Article(id=1152687444592865978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702688, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702688, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702688, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702688, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687446056678125, articleId=1152687444592865978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of different storage conditions on physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds of stabilized rice bran, columnId=1152687436694995508, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of light and air on the storage quality and volatile flavor compounds of rice bran. Methods Fresh and high temperature and pressure steam stabilized rice bran were used as raw materials to investigate the effects of light and air on the changes of acid value, peroxide value, γ-oryzanol content, chromaticity and other physicochemical indexes as well as volatile flavor compounds during storage. Results During the storage process, light and air exerted insignificant influences on the acid value and γ-oryzanol content of stabilized rice bran, and had limited effects on the chromaticity indices L*, a* and b* values. However, they had a significant impact on the peroxide value. For the stabilized rice bran, the peroxide value could increase by up to 25 times in the presence of light and air. As the storage time extended, the types of volatile flavor substances in rice bran samples kept increasing. The treatments of avoiding light and vacuum could effectively prevent the generation of oxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. In the presence of light and air, the concentrations of aldehydes and ketones in the stabilized rice bran increased by 6 times and 26 times. Conclusion The acid value of rice bran stabilized using high temperature and high pressure steam exhibits minimal changes when exposed to light and air during storage. However, the peroxide value and its oxidation products increases substantially, this indicates that avoiding light and vacuum treatment is the key to extending the shelf life of stabilized rice bran, providing a theoretical basis for its storage and industrial application.

, correspAuthors=Qing-Hui HE, Guang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-Long GE, Bi-Hui PAN, Zhen-Cheng WEI, Zhi-Ming WANG, Li-Huang ZHONG, Qing-Hui HE, Guang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687459973378257, articleId=1152687444592865978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同贮藏条件对稳定化米糠理化性质及挥发性风味物质影响, columnId=1152687437265420855, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究光照和空气对米糠贮藏品质及挥发性风味物质的影响。方法 以新鲜及高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理的米糠为原料, 探究贮藏过程中光照、空气等对其酸值、过氧化值、γ-谷维素含量、色度等理化指标以及挥发性风味物质变化影响。结果 贮藏过程中, 光照和空气对稳定化米糠的酸值、γ-谷维素含量影响不显著, 对色度指标L*a*b*影响有限, 但对过氧化值影响显著, 稳定化处理后的米糠, 在光照和空气存在下, 其过氧化值最大升高25倍; 随贮藏时间延长, 米糠样品中挥发性风味物质种类均不断增加, 避光和真空处理则可以有效避免其醛、酮、醇等氧化产物产生, 而在光照和空气存在下, 稳定化的米糠其醛、酮类物质浓度分别提升至6倍和26倍。结论 高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理的米糠贮藏过程中酸值受光照和空气影响小, 但过氧化值及其氧化产物会显著增加, 表明避光真空处理是延长稳定化米糠货架期的关键, 为其贮藏及工业应用提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=贺清辉, 刘光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 贺清辉(1978—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为功能食品和保健食品开发。E-mail:
刘光(1988—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为谷物加工。E-mail:
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戈子龙(1993—), 男, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为农产品加工。E-mail:

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戈子龙(1993—), 男, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为农产品加工。E-mail:

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注: 不同小写字母表示相同处理方式下, 样品之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=2cAgD4OaAlIYLwZf5wMRuQ==, figureFileBig=lqHo1Rr8OES39/24gjlGlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272652083503810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444592865978, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of storage conditions on chromaticity parameters of rice bran

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色度参数 时间/d 组别
CK CK-VD SRB SRB-D SRB-VD
L* 0 76.80±0.01c 76.80±0.01c 70.42±0.01g 70.42±0.01g 70.42±0.01g
150 78.17±0.02a 77.83±0.02b 71.71±0.01e 72.21±0.02d 71.67±0.02f
a* 0 0.70±0.01c 0.70±0.01c 2.26±0.01a 2.26±0.01a 2.26±0.01a
150 0.66±0.01d 0.61±0.01e 2.06±0.05b 2.04±0.05b 2.04±0.02b
b* 0 19.70±0.04g 19.70±0.04g 22.86±0.02d 22.86±0.02d 22.86±0.02d
150 20.58±0.02f 20.76±0.02e 23.44±0.01c 23.64±0.03b 23.76±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1169272652179972803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444592865978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

贮藏条件对米糠色度参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色度参数 时间/d 组别
CK CK-VD SRB SRB-D SRB-VD
L* 0 76.80±0.01c 76.80±0.01c 70.42±0.01g 70.42±0.01g 70.42±0.01g
150 78.17±0.02a 77.83±0.02b 71.71±0.01e 72.21±0.02d 71.67±0.02f
a* 0 0.70±0.01c 0.70±0.01c 2.26±0.01a 2.26±0.01a 2.26±0.01a
150 0.66±0.01d 0.61±0.01e 2.06±0.05b 2.04±0.05b 2.04±0.02b
b* 0 19.70±0.04g 19.70±0.04g 22.86±0.02d 22.86±0.02d 22.86±0.02d
150 20.58±0.02f 20.76±0.02e 23.44±0.01c 23.64±0.03b 23.76±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1169272652297413316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444592865978, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of storage conditions on aldehydes in rice bran

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质 时间/d 贮藏方式
CK/(ng/g) CK-VD/(ng/g) SRB/(ng/g) SRB-D/(ng/g) SRB-VD/(ng/g)
醛类 0 108.53±7.65 108.53±7.65 878.70±29.78 878.70±29.78 878.70±29.78
120 5209.26±59.89 496.67±5.20 5261.54±189.32 1636.49±33.00 833.08±31.00
辛醛 0 ND ND 52.13±1.96 52.13±1.96 52.13±1.96
120 889.50±43.71 43.48±1.61 712.06±73.39 102.08±7.91 69.19±2.19
壬醛 0 108.53±7.65 108.53±7.65 423.58±17.97 423.58±17.97 423.58±17.97
120 2034.44±34.57 ND 1575.66±17.53 459.63±22.03 222.97±1.37
葵醛 0 ND ND 168.88±4.86 168.88±4.86 168.88±4.86
120 220.77±6.52 84.53±5.68 176.81±19.04 134.71±8.98 80.99±4.88
苯甲醛 0 ND ND 145.32±11.39 145.32±11.39 145.32±11.39
120 349.65±20.30 211.49±3.28 573.49±1.58 428.37±5.67 348.37±32.27
), ArticleFig(id=1169272652372910789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444592865978, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贮藏条件对米糠中醛类的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质 时间/d 贮藏方式
CK/(ng/g) CK-VD/(ng/g) SRB/(ng/g) SRB-D/(ng/g) SRB-VD/(ng/g)
醛类 0 108.53±7.65 108.53±7.65 878.70±29.78 878.70±29.78 878.70±29.78
120 5209.26±59.89 496.67±5.20 5261.54±189.32 1636.49±33.00 833.08±31.00
辛醛 0 ND ND 52.13±1.96 52.13±1.96 52.13±1.96
120 889.50±43.71 43.48±1.61 712.06±73.39 102.08±7.91 69.19±2.19
壬醛 0 108.53±7.65 108.53±7.65 423.58±17.97 423.58±17.97 423.58±17.97
120 2034.44±34.57 ND 1575.66±17.53 459.63±22.03 222.97±1.37
葵醛 0 ND ND 168.88±4.86 168.88±4.86 168.88±4.86
120 220.77±6.52 84.53±5.68 176.81±19.04 134.71±8.98 80.99±4.88
苯甲醛 0 ND ND 145.32±11.39 145.32±11.39 145.32±11.39
120 349.65±20.30 211.49±3.28 573.49±1.58 428.37±5.67 348.37±32.27
), ArticleFig(id=1169272652452602566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444592865978, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of storage conditions on ketones and alcohols in rice bran

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质 时间/d 贮藏方式
CK/(ng/g) CK-VD/(ng/g) SRB/(ng/g) SRB-D/(ng/g) SRB-VD/(ng/g)
酮类 0 ND ND 48.34±2.14 48.34±2.14 48.34±2.14
120 1377.92±18.83 221.64±2.43 1257.79±13.96 22.58±2.01 ND
3-辛烯-2-酮 0 ND ND ND ND ND
120 935.50±29.78 ND 1132.17±13.80 22.58±2.85 ND
醇类 0 ND ND ND ND ND
120 634.60±21.33 106.51±0.72 1490.23±48.64 ND 36.76±2.49
1-辛醇 0 ND ND ND ND ND
120 376.41±13.70 106.51±1.02 431.40±36.90 ND 36.76±2.49
), ArticleFig(id=1169272652519711431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444592865978, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

贮藏条件对米糠中酮类和醇类的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质 时间/d 贮藏方式
CK/(ng/g) CK-VD/(ng/g) SRB/(ng/g) SRB-D/(ng/g) SRB-VD/(ng/g)
酮类 0 ND ND 48.34±2.14 48.34±2.14 48.34±2.14
120 1377.92±18.83 221.64±2.43 1257.79±13.96 22.58±2.01 ND
3-辛烯-2-酮 0 ND ND ND ND ND
120 935.50±29.78 ND 1132.17±13.80 22.58±2.85 ND
醇类 0 ND ND ND ND ND
120 634.60±21.33 106.51±0.72 1490.23±48.64 ND 36.76±2.49
1-辛醇 0 ND ND ND ND ND
120 376.41±13.70 106.51±1.02 431.40±36.90 ND 36.76±2.49
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不同贮藏条件对稳定化米糠理化性质及挥发性风味物质影响
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戈子龙 1 , 潘碧晖 1 , 魏振承 1 , 王智明 1 , 钟立煌 1 , 贺清辉 2, * , 刘光 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025,16(9): 74-81
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025, 16(9): 74-81
不同贮藏条件对稳定化米糠理化性质及挥发性风味物质影响
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戈子龙1 , 潘碧晖1, 魏振承1, 王智明1, 钟立煌1, 贺清辉2, * , 刘光1, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所/农业农村部功能食品重点实验室/广东省农产品加工重点实验室, 广州 510610
  • 2.安利(中国)日用品有限公司, 广州 510000
  • 戈子龙(1993—), 男, 硕士, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为农产品加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 贺清辉(1978—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为功能食品和保健食品开发。E-mail:
刘光(1988—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为谷物加工。E-mail:
Effects of different storage conditions on physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds of stabilized rice bran
Zi-Long GE1 , Bi-Hui PAN1, Zhen-Cheng WEI1, Zhi-Ming WANG1, Li-Huang ZHONG1, Qing-Hui HE2, * , Guang LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Sericultura & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
  • 2. Amway (China) Daily-Use Commodity Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120002
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目的 探究光照和空气对米糠贮藏品质及挥发性风味物质的影响。方法 以新鲜及高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理的米糠为原料, 探究贮藏过程中光照、空气等对其酸值、过氧化值、γ-谷维素含量、色度等理化指标以及挥发性风味物质变化影响。结果 贮藏过程中, 光照和空气对稳定化米糠的酸值、γ-谷维素含量影响不显著, 对色度指标L*a*b*影响有限, 但对过氧化值影响显著, 稳定化处理后的米糠, 在光照和空气存在下, 其过氧化值最大升高25倍; 随贮藏时间延长, 米糠样品中挥发性风味物质种类均不断增加, 避光和真空处理则可以有效避免其醛、酮、醇等氧化产物产生, 而在光照和空气存在下, 稳定化的米糠其醛、酮类物质浓度分别提升至6倍和26倍。结论 高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理的米糠贮藏过程中酸值受光照和空气影响小, 但过氧化值及其氧化产物会显著增加, 表明避光真空处理是延长稳定化米糠货架期的关键, 为其贮藏及工业应用提供了理论依据。

米糠  /  光照  /  空气  /  贮藏品质  /  挥发性风味物质

Objective To investigate the effects of light and air on the storage quality and volatile flavor compounds of rice bran. Methods Fresh and high temperature and pressure steam stabilized rice bran were used as raw materials to investigate the effects of light and air on the changes of acid value, peroxide value, γ-oryzanol content, chromaticity and other physicochemical indexes as well as volatile flavor compounds during storage. Results During the storage process, light and air exerted insignificant influences on the acid value and γ-oryzanol content of stabilized rice bran, and had limited effects on the chromaticity indices L*, a* and b* values. However, they had a significant impact on the peroxide value. For the stabilized rice bran, the peroxide value could increase by up to 25 times in the presence of light and air. As the storage time extended, the types of volatile flavor substances in rice bran samples kept increasing. The treatments of avoiding light and vacuum could effectively prevent the generation of oxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. In the presence of light and air, the concentrations of aldehydes and ketones in the stabilized rice bran increased by 6 times and 26 times. Conclusion The acid value of rice bran stabilized using high temperature and high pressure steam exhibits minimal changes when exposed to light and air during storage. However, the peroxide value and its oxidation products increases substantially, this indicates that avoiding light and vacuum treatment is the key to extending the shelf life of stabilized rice bran, providing a theoretical basis for its storage and industrial application.

rice bran  /  light  /  air  /  storage quality  /  volatile flavor compounds
戈子龙, 潘碧晖, 魏振承, 王智明, 钟立煌, 贺清辉, 刘光. 不同贮藏条件对稳定化米糠理化性质及挥发性风味物质影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 74 -81 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120002
Zi-Long GE, Bi-Hui PAN, Zhen-Cheng WEI, Zhi-Ming WANG, Li-Huang ZHONG, Qing-Hui HE, Guang LIU. Effects of different storage conditions on physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds of stabilized rice bran[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 74 -81 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120002
稻谷是我国最重要的粮食来源, 我国的水稻耕作面积仅次于印度, 稻谷产量位于世界前列[1]。米糠是精米加工过程中的副产物, 占稻米重量的6%~8%[2-4]。米糠主要由种皮、果皮、胚芽、糊粉层和亚糊粉层组成, 富含多种营养物质, 如蛋白质(12%~16%)[5]、脂肪(12%~23%)、纤维素(8%~10%)、维生素等[6], 多种活性成分, 如γ-谷维素[7]、花青素葡萄糖苷、生育酚、没食子酸[8]及微量元素钙、铁、镁、锰、钾[9]、钠、锌等。从2016年起, 中国不断推进稻壳、米糠等农副产品的综合利用[10], 但目前国内对米糠的深加工水平仍然不高, 大多数都用作动物饲料和草木灰还田, 造成资源的极大浪费[11]; 另外, 米糠中不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富, 在内源酶的作用下导致米糠容易氧化酸败, 不耐贮藏[12]
目前, 一系列的稳定化方法应用于米糠等脂肪酶的钝化以延长其贮藏期。这其中包括化学法(盐酸、二氧化硫、次氯酸钙处理等), 如GOPINGER等[13]用2%乙酸丙酸混合物(1:1)处理米糠, 使米糠稳定性得到了明显的提升; 张开诚[14]发现添加3% Na2SO3能有效抑制米糠中的脂酶活性可延长米糠保质期; 化学方法虽然处理简便, 但可能面临食品添加剂合规性风险与二次污染隐患。生物法(木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶处理等), 如桂小华等[15]用木瓜蛋白酶及乙二胺四乙酸复合处理米糠发现处理后2个月内酸值上升明显减缓; YU等[16]制备了一种磁性固定化木瓜蛋白酶, 钝化处理120 min可使米糠中脂肪酶的相对活性降低80%; 尽管酶处理技术高效且无污染, 但其工业化应用仍受限于酶制剂经济成本与工艺适配性。物理法(高温高压蒸汽、挤压膨化、过热蒸汽、红外辐射处理等), 如YU等[17]用100 ℃高温蒸汽处理米糠60 min, 可使脂肪酶活性降低至36%; 虽然物理方法存在热敏性功能组分损耗等问题, 但其成本较低、无污染及工艺普适性等的特征, 使其应用最为广泛。
尽管一系列方法都被报道用于米糠稳定化, 但现有的方法并不能完全将米糠脂肪酶灭活, 这就意味着米糠在贮藏过程中的酸败变质仍有可能产生, 随着贮藏时间的增加, 米糠酸值和过氧化值会发生变化[18-19]。已有报道显示温度、光照和氧气等因素是影响米糠油脂氧化反应的重要因素[20]。温度可通过影响酶的活性继而影响米糠油脂氧化[21]。如周向辉[22]比较了不同气调包装, 发现体积分数为90% N2+5% O2+5% CO2包装的米糠抗油脂氧化效果最好。目前对稳定化米糠的研究多集中于稳定化处理方法[23]与米糠稳定化机制[24], 对不同贮藏条件下稳定化米糠品质变化的研究较少。因此, 本研究以新鲜及高温高压蒸汽稳定化米糠为原料[25], 探究光照和空气在贮藏过程中对其酸值、过氧化值、γ-谷维素含量和色度等理化指标的影响, 同时研究其挥发性成分变化, 明确贮藏条件对米糠食品品质及风味物质的影响规律, 以期为稳定化米糠的贮藏保质、米糠基食品开发及产业化过程中品质控制关键技术提供理论支撑, 并推动米糠资源高值化利用。
稻谷(美香粘2号, 广东海纳农业有限公司); 米糠(将美香粘2号经加工得到碾磨率为7%新鲜米糠)。
95%乙醇(食品级, 广东环凯微生物公司); 氯仿、甲醇、乙酸、石油醚(分析纯, 广州化学试剂厂); 碘化钾、氯化钠(分析纯, 天津福晨化学试剂有限公司); 正庚烷、硫代硫酸钠、无水硫酸钠(分析纯, 天津大茂化学试剂厂); 盐酸(分析纯, 天津大茂精细化工公司)。
YZM-M60X70BI脉动真空压力蒸汽灭菌器(广州市豪尔生医疗设备有限公司); Tecan GENios酶标仪(瑞士Tecan有限公司); 6890N/5975B气相色谱-质谱联用仪(美国Aglient公司); IKA T25高速均质机(德国IKA公司); Biofuge Stratos Sorvall高速冷冻离心机(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); UltraScan VIS型色度仪(美国HunterLab公司); EYELA N-1100旋转蒸发仪(东京理化器械株式会社); JLGJ45型砻谷机(浙江台州市粮仪厂); 08-2型恒温磁力搅拌器(上海梅颖浦仪器公司); BSA4202S电子天平(精度0.01 g, 上海赛多利斯贸易有限公司); LS-75HD高压灭菌锅(江阴滨江公司); FW80万能粉碎机(天津泰斯特公司); BLH-3500(降温型)全自动精米机(日本凯特公司); HP-5MS型(30 m× 250 μm, 0.25 μm)毛细管柱(上海希言科学仪器有限公司)。
稻谷经砻谷、除杂、碾磨得到碾磨率为7%的米糠, 粉碎过40目筛, 然后平铺在不锈钢筛网中, 厚度约1 cm, 通过脉动真空压力蒸汽灭菌器对米糠进行稳定化处理, 处理条件为121 ℃, 5 min; 随后再经粉碎机粉碎过40目筛, 混匀后储存于-80 ℃备用。
将处理好的米糠平均分为3份, 用自封袋分装封口作为实验组, 分别为稳定化组(stabilized rice bran, SRB)、避光稳定化组(stabilized rice bran-dark, SRB-D)和真空避光稳定化组(stabilized rice bran-vacuum and dark, SRB-VD), 同时以新鲜米糠作为两个对照组, 分别为未稳定化处理的对照组(CK)和未稳定化处理的真空避光组(CK-vacuum and dark, CK-VD)。为了更好地模拟实际生产环境, 贮藏期间未将米糠贮藏于特定的温度下进行研究, 而是将分装处理后的米糠样品放置在室温条件下(15~30 ℃)贮藏5个月, 定期取出样品测定一系列指标。
参照GB/T 15684—2015《谷物碾磨制品 脂肪酸值的测定》测定, 结果以中和100 g米糠中的游离脂肪酸所需KOH的毫克数表示, 单位为mg/100 g。
参照GB 5009.227—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》测定, 结果以1 kg样品中活性氧的毫摩尔数表示, 单位为mmol/kg。
使用UltraScan VIS色度仪测量不同处理组米糠的颜色。仪器校正成功后, 将足量的样品置于石英比色皿中, 放入样品架上测定, 其中光圈的直径为19 mm, 得到L*a*b*, L*表示黑白亮度, L*越大则表示越白亮; a*表示绿红色, 值越大则表示样品越红; b*表示蓝黄色, 值越大则表示样品越黄。
参考LS/T 6121.1—2017《粮油检验 植物油中谷维素含量的测定 分光光度法》测定γ-谷维素含量, 具体操作如下: 准确称取米糠样品0.100 g, 加入正庚烷溶解并定容至50 mL, 混匀后转移离心管中, 室温下200 r/min磁力搅拌1 h, 随后, 6000 r/min离心5 min, 上清液过0.22 µm有机相微孔滤膜后, 即得到谷维素提取液, 于315 nm波长处测定其吸光值。以γ-谷维素质量浓度(X, mg/mL)为横坐标, 吸光值(Y)为纵坐标, 进行线性回归, 得到标准曲线方程, 按式(1)计算γ-谷维素含量:
γ-谷维素含量/(mg/g)=$\frac{c\times V\times n}{m}$
式中: c为待测样品质量浓度, mg/mL; V为待测液体积, mL; n为稀释倍数; m为试样质量, g。
顶空固相萃取挥发性物质, 参照陈焱芳等[26]的方法, 并稍作修改。具体操作如下: 取3.0 g米糠, 倒入体积100 mL顶空样品瓶中, 加入18 mL饱和NaCl溶液, 加入转子后封好瓶盖。顶空瓶立即放入恒温磁力搅拌浴中, 平衡和萃取温度均为55 ℃, 平衡20 min再插入固相微萃取(solid-phase microextraction, SPME)纤维头, 然后顶空萃取45 min。
气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析挥发性物质, 参照陈焱芳等[26]的方法, 并稍作修改。具体操作如下: 色谱条件: HP-5MS型(30 m×250 μm, 0.25 μm)毛细管柱; 载气为高纯氢气(99.999%); 恒流恒压模式, 流速为1.7 mL/min, 压力为13.3 Psi, 分流比为5:1 (V:V); 进样口温度250 ℃; 升温程序: 初始温度40 ℃, 保持5 min, 以3 ℃/min升至185 ℃, 保持5 min, 以5 ℃/min升至130 ℃, 保持1 min, 以15 ℃/min升至230 ℃, 保持3 min, 总运行时间约为45 min。质谱条件: 电子轰击离子源(electron impact, EI), 电子能量70 eV; 传输线温度250 ℃, 离子源温度230 ℃, 四极杆温度150 ℃, 接口温度280 ℃; 扫描质量范围35~400 m/z
气相色谱-质谱/嗅觉(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/gas chromatography olfactometry, GC-MS/GCO)分析, 参照李国琰等[27]采用7890型GC仪配ODP-3嗅觉检测器进行嗅闻分析。提取的挥发性风味物质进GC后, 按3:1的比例分别进入嗅闻仪和质谱检测器[色谱条件: HP-5MS型(30 m×250 μm, 0.25 μm)毛细管柱; 载气为高纯氢气(99.999%); 恒流恒压模式, 流速为1.7 mL/min, 压力为13.3 Psi, 分流比为5:1 (V:V); 进样口温度250 ℃; 升温程序: 初始温度40 ℃, 保持5 min, 以3 ℃/min升至185 ℃, 保持5 min, 以5 ℃/min升至130 ℃, 保持1 min, 以15 ℃/min升至230 ℃, 保持3 min, 总运行时间约为45 min, GCO嗅闻加热温度为180 ℃。
利用SPSS 27对数据进行显著性分析(P<0.05), 采用GraphPad Prism 9.50绘图, 本研究所有实验重复3次, 结果均以平均值±标准偏差表示。
贮藏期间米糠中的脂类物质主要发生两种类型的酸败, 一种是水解型酸败, 另一种是氧化型酸败[24]。水解型酸败主要是由于米糠脂肪酶与油脂作用, 产生游离脂肪酸[28], 而氧化型酸败是油脂水解后生成的游离脂肪酸, 特别是不饱和游离脂肪酸的双链位置容易被氧化生成过氧化物, 经过一系列的连锁反应, 最终生成醛、酮、酸等小分子物质, 产生强烈的不良风味。这两种作用都可以导致米糠的酸值上升, 但以水解型酸败为主。因此, 通过测定贮藏期间米糠酸值的变化情况, 可以评价贮藏条件对米糠品质的影响规律。
图1为不同贮藏条件对米糠酸值的影响, 结果显示, CK和CK-VD在贮藏期间均呈现快速上升趋势, 其中前20 d呈指数迅速上升, 酸值分别达2732.49 mgKOH/100 g和2728.20 mgKOH/100 g, 均达到初始值(162 mgKOH/100 g)的16~17倍。继续延长贮藏时间, 酸值变化趋于平缓, 呈现缓慢上升趋势, 贮藏150 d后, CK和CK-VD组酸值分别上升至2962.64 mgKOH/100 g和2897.63 mgKOH/100 g, 前者略高于后者, 说明贮藏后期光照和氧气对未稳定化米糠酸值的升高有促进作用。未稳定的米糠酸值迅速升高的原因与其内源脂肪酶没有灭活有关, 杨剀舟等[29]也报道了相似的结论, 即未经处理的米糠酸值的增长均呈现先快速后缓慢的趋势。
相比于未稳定的对照组, 经高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理的米糠组样品(SRB、SRB-D和SRB-VD)无论有无光照和氧气, 其酸值上升幅度均远小于未稳定组, 且贮藏过程中酸值变化规律与对照组差异明显, 未见酸值指数型上升, 但随着时间的延长, 酸值也在缓慢增加, 贮藏150 d后, SRB、SRB-D和SRB-VD三组的酸值分别上升至238.22、234.65和237.63 mgKOH/100 g, 分别较初始值168.18 mgKOH/100 g提高了41.6%、39.5%和41.3%, 3组米糠样品酸值无显著性差异(P>0.05), 说明光照和空气对高温高压蒸汽稳定化米糠贮藏期间的酸值变化无显著影响, 该结果与RAMEZANZADEH等[30]的研究结果类似, 即在常温贮藏条件下, 真空包装对稳定化后的米糠酸值变化无显著影响。米糠稳定化处理后酸值升高的原因与高温高压蒸汽处理的米糠不能够完全灭活脂肪酶, 仍残留约15%的脂肪酶活性有关[25]
综上, 米糠贮藏期间, 避光真空处理对未稳定化米糠酸值增加有一定抑制作用, 对高温高压稳定化处理米糠酸值无显著影响; 高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理可有效抑制米糠酸值的增加。
米糠中油脂被水解后生成了脂肪酸, 后者更易发生光氧化或酶促氧化等油脂氧化反应, 从而产生对人体有害的氢过氧化物。因此, 探明光照和空气等因素对米糠油脂氧化的影响规律对于稳定化米糠的保质保藏具有重要借鉴意义。
图2为不同贮藏条件下米糠过氧化值的变化, 结果表明, 除了SRB之外, 其余组别米糠的过氧化值在贮藏期间均呈现先上升再下降的波动式抬升变化。这主要是由于贮藏期间油脂初级氧化反应生成氢过氧化物的速率与氢过氧化物分解或聚合为次级氧化产物的反应速率处在不同动态平衡之中。贮藏初期(<5 d), 油脂初级氧化反应起主导作用, 因此, 过氧化值逐渐增加; 而随着贮藏时间的延长(5~30 d), 大量氢过氧化物的累积会促进氢过氧化物分解或聚合为次级氧化产物, 当氢过氧化物的生成速率小于其分解或聚合为次级氧化产物的速率时, 则导致过氧化值的减小。这两个过程不断转化, 导致贮藏期间过氧化值出现波动现象[31]。对比CK和CK-VD发现, 避光真空保藏对于减少样品的氧化具有帮助, 这与高雅磬等[31]研究发现避光和尽可能少的与空气接触可抑制核桃油的氧化酸败的结果相符。
而对比3个稳定化处理的样品发现, 虽然SRB的过氧化值在贮藏初期也呈现先增加后减小的现象, 但在贮藏第30 d后, 测得其过氧化值远大于其他两组, 且在第40 d后略有下降后又呈现迅速上升趋势, 在120 d时达到最高为37.31 mmol/kg, 是其初始值(1.48 mmol/kg)的25倍, 直至150 d时开始下降, 此时过氧化值较其他组高出约7.6倍以上。造成该结果的原因可能是由于高温高压蒸汽处理后, 米糠原有的细胞结构被破坏, 油脂更容易暴露在空气中, 并且在光照条件下, 油脂更易发生光氧化和自动氧化, 且光氧化对含有不同双键数目的底物均能发生反应, 因此显著加快了氢过氧化物的产生。而对于避光处理后的样品SRB-D则未出现过氧化值显著升高的现象, 即光照对稳定化处理的米糠品质仍然影响较大, 贮藏过程中应该进行避光保藏。
米糠的外观、色泽是影响消费者选择的重要因素之一, 表1为不同贮藏条件对米糠色泽的影响, 结果显示, 稳定化处理的米糠较对照组a*b*增加, L*减小, 说明米糠经稳定化后亮度减小, 红色和黄色值增加, 这与高温高压稳定化处理促进了米糠发生了美拉德褐变反应有关, 使得色度值发生变化。
贮藏150 d后, 不同贮藏条件下各组米糠的色度参数L*a*b*均呈现出相同的变化规律, 即L*b*均增加, a*减小, 说明经过150 d贮藏后米糠亮度回升, 黄色值加深, 而红色值则减少, 从数值的变化来看, 变化幅度不大。因此, 上述结果表明, 光照和空气等因素对米糠贮藏过程中的色泽有一定影响, 但总体影响不大。廖梅吉等[32]采用色度仪测定储藏过程中热风辅助射频处理过的米糠的L*a*b*, 发现其没有明显变化。
γ-谷维素是米糠中重要的营养活性成分, 不同贮藏条件下γ-谷维素含量的变化结果如图3所示。随着贮藏时间的增加, γ-谷维素含量均呈现小幅度波动变化。不同贮藏条件下150 d后, 全部组米糠[包括: 未稳定化处理(CK/CK-VD)及高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理(SRB/SRB-D/SRB-VD)]中γ-谷维素含量较初始均无显著影响, 这说明在室温贮藏条件下, γ-谷维素对光照或氧气不敏感。该结果与张苏[33]研究结果一致, 即γ-谷维素在室温光照条件下具有良好的稳定性。陈玉[34]的研究也得出γ-谷维素热稳定性好, 在高温下不容易被分解。
采用GC-MS对贮藏期间不同组米糠挥发性风味物质进行分析, 检测得到的挥发性成分主要包括醛类、酮类和醇类等3大组分。
表23中分别为不同贮藏条件米糠样品在0 d和120 d的挥发性物质组成。未贮藏时, 高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理前后的两组样品分别检测出17种和23种挥发性成分; 贮藏120 d后, CK和CK-VD分别检测出了54种和48种, 而同时期的SRB、SRB-D和SRB-VD分别检测出了47种、42种和30种挥发性化合物成分。由此可见, 室温贮藏条件下, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 米糠中挥发性风味物质的种类逐渐增多, 其中高温高压蒸汽稳定化米糠的增幅远小于未稳定化米糠, 真空避光组(包括SRB-VD和CK-VD)的增幅也小于非真空不避光组(包括SRB和CK)。因此, 真空避光贮藏能够有效避免贮藏期间米糠挥发性风味物质种类的增加。这主要是因为真空避光条件下, 能够有效抑制氧化反应的发生, 而氧化反应通常被认为是生成挥发性风味物质的重要原因之一。
表2为不同贮藏条件下米糠样品中醛类物质随时间的变化情况, 由表2可见, CK中醛类含量较少, 但经高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理后, 醛类物质含量显著提高, 含量由108.53 ng/g升高至878.70 ng/g。醛类物质是由脂质氧化而产生的[35], 稳定化处理后其值升高说明高温处理对于米糠油脂氧化有一定影响。
贮藏120 d后, 醛类物质总含量均有所升高(除了SRB-VD略有降低), CK组醛类含量为5209.26 ng/g远高于同期CK-VD, 是其10.5倍; SRB中醛类总含量为5261.54 ng/g, 分别是SRB-D和SRB-VD的3.22倍、6.32倍, 是其贮藏初期(878.70 ng/g)的6倍。对比发现, SRB与CK在贮藏120 d后的醛类含量无明显差异, 说明稳定化处理并不能很好地抑制挥发性醛类物质的产生; 避光和隔绝空气能够有效地抑制挥发性醛类物质的产生。此结果与贮藏120 d后的过氧化值(图2)相符, SRB和CK组的过氧化值高于其他3组, 即避光和隔绝空气处理可抑制过氧化值的升高。非避光组与避光组相比, 非避光组的醛类的增幅明显高于避光组, 说明光照对醛类的生成有促进作用。对比避光组, 经过120 d贮藏, 不避光的CK和SRB中壬醛含量均有较大的升高, 壬醛被认为是脂肪氧化酸败的哈喇味的来源[36]
米糠经高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理后, 产生了酮类物质。不同贮藏条件下米糠中酮类和醇类物质含量如表3所示, 经过120 d的贮藏, 除SRB-VD组外, 其余组别均检测出酮类物质, CK和SRB中酮类物质含量最大, 分别为1377.92 ng/g和1257.79 ng/g, 而SRB-D含量仅为22.58 ng/g, SRB是其贮藏初期(48.34 ng/g)的26倍。米糠中富含不饱和脂肪酸, 受高温、潮湿及光照等影响可发生氧化分解产生酮类等次级产物; 酮类物质一般具有奶油香和果蔬香[37], 这是导致贮藏期米糠风味发生变化的重要原因之一。贮藏初期并未检测出醇类物质, 经过120 d的贮藏, 除SRB-D组外, 其余组别均检测出醇类物质, 其中含量最高的CK和SRB中醇类物质分别为634.60 ng/g和1490.23 ng/g, SRB-VD组虽然有检出, 但含量仅为36.76 ng/g。醇类多由微生物氧化分解作用产生, 一般具有花果香味[38], 醇类的增加预示着米糠氧化的发生, 这类化合物的变化可能会对样品气味品质产生影响。
上述结果显示, 米糠在非真空不避光条件下贮藏会生成更多的挥发性成分和有害物质, 而避光或真空条件下贮藏能够有效减少大量挥发性化合物的形成, 特别是对不良风味及有毒有害物质的效果更为显著。
本研究探究了光照、空气等因素对高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理米糠的酸值、过氧化值、色度、γ-谷维素含量和挥发性风味物质的影响, 结果表明, 贮藏期间内光照和空气对稳定化米糠酸值、γ-谷维素含量影响不显著, 对色度指标影响有限, 但对米糠的过氧化值存在显著影响, 即便是稳定化处理后的米糠, 在光照和空气存在下, 其过氧化值仍明显升高, 同时醛、酮、醇类物质大量产生。而避光和真空处理则可以有效防止其过氧化物以及醛、酮、醇等挥发性成分产生。因此, 研究结果明确了高温高压蒸汽稳定的米糠样品贮藏过程需避光、隔绝空气保存才能保障其货架期品质, 为米糠的产业化应用提供了理论和技术支撑。本研究从油脂稳定性、氧化程度、营养功能和外观品质4个维度探究了光照、空气对高温高压蒸汽稳定化处理米糠品质的影响, 但尚缺乏对高温高压稳定化处理条件进行系统性探究, 未来研究可进一步通过优化稳定化参数以提升米糠贮藏稳定性。
  • 广东省自然科学基金项目(2023A1515030242)
  • 广东省重点研发计划项目(2023B0202060002)
  • 广东特支计划项目(2019BT02N112)
  • 深圳市科技计划资助项目(KCXFZ20230731100704006)
  • 广东省农业科学院创新基金产业专项(202229)
  • 广东省农业科学院科技创新战略专项(R2023PY-JX018)
  • 广东省农产品加工技术研发中试公共服务平台升级建设项目(粤财农〔2024〕37号)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
基金
广东省自然科学基金项目(2023A1515030242)
广东省重点研发计划项目(2023B0202060002)
广东特支计划项目(2019BT02N112)
深圳市科技计划资助项目(KCXFZ20230731100704006)
广东省农业科学院创新基金产业专项(202229)
广东省农业科学院科技创新战略专项(R2023PY-JX018)
广东省农产品加工技术研发中试公共服务平台升级建设项目(粤财农〔2024〕37号)
作者信息
    1.广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所/农业农村部功能食品重点实验室/广东省农产品加工重点实验室, 广州 510610
    2.安利(中国)日用品有限公司, 广州 510000

通讯作者:

* 贺清辉(1978—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为功能食品和保健食品开发。E-mail:
刘光(1988—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为谷物加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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