Article(id=1153429494208651779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241231003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735574400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928621102, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928621102, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928621102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928621102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429494569361928, articleId=1153429494208651779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Application of Carthamu stinctorius L. in health food of our country, columnId=1153429494506447365, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Development and Detection of Health Foods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carthamu stinctorius L. serves as a viable raw material for health supplements but is not classified as a general food item. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. Carthamu stinctorius L. exhibits significant benefits including enhancing immunity, providing antioxidant properties, maintaining healthy blood lipid and glucose levels, improving chloasma, alleviating physical fatigue, delaying aging, aiding memory improvement, and offering auxiliary protection against chemical-induced liver injury. Consequently, it has garnered considerable attention from researchers and consumers both domestically and internationally. Currently, Carthamu stinctorius L. is extensively utilized in health supplements within our country; however, there is a lack of systematic analysis regarding its application. This paper aims to examine the current status of Carthamu stinctorius L. is application in health supplements, the regulatory framework for its compliant use, and the factors influencing the efficacy of its primary active components. Additionally, it delves into the principal health functions and mechanisms of Carthamu stinctorius L., with the objective of providing insights for compliant utilization and future research and development of Carthamu stinctorius L. in the health supplement industry within our country.

, correspAuthors=Wen-Jie YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-Qi LIU, Hao DUAN, Wen-Jie YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429520746013610, articleId=1153429494208651779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=红花在我国保健食品中的应用, columnId=1153429494632276488, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:保健食品的研发与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

红花属于保健食品可用原料, 不能作为普通食品使用, 含有丰富的黄酮类、生物碱以及有机酸等活性成分, 在增强免疫力、抗氧化、维持血脂和血糖健康水平、改善黄褐斑、缓解体力疲劳、延缓衰老、辅助改善记忆以及对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护作用等保健功能方面具有非常好的效果, 也因此受到了国内外研究者和消费者的喜爱。目前, 红花在我国保健食品中的应用较为广泛, 但缺乏系统的整理和分析。因此, 本文分析了红花在我国保健食品中的应用现状、合规性使用依据、主要功效成分的影响因素, 并详细论述了红花的主要保健功能和作用机制, 旨在为红花在我国保健食品领域的合规性使用以及未来的研究开发提供一些启发。

, correspAuthors=闫文杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 闫文杰(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为功能食品科学。E-mail:
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刘嘉琪(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为功能食品研究。E-mail:

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106615, articleTitle=Safflower petal water-extract consumption reduces blood glucose via modulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and gut microbiota, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177619653997244931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家市场监督管理总局食品审评中心项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177619651765875169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619651774263778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, companyId=1177619651765875169, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619651782652387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, companyId=1177619651765875169, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京联合大学生物化学工程学院, 生物活性物质与功能食品北京市重点实验室, 北京 100023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177619653162578425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Main physiological functions of Carthamu stinctorius L., figureFileSmall=okH1+IMDRblc9+J8wgKbqg==, figureFileBig=q6aXuc45NAt6zmtugC+P9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653225492986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=CN, label=图1, caption=红花主要的生理功能, figureFileSmall=okH1+IMDRblc9+J8wgKbqg==, figureFileBig=q6aXuc45NAt6zmtugC+P9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653288407547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of health food function claims of Carthamu stinctorius L. and its extracts, figureFileSmall=CEq1N+bAiPWCN+wf61jvxg==, figureFileBig=kAmQyGcsTPoLQALBJgMgHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653363905020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=CN, label=图2, caption=红花及其提取物各产品保健食品功能声称的分布情况, figureFileSmall=CEq1N+bAiPWCN+wf61jvxg==, figureFileBig=kAmQyGcsTPoLQALBJgMgHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653439402493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dosage form of each product, figureFileSmall=nuJV+pif3pUchzmwi4R0bw==, figureFileBig=+HUj4Pnw5xzxARWHVSFmSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653510705662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各产品的剂型情况, figureFileSmall=nuJV+pif3pUchzmwi4R0bw==, figureFileBig=+HUj4Pnw5xzxARWHVSFmSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653582008831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Extracted material structure was isolated in Carthamu stinctorius L., figureFileSmall=BWD6yMA3ggNrne2n78jJpQ==, figureFileBig=ENT5K9OlzCuQhMgxYW97gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653661700608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=CN, label=图4, caption=在红花中分离提取出的物质结构, figureFileSmall=BWD6yMA3ggNrne2n78jJpQ==, figureFileBig=ENT5K9OlzCuQhMgxYW97gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619653774946817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary table of action mechanism of main health care function of Carthamu stinctorius L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能 受试物 受试
对象
起效剂量 干预
周期
调节机制 参考
文献
增强免疫力 红花多糖 C57 BL/
6C3H/HeN小鼠
0.625 mg/kg SF1和0.70 mg/kg SF2 28 d SF1和SF2作为特异性激活免疫应答的物质可以通过促进宿主产生IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α发挥免疫调节作用; 并且SF1和SF2以不同的机制刺激B细胞和巨噬细胞 [23]
红花种子
提取物
C57 BL/6小鼠 200 mg/kg 5 W 姜黄提取物和红花中子提取物通过调节ERK 1/2和p38的磷酸化而减轻LPS诱导的炎症反应。CLE和CTE的共同处理强烈抑制了p38的磷酸化, 显示出更高的NO产生抑制作用 [53]
红花多糖 BALB/cnu/
nu裸鼠
40 mg/kg SPS可显著抑制HN-6细胞增殖, 诱导细胞凋亡, 并使细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期。同时, SPS可能通过上调Bax/Bcl-2的比值和Caspase-3的表达, 促进TSCC细胞凋亡 [54]
抗氧化 红花籽油 / / / 红花籽油有很好的清除DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基的能力, 同时对于Fe3+的还原能力也很强 [34]
HSYA SD大鼠 20 μmoL/L HSYA可减少促凋亡蛋白表达, 增加抗凋亡蛋白表
还可以通过PI3K/Akt/GSK3β信号通路发挥抗凋亡作用
[55]
HSYA C-57小鼠 0.8 g/kg 7 W HSYA能通过转化生长因子(TGF)-β信号通路影响RGC-5的增殖和凋亡; 同时还可以抑制视网膜神经节细胞的氧化应激反应和凋亡信号通路激活机制, 保护视神经功能 [56]
维持血脂健康
水平
HSYA ICR小鼠 13 mg/kg 21 d 红花黄色素可以清除羟自由基、抑制脂质过氧化; 改善血脂水平。研究发现, 红花黄色素可有效调节糖代谢及C肽水平, 改善凝血功能及血液流变学 [35]
HSYA SD大鼠 2.5 mg/kg 1 W 注射用HSYA在体外能够抑制由凝血酶刺激的血小板活化, 并且能够直接抑制凝血酶的活性, 是凝血酶的混合型抑制剂, 除此之外, 还发现注射用HSYA能够通过抑制血小板的活化, 在缺血再灌注模型的急性期发挥脑保护作用 [57]
维持血糖健康
水平
红花甲醇
提取物
Wistar大鼠 300 mg/kg 8 W 红花甲醇提取物通过激活Nrf2信号通路表现出显著的降血糖和肝脏保护作用 [58]
红花花瓣水提取物SE C57 BL/6 J小鼠 250 mg/kg 12 W SE直接靶向肝脏, 并通过AKT/FoxO 1信号转导抑制肝脏糖异生基因表达。另一方面, SE的消耗作用于肠道菌群, 改变了与全身血糖调节相关的微生物的丰度 [41]
缓解体力
疲劳
C.Tinctorius L.提取物(C.Tinctorius L. extractive, CTLE) Sprague-Dawley大鼠 6 mL/kg 7 d CTLE可能通过部分调节代谢途径的紊乱而对延缓POFS的病理过程, 产生抗疲劳作用 [59]
降低高血压 红花提取物 Sprague-Dawley大鼠 300 mg/kg 2 W 红花提取物和卡托普利的联合治疗比单独使用红花提取物或卡托普利更有效, 因为这种联合治疗使血流动力学改变、RAS、NO生物利用度、氧化应激标志物正常化, 并改善NO缺乏性高血压的内皮功能障碍 [60]
改善记忆/抗衰老 红花黄色素 昆明种小鼠 3 g/kg 4 W 红花黄色素通过减少自由基产生 维持自由基代谢的平衡 减少自由基对线粒体的损害 保护线粒体膜磷脂 提高线粒体的贮钙能力降低胞内Ca2+的浓度从而抑制细胞色素C从线粒体释放而活化Apaf1再激活caspase-9的过程提高与自由基尤其是氧化关系密切的凋亡相关基因Bcl-2的表达 [52]
), ArticleFig(id=1177619653858832898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429494208651779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红花主要保健功能及其作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能 受试物 受试
对象
起效剂量 干预
周期
调节机制 参考
文献
增强免疫力 红花多糖 C57 BL/
6C3H/HeN小鼠
0.625 mg/kg SF1和0.70 mg/kg SF2 28 d SF1和SF2作为特异性激活免疫应答的物质可以通过促进宿主产生IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α发挥免疫调节作用; 并且SF1和SF2以不同的机制刺激B细胞和巨噬细胞 [23]
红花种子
提取物
C57 BL/6小鼠 200 mg/kg 5 W 姜黄提取物和红花中子提取物通过调节ERK 1/2和p38的磷酸化而减轻LPS诱导的炎症反应。CLE和CTE的共同处理强烈抑制了p38的磷酸化, 显示出更高的NO产生抑制作用 [53]
红花多糖 BALB/cnu/
nu裸鼠
40 mg/kg SPS可显著抑制HN-6细胞增殖, 诱导细胞凋亡, 并使细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期。同时, SPS可能通过上调Bax/Bcl-2的比值和Caspase-3的表达, 促进TSCC细胞凋亡 [54]
抗氧化 红花籽油 / / / 红花籽油有很好的清除DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基的能力, 同时对于Fe3+的还原能力也很强 [34]
HSYA SD大鼠 20 μmoL/L HSYA可减少促凋亡蛋白表达, 增加抗凋亡蛋白表
还可以通过PI3K/Akt/GSK3β信号通路发挥抗凋亡作用
[55]
HSYA C-57小鼠 0.8 g/kg 7 W HSYA能通过转化生长因子(TGF)-β信号通路影响RGC-5的增殖和凋亡; 同时还可以抑制视网膜神经节细胞的氧化应激反应和凋亡信号通路激活机制, 保护视神经功能 [56]
维持血脂健康
水平
HSYA ICR小鼠 13 mg/kg 21 d 红花黄色素可以清除羟自由基、抑制脂质过氧化; 改善血脂水平。研究发现, 红花黄色素可有效调节糖代谢及C肽水平, 改善凝血功能及血液流变学 [35]
HSYA SD大鼠 2.5 mg/kg 1 W 注射用HSYA在体外能够抑制由凝血酶刺激的血小板活化, 并且能够直接抑制凝血酶的活性, 是凝血酶的混合型抑制剂, 除此之外, 还发现注射用HSYA能够通过抑制血小板的活化, 在缺血再灌注模型的急性期发挥脑保护作用 [57]
维持血糖健康
水平
红花甲醇
提取物
Wistar大鼠 300 mg/kg 8 W 红花甲醇提取物通过激活Nrf2信号通路表现出显著的降血糖和肝脏保护作用 [58]
红花花瓣水提取物SE C57 BL/6 J小鼠 250 mg/kg 12 W SE直接靶向肝脏, 并通过AKT/FoxO 1信号转导抑制肝脏糖异生基因表达。另一方面, SE的消耗作用于肠道菌群, 改变了与全身血糖调节相关的微生物的丰度 [41]
缓解体力
疲劳
C.Tinctorius L.提取物(C.Tinctorius L. extractive, CTLE) Sprague-Dawley大鼠 6 mL/kg 7 d CTLE可能通过部分调节代谢途径的紊乱而对延缓POFS的病理过程, 产生抗疲劳作用 [59]
降低高血压 红花提取物 Sprague-Dawley大鼠 300 mg/kg 2 W 红花提取物和卡托普利的联合治疗比单独使用红花提取物或卡托普利更有效, 因为这种联合治疗使血流动力学改变、RAS、NO生物利用度、氧化应激标志物正常化, 并改善NO缺乏性高血压的内皮功能障碍 [60]
改善记忆/抗衰老 红花黄色素 昆明种小鼠 3 g/kg 4 W 红花黄色素通过减少自由基产生 维持自由基代谢的平衡 减少自由基对线粒体的损害 保护线粒体膜磷脂 提高线粒体的贮钙能力降低胞内Ca2+的浓度从而抑制细胞色素C从线粒体释放而活化Apaf1再激活caspase-9的过程提高与自由基尤其是氧化关系密切的凋亡相关基因Bcl-2的表达 [52]
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红花在我国保健食品中的应用
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刘嘉琪 , 段昊 , 闫文杰 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:保健食品的研发与检测 2025,16(5): 134-143
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:保健食品的研发与检测 2025, 16(5): 134-143
红花在我国保健食品中的应用
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刘嘉琪 , 段昊, 闫文杰*
作者信息
  • 北京联合大学生物化学工程学院, 生物活性物质与功能食品北京市重点实验室, 北京 100023
  • 刘嘉琪(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为功能食品研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 闫文杰(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为功能食品科学。E-mail:
Application of Carthamu stinctorius L. in health food of our country
Jia-Qi LIU , Hao DUAN, Wen-Jie YAN*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241231003
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红花属于保健食品可用原料, 不能作为普通食品使用, 含有丰富的黄酮类、生物碱以及有机酸等活性成分, 在增强免疫力、抗氧化、维持血脂和血糖健康水平、改善黄褐斑、缓解体力疲劳、延缓衰老、辅助改善记忆以及对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护作用等保健功能方面具有非常好的效果, 也因此受到了国内外研究者和消费者的喜爱。目前, 红花在我国保健食品中的应用较为广泛, 但缺乏系统的整理和分析。因此, 本文分析了红花在我国保健食品中的应用现状、合规性使用依据、主要功效成分的影响因素, 并详细论述了红花的主要保健功能和作用机制, 旨在为红花在我国保健食品领域的合规性使用以及未来的研究开发提供一些启发。

红花  /  合规性依据  /  保健功能

Carthamu stinctorius L. serves as a viable raw material for health supplements but is not classified as a general food item. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. Carthamu stinctorius L. exhibits significant benefits including enhancing immunity, providing antioxidant properties, maintaining healthy blood lipid and glucose levels, improving chloasma, alleviating physical fatigue, delaying aging, aiding memory improvement, and offering auxiliary protection against chemical-induced liver injury. Consequently, it has garnered considerable attention from researchers and consumers both domestically and internationally. Currently, Carthamu stinctorius L. is extensively utilized in health supplements within our country; however, there is a lack of systematic analysis regarding its application. This paper aims to examine the current status of Carthamu stinctorius L. is application in health supplements, the regulatory framework for its compliant use, and the factors influencing the efficacy of its primary active components. Additionally, it delves into the principal health functions and mechanisms of Carthamu stinctorius L., with the objective of providing insights for compliant utilization and future research and development of Carthamu stinctorius L. in the health supplement industry within our country.

Carthamu stinctorius L.  /  compliance basis  /  hygienical function
刘嘉琪, 段昊, 闫文杰. 红花在我国保健食品中的应用. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 134 -143 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241231003
Jia-Qi LIU, Hao DUAN, Wen-Jie YAN. Application of Carthamu stinctorius L. in health food of our country[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 134 -143 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241231003
红花(Carthamu stinctorius L.)为菊科一年生草本植物红花的干燥花, 夏季花由黄变红时采摘有效成分含量最高。由于红花抵御恶劣环境的能力较强, 它几乎可以在世界各地的各种环境中种植。中国是红花的主要产区之一, 且主要集中在新疆、河南、四川及云南等地[1]。红花性味辛, 温。归心, 肝经, 可做中药饮片, 主治活血通经, 散瘀止痛。用于经闭, 痛经, 恶露不行, 癥瘕痞块, 胸痹心痛, 瘀滞腹痛, 胸胁刺痛, 跌扑损伤, 疮疡肿痛。
国内有关红花的基础成分研究已取得较为显著的进展。刘倩等[2]从红花中鉴定出200多种化合物, 包括黄酮类、生物碱、木脂素、烷烃二醇、核黄素、类固醇等。黄酮类化合物及其糖苷(O-和C-糖苷)是一组重要的植物化学物质[3], 其中, 红花黄色素A (saffower yellower A, SYA)、羟基红花黄色素A (hydroxysafflor yellow A, HSYA)和羟基红花黄色素B (hydroxysafflor yellow B, HSYB)最具有代表性[4], 属于查尔酮糖苷家族, 占总黄酮的20%~30%[5]。它们均属于水溶性化合物, 具有抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护、活血化瘀以及改善心脑血管疾病的作用[6]。此外, 通过超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-串联质谱法分析红花中黄酮和生物碱, 结果显示, 从红花中检测出231个峰, 共93个化合物, 其中包括75个黄酮类化合物及其糖苷[7]。这些有关红花的研究基础, 为当下及未来红花在不同保健功能中的应用和作用机制研究提供了便利和丰富的研究资料(图1)。
目前有关红花的毒理、功能和机制研究已取得了较为显著的进展, 但少有团队对红花在我国保健食品中的应用进行过详细综述。基于此, 本文综述了红花在我国保健食品中的合规性依据, 对已获批使用红花及其提取物作为保健食品原料的产品应用现状、功效成分以及保健功能进行了详细讨论, 以期为红花在我国保健食品中的合规性使用、研究开发和临床应用提供参考依据。
红花又名红蓝花、杜红花等, 红花首载于《开宝本草》, 被列为中品。《本草纲目》中记载: “血生于心包, 藏于肝。属于冲任, 红花汁与之同类, 故能行男子血脉, 通女子经水。多则行血, 少则养血”[8]
红花目前的使用依据, 一是可以作为中药饮片, 来源于《中国药典》, 其推荐用量为3~10 g/d, 孕妇需慎用, 易导致流产。二是在卫法监2002年发布的《关于进一步规范保健食品原料管理的通知》(卫法监发[2002]51号)的“可用于保健食品的物品名单”, 但规定其限用于保健食品, 不得作为普通食品原料使用(卫监督函[2009]326号)。此外, 红花提取物(乙醇提取或水提取)可以作为保健食品辅料使用。红花提取物根据其提取方法的不同, 可以分为水溶性提取物和醇溶性提取物[2]。红花作为保健食品原料申报时, 需提供详细的提取物生产工艺过程及参数说明, 醇提物还需要有充分的安全性论证依据, 支持其符合保健食品长期食用、安全无毒等要求。同时, 为保障红花及其提取物原料在保健食品中使用的安全性及质量, 还需制定科学合理的技术要求, 并符合相应的、最新的食品安全标准, 特别是农药残留和污染物等的要求。如果没有相应的国家标准, 可参考行业标准、地方标准和企业标准[9]
截止2024年12月, 从国家市场监督管理总局查询平台(网站地址: http://ypzsx.gsxt.gov.cn/specialfood/#/food)检索的已获批含有红花的保健食品数据显示, 红花及红花提取物作为保健食品原料获批的产品共有306个, 其中国产保健食品299个, 进口保健食品7个。
从产品功能声称来看, 以缓解体力疲劳、改善黄褐斑、增强免疫力、抗氧化的产品居多, 产品数量分别占9.03%(共27个)、21.4%(共64个)、22.5%(共67个)、5.01%(共15个)。声称同时具有缓解体力疲劳和提高免疫力的产品有16个, 占产品总量的5.25%; 抗疲劳和耐缺氧的产品3个, 占产品总量的1%; 抗氧化和增强免疫力的产品2个, 占产品总量的1%; 增强免疫力和维持血脂健康水平的产品6个, 占产品总量的2%。单一宣称缓解体力疲劳的产品有11个, 占3.67%; 单一宣称有改善黄褐斑的产品有55个, 占18.39%; 单一宣称有维持血脂健康水平的产品有61个, 占20.4%; 对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护作用的产品有9个, 占3.01%, 具体数据统计见图2
红花中已被证实有多种天然产物的存在, 这些天然产物在调节分子机制上可能与增强免疫力、抗氧化、维持血脂和血糖健康水平、改善黄褐斑、缓解体力疲劳、延缓衰老、辅助改善记忆以及对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护作用, 因此通过动物人体研究后发现红花可以应用于治疗急性缺血性脑卒中、稳定型心绞痛、急性动脉粥样硬化和血栓性脑梗塞等心脑血管疾病。
从剂型上来看, 硬胶囊型产品最多, 共110个, 占红花相关产品总数的37%; 其次是软胶囊, 共78个, 占相关产品总数的26%; 口服液, 共25个, 占相关产品总数的8.5%; 酒剂, 共18个, 占相关产品总数的6%; 茶剂和颗粒剂均为13个, 占相关产品总数的4.5%; 剩余的产品剂型数量由高到低依次是: 片剂、浸膏、丸剂、含片, 详见图3。剂型的选择不仅要考虑原料的性质、结合市场定位同时还要充分考虑适宜人群对保健品的外观、喜好、剂量、携带、保存、服用方式以及运输方式等方面的新需求[10], 这要求在研究和开发保健品制剂的过程中要做好市场调研, 以研发生产出更符合人们需求的产品。
迄今从红花中分离得到多种化合物包括醌式查尔酮苷类、黄酮类、亚精胺类、生物碱类、倍半萜类、有机酸类、烷基二醇类、多炔类和甾体类等。红花中的提取物目前研究较多的是HSYA, HSYA在抗抑郁、抗糖尿病、抗肿瘤以及各种心脑血管疾病的防治方面的的作用效果显著[11]。根据GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》的规定, 红花黄色素可以作为着色剂在食品中使用, 但要注意国家标准中允许使用品种、适用范围以及最大使用量或残留量。2015年, 国家卫生计生委发布GB 1886.4—2015《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 六偏磷酸钠》等47项食品安全国家标准, 其中关于食品添加剂红花黄的标准主要包括了该标准的适用范围、分子式、结构式和相对分子质量、技术要求以及检验方法等。此外在红花中, 黄酮类化合物含量也较为广泛, 主要包括山奈酚和以山奈酚为母核的化合物、槲皮素和以槲皮素为母核的化合物以及黄酮和其他黄酮类化合物, 其中《中国药典》中明确规定, 按红花干燥品计算, 山奈酚(C15H10O6)含量不得少于0.050%[12]
截至目前, 对于红花中活性成分的研究仍在发展中, 红花中是否还具有其他有益于健康的活性成分, 值得进一步深入研究。在红花提取工艺的研究过程中, 如何提高红花中目标活性成分的稳定性、分离效率也值得重视。
红花中醌式查尔酮苷类化合物主要为SYA、SYB、HSYA以及HSYB, 黄酮类化合物主要为山奈酚和槲皮素, 有机酸的代表物质为棕榈酸和琥珀酸, 其结构式如图4所示。
红花属于保健食品可用原料, 对其安全性应用剂量值得关注, 从而为其应用于保健食品的配伍研究提供一定的帮助。刘慧娜等[13]依据GB 15193.1—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品安全性毒理学评价程序》对红花进行了小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、Ames试验对红花的遗传性毒性研究, 结果显示, 红花在4.5~18.0 g/kg范围内, 未发现对试验小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞有致突变作用; Ames试验结果表明红花在体外试验中未发现有直接或间接致突变作用, 并提示红花可能有抑菌作用。红花提取物也受到人们的广泛关注, 通过对红花水提物毒性的研究, 发现红花水提物对人肝癌细胞株SMMC7721、人张氏肝细胞株Chang liver和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞株3T3-Swiss albino具有较低的细胞毒性作用, 同时, 该研究还发现红花水提物可以抑制肝癌SMMC7721细胞增殖, 其抑制作用具有时间依赖性和剂量依赖性[14]。此外, 对红花的水提物进行90 d经口毒性实验后, 结果显示, 给药剂量在0.4767~8.5806 g/kg时对肝脏、肾脏以及心脏基本无毒性, 因此判断红花水提物在适宜剂量内作为保健食品原料较安全[15]。通过探究红花对受精后6~69 h的斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性, 发现红花会诱导氧化应激反应并且增加细胞凋亡的水平, 这些均会导致发育异常, 另外红花对斑马鱼胚胎的半数致死浓度为0.3456 mg/L, 且推断发育中的心脏可能为中毒靶器官, 这提示孕妇应该禁用红花[16]。除此之外, 红花提取物可能会对小鼠精子产生影响, 研究表明超过0.2 g/kg剂量的红花提取物可改变睾丸组织结构, 导致生精障碍[17], 因此建议不育男性或生殖障碍男性使用剂量应在0.2 g/kg以内。
保健食品作为长期食用的特殊食品, 在申报相关保健食品时, 需重点关注各原料及配方配伍后的产品安全性, 结合文献研究并开展必要的动物实验证实配方配伍及原料均食用安全后才能开展保健功能等相关研究[18]。综上所述, 红花及红花提取物作为保健食品原料是安全的, 但对于孕妇、不育男性或生殖障碍男性等特殊人群应该谨慎使用。
目前研究发现, 红花在增强免疫力、抗氧化、维持血脂和血糖健康水平、改善黄褐斑、缓解体力疲劳、延缓衰老、辅助改善记忆以及对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护作用等保健功能方面效果显著。以下对这几种功能的应用情况及作用机制进行阐述。
免疫系统发生的免疫应答通过先天免疫和获得性免疫保护宿主免受病原体的入侵[19-20], 免疫原性和免疫耐受性的适当平衡对于维持机体的完整性和防止微生物入侵具有重要的意义。数据显示, 已获批含有红花及其提取物的保健食品中, 声称有增强免疫力功能的产品数量共67件, 占总获批产品数量的22.5%。
红花种子中的木犀草素, 是红花中主要的活性成分之一, 能够通过调节自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell, NK)的增殖与活化, 增加其他细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-12 (interleukin 12, IL-12)的分泌来促进免疫增强作用[21]。有研究表明, 姜黄素和木犀草素单独或联合使用均可以通过抑制TNF-α和IL-12来减少炎症反应[21]。木犀草素单独使用时产生较多的TNF-α和IL-12, 姜黄素单独使用时NK细胞的活化程度更高。实验表明, 姜黄素和木犀草素联用能够有效改善环磷酰胺激活的先天性免疫并调节免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin M, IgM)的水平, 同时增加NK细胞的活化, 但随着用于浓度的增加, 这种活化作用降低, 通过小鼠体内实验证实两种物质的适当比例为1:0.6 (V:V)时, 协同效果最强[21]。此外, 姜黄和红花联用可以通过调节MAPKs以及调节ERK1/2和P38的磷酸化来减轻脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)导致的炎症反应, 降低血管通透性和水肿并降低炎症介质的生物合成。红花多糖是由葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖通过β键连接组成的均一杂多糖, 是从红花中提取的重要活性成分, 可以通过调节细胞因子网络、T细胞网络以及内分泌-免疫网络增强免疫功能; 蔡犇等[22]通过探究红花多糖治疗胸腺萎缩的药效得出结论, SPS对苯甲酸雌二醇诱导的ICR小鼠胸腺萎缩有一定治疗作用, 可显著改善胸腺萎缩症状。有时, 感染因子和肿瘤细胞可以逃脱免疫系统的监视从而导致严重的疾病, 因此, 特异性激活免疫应答的物质有望发挥重要的作用, 红花多糖SF1和SF2作为特异性激活免疫应答的物质可以通过促进宿主产生IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α发挥免疫调节作用; SF1和SF2对B细胞增殖和IgM产生相似影响时, SF2的有效剂量是SF1的10倍; 实验显示, SF1不诱导IL-1的产生, 但诱导NO产生的能力较强, 因此可以推断SF1和SF2以不同的机制刺激B细胞和巨噬细胞[23]。淋巴细胞是适应性免疫系统的中枢细胞, 红花提取物在肿瘤免疫方面也具有较好的应用, 已有研究证实, 红花提取物中的黄酮类物质可以通过促进特定的免疫调节作用, 来控制和治疗不同类型的癌症[24], 例如, 从红花中提取的槲皮素作为一种化学预防和抗遗传毒性剂可以通过增加NK细胞的增殖来刺激免疫系统, 从而发挥抗肿瘤的作用[25]
由此可见, 从红花中提取的黄酮类物质, 如木犀草素、槲皮素以及红花多糖等物质是发挥免疫调节作用的主要物质, 其作用机制主要包括调节NK细胞与IgM的增殖与活化、增加B细胞与巨噬细胞的活力, 促进宿主产生IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α等免疫调节因子。
生物系统代谢的副产物活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)主要包括: 超氧自由基、过氧化氢、羟基自由基和单线态氧[26]。机体中ROS的清除减少或过量产生都会诱导其相关信号通路的激活引起细胞的氧化应激损伤, 最终会导致细胞凋亡, 是导致癌症、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病以及糖尿病等的主要原因之一[27]。数据显示, 已获批含有红花及其提取物的保健食品中, 声称有抗氧化的产品有15个, 占总获批产品数量的5.01%。
核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2- related actor 2, Nrf2)是一种氧化应激的调节剂, 通过调节编码的抗氧化蛋白的表达来抑制氧化应激从而改善细胞凋亡, 是现阶段已知较核心的内源性抗氧化信号通路。红花提取物中的SYA可以作为Nrf2通路的诱导剂, 通过上调Nrf2通路激活抗氧化应激机制来保护神经细胞, 并且Nrf2可以作为缺血性卒中的潜在治疗靶点[28]。红花中的HSYA同样具有较好的抗氧化活性, 研究发现, HSYA可以通过增加神经细胞内谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(cata-lase, CAT)的含量和活性, 抑制细胞色素C氧化酶(cytochrome C, Cytc)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA)的释放来发挥抗氧化应激和细胞凋亡作用[29]。红花中的HSYA通常被认为是发挥抗氧化作用的主要物质, 其作用机制主要包括清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)和抑制羟基自由基介导2-脱氧核糖的氧化降解[30], 激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/糖原合酶激酶-3β (PI3K/Akt/GSK5β)信号通路来抑制细胞凋亡[31]。细胞焦亡能够引起细胞周围炎症反应, NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like recetor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3)是参与细胞焦亡的炎性小体, ROS可介导NLRP3的激活[32], 视网膜内ROS的积累会诱导视网膜血管细胞发生细胞焦亡[33], 氧化应激与细胞焦亡相关, 有研究表明, HSYA可以通过降低细胞色素P450家族成员1B1重组蛋白(recombinant cytochrome P450 1B1, Cyp1b1)和MDA的表达来抑制氧化应激反应, 从而减轻细胞焦亡水平。除此之外, 红花籽油中的二甲亚砜溶液具有很强的清除DPPH自由基, 2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS]阳离子自由基以及还原Fe3+的能力, 并且其作用的强弱与浓度呈现出明显的正相关关系[34]
综上, 人体产生的自由基及其诱导的氧化反应与多种疾病密切相关, 并可加速人体衰老, 红花提取物作为良好的抗氧化剂, 对于清除体内自由基, 修复细胞损伤, 提高肝脏的GSH、SOD以及CAT具有良好作用。
数据显示, 已获批含有红花及其提取物的保健食品中, 声称有维持血脂、血糖健康水平的产品有67件, 占总获批产品数量的22.4%。
高血脂症通常是由于血脂水平异常, 由多种原因导致的脂质代谢紊乱的一种病理状态[35], 是诱发心血管疾病的主要因素之一, 严重威胁了现代人的身体健康。动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)是心脑血管疾病的主要影响因素之一, 红花中的活性成分主要包括HSYA、红花黄色素、槲皮素以及山奈酚等物质, 有研究发现, HSYA通过激活Nrf2的活性、提高SOD以及NO的含量、发挥抗氧化应激反应、减轻血管壁受到的氧化型损伤的作用; 同时, HSYA还可以调节MAPK信号通路发挥抑制血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)的增殖作用, 从而达到调节血脂抑制AS发生发展的目的[36]。红花黄色素能够降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein, LDL), 有效减少泡沫细胞产生[37]。核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)炎症反应过程中的一个重要角色, 几乎存在于全部细胞中。NF-κB信息通路的激活与AS斑块不稳定性相关。槲皮素和山奈酚可以通过调节腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activiated protein kinase, AMPK)/沉默信息调节因子(silent information regulator 1, SIRTI)/NF-κB信息通路来改善AS的发展。此外, 槲皮素还可以通过调节PI3K/Akt信息通路来抑制AS引起的炎症反应[38]。功能性植物油是一类具有特殊生理功能的植物油脂, 对人体具有一定的保健功能和药用功能[39]。红花籽油是由红花的种子经压榨等工艺精制而成, 红花籽油富含丰富的亚油酸, 紫苏籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸, 是目前已知不饱和脂肪酸含量最高的油类。有研究表示, 机体中维持多不饱和脂肪酸ω-3和ω-6之间的平衡能够有效改善机体的血脂代谢[40], 因此, 红花籽油与紫苏籽油配伍具有更好的降血脂作用, 在探究了不同配比的红花籽油和紫苏籽油的降血脂作用后, 结果表明红花籽油与紫苏籽油配比不同时对血脂4项[总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)]具有不同的效果, 其中红花籽油与紫苏籽油的配比为2.59:1的降血脂效果最好[41]
糖尿病是一种代谢的系统性紊乱疾病, 是一种以高血糖为特征的慢性、全身代谢性疾病[42], 除了糖尿病患者外, 一些个体在进食后也会表现出血糖异常升高或者即使没有进食也表现出高血糖水平, 称为高血糖症, 最终较易发展为糖尿病。研究发现, 红花花瓣水提物对血糖具有调节作用, 长期或短期食用均可改善血糖[43]。SYA、红花花瓣水提物的主要色素对于减轻小鼠中的血糖异常和胰岛素抵抗有显著作用[44]。同时, 红花花瓣水提物还可以通过抑制食物中的糖在肠道中的分解并减少糖的消化和吸收来调节血糖[45]。AKT/FoxO 1调节的糖异生作用作为重要靶点在预防和治疗糖尿病的过程中也发挥了重要作用[46], 研究显示, 红花花瓣水提物处理后的小鼠肝组织和肝细胞系中AKT和FoxO 1的蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高[47], 从而使相关酶的活性发生变化。综上, 红花花瓣水提物直接靶向肝脏, 并通过AKT/FoxO 1信号转导抑制肝脏糖异生基因表达, 另一方面, 红花花瓣水提物的消耗还可以作用于肠道菌群, 改变与全身血糖调节相关的微生物的丰度。此外, 红花油除了抗氧化、维持血脂的健康水平同时也有助于改善血糖。ASP等[42]研究中的受试者为绝经后肥胖女性2型糖尿病患者, 研究证实红花油补充改善了许多代谢终点, 包括糖化血红蛋白组分(GHb, HbA1c)、空腹血糖估计的胰岛素敏感性、HDL-C、C反应蛋白(c-reactive protein, CRP)和脂联素(adiponectin, ADPN)等, 每天补充8 g红花油可以改善血糖、炎症和血脂, 有助于糖尿病的治疗。红花可以通过降低脂类氧化物质对血管内皮的损伤从而提高抗氧化酶的水平[47], 同时, 红花对糖尿病引起的睾丸氧化应激损伤也存在保护功效, 研究表明, 红花可以增强睾丸抗氧化能力、延缓生精阻滞、恢复塞尔托利氏细胞(sertoli cell)和睾丸间质细胞(leydig cell, LC)正常形态、促进生精细胞增殖, 因此对糖尿病大鼠睾丸具有一定的保护作用[48]
综上所述, 红花中有助于维持血脂和血糖健康水平的成分较为丰富, 主要有SYA、HSYA、槲皮素、山奈酚、红花花瓣水提物以及以红花籽为原料制成的红花籽油等, 其作用机制主要与改善胰岛素抵抗、改善抗炎作用、调节AMPK活性、激活NF-κB信息通路以及抑制糖异生表达等作用有关。
红花提取物还具有明显的抗疲劳作用[49], 可以通过部分调节代谢途径的紊乱而对延缓术后疲劳综合征(postoperative fatigue syndrome, POFS)的病理过程, 产生抗疲劳作用[50]。学习能力的减退是衰老和一些神经退行性疾病最重要的临床表现之一, 红花黄色素可以通过提高SOD活性, 线粒体贮钙能力, 减少自由基的产生以及调节凋亡相关基因Bcl-2的表达来有效的发挥抑制海马区神经细胞凋亡的作用[51]。红花注射液是红花提取物经过醇沉、水沉、调节pH等一系列精制工艺后得到的灭菌水溶液[52], 含有多种有效成分, 杨馥宇等[49]在探究红花注射液对人视网膜缺血再灌注损伤(retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, RIRI)时发现红花注射液能够通过上调凋亡基因Bcl-2蛋白的表达和下调促凋亡细胞Bax蛋白的表达来抑制视网膜神经细胞的凋亡从而发挥对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。
综上, 红花作为保健食品原料含有丰富的活性成分, 在抗氧化、维持血糖健康水平、缓解体力疲劳、延缓衰老以及改善记忆方面同样可以发挥较强的作用, 红花提取物作用机制总结如表1所示。
红花作为一种仅限用于保健食品, 不得作为普通食品使用的原料, 具有很高的保健价值在对红花原料研究的内容可以看出, 红花原料中含有丰富的黄酮类、多糖类以及生物碱类等物质, 这些成分在增强免疫力、抗氧化以及维持血脂、血糖健康水平等多方面具有良好的作用, 因此红花是目前保健食品中研究的“热点”原料之一, 可以预见红花广泛的营养价值和保健功能, 在未来具有较好的应用前景。目前, 市场上部分保健品同质化严重, 许多保健功能仍有待于开发。此外, 对于红花中的活性成分有待于深入研究, 目前的研究大多局限于SPS、HYSA、红花籽油中的亚油酸等物质中, 但已有实验证实红花中的SYA、AHSYB、山奈酚、槲皮素等物质同样表现出良好的保健功效。因此, 在未来的研究过程中, 研究人员除了可以将红花及其提取物应用于各种功能声称的保健食品中, 还可以深入挖掘提取方式对红花有效成分的影响, 充分调研红花产地对其活性成分的影响, 深入探究红花中其他提取物质的保健功效以及作用机制以及在今后的配方配伍中可以增加红花及其提取物的应用, 希望为未来红花在保健食品中的开发应用提供一定的帮助[61-62]
  • 国家市场监督管理总局食品审评中心项目
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241231003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31
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国家市场监督管理总局食品审评中心项目
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    北京联合大学生物化学工程学院, 生物活性物质与功能食品北京市重点实验室, 北京 100023

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* 闫文杰(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为功能食品科学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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