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Article(id=1152687445402366667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702880, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702880, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702880, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702880, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687445956014822, articleId=1152687445402366667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Investigation into the elemental content and migration of heavy metals in electric kettles, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To rapidly screen the elemental content and migration of heavy metals in commercially available stainless steel electric kettles using efficient detection technologies. Methods In this study, 20 batches of stainless steel electric kettle samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the migration levels of 13 kinds of heavy metal elements, along with label compliance checks. A handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was employed to rapidly detect the elemental content of key components and analyze their material composition. Results Multi-element migration experiments revealed heavy metal migration in some samples, particularly manganese (Mn) and aluminum (Al). XRF analysis identified the use of non-food-grade stainless steel in certain products. Additionally, non-compliant product labeling and discrepancies between labeled and actual material compositions were observed in some samples. Conclusion The combined ICP-MS and XRF results demonstrat that stainless steel material quality is a critical factor influencing heavy metal migration. This study provides theory basis for enhancing industry quality regulation, ensuring consumer health and safety, and promoting technological advancements in product manufacturing.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Chang LV, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-Chang LV, Li-Ming ZHANG, Xiao-Rui CHEN, Yi YIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687450624275343, articleId=1152687445402366667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=电热水壶中重金属元素含量及其迁移量研究, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 使用高效检测技术快速筛查市售不锈钢电热水壶的重金属元素含量及其迁移量情况。方法 本研究利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测量了20批次不锈钢电热水壶样品中13种重金属元素迁移量, 并检查各产品的标签标识。使用手持式X-射线荧光光谱仪(X-ray fluorescence, XRF)快速检测了不锈钢电热水壶各个部件的元素含量并对其材质进行分析。结果 多元素迁移量实验表明, 部分样品存在重金属迁出现象, 尤其是锰(Mn)、铝(Al)元素。XRF实验表明, 部分样品使用非食品级不锈钢作为原材料。此外, 一些样品还存在产品标签标识不合格、标注材质与实际用料不一致等问题。结论 ICP-MS和XRF实验结果揭示了不锈钢材质是导致重金属迁出的关键因素, 本研究为提升行业质量监管效能、保障消费者健康安全及推动产业技术升级提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=吕建昌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吕建昌(1992—), 男, 博士, 主要研究方向为印刷油墨、食品接触材料及制品的检测新技术。E-mail:
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Tianjin Product Quality Inspection Technology Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272543698493572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, companyId=1169272543643967618, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津市产品质量监督检测技术研究院, 天津 300384)]), AuthorCompany(id=1169272543924985989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272543962734726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, companyId=1169272543924985989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. The National Center of Supervision and Inspection for Quality of Printing and Decoration Product, Tianjin 300384, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272543971123335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, companyId=1169272543924985989, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.国家印刷装潢制品质量监督检验中心, 天津 300384)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272545728536753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Migration of Mn (a) and Al (b) elements in 2batches of samples, figureFileSmall=qLdD0ZVNiw+2vStxdkrIIQ==, figureFileBig=ZZ5RYDRn2vKfYW4gld4YQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272545837588658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, language=CN, label=图1, caption=两批次样品中Mn (a)、Al (b)元素迁移, figureFileSmall=qLdD0ZVNiw+2vStxdkrIIQ==, figureFileBig=ZZ5RYDRn2vKfYW4gld4YQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272545959223478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Determination of multiple elements in stainless steel electric kettles and identification of issues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验项目 样品批次数
/批		 检出结果情况/(mg/kg) 问题批次数
/批		 问题率
/%
As迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Cd迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Cr迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Ni迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Pb迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Sb迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Zn迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Cu迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Mn迁移量 20 未检出~0.017 0 0
Al迁移量 20 未检出~0.012 0 0
Sn迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Mo迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Co迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1169272546076663992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不锈钢电热水壶多元素测定及问题发现情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验项目 样品批次数
/批		 检出结果情况/(mg/kg) 问题批次数
/批		 问题率
/%
As迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Cd迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Cr迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Ni迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Pb迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Sb迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Zn迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Cu迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Mn迁移量 20 未检出~0.017 0 0
Al迁移量 20 未检出~0.012 0 0
Sn迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Mo迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
Co迁移量 20 未检出 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1169272546257019069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687445402366667, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical results of label identification inspection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检查要点 检查结果及批次数 单项合格率/% 备注
是/批 否/批 不适用/批
是否有产品标签标识信息 20 0 0 100 /
标识信息是否清晰、真实 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了产品名称 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了材质 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了产品执行标准或相关法规 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了生产者和(或)经销者的名称、地址和联系方式 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了生产日期 19 1 0 95 1批次样品未标注生产日期
是否标注了保质期 0 0 20 / 无保质期要求
符合性声明的内容是否包括遵循的法规和标准 1 19 0 5 19批次样品符合性声明的内容中未包括遵循的法规
符合性声明的内容是否包括有限制性要求的物质名单及其限制性要求和总迁移量合规性情况(仅成型品) 1 19 0 5 19批次样品无限制性要求的物质名单及其限制性要求
是否注明了“食品接触用”“食品包装用”或类似用语, 或加印、加贴调羹筷子标志 20 0 0 100 /
有特殊使用要求的产品, 是否注明了特殊使用要求 20 0 0 100 /
对于相关标准明确规定的使用条件或超出使用条件将产生较高食品安全风险的产品, 是否以特殊或醒目的方式说明产品使用条件 0 0 20 / 标准无规定
是否明确标示了其材料类型及材料成分或以我国标准牌号或统一数字代号表示 20 0 0 100 /
食品接触面覆有金属镀层或有机涂层的, 是否标注了镀层或涂层材料 0 0 20 / 无金属镀层或有机涂层
金属镀层不止一层时, 是否按由外层到内层顺序标出各层金属成分, 并以斜杠隔开 0 0 20 / 无金属镀层
对于实施生产许可证管理的食品相关产品, 是否标注了生产许可证标志 0 0 20 / 非发证产品
对于实施生产许可证管理的食品相关产品, 是否标注了生产许可证编号 0 0 20 / 非发证产品
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标签标识检查结果统计

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是/批 否/批 不适用/批
是否有产品标签标识信息 20 0 0 100 /
标识信息是否清晰、真实 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了产品名称 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了材质 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了产品执行标准或相关法规 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了生产者和(或)经销者的名称、地址和联系方式 20 0 0 100 /
是否标注了生产日期 19 1 0 95 1批次样品未标注生产日期
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符合性声明的内容是否包括遵循的法规和标准 1 19 0 5 19批次样品符合性声明的内容中未包括遵循的法规
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是否明确标示了其材料类型及材料成分或以我国标准牌号或统一数字代号表示 20 0 0 100 /
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金属镀层不止一层时, 是否按由外层到内层顺序标出各层金属成分, 并以斜杠隔开 0 0 20 / 无金属镀层
对于实施生产许可证管理的食品相关产品, 是否标注了生产许可证标志 0 0 20 / 非发证产品
对于实施生产许可证管理的食品相关产品, 是否标注了生产许可证编号 0 0 20 / 非发证产品
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XRF test results of a certain brand stainless steel electric kettle

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元素含量 壶盖 壶嘴 壶体 壶底
Fe/% 73.19±0.09 71.77±0.10 73.28±0.10 72.95±0.09
Cr/% 13.89±0.04 18.16±0.04 14.27±0.04 14.06±0.04
Ni/% 1.07±0.01 8.15±0.04 1.08±0.02 1.14±0.02
Mn/% 10.91±0.06 1.10±0.03 10.48±0.06 10.91±0.06
Cu/% 0.79±0.01 0.37±0.01 0.77±0.01 0.79±0.01
Co/% 0.10±0.01 0.34±0.01 / 0.09±0.01
V/% 0.05±0.01 0.12±0.0 0.11±0.01 0.08±0.01
材质 高锰钢 304 高锰钢 高锰钢
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某牌不锈钢电热水XRF测试结果

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元素含量 壶盖 壶嘴 壶体 壶底
Fe/% 73.19±0.09 71.77±0.10 73.28±0.10 72.95±0.09
Cr/% 13.89±0.04 18.16±0.04 14.27±0.04 14.06±0.04
Ni/% 1.07±0.01 8.15±0.04 1.08±0.02 1.14±0.02
Mn/% 10.91±0.06 1.10±0.03 10.48±0.06 10.91±0.06
Cu/% 0.79±0.01 0.37±0.01 0.77±0.01 0.79±0.01
Co/% 0.10±0.01 0.34±0.01 / 0.09±0.01
V/% 0.05±0.01 0.12±0.0 0.11±0.01 0.08±0.01
材质 高锰钢 304 高锰钢 高锰钢
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电热水壶中重金属元素含量及其迁移量研究
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吕建昌 1, 2, * , 张黎明 1, 2 , 陈晓蕊 1, 2 , 殷奕 1, 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(9): 186-192
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(9): 186-192
电热水壶中重金属元素含量及其迁移量研究
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吕建昌1, 2, * , 张黎明1, 2, 陈晓蕊1, 2, 殷奕1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.天津市产品质量监督检测技术研究院, 天津 300384
  • 2.国家印刷装潢制品质量监督检验中心, 天津 300384

通讯作者:

* 吕建昌(1992—), 男, 博士, 主要研究方向为印刷油墨、食品接触材料及制品的检测新技术。E-mail:
Investigation into the elemental content and migration of heavy metals in electric kettles
Jian-Chang LV1, 2, * , Li-Ming ZHANG1, 2, Xiao-Rui CHEN1, 2, Yi YIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Tianjin Product Quality Inspection Technology Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2. The National Center of Supervision and Inspection for Quality of Printing and Decoration Product, Tianjin 300384, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221004
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摘要
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目的 使用高效检测技术快速筛查市售不锈钢电热水壶的重金属元素含量及其迁移量情况。方法 本研究利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测量了20批次不锈钢电热水壶样品中13种重金属元素迁移量, 并检查各产品的标签标识。使用手持式X-射线荧光光谱仪(X-ray fluorescence, XRF)快速检测了不锈钢电热水壶各个部件的元素含量并对其材质进行分析。结果 多元素迁移量实验表明, 部分样品存在重金属迁出现象, 尤其是锰(Mn)、铝(Al)元素。XRF实验表明, 部分样品使用非食品级不锈钢作为原材料。此外, 一些样品还存在产品标签标识不合格、标注材质与实际用料不一致等问题。结论 ICP-MS和XRF实验结果揭示了不锈钢材质是导致重金属迁出的关键因素, 本研究为提升行业质量监管效能、保障消费者健康安全及推动产业技术升级提供理论依据。

不锈钢电热水壶  /  多元素迁移量  /  电感耦合等离子体质谱法  /  元素含量  /  标签标识

Objective To rapidly screen the elemental content and migration of heavy metals in commercially available stainless steel electric kettles using efficient detection technologies. Methods In this study, 20 batches of stainless steel electric kettle samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the migration levels of 13 kinds of heavy metal elements, along with label compliance checks. A handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was employed to rapidly detect the elemental content of key components and analyze their material composition. Results Multi-element migration experiments revealed heavy metal migration in some samples, particularly manganese (Mn) and aluminum (Al). XRF analysis identified the use of non-food-grade stainless steel in certain products. Additionally, non-compliant product labeling and discrepancies between labeled and actual material compositions were observed in some samples. Conclusion The combined ICP-MS and XRF results demonstrat that stainless steel material quality is a critical factor influencing heavy metal migration. This study provides theory basis for enhancing industry quality regulation, ensuring consumer health and safety, and promoting technological advancements in product manufacturing.

stainless steel electric kettles  /  migration of multiple elements  /  inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry  /  elements content  /  label identification
吕建昌, 张黎明, 陈晓蕊, 殷奕. 电热水壶中重金属元素含量及其迁移量研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 186 -192 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221004
Jian-Chang LV, Li-Ming ZHANG, Xiao-Rui CHEN, Yi YIN. Investigation into the elemental content and migration of heavy metals in electric kettles[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 186 -192 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221004
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0 引言
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不锈钢电热水壶作为一种常用的小家电已经走进了千家万户。它采用蒸汽智能感应控温, 具有水沸腾后自动断电、防干烧断电等功能[1-4]。随着生活水平的提高, 广大消费者对于不锈钢电热水壶的要求也越来越高。目前不锈钢电热水壶也正在向多功能方向发展, 如防漏、防烫、除氯和自动出水等。另外, 这类产品在设计和制造上注重耐用性、安全性以及节能性。在国内市场, 不锈钢电热水壶市场规模逐年攀升, 销量稳步增长, 从2018年的3520.51万台上升到2023年的4512.38万台。随着健康意识的提高和对便捷生活方式的追求, 电热水壶的需求在全球范围内持续增长。特别是在发展中国家, 随着城市化进程加快和中产阶级的扩大, 对高品质生活用品的需求增加, 推动了电热水壶市场的增长。由于国家对能源效率和环境保护的重视, 市场对节能型电热水壶的需求增加。许多品牌开始研发使用更高效加热元件、智能温控系统的产品, 以减少能源消耗。在智能化方面, 智能电热水壶通过集成传感器、Wi-Fi连接等功能, 实现了远程控制、预约加热、水温记忆等功能, 提升了用户体验。考虑到饮用水健康, 市场上出现了具有防垢、抗菌、过滤功能的电热水壶, 以减少水垢和细菌的产生。
由于不锈钢电热水壶的技术门槛较低, 生产厂商数量众多, 产品质量也良莠不齐。电热水壶的质量安全问题是影响该行业发展的主要问题。近些年, 国家及省级市场监督管理部门对不锈钢电热水壶产品开展了监督抽查工作。2023年国家市场监督管理总局抽查家用电器, 包括电热水壶、电饭锅等26种产品, 涉及2600多家企业经营的2957批次产品, 发现611批次不合格, 抽查不合格率20.7%。从检测项目看, 电气安全指标和能效指标是家用电器主要的不合格指标。不锈钢电热水壶在使用过程中也存在一定的安全隐患[5-10]。在材料安全方面, 不锈钢电热水壶应选用符合国家标准的不锈钢材料, 如304、316等, 具有良好的耐腐蚀性和耐高温性能。很多生产者为了节约成本使用高锰钢作为不锈钢电热水壶的内胆, 长期过量摄入锰(Mn)会导致记忆力减退。同时, 不锈钢制品中的铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)等重金属元素也会存在迁出可能, 危害消费者健康[11-15]。因此, 加强不锈钢电热水壶产品质量安全监管和检测工作显得尤为重要。
本研究涉及的不锈钢电热水壶共20批次, 其中生产企业采样8批次, 流通领域采样12批次。按照GB 31604.49—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品 多元素的测定和多元素迁移量的测定》方法, 利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定了13种重金属迁移量[砷(As)、镉(Cd)、Pb、锑(Sb)、Cr、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、Mn、铝(Al)、锡(Sn)、钼(Mo)、钴(Co)]和标签标识[16-26]。使用手持式X-射线荧光光谱仪(X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, XRF)测量了不锈钢电热水壶各个部件的元素含量, 并对不锈钢电热水壶中各个部件材质进行了分析[27-30]。本研究揭示了电热水壶重金属迁移风险与材质关系, 为提升行业质量监管效能、保障消费者健康安全及推动产业技术升级提供科学支撑。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样品与仪器
1.1.1 样品信息
本研究中研究的不锈钢电热水壶样品共20批次, 包括上海1批次, 安徽省2批次, 山东省2批次, 广东省8批次, 浙江省7批次; 其中生产领域8批次, 商店3批次, 农贸市场3批次, 网点6批次。
1.1.2 仪器与设备
1260-7700X电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国Agilent公司); X-MET 8000X-射线荧光光谱仪(英国Oxford公司); BS 224S万分之一分析天平(北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司); XMT-F9可控温电热板(上海理大智能电子有限公司); RV10DS25旋转蒸发仪(德国IKA公司); 亲水PTFE微孔滤膜(0.45 μm, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司)。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 多元素迁移量测定
首先进行迁移试验, 按照GB 5009.156—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品迁移试验预处理方法通则》和GB 31604.1—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品 迁移试验通则》规定的迁移试验方法及试验条件进行。选择人造自来水作为模拟物, 沸腾后保持0.5 h, 然后40 ℃, 放置24 h后, 进行3次迁移试验, 以第3次结果为准。未与不锈钢电热水壶接触的食品模拟物经处理后得到空白试验溶液。根据GB 31604.49—2023按浓度梯度配制各元素的标准溶液, 并按浓度由低到高测定含有内标元素的混合标准工作溶液中待测元素及内标元素的信号响应值, 绘制标准曲线。分别将空白试验溶液和试样溶液注入到ICP-MS中, 测定待测元素和内标元素的信号响应值, 根据标准曲线得到食品模拟物试样溶液中待测元素的浓度。按照给出的公式计算即可得出待测元素的含量。
1.2.2 不锈钢电热水壶材质测定
使用手持式XRF (Oxford X-MET 8000)测量了20批次不锈钢电热水壶的元素含量。首先, 将电热水壶的塑料外壳与不锈钢层分离, 使用无纺布将不锈钢层擦拭干净。使用手持式XRF光谱仪分别测量壶盖、壶嘴、壶体和壶底4部分的元素含量, 并进行材质分析。
1.3 数据处理
经过实验测量得到数据并记录, 并使用Word 2019制表, 使用Origin 2019b绘制多元素迁移量数据图。本研究中, 多元素迁移量数据为进行3次迁移试验, 根据标准使用第3次结果为实验最终结果。XRF实验数据为3次测量后取平均得到。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 多元素迁移量的测定
本研究不锈钢电热水壶中多元素迁移量的测定是按照GB 31604.49—2023中第二篇第一法测量的。迁移量测定元素有As、Cd、Pb、Sb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Mn、Al、Sn、Mo和Co 13个元素。不锈钢电热水壶经迁移试验后, 将浸泡液进行前处理, 采用ICP-MS测定, 以质荷比(m/z)定性, 使用外标法进行定量分析。如图1所示, 有一批次样品检出0.017 mg/kg Mn元素, 一批次样品检出0.012 mg/kg Al元素, 其余批次样品均未检出以上重金属元素。结果表明, 20批次不锈钢电热水壶均符合GB 4806.9—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品接触用金属材料及制品》标准要求, 具体情况如表1中所示。此次多元素迁移量测定实验发现问题样品批次为0, 问题发现率为0%。虽然检测结果显示, 两批次产品的Mn元素和Al元素迁移量均远低于GB 4806.9—2023标准规定的安全限值(Al≤1 mg/kg, Mn≤2 mg/kg), 但这些微量重金属元素的析出情况仍反映出不锈钢电热水壶在材料选用方面可能存在一定问题。后续实验使用XRF光谱测试结果分析此问题。
2.2 标签标识的检查分析
根据国家标准GB 4806.1—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》和GB 4806.9—2023来判定不锈钢电热水壶的标签标识是否合格。GB 4806.1—2016规定产品标识信息应清晰、真实, 不得误导使用者。产品应提供充分的产品信息, 包括标签、说明书等表示内容和产品合格证。产品标识内容应包括产品名称, 材质, 符合性声明, 生产者和(或)经销商的名称、地址和联系方式, 生产日期和保质期(适用时)等内容。GB 4806.9—2023中规定金属基材还应标示其材料类型及材料成分, 食品接触面有金属镀层的, 还应标示镀层材料。经检查, 20家生产企业中19家符合性声明内容不全, 1批次样品未标注生产日期。其余项目基本符合标准中的规定(除去不适用), 具体情况见表2。
由于不锈钢电热水壶不是生产许可证发证产品, 各省市的监管力度不同, 从而导致监管漏洞的出现。部分企业对标准的解读不够, 对产品的标签标识不够重视, 导致了该类产品的标签标识不规范现象仍然严重。本次风险监测中发现多数企业符合性声明内容不规范, 无法反映产品的实际情况, 增加了产品的质量安全风险。
2.3 元素含量及材质分析
在国家标准GB/T 20878—2007《不锈钢和耐热钢牌号及化学成分》中304不锈钢牌号为06Cr19Ni10, 其中06为碳(C)含量的质量分数要小于0.08, 18代表Cr元素的含量, 要求Cr的质量分数在18.00~20.00之间, Ni的含量为8.00%~11.00%。在市场上常见的标示方法有: 06Cr19Ni10和SUS304, 其中06Cr19Ni10为国标标准生产, SUS304为日本标准生产。316不锈钢(06Cr17Ni12Mo2)在304的基础上增加了Ni和Mo元素的含量, 密度更高、耐腐蚀性和耐高温能力更好。1Cr18Ni9在国标中的数字代号为S30210, C含量小于等于0.15%, Cr含量在17.00%~19.00%之间, Ni为8.00%~10.00%。1Cr18Ni9Ti中含有Ti元素, Ti含量通常为5C%至0.8%, 而1Cr18Ni9中不含Ti元素。此外, 两种材料的C、Cr、Ni等元素含量也略有不同。1Cr18Ni9Ti中的C含量一般较低, 这有助于提高其耐腐蚀性。以上所阐述均属于奥氏体不锈钢。在市场上也存在一种18/8不锈钢, 18/8指的是Cr元素的含量在18%左右, Ni元素的含量在8%左右的不锈钢材料。通常, 18/8不锈钢都被归为304不锈钢。
本研究中使用手持式XRF测量了电热水壶中各个不锈钢部件中的元素含量, 例如, Cr、Ni和Mn元素, 以及对不锈钢电热水壶中各个部件材质的分析。在本次XRF测量中, 将电热水壶进行切割, 分别测试壶盖, 壶嘴, 壶体和壶底的元素含量及材质分析。测量结果显示, 在所有批次的不锈钢电热水壶中均未检测到杂质元素: As、Cd和Pb元素, 符合GB 4806.9—2023标准(小于等于0.01%)。但是XRF测量也发现了一些问题, 如各部件用料不一致、实际用料与标注不符以及使用非食品接触用钢制材料(高锰钢)等风险点。下面对涉及的风险点进行具体分析:
由广东某电器有限公司制造的防烫系列电热水壶存在安全风险。不锈钢电热水壶的产品外包装、壶盖下侧金属部分以及壶内胆中均标注SUS304食品接触用不锈钢。经检测发现, 该型号电热水壶只有壶嘴部分为304材质, 其余部分(壶盖、内胆和壶底)均不是304不锈钢。检测结果与该产品的标签标注不相符。值得注意的是, 该型号不锈钢电热水壶中壶盖、内胆以及壶底中Mn元素的含量均在10%以上(具体数据见表3), 因此, 可以判断其壶盖、壶体以及壶底材质为“高锰钢”。此外, 在产品的说明书中也没有给出食品接触用材料信息。
在检测过程中还发现, 有些厂商使用非304材质的不锈钢作为壶盖。例如, 使用10Cr17材质的铁素体材质作为壶盖下盖部件。虽然这符合国家标准GB 4806.9—2023, 但这一点要在产品说明书中明确说明。同样的, 说明书中应体现本产品各个部件的用料材质, 并不应该将不同规格型号的材质都写到一个说明书中, 这会导致消费者无法判断买到手的不锈钢电热水壶的材质。总体来看, 20家企业生产的不锈钢电热水壶中, 有19家使用的钢制材料都符合国家标准, 这表明消费者可以放心购买合格产品。但是也有个别企业使用的不锈钢材质与标签标识不符、使用非食品接触用钢材, 这有可能导致食品安全问题。
3 讨论与结论
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本研究利用ICP-MS测量了20批次不锈钢电热水壶中多元素迁移量, 并检查了20家生产企业的标签标识。使用手持式XRF测试某牌电热水壶(在迁移实验中有迁出元素批次)的各个部件的元素含量。多元素迁移量实验发现某批次电热水壶Mn和Al元素有少量迁出。结合XRF实验结果发现, 商家使用高锰钢作为不锈钢电热水壶原料造成了少量Mn元素的迁出。由于不锈钢电热水壶的生产工艺简单、技术难度较低, 有关部门对生产企业的监管成为了不锈钢电热水壶产品质量安全的保障。在生产环节, 有些商家采购非食品级不锈钢用于制作电热水壶内胆, 非食品级不锈钢在使用过程中会有重金属迁出等风险, 长期使用会影响身体健康。有些商家使用非食品级不锈钢作为原材料, 在产品外包装和水壶内胆中还标注304不锈钢等标识, 存在欺骗消费者行为并违反了《消费者权益保护法》《产品质量法》和《食品安全法》等相关法律条例。另外, 在本次风险监测的20家企业中, 对其中8家开展产品风险监测。结果显示, 除1家符合要求外, 其余7家产品风险监测中的标识标签均不符合要求。这也反映了生产企业对标准解读不够详细, 不能按照国家标准及法规进行安全生产工作, 故生产的产品质量也无法保障。
在抽样过程中发现, 不锈钢电热水壶的生产企业主要集中在广东省和浙江省。建议在对不锈钢电热水壶风险监测中增加对生产企业集中省份的监测占比, 或对生产企业集中的省份进行专项风险监测。市场监管部门要对生产企业进行严格监管, 确保产品从原材料选择到制作工艺都符合国家和行业的标准。还应定期对市场上销售的电热水壶进行随机抽样检查, 一旦发现不合格产品, 立即采取召回措施。有关部门还应不断完善和更新相关的法律法规和技术规范, 为产品质量提供法律依据。对于违反规定的企业, 依法依规给予严厉处罚。通过上述措施, 可以有效提升不锈钢电热水壶的整体质量和安全性, 保障消费者的健康权益。
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250221004
  • 接收时间：2025-02-21
  • 首发时间：2025-07-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-21
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    1.天津市产品质量监督检测技术研究院, 天津 300384
    2.国家印刷装潢制品质量监督检验中心, 天津 300384

通讯作者:

* 吕建昌(1992—), 男, 博士, 主要研究方向为印刷油墨、食品接触材料及制品的检测新技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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