用丙酮提取后采用DES涡旋混合提取目标化合物, 本方法在质量浓度0.1~50.0 mg/L范围内, 线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 检出限为0.03~0.20 mg/L, 定量限为0.10~1.00 mg/L。其中苏丹红G、苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ的回收率较高, 为71.6%~117.5%, 相对标准偏差为0.6%~4.7%。本研究建立的方法操作简便、高效、绿色环保, 可对辣椒粉中6种苏丹红进行快速检测。本研究可为辣椒粉中苏丹红色素的快速检测提供参考。
  • 重庆市市场监督管理局项目(CQSJKJ2020002)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240827003
  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
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重庆市市场监督管理局项目(CQSJKJ2020002)
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    重庆市计量质量检测研究院, 重庆 401123

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* 肖昭竞(1985—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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