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Article(id=1152687444504789758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702667, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702667, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687446853600059, articleId=1152687444504789758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis and chronic dietary exposure assessment of neonicotinoids pesticide residues in vegetables in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the residual characteristics of neonicotinoids pesticides in vegetables and the dietary exposure risk of residents in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023. Methods A total of 887 vegetable samples were collected from 17 cities in Hubei Province, and neonicotinoid pesticide residues were determined. Dietary exposure was assessed according to the vegetable consumption of residents in Hubei Province. Results The overall detection rate of neonicotinoids in vegetables in Hubei Province was 33.4%, and the exceeding standard rate was 1.58%. The top 3 neonicotinoids exceeding the standard rate were clothianide (1.01%), acetamidine (0.23%) and imidacloprid (0.23%). The top 3 vegetable varieties exceeding the standard rate were fresh beans (6.06%), roots and tubers (4.48%), and melon vegetables (2.00%). The results of dietary exposure assessment showed that the chronic exposure hazard quotient of different neonicotinoids in Hubei Province was less than 1, the chronic exposure risk was low. The cumulative exposure of 8 kinds of neonicotinoids accounts for 2.78% of the acceptable daily intake of the indicator compound imidacloprid, indicating a low cumulative exposure risk. Conclusion The chronic exposure risk of neonicotinoid pesticides through vegetables for residents in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023 is relatively low. However, there are cases of neonicotinoid pesticide residues exceeding the standard in vegetables, and the types of vegetables with excessive residues are different from those of traditional pesticides. It is suggested that relevant regulatory authorities further strengthen the supervision of neonicotinoid pesticides in fresh beans, root and tuber vegetables, and gourd vegetables.

, correspAuthors=Yong-Gang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bi XIONG, Xiao-Hong LIU, Qing-Qing YANG, Lin TANG, Sheng WEN, Yong-Gang LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687453119890417, articleId=1152687444504789758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留分析及慢性膳食暴露评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留特征和居民膳食暴露风险。方法 在湖北省17市州采集887份蔬菜样品, 测定其新烟碱类农药残留量, 结合湖北省居民蔬菜消费量, 进行膳食暴露评估。结果 湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的总体检出率为33.4%, 超标率为1.58%。超标率前三位的农药是噻虫胺(1.01%)、啶虫脒(0.23%)和吡虫啉(0.23%)。超标率前三位的蔬菜品种是鲜豆类(6.06%)、块根和块茎类(4.48%)和瓜菜类蔬菜(2.00%)。膳食暴露评估结果显示, 湖北省居民不同新烟碱类农药的慢性暴露危害商均小于1, 慢性暴露风险较低, 8种新烟碱类农药的累积暴露量占指示化合物吡虫啉的每日允许摄入量的2.78%, 累积暴露风险较低。结论 2022—2023年湖北省居民通过蔬菜的新烟碱类农药慢性暴露风险较低, 但蔬菜中存在新烟碱类农药残留超标情况, 且超标的蔬菜品种与与传统农药存在不同, 建议相关监管部门进一步加强对鲜豆类、块根和块茎类、瓜菜类蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的监管。

, correspAuthors=李永刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李永刚(1980—), 男, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:
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熊碧(1987—), 女, 博士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

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熊碧(1987—), 女, 博士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

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熊碧(1987—), 女, 博士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

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Journal of Food Safety and Quality, 2024, 15(19): 74-83., articleTitle=Investigation and analysis of pesticides residues in vegetables and fruits in Guangzhou from 2022 to 2023, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272550119977869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, awardId=2023YFF1104805, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104805), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272546265412407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272546269606712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, companyId=1169272546265412407, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Wuhan 430079, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272546277995321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, companyId=1169272546265412407, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖北省疾病预防控制中心, 国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430079)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272548811354986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Contribution rates of different kinds of vegetables to each pesticide exposure level, figureFileSmall=YA7QQY6hixdF7jHw2s7otw==, figureFileBig=El6lnv9bisQJRWts4q7OxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272548891046765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同种类蔬菜对各农药暴露水平的贡献率, figureFileSmall=YA7QQY6hixdF7jHw2s7otw==, figureFileBig=El6lnv9bisQJRWts4q7OxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272549008487279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Multiple response monitoring parameters of different neonicotinoid pesticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 定量离子 定性离子
母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/V 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/V
吡虫啉 256.1 175.1 17 256.1 209.1 9
啶虫脒 223.1 126.0 17 223.1 56.2 13
呋虫胺 203.1 129.0 6 203.1 157.0 2
氟吡呋喃酮 289.0 126.1 15 289.0 90.0 50
氟啶虫胺腈 278.0 173.9 10 278.0 153.9 30
环氧虫啶 323.2 126.0 40 323.2 151.1 25
氯噻啉 262.0 181.0 15 262.0 122.1 30
哌虫啶 367.2 137.1 25 367.2 306.1 30
噻虫胺 250.0 169.1 9 250.0 132.0 9
噻虫啉 253.0 126.0 17 253.0 90.1 45
噻虫嗪 292.0 211.1 5 292.0 181.1 21
烯啶虫胺 271.1 225.1 5 271.1 126.0 29
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549092373360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同新烟碱类农药的多反应监测参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 定量离子 定性离子
母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/V 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/V
吡虫啉 256.1 175.1 17 256.1 209.1 9
啶虫脒 223.1 126.0 17 223.1 56.2 13
呋虫胺 203.1 129.0 6 203.1 157.0 2
氟吡呋喃酮 289.0 126.1 15 289.0 90.0 50
氟啶虫胺腈 278.0 173.9 10 278.0 153.9 30
环氧虫啶 323.2 126.0 40 323.2 151.1 25
氯噻啉 262.0 181.0 15 262.0 122.1 30
哌虫啶 367.2 137.1 25 367.2 306.1 30
噻虫胺 250.0 169.1 9 250.0 132.0 9
噻虫啉 253.0 126.0 17 253.0 90.1 45
噻虫嗪 292.0 211.1 5 292.0 181.1 21
烯啶虫胺 271.1 225.1 5 271.1 126.0 29
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549184648050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ADI, cRfD and RPF of different neonicotinoid pesticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 ADI
/(mg/kg bw)		 cRfD
/(mg/kg bw)		 RPF
吡虫啉 0.060 0.057 1.000
啶虫脒 0.070 0.071 0.803
呋虫胺 0.200 0.020 2.850
氟啶虫胺腈 0.050 - 1.000
噻虫胺 0.100 0.010 5.816
噻虫啉 0.010 0.004 14.250
噻虫嗪 0.080 0.006 9.500
烯啶虫胺 0.530 - 1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549310477172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同新烟碱类农药的ADI、cRfD和RPF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 ADI
/(mg/kg bw)		 cRfD
/(mg/kg bw)		 RPF
吡虫啉 0.060 0.057 1.000
啶虫脒 0.070 0.071 0.803
呋虫胺 0.200 0.020 2.850
氟啶虫胺腈 0.050 - 1.000
噻虫胺 0.100 0.010 5.816
噻虫啉 0.010 0.004 14.250
噻虫嗪 0.080 0.006 9.500
烯啶虫胺 0.530 - 1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549377586038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Neonicotinoid pesticides in different types of vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别 样品
份数		 检出
份数		 检出率
/%		 超标
份数		 超标率
/%
叶菜类 362 146 40.33 3 0.83
茄果类 93 29 31.18 0 0.00
甘蓝类 131 18 13.74 2 1.53
瓜菜类 100 37 37.00 2 2.00
茎类 3 1 33.33 0 0.00
块根和块茎类 67 16 23.88 3 4.48
鳞茎类 65 28 43.08 0 0.00
鲜豆类 66 21 31.82 4 6.06
合计 887 296 33.37 14 1.58
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549444694904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同品种蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别 样品
份数		 检出
份数		 检出率
/%		 超标
份数		 超标率
/%
叶菜类 362 146 40.33 3 0.83
茄果类 93 29 31.18 0 0.00
甘蓝类 131 18 13.74 2 1.53
瓜菜类 100 37 37.00 2 2.00
茎类 3 1 33.33 0 0.00
块根和块茎类 67 16 23.88 3 4.48
鳞茎类 65 28 43.08 0 0.00
鲜豆类 66 21 31.82 4 6.06
合计 887 296 33.37 14 1.58
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549541163900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pesticide residues of different types of neonicotinoids in vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
类别		 样品
份数		 检出
份数		 检出率
/%		 超标
份数		 超标率
/%
吡虫啉 887 54 6.09 2 0.23
啶虫脒 887 65 7.33 2 0.23
呋虫胺 887 40 4.51 0 0.00
氟吡呋喃酮 476 0 0.00 0 0.00
氟啶虫胺腈 476 1 0.21 0 0.00
环氧虫啶 887 0 0.00 0 0.00
氯噻啉 887 0 0.00 0 0.00
哌虫啶 887 0 0.00 0 0.00
噻虫胺 887 112 12.63 9 1.01
噻虫啉 887 2 0.23 0 0.00
噻虫嗪 887 132 14.88 1 0.11
烯啶虫胺 887 21 2.37 0 0.00
合计 887 296 4.35 14 0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549608272766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

蔬菜中不同种类新烟碱类农药残留情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
类别		 样品
份数		 检出
份数		 检出率
/%		 超标
份数		 超标率
/%
吡虫啉 887 54 6.09 2 0.23
啶虫脒 887 65 7.33 2 0.23
呋虫胺 887 40 4.51 0 0.00
氟吡呋喃酮 476 0 0.00 0 0.00
氟啶虫胺腈 476 1 0.21 0 0.00
环氧虫啶 887 0 0.00 0 0.00
氯噻啉 887 0 0.00 0 0.00
哌虫啶 887 0 0.00 0 0.00
噻虫胺 887 112 12.63 9 1.01
噻虫啉 887 2 0.23 0 0.00
噻虫嗪 887 132 14.88 1 0.11
烯啶虫胺 887 21 2.37 0 0.00
合计 887 296 4.35 14 0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549666993024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Assessment of chronic dietary exposure to neonicotinoids in vegetables

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农药类别 样品
份数		 检测值/(mg/kg) ADI
/(mg/kg bw)		 Exp/(mg/kg bw) cHQ
最小值 中位数 均值 最大值 均值 P95 均值 P95
吡虫啉 887 0.0018 0.0050 0.0119 2.0700 0.06 5.00E-05 1.09E-04 8.33E-04 1.82E-03
啶虫脒 887 0.0006 0.0050 0.0161 2.9690 0.07 6.76E-05 1.48E-04 9.66E-04 2.11E-03
呋虫胺 887 0.0045 0.0050 0.0081 0.4030 0.20 3.39E-05 7.41E-05 1.70E-04 3.71E-04
氟啶虫胺腈 476 0.0033 0.0033 0.0043 0.1420 0.05 1.82E-05 3.98E-05 3.64E-04 7.95E-04
噻虫胺 887 0.0036 0.0050 0.0204 2.1500 0.10 8.55E-05 1.87E-04 8.55E-04 1.87E-03
噻虫啉 887 0.0015 0.0050 0.0041 0.0996 0.01 1.73E-05 3.78E-05 1.73E-03 3.78E-03
噻虫嗪 887 0.0019 0.0050 0.0171 1.5200 0.08 7.16E-05 1.56E-04 8.95E-04 1.96E-03
烯啶虫胺 887 0.0015 0.0050 0.0063 0.4970 0.53 2.63E-05 5.74E-05 4.96E-05 1.08E-04
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549767656324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

蔬菜中不同种类新烟碱类农药膳食暴露评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 样品
份数		 检测值/(mg/kg) ADI
/(mg/kg bw)		 Exp/(mg/kg bw) cHQ
最小值 中位数 均值 最大值 均值 P95 均值 P95
吡虫啉 887 0.0018 0.0050 0.0119 2.0700 0.06 5.00E-05 1.09E-04 8.33E-04 1.82E-03
啶虫脒 887 0.0006 0.0050 0.0161 2.9690 0.07 6.76E-05 1.48E-04 9.66E-04 2.11E-03
呋虫胺 887 0.0045 0.0050 0.0081 0.4030 0.20 3.39E-05 7.41E-05 1.70E-04 3.71E-04
氟啶虫胺腈 476 0.0033 0.0033 0.0043 0.1420 0.05 1.82E-05 3.98E-05 3.64E-04 7.95E-04
噻虫胺 887 0.0036 0.0050 0.0204 2.1500 0.10 8.55E-05 1.87E-04 8.55E-04 1.87E-03
噻虫啉 887 0.0015 0.0050 0.0041 0.0996 0.01 1.73E-05 3.78E-05 1.73E-03 3.78E-03
噻虫嗪 887 0.0019 0.0050 0.0171 1.5200 0.08 7.16E-05 1.56E-04 8.95E-04 1.96E-03
烯啶虫胺 887 0.0015 0.0050 0.0063 0.4970 0.53 2.63E-05 5.74E-05 4.96E-05 1.08E-04
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549830570886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Cumulative dietary exposure to neonicotinoids in vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 Exp/(mg/kg bw) RPF Exp吡虫啉/(mg/kg bw) %ADI吡虫啉 贡献率/%
吡虫啉 5.00E-05 1 5.00E-05 0.08 2.99
啶虫脒 6.76E-05 0.803 5.43E-05 0.09 3.25
呋虫胺 3.39E-05 2.85 9.67E-05 0.16 5.79
氟啶虫胺腈 1.82E-05 1 1.82E-05 0.03 1.09
噻虫胺 8.55E-05 5.816 4.97E-04 0.83 29.79
噻虫啉 1.73E-05 14.25 2.46E-04 0.41 14.76
噻虫嗪 7.16E-05 9.5 6.81E-04 1.13 40.75
烯啶虫胺 2.63E-05 1 2.63E-05 0.04 1.57
合计 1.67E-03 2.78 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1169272549918651272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444504789758, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

蔬菜中新烟碱类农药累积膳食暴露评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 Exp/(mg/kg bw) RPF Exp吡虫啉/(mg/kg bw) %ADI吡虫啉 贡献率/%
吡虫啉 5.00E-05 1 5.00E-05 0.08 2.99
啶虫脒 6.76E-05 0.803 5.43E-05 0.09 3.25
呋虫胺 3.39E-05 2.85 9.67E-05 0.16 5.79
氟啶虫胺腈 1.82E-05 1 1.82E-05 0.03 1.09
噻虫胺 8.55E-05 5.816 4.97E-04 0.83 29.79
噻虫啉 1.73E-05 14.25 2.46E-04 0.41 14.76
噻虫嗪 7.16E-05 9.5 6.81E-04 1.13 40.75
烯啶虫胺 2.63E-05 1 2.63E-05 0.04 1.57
合计 1.67E-03 2.78 100.00
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2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留分析及慢性膳食暴露评估
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熊碧 , 刘小红 , 杨清清 , 唐琳 , 闻胜 , 李永刚 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(9): 113-119
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(9): 113-119
2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留分析及慢性膳食暴露评估
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熊碧 , 刘小红, 杨清清, 唐琳, 闻胜, 李永刚*
作者信息
  • 湖北省疾病预防控制中心, 国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430079

    • 熊碧(1987—), 女, 博士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李永刚(1980—), 男, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:
Analysis and chronic dietary exposure assessment of neonicotinoids pesticide residues in vegetables in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023
Bi XIONG , Xiao-Hong LIU, Qing-Qing YANG, Lin TANG, Sheng WEN, Yong-Gang LI*
Affiliations
  • Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Wuhan 430079, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014007
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摘要
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目的 了解2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留特征和居民膳食暴露风险。方法 在湖北省17市州采集887份蔬菜样品, 测定其新烟碱类农药残留量, 结合湖北省居民蔬菜消费量, 进行膳食暴露评估。结果 湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的总体检出率为33.4%, 超标率为1.58%。超标率前三位的农药是噻虫胺(1.01%)、啶虫脒(0.23%)和吡虫啉(0.23%)。超标率前三位的蔬菜品种是鲜豆类(6.06%)、块根和块茎类(4.48%)和瓜菜类蔬菜(2.00%)。膳食暴露评估结果显示, 湖北省居民不同新烟碱类农药的慢性暴露危害商均小于1, 慢性暴露风险较低, 8种新烟碱类农药的累积暴露量占指示化合物吡虫啉的每日允许摄入量的2.78%, 累积暴露风险较低。结论 2022—2023年湖北省居民通过蔬菜的新烟碱类农药慢性暴露风险较低, 但蔬菜中存在新烟碱类农药残留超标情况, 且超标的蔬菜品种与与传统农药存在不同, 建议相关监管部门进一步加强对鲜豆类、块根和块茎类、瓜菜类蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的监管。

蔬菜  /  农药残留  /  新烟碱类  /  膳食暴露评估

Objective To investigate the residual characteristics of neonicotinoids pesticides in vegetables and the dietary exposure risk of residents in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023. Methods A total of 887 vegetable samples were collected from 17 cities in Hubei Province, and neonicotinoid pesticide residues were determined. Dietary exposure was assessed according to the vegetable consumption of residents in Hubei Province. Results The overall detection rate of neonicotinoids in vegetables in Hubei Province was 33.4%, and the exceeding standard rate was 1.58%. The top 3 neonicotinoids exceeding the standard rate were clothianide (1.01%), acetamidine (0.23%) and imidacloprid (0.23%). The top 3 vegetable varieties exceeding the standard rate were fresh beans (6.06%), roots and tubers (4.48%), and melon vegetables (2.00%). The results of dietary exposure assessment showed that the chronic exposure hazard quotient of different neonicotinoids in Hubei Province was less than 1, the chronic exposure risk was low. The cumulative exposure of 8 kinds of neonicotinoids accounts for 2.78% of the acceptable daily intake of the indicator compound imidacloprid, indicating a low cumulative exposure risk. Conclusion The chronic exposure risk of neonicotinoid pesticides through vegetables for residents in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023 is relatively low. However, there are cases of neonicotinoid pesticide residues exceeding the standard in vegetables, and the types of vegetables with excessive residues are different from those of traditional pesticides. It is suggested that relevant regulatory authorities further strengthen the supervision of neonicotinoid pesticides in fresh beans, root and tuber vegetables, and gourd vegetables.

vegetables  /  pesticide residue  /  neonicotinoids  /  dietary exposure assessment
熊碧, 刘小红, 杨清清, 唐琳, 闻胜, 李永刚. 2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留分析及慢性膳食暴露评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 113 -119 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014007
Bi XIONG, Xiao-Hong LIU, Qing-Qing YANG, Lin TANG, Sheng WEN, Yong-Gang LI. Analysis and chronic dietary exposure assessment of neonicotinoids pesticide residues in vegetables in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 113 -119 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014007
正文
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0 引言
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蔬菜是居民日常膳食中必不可少的食物种类, 蔬菜在种植过程中为防止病虫害, 保障蔬菜的产量和品质, 常常会喷洒农药, 农药是提高农业生产力的重要因素。然而农药在控制蔬菜病虫害, 提高产量的同时, 也会带来环境和健康风险。蔬菜中农药残留是最受关注的食品安全问题之一[1-3]。
新烟碱类杀虫剂是继有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类农药的新型杀虫剂[4-7], 是一类作用于昆虫神经系统突触后膜烟碱乙酰胆碱受体及周围神经, 使昆虫保持兴奋、麻痹而死亡的神经活性农药, 具有广谱、高效和高选择性的优点, 在全球范围内广泛使用[8-11]。随着高毒有机磷类及氨基甲酸酯类等农药逐渐退出市场, 新烟碱类杀虫剂的使用量大幅上升[12-14]。新烟碱类杀虫剂上市初期被认为对脊椎动物低毒, 然而最新研究证明新烟碱类杀虫对人类健康有潜在风险[15-19], 近年来的研究发现, 新烟碱类农药对哺乳动物存在潜在的毒性作用, 包括生殖毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、肝毒性、肾毒性和内分泌干扰效应[20-23]。由于其广泛应用, 新烟碱类杀虫剂在食品和环境中广泛存在, 其在食品中的检出率呈上升趋势。美国农业部报告称, 在几乎所有水果和蔬菜以及90%的蜂蜜样本中都检测到新烟碱类农药[24]。研究发现我国蔬菜和水果中普遍存在低水平的新烟碱类杀虫剂[4,9,25]。人群内暴露研究结果显示我国人群生物样本中新烟碱农药检出率超过90%[26]。我国GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和GB 2763.1—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中2,4-滴丁酸钠盐等112种农药最大残留限量》规定了多种蔬菜及其制品的新烟碱类杀虫剂最大残留限量, 然而超标现象仍时有发生。为了解湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留状况, 及可能存在的健康风险, 本研究结合2022—2023年湖北省食品安全风险监测中蔬菜中新烟碱类农药监测情况, 对蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的残留特征和膳食暴露情况进行分析评估, 为湖北省居民食品安全提供风险预警, 为食品安全监管提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样品来源
2022—2023年在湖北省17个市(州)的农贸市场和超市, 随机采集代表性时令蔬菜样品887份。蔬菜品种包括鳞茎类(大葱、韭菜), 芸苔类(卷心菜、西蓝花、菜薹), 叶菜类(大白菜、小白菜、菠菜、茼蒿、香菜、芹菜、空心菜、油麦菜、叶用莴苣、水芹菜), 茎类(茎用莴苣), 茄果类(番茄、茄子), 瓜菜类(黄瓜、苦瓜), 豆类(豇豆、四季豆、豌豆、芸豆), 块根和块茎类(山药、姜)8类蔬菜。
1.2 仪器与试剂
1290II-6495C液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪、Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(150 mm×3.0 mm, 1.8 μm)(美国Agilent公司); AL204分析天平[感量0.1 mg, 梅特勒托利多科技(中国)有限公司]; H2100R离心机(湖南湘仪公司); WH-2涡旋混合器(上海沪西分析仪器厂有限公司)。
甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司); 甲酸、甲酸铵(色谱纯, 上海安谱实验科技有限公司); 硫酸镁、氯化钠、柠檬酸钠、柠檬酸氢二钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); N-丙基乙二胺固相吸附剂(美国Agilent公司)。
1.3 检测方法
按照《国家食品污染物和有害因素监测工作手册》中《植物源性样品中12种烟碱类农药残留量的测定标准操作程序 液相色谱-质谱联用法》进行新烟碱类农药残留量检测。称取10 g试样于50 mL塑料离心管中, 加入10 mL乙腈振荡1 min, 然后加入4 g硫酸镁、1 g氯化钠、1 g柠檬酸钠、0.5 g柠檬酸氢二钠, 剧烈振荡1 min后4200 r/min离心5 min。吸取上清液至15 mL离心管中, 加入150 mg无水硫酸镁、25 mg N-丙基乙二胺, 涡旋混匀1 min。4200 r/min离心5 min, 吸取上清液0.5 mL加入0.5 mL去离子水, 混匀后过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 用于测定。仪器条件: 色谱柱: Eclipse Plus C18 (150 mm×3.0 mm, 1.8 μm)色谱柱。流动相: A相为水:甲醇=98:2(体积比, 含5 mmol甲酸铵和0.1%甲酸), B相为甲醇:水=98:2(体积比, 含5 mmol甲酸铵和0.1%甲酸)。流速: 0.4 mL/min, 柱温: 35 ℃, 进样量: 2 μL。电喷雾离子源; 正离子模式; 多反应监测模式; 离子源温度 150 ℃; 毛细管电压4000 V; 鞘气温度400 ℃、流速12 L/min。共监测新烟碱类农药12种, 包括吡虫啉、啶虫脒、呋虫胺、氟吡呋喃酮、氟啶虫胺腈、环氧虫啶、氯噻啉、哌虫啶、噻虫胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺。
蔬菜消费量数据来源于2018—2020年中国居民食物消费量调查中湖北省居民消费量数据。
1.4 判定依据
检测结果依据GB 2763—2021和GB 2763.1—2022进行判定。
1.5 膳食暴露评估方法
1.5.1 慢性膳食暴露评估
采用慢性暴露危害商(chronic exposure hazard quotient, cHQ)对蔬菜中单个农药残留暴露风险进行评估。计算如公式(1)~(2):
Exp=∑$\frac{{{\text{C}}_{i}}\times {{F}_{i}}}{\text{BW}}$
cHQ=$\frac{\text{Exp}}{\text{ADI}}$
式中: Exp为新烟碱类农药的慢性暴露量(estimated daily intake), mg/kg bw; Ci为第i种农药的残留量平均值, mg/kg; Fi为第i种蔬菜的消费量, g/d; ADI为农药的每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI), mg/kg bw, 来源于GB 2763—2021, 各农药的ADI见表1; bw为标准人体重(以60 kg计)。cHQ≤1时, 表明该农药残留对人体慢性暴露风险可接受; 若cHQ>1, 表明该农药残留对人体慢性暴露风险超过可接受限度。
1.5.2 累积暴露评估
采用相对效能因子法(relative potency factor, RPF)进行新烟碱类农药残留的累积暴露风险评估。RPF是一种用于评估作用机制相同, 但毒性潜能有差异的化合物的累积暴露评估方法[27]。
RPF将蔬菜中不同种新烟碱类农药乘以对应RPF值, 转化成指示化合物的等量物, 相加后即得到经校正后的累积暴露浓度。采用吡虫啉为指示化合物, 通过慢性参考剂量(chronic reference dose, cRfD)计算新烟碱类农药的RPF[4,14]。
计算如公式(3)~(4):
Exp累计=∑Expi×RPFi
RPFi=cRfD指示化合物/cRfDi
式中: Exp累积为8种新烟碱类农药的累积暴露水平, mg/kg bw; Expi为第i种新烟碱类农药的暴露水平, mg/kg bw; RPFi为第i种新烟碱类农药相对于指示化学物相对效能因子。cRfD指示化合物为指示化合物吡虫啉的慢性参考剂量, mg/kg d; cRfDi为第i种新烟碱类农药的慢性参考剂量, mg/kg d。cRfD来源于美国环境保护署, 各农药的cRfD和RPF见表2。其中呋啶虫胺腈和烯啶虫胺暂无cRfD, 其RPF指定为1。
Exp累积与指示化合物吡虫啉的ADI进行比较, 评价农药的累积暴露风险水平。
1.6 数据处理
采用Excel 2007进行数据录入, SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。当检测结果为未检出时, 对小于检出限(limit of detection, LOD)的未检出数据用1/2 LOD替代[28]。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 方法学评价
当称样量10 g, 定容体积为10 mL时, 12种新烟碱类农药的LODs为0.001~0.003 mg/kg。方法的准确度采用回收率实验进行评价, 空白试样中分别加入低、中、高3个浓度标准溶液, 计算3个浓度的回收率, 不同农药的回收率在93.9%~108.8%之间。通过6次平行试验的相对标准偏差进行方法精密度评价, 不同农药6次平行试验的相对标准偏差在1.7%~11.8%之间。所得结果均符合实验要求。
2.2 蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的检出和超标情况
湖北省2022—2023年共监测蔬菜样品887份, 监测12种新烟碱类农药。在12种新烟碱类农药中, 氟吡呋喃酮、环氧虫啶、氯噻啉和哌虫啶等4种未检出, 其他8种均有检出。887份样品中, 296份样品检出一种或以上新烟碱类农药, 样品检出率为33.4%。其中有14份样品超标, 样品超标率为1.58%。超标的农药品种为吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪。
2.3 不同品种蔬菜中农药残留情况
不同品种蔬菜中农药残留情况监测结果显示(表3), 不同品种蔬菜样品中均检出新烟碱类农药残留, 检出率较高的是鳞茎类(43.08%)、叶菜类(40.33%)和瓜菜类(37.00%)。
叶菜类、甘蓝类、瓜菜类、块根和块茎类及鲜豆类蔬菜中检出新烟碱类农药超标, 茄果类、茎类和鳞茎类蔬菜中未发现超标样品。超标率较高的蔬菜品种是鲜豆类(6.06%)、块根和块茎类(4.48%)和瓜菜类蔬菜(2.00%)。其中, 鲜豆类有4份样品超标, 包括2份豇豆和2份菜豆, 超标农药为噻虫胺(最大残留限量, maximum residue limit, MRL: 0.01 mg/kg)、啶虫脒(MRL: 0.4 mg/kg)和吡虫啉(MRL: 0.1 mg/kg)。块根和块茎类中有3份姜超标, 超标项目均为噻虫胺(MRL: 0.2 mg/kg)。瓜菜类中超标样品为1份苦瓜和1份黄瓜, 超标项目分别是吡虫啉(MRL: 0.1 mg/kg)和噻虫嗪(MRL: 0.5 mg/kg)。豇豆中噻虫胺超标现象应引起关注, 应持续加以监管。
2.4 不同品种农药残留情况
如表4, 监测的12种农药中, 氟吡呋喃酮、环氧虫啶、氯噻啉和哌虫啶等4种未检出, 其他8种均有检出。检出率最高的农药种类是噻虫嗪(14.88%)、噻虫胺(12.63%)和啶虫脒(7.33%)。
超标的农药品种为吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪。超标率较高的是噻虫胺(1.01%)、吡虫啉(0.23%)和啶虫脒(0.23%)。值得关注的是在新烟碱类农药中噻虫胺的超标率较高, 且在叶菜类、甘蓝类、块根类和鲜豆类蔬菜中均发现超标。宋韶芳等[8]的研究发现, 广州市蔬菜中噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉检出率和超标率较高。王兰兰等[3]分析了2022年湖北省市售蔬菜农药残留情况, 发现噻虫胺在新烟碱类农药中超标率最高, 其次是吡虫啉和噻虫嗪, 与本研究结果一致。
2.5 蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露评估
根据蔬菜中不同农药的平均含量和湖北省居民蔬菜的平均消费量, 计算在蔬菜中检出农药的慢性膳食暴露量, 结合ADI计算每种农药的cHQ。如表5结果显示, 湖北省居民不同新烟碱类农药的平均暴露量在1.73×10-5~ 8.55×10-5 mg/kg bw之间, cHQ在4.96×10-5~1.73×10-3之间, cHQ最小的是烯啶虫胺, 最大的是噻虫啉, 但均远小于1, 提示湖北省居民不同新烟碱类农药的慢性暴露风险较低。高暴露人群的暴露量在3.78×10-5~1.87×10-4 mg/kg bw之间, cHQ在1.08×10-4~3.78×10-3之间, 高暴露人群的慢性暴露风险较低。
不同种类蔬菜对各农药暴露水平贡献率结果显示(图1), 叶菜类蔬菜对新烟碱类农药暴露量的贡献率最大, 占总暴露量的28.9%~64.2%, 其次是块根和块茎类、瓜菜类、茄果类和鲜豆类蔬菜。
2.6 蔬菜中新烟碱类农药累积暴露评估
根据RPF, 结果如表6, 湖北省居民8种新烟碱类农药的累积暴露量为1.67×10-3 mg/kg bw, 占吡虫啉的ADI的2.78%, 远小于吡虫啉的ADI, 8种新烟碱类农药的慢性累积暴露风险较低。不同种农药中, 噻虫嗪的贡献率最高(40.75%), 其次为噻虫胺(29.79%)、噻虫啉(14.76%)和呋虫胺(5.79%)。吡虫啉、啶虫脒、氟啶虫胺腈和烯啶虫胺的贡献率在5%以下。主要原因是噻虫嗪的RPF较大, 其在蔬菜中的检出率和检出值也较高, 对暴露量的贡献最大; 噻虫胺在蔬菜中的平均检出值最高, 检出率和RPF也较大, 噻虫啉的RPF最大, 因此对暴露量有较大贡献。王锦铭等[25]评估了无锡市市售蔬菜中5种新烟碱类农药的暴露风险, 结果发现噻虫嗪暴露量最大, 其次是噻虫胺和呋虫胺。宋韶芳等[8]采用RPF评估了广州市蔬菜中6种新烟碱类农药的暴露风险, 结果发现, 新烟碱类杀虫剂的全人群日暴露量从高到低依次为吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒、呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺。不同地区各新烟碱类农药的暴露贡献不完全一致, 提示不同地区使用的农药品种可能有所异同。
3 讨论与结论
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本研究分析了2022—2023年湖北省蔬菜中12种新烟碱类农药的残留情况和对人体健康的影响, 发现湖北省蔬菜中存在农药残留检出和超标现象, 与国内其他地区研究结果类似。新烟碱类农药超标率较高的蔬菜品种是鲜豆类、块根和块茎类及瓜菜类蔬菜。而传统的有机磷类农药和氨基甲酸酯类农药超标情况主要集中在叶类蔬菜[29-31], 提示新烟碱类农药的监管重点与传统农药存在不同, 重点关注鲜豆类、块根和块茎类及瓜菜类蔬菜。暴露评估结果显示, 湖北省居民通过蔬菜的新烟碱类农药慢性暴露风险较低, 新烟碱类农药的累积暴露风险也较低。此评估结果与国内其他地区蔬菜中农药残留现状和膳食暴露结果一致[8,25]。
累积暴露评估结果显示, 湖北省居民新烟碱类农药的主要暴露来源是噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和噻虫啉。蔬菜中噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和啶虫脒检出率较高, 噻虫胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪存在超标现象, 提示应加强这几种农药的监管。
本研究采用点评估的方法对湖北省蔬菜中农药残留风险进行评价, 点评估的方法可能会造成评估结果的不确定性, 本次评估中累积暴露评估采用的是RPF, 但由于缺乏部分新烟碱类农药的RPF, 叠加计算累积暴露风险时可能存在一定的不确定性。另外, 本研究仅涉及12种新烟碱类农药, 未考虑其他新烟碱类农药和其他具有相同毒性机制的化合物对累积暴露水平的贡献。此外, 本研究仅考虑了蔬菜中农药残留, 居民农药膳食暴露风险还可能来源于水果、食用菌、茶叶等其他食品, 后续还需开展进一步的评估, 采用简单分布评估和概率评估等方法, 获取更全面的毒理学信息, 考虑不同暴露来源, 系统评价湖北省居民的农药残留暴露风险。
综上, 本研究中采用液相色谱-质谱法分析湖北省蔬菜中新烟碱类杀虫剂的残留情况, 采用RPF评估农药残留风险, 主动发现隐患。湖北蔬菜中新烟碱类农药残留风险在可接受范围内, 整体可控, 但部分农药存在超标风险。本研究分析了蔬菜中新烟碱类农药的暴露来源和贡献情况, 为精准监管提供科学依据。
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104805)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014007
  • 接收时间：2024-10-14
  • 首发时间：2025-07-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-14
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104805)
作者信息
    湖北省疾病预防控制中心, 国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室, 武汉 430079

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* 李永刚(1980—), 男, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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