Article(id=1152687444114715321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250207002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738857600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702573, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702573, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702573, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=248, endPage=258, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687445914071778, articleId=1152687444114715321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis and evaluation of pork quality in major market varieties from Shanghai Region, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To construct a quality evaluation system for the main-sold pork in Shanghai and analyze the appearance, texture, nutrition, and flavor indicators of different pig breeds. Methods A total of 95 samples of the longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from 7 boar breeds, including Pudong White pigs. Fifty-five parameters were detected. Correlation analysis and radar charts were used to determine the core indicators for quality evaluation. Results In terms of appearance quality, different pig breeds showed differences in indicators such as pH and moisture content. Shawutou pigs, Pudong White pigs and Shanghai White pigs had slightly lower water content, while Shawutou pigs had a high drip loss rate. Topigs had slightly higher intramuscular fat content. Correlation analysis showed that the water content was negatively correlated with 24-hour drip loss. Regarding texture, Fengjing pigs had high shear force, Topigs had high hardness. Correlation analysis showed that the shear force was negatively correlated with hardness and positively correlated with elasticity. In terms of nutritional quality, it showed that the protein content in Shanghai local pig breeds was higher than that in common Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs. Three-way crossbred pigs and Shanghai White pigs had slightly lower fat content. The proportion of essential amino acids was the lowest in three-way crossbred pigs. In terms of flavor quality, the total amount of umami amino acids in each pig breed was similar. Shanghai White pigs had a high content of cytidine monophosphate, three-way crossbred pigs and Fengjing pigs had a high content of uridine monophosphate, Topigs had a low content of multiple flavor-related nucleotides, and Shawutou pigs had a high content of adenosine monophosphate. Correlation analysis showed that aspartic acid was positively correlated with the total amount of umami amino acids. Conclusion A quality evaluation system for Shanghai pork can be constructed around 13 core indicators, including water content, conductivity, shear force, hardness, resilience, protein, fat, magnesium, potassium, selenium content, adenosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, and aspartic acid. In the future, relevant factors need to be comprehensively considered to construct a comprehensive evaluation model.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-Ping SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bo DENG, Rou-Han CHEN, Xiao-Jun YANG, Yu-Men ZHOU, Ying-Qing MA, Xiu-Ping SHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687465379836448, articleId=1152687444114715321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=上海地区主要市售品种猪肉品质的分析与评定, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 构建上海地区主售猪肉品质评价体系, 分析不同品种猪肉的外观、质构、营养和风味指标。方法 采集浦东白猪等7个公猪品种共95份背最长肌, 检测55项参数, 运用相关性分析及雷达图谱等方法确定品质评价核心指标。结果 外观品质上, 不同猪种在pH、水分等指标有差异, 沙乌头猪、浦东白猪和上海白猪的含水量略低, 沙乌头猪的滴水损失率较高, 托佩克猪肌内脂肪含量略高, 相关性分析显示水分含量与24 h滴水损失等呈负相关。质构方面, 枫泾猪剪切力较高, 托佩克猪硬度显著高于其他品种, 相关性分析显示剪切力与硬度负相关、与弹性正相关。营养品质方面, 上海地方品种猪肉蛋白质含量高于杜长大猪种参考值, 三元猪和上海白猪脂肪略低, 三元猪的必需氨基酸占比最低。风味品质上, 各猪种鲜味氨基酸总量相近, 上海白猪胞苷酸含量高, 三元猪和枫泾猪尿苷酸高, 托佩克猪多种呈味核苷酸低, 沙乌头猪腺苷酸高, 相关性分析得出天冬氨酸与鲜味氨基酸总量等呈正相关。结论 可围绕水分含量、导电率、剪切力、硬度、回弹性、蛋白质、脂肪、镁、钾、硒含量、腺苷酸、肌苷酸和天冬氨酸这13项核心指标构建上海猪肉品质评价体系。未来需全面考量相关因素, 构建综合评价模型。

, correspAuthors=沈秀平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 沈秀平(1980—), 女, 硕士, 正高级畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全的监测检测、畜牧科技创新和现代农业产业发展。E-mail:
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邓波(1982—), 男, 硕士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全预测预警和风险评估, 农产品营养品质研究。E-mail:

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邓波(1982—), 男, 硕士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全预测预警和风险评估, 农产品营养品质研究。E-mail:

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邓波(1982—), 男, 硕士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全预测预警和风险评估, 农产品营养品质研究。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry, 2022, 58(2): 65-68, 74., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of carcass quality and nutrient composition between Wulian black pig and DLY pig, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1169272774058061973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=9, pageStart=1, pageEnd=5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=59, authorNames=葛倩倩, 汤晓艳, 涂婷, journalName=肉类研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=葛倩倩, 汤晓艳, 涂婷, 等. 不同品种猪肉鲜味特征比较研究[J]. 肉类研究, 2020, 34(9): 1-5., articleTitle=不同品种猪肉鲜味特征比较研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1169272774112587926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=9, pageStart=1, pageEnd=5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=60, authorNames=GE QQ, TANG XY, TU T, journalName=Meat Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE QQ, TANG XY, TU T, et al. Comparative study on umami characteristics of different varieties of pork[J]. Meat Research, 2020, 34(9): 1-5., articleTitle=Comparative study on umami characteristics of different varieties of pork, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272769054257229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, awardId=沪农科(I2024004), language=CN, fundingSource=上海市农业科技创新项目(沪农科(I2024004)), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272764281139214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272764318887951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, companyId=1169272764281139214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, Shanghai 201708, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272764335665168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, companyId=1169272764281139214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272767372341305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Measurement results of appearance indicators of pork, figureFileSmall=II2DcGWg0GQyGf3MK7+NWA==, figureFileBig=QpQCBj4wMR5+3aHotI6/DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767439450170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=图1, caption=猪肉外观指标测定结果

注: #杜长大参考值源自《中国食物成分表(标准版)》第6版或文献提供, 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 下同。

, figureFileSmall=II2DcGWg0GQyGf3MK7+NWA==, figureFileBig=QpQCBj4wMR5+3aHotI6/DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767489781819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Radar chart of texture index, figureFileSmall=4w+VE/7kluJTMdFhgZpkgg==, figureFileBig=R9imQScpeZR+8R9aNuFyKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767540113468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=图2, caption=质构指标雷达图, figureFileSmall=4w+VE/7kluJTMdFhgZpkgg==, figureFileBig=R9imQScpeZR+8R9aNuFyKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767632388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of nutritional quality (fat, protein and trace elements) of pork, figureFileSmall=wEnuzeD0saGSp8Rf3Ku0LA==, figureFileBig=bQLRYY1jIZAaZAxfZnEtCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767699497022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=图3, caption=猪肉营养品质(脂肪、蛋白和微量元素)对比图, figureFileSmall=wEnuzeD0saGSp8Rf3Ku0LA==, figureFileBig=bQLRYY1jIZAaZAxfZnEtCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767774994495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Amino acid composition of pork, figureFileSmall=DtPQjLRCCl69A1XarIDacQ==, figureFileBig=WP0z9IPIE9PXlYd2o35SPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767842103360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=图4, caption=猪肉氨基酸组成图, figureFileSmall=DtPQjLRCCl69A1XarIDacQ==, figureFileBig=WP0z9IPIE9PXlYd2o35SPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767917600833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Radar chart of flavor index of different pig breeds, figureFileSmall=akP5K0cM4kcGHnU71cOYRQ==, figureFileBig=97GchNtDlBD2lRWZfKekfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272767980515394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同猪种风味指标雷达图, figureFileSmall=akP5K0cM4kcGHnU71cOYRQ==, figureFileBig=97GchNtDlBD2lRWZfKekfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272768076984387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main commercially available pork varieties, sampling amount, feed composition and nutritional index information in Shanghai

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
猪肉品种 宰前体重
/kg
样本量
/份
养殖周期
/d
饲料组成及营养指标
浦东白猪 85±5 11 180±5 基础日粮: 玉米(62.3%)、豆粕(22.5%)、麸皮(10.2%), 添加豆油(3.0%)、鱼粉(1.5%)
阶段调整: 粗蛋白16.5%~18.5%, 代谢能13.2~13.8 mJ/kg;
特色添加: 含发酵原料以增强风味沉积
嘉定梅山猪 85±5 20 170±3 基础日粮: 玉米(60%)、豆粕(25%)、麸皮(12%)
营养强化: 添加硒酵母(0.1~0.3 ppm)及免疫增强剂, 提升抗病能力
代谢能: 13.5 mJ/kg, 钙磷比1.2:1
松林托佩克 105±5 24 160±5 高蛋白配方: 玉米(65%)、豆粕(28%), 鱼粉占比提高至3%
促生长剂: 添加有机铬(200 μg/kg)改善饲料转化率
微量元素: 铜添加量≤200 ppm, 硒含量显著高于其他品种
金山枫泾猪 85±5 10 185±5 本土化配方: 玉米(58%)、发酵豆粕(20%)、米糠(15%), 添加中草药提取物(0.5%)
风味优化: 通过氨基酸平衡技术(谷氨酸+天冬氨酸≥2.8%)提升鲜味
崇明沙乌头 90±5 10 190±7 慢生长调控: 玉米(55%)、膨化大豆(18%), 添加纤维素酶改善消化率
脂肪沉积控制: 代谢能降至12.8 mJ/kg, 脂肪含量<15%
铁强化: 硫酸亚铁添加量提高至150 mg/kg
上海白猪 85±5 10 175±5 平衡日粮: 玉米(63%)、豆粕(23%)、麦麸(10%), 添加复合维生素(含维生素E≥50 IU/kg)
氨基酸强化: 赖氨酸≥1.2%, 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸≥0.65%
低残留管理: 严格执行停药期, 无镇静剂添加
三元猪 105±5 10 150±5 商业配方: 玉米(68%)、豆粕(24%), 添加复合酶制剂及植酸酶
高效营养: 粗蛋白18.5%, 料肉比2.8:1
低脂肪策略: 脂肪含量比地方品种低10%~15%
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768169259076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

上海主要市售猪肉品种、采样量、饲料组成及营养指标信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
猪肉品种 宰前体重
/kg
样本量
/份
养殖周期
/d
饲料组成及营养指标
浦东白猪 85±5 11 180±5 基础日粮: 玉米(62.3%)、豆粕(22.5%)、麸皮(10.2%), 添加豆油(3.0%)、鱼粉(1.5%)
阶段调整: 粗蛋白16.5%~18.5%, 代谢能13.2~13.8 mJ/kg;
特色添加: 含发酵原料以增强风味沉积
嘉定梅山猪 85±5 20 170±3 基础日粮: 玉米(60%)、豆粕(25%)、麸皮(12%)
营养强化: 添加硒酵母(0.1~0.3 ppm)及免疫增强剂, 提升抗病能力
代谢能: 13.5 mJ/kg, 钙磷比1.2:1
松林托佩克 105±5 24 160±5 高蛋白配方: 玉米(65%)、豆粕(28%), 鱼粉占比提高至3%
促生长剂: 添加有机铬(200 μg/kg)改善饲料转化率
微量元素: 铜添加量≤200 ppm, 硒含量显著高于其他品种
金山枫泾猪 85±5 10 185±5 本土化配方: 玉米(58%)、发酵豆粕(20%)、米糠(15%), 添加中草药提取物(0.5%)
风味优化: 通过氨基酸平衡技术(谷氨酸+天冬氨酸≥2.8%)提升鲜味
崇明沙乌头 90±5 10 190±7 慢生长调控: 玉米(55%)、膨化大豆(18%), 添加纤维素酶改善消化率
脂肪沉积控制: 代谢能降至12.8 mJ/kg, 脂肪含量<15%
铁强化: 硫酸亚铁添加量提高至150 mg/kg
上海白猪 85±5 10 175±5 平衡日粮: 玉米(63%)、豆粕(23%)、麦麸(10%), 添加复合维生素(含维生素E≥50 IU/kg)
氨基酸强化: 赖氨酸≥1.2%, 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸≥0.65%
低残留管理: 严格执行停药期, 无镇静剂添加
三元猪 105±5 10 150±5 商业配方: 玉米(68%)、豆粕(24%), 添加复合酶制剂及植酸酶
高效营养: 粗蛋白18.5%, 料肉比2.8:1
低脂肪策略: 脂肪含量比地方品种低10%~15%
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768299282501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Testing parameters and methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质分析维度 检测参数 检测方法
外观 pH NY/T 821—2019《猪肉品质测定技术规程》
肉色 NY/T 821—2019
滴水损失 NY/T 821—2019
肌内脂肪 NY/T 821—2019
导电率 NY/T 821—2019
质构 嫩度 NY/T 1180—2006《肉嫩度的测定 剪切力测定法》
弹性 质构仪
其他质构仪指标(黏性、咀嚼性、凝聚性、回复性等) 质构仪
营养 氨基酸 GB 5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》
脂肪 GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》
蛋白质 GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》
钾、钙、铁、微量元素等 GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
风味 鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸) GB 5009.124—2016
呈味核苷酸 自建方法(申请号/专利号: 2023113884781)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768412528710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

检测参数及检测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质分析维度 检测参数 检测方法
外观 pH NY/T 821—2019《猪肉品质测定技术规程》
肉色 NY/T 821—2019
滴水损失 NY/T 821—2019
肌内脂肪 NY/T 821—2019
导电率 NY/T 821—2019
质构 嫩度 NY/T 1180—2006《肉嫩度的测定 剪切力测定法》
弹性 质构仪
其他质构仪指标(黏性、咀嚼性、凝聚性、回复性等) 质构仪
营养 氨基酸 GB 5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》
脂肪 GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》
蛋白质 GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》
钾、钙、铁、微量元素等 GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》
风味 鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸) GB 5009.124—2016
呈味核苷酸 自建方法(申请号/专利号: 2023113884781)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768513192007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis of appearance indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分含量 24 h滴水损失 导电率 肉色L* 肉色a* 肉色b* 肌内脂肪
水分含量 1.000 (0.000***) -0.380
(0.000***)
0.091 (0.388) -0.258 (0.013**) 0.059
(0.575)
-0.179 (0.086*) -0.235 (0.023**)
24 h滴水损失 -0.380 (0.000***) 1.000
(0.000***)
-0.393 (0.000***) 0.149
(0.155)
0.185 (0.076*) 0.226 (0.030**) -0.145 (0.165)
导电率 0.091
(0.388)
-0.393
(0.000***)
1.000 (0.000***) -0.258 (0.013**) 0.029
(0.780)
-0.144 (0.169) -0.006 (0.956)
肉色L* -0.258 (0.013**) 0.149
(0.155)
-0.258 (0.013**) 1.000 (0.000***) -0.650 (0.000***) 0.667 (0.000***) 0.478 (0.000***)
肉色a* 0.059
(0.575)
0.185
(0.076*)
0.029 (0.780) -0.650 (0.000***) 1.000 (0.000***) -0.204 (0.050*) -0.637 (0.000***)
肉色b* -0.179 (0.086*) 0.226
(0.030**)
-0.144 (0.169) 0.667 (0.000***) -0.204 (0.050*) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.162
(0.120)
肌内脂肪 -0.235 (0.023**) -0.145
(0.165)
-0.006 (0.956) 0.478 (0.000***) -0.637 (0.000***) 0.162
(0.120)
1.000 (0.000***)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768588689480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

外观指标相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分含量 24 h滴水损失 导电率 肉色L* 肉色a* 肉色b* 肌内脂肪
水分含量 1.000 (0.000***) -0.380
(0.000***)
0.091 (0.388) -0.258 (0.013**) 0.059
(0.575)
-0.179 (0.086*) -0.235 (0.023**)
24 h滴水损失 -0.380 (0.000***) 1.000
(0.000***)
-0.393 (0.000***) 0.149
(0.155)
0.185 (0.076*) 0.226 (0.030**) -0.145 (0.165)
导电率 0.091
(0.388)
-0.393
(0.000***)
1.000 (0.000***) -0.258 (0.013**) 0.029
(0.780)
-0.144 (0.169) -0.006 (0.956)
肉色L* -0.258 (0.013**) 0.149
(0.155)
-0.258 (0.013**) 1.000 (0.000***) -0.650 (0.000***) 0.667 (0.000***) 0.478 (0.000***)
肉色a* 0.059
(0.575)
0.185
(0.076*)
0.029 (0.780) -0.650 (0.000***) 1.000 (0.000***) -0.204 (0.050*) -0.637 (0.000***)
肉色b* -0.179 (0.086*) 0.226
(0.030**)
-0.144 (0.169) 0.667 (0.000***) -0.204 (0.050*) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.162
(0.120)
肌内脂肪 -0.235 (0.023**) -0.145
(0.165)
-0.006 (0.956) 0.478 (0.000***) -0.637 (0.000***) 0.162
(0.120)
1.000 (0.000***)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768664186953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation analysis of texture indexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剪切力 硬度 断裂性 黏附性 弹性 咀嚼性 胶黏性 内聚性 回弹性
剪切力 1.000 (0.000***) -0.283 (0.006***) -0.151 (0.149) -0.071 (0.499) 0.426 (0.000***) -0.052 (0.618) 0.003 (0.979) 0.147 (0.159) 0.128 (0.223)
硬度 -0.283 (0.006***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.867 (0.000***) 0.397 (0.000***) -0.091 (0.387) 0.530 (0.000***) 0.514 (0.000***) -0.336 (0.001***) -0.129 (0.217)
断裂性 -0.151 (0.149) 0.867 (0.000***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 0.079 (0.450) 0.393 (0.000***) 0.424 (0.000***) -0.361 (0.000***) -0.187 (0.073*)
黏附性 -0.071 (0.499) 0.397 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.123 (0.242) 0.259 (0.012**) 0.202 (0.053*) -0.123 (0.239) -0.028 (0.788)
弹性 0.426 (0.000***) -0.091 (0.387) 0.079 (0.450) 0.123 (0.242) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.155 (0.139) 0.298 (0.004***) 0.087 (0.406) 0.198 (0.058*)
咀嚼性 -0.052 (0.618) 0.53 (0.000***) 0.393 (0.000***) 0.259 (0.012**) 0.155 (0.139) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.835 (0.000***) 0.414 (0.000***) 0.018 (0.864)
胶黏性 0.003 (0.979) 0.514 (0.000***) 0.424 (0.000***) 0.202 (0.053*) 0.298 (0.004***) 0.835 (0.000***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 0.317 (0.002***)
内聚性 0.147 (0.159) -0.336 (0.001***) -0.361 (0.000***) -0.123 (0.239) 0.087 (0.406) 0.414 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.181 (0.083*)
回弹性 0.128 (0.223) -0.129(0.217) -0.187 (0.073*) -0.028 (0.788) 0.198 (0.058*) 0.018 (0.864) 0.317 (0.002***) 0.181 (0.083*) 1.000 (0.000***)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768739684426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

质构指标相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剪切力 硬度 断裂性 黏附性 弹性 咀嚼性 胶黏性 内聚性 回弹性
剪切力 1.000 (0.000***) -0.283 (0.006***) -0.151 (0.149) -0.071 (0.499) 0.426 (0.000***) -0.052 (0.618) 0.003 (0.979) 0.147 (0.159) 0.128 (0.223)
硬度 -0.283 (0.006***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.867 (0.000***) 0.397 (0.000***) -0.091 (0.387) 0.530 (0.000***) 0.514 (0.000***) -0.336 (0.001***) -0.129 (0.217)
断裂性 -0.151 (0.149) 0.867 (0.000***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 0.079 (0.450) 0.393 (0.000***) 0.424 (0.000***) -0.361 (0.000***) -0.187 (0.073*)
黏附性 -0.071 (0.499) 0.397 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.123 (0.242) 0.259 (0.012**) 0.202 (0.053*) -0.123 (0.239) -0.028 (0.788)
弹性 0.426 (0.000***) -0.091 (0.387) 0.079 (0.450) 0.123 (0.242) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.155 (0.139) 0.298 (0.004***) 0.087 (0.406) 0.198 (0.058*)
咀嚼性 -0.052 (0.618) 0.53 (0.000***) 0.393 (0.000***) 0.259 (0.012**) 0.155 (0.139) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.835 (0.000***) 0.414 (0.000***) 0.018 (0.864)
胶黏性 0.003 (0.979) 0.514 (0.000***) 0.424 (0.000***) 0.202 (0.053*) 0.298 (0.004***) 0.835 (0.000***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 0.317 (0.002***)
内聚性 0.147 (0.159) -0.336 (0.001***) -0.361 (0.000***) -0.123 (0.239) 0.087 (0.406) 0.414 (0.000***) 0.342 (0.001***) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.181 (0.083*)
回弹性 0.128 (0.223) -0.129(0.217) -0.187 (0.073*) -0.028 (0.788) 0.198 (0.058*) 0.018 (0.864) 0.317 (0.002***) 0.181 (0.083*) 1.000 (0.000***)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768819376203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation analysis of flavor index umami substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天冬氨酸 谷氨酸 鲜味氨基酸总量 胞苷酸 尿苷酸 鸟苷酸 肌苷酸 腺苷酸
天冬氨酸 1.000 (0.000***) -0.007 (0.986) 0.765 (0.016**) -0.105 (0.789) 0.267 (0.488) 0.326 (0.392) -0.253 (0.512) 0.598 (0.089*)
谷氨酸 -0.007 (0.986) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.639 (0.064*) 0.346 (0.361) 0.121 (0.756) -0.138 (0.723) -0.337 (0.376) -0.181 (0.641)
鲜味氨基酸总量 0.765 (0.016**) 0.639 (0.064*) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.143 (0.714) 0.283 (0.460) 0.161 (0.678) -0.411 (0.272) 0.343 (0.366)
胞苷酸 -0.105 (0.789) 0.346 (0.361) 0.143 (0.714) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.205 (0.597) 0.642 (0.062*) 0.156 (0.688) 0.141 (0.718)
尿苷酸 0.267 (0.488) 0.121 (0.756) 0.283 (0.460) 0.205 (0.597) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.544 (0.130) 0.679 (0.044**) 0.140 (0.719)
鸟苷酸 0.326 (0.392) -0.138 (0.723) 0.161 (0.678) 0.642 (0.062*) 0.544 (0.130) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.529 (0.144) 0.637 (0.065*)
肌苷酸 -0.253 (0.512) -0.337 (0.376) -0.411 (0.272) 0.156 (0.688) 0.679 (0.044**) 0.529 (0.144) 1.000 (0.000***) -0.049 (0.900)
腺苷酸 0.598 (0.089*) -0.181 (0.641) 0.343 (0.366) 0.141 (0.718) 0.140 (0.719) 0.637 (0.065*) -0.049 (0.900) 1.000 (0.000***)
), ArticleFig(id=1169272768907456588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444114715321, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

风味指标鲜味物质相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天冬氨酸 谷氨酸 鲜味氨基酸总量 胞苷酸 尿苷酸 鸟苷酸 肌苷酸 腺苷酸
天冬氨酸 1.000 (0.000***) -0.007 (0.986) 0.765 (0.016**) -0.105 (0.789) 0.267 (0.488) 0.326 (0.392) -0.253 (0.512) 0.598 (0.089*)
谷氨酸 -0.007 (0.986) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.639 (0.064*) 0.346 (0.361) 0.121 (0.756) -0.138 (0.723) -0.337 (0.376) -0.181 (0.641)
鲜味氨基酸总量 0.765 (0.016**) 0.639 (0.064*) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.143 (0.714) 0.283 (0.460) 0.161 (0.678) -0.411 (0.272) 0.343 (0.366)
胞苷酸 -0.105 (0.789) 0.346 (0.361) 0.143 (0.714) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.205 (0.597) 0.642 (0.062*) 0.156 (0.688) 0.141 (0.718)
尿苷酸 0.267 (0.488) 0.121 (0.756) 0.283 (0.460) 0.205 (0.597) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.544 (0.130) 0.679 (0.044**) 0.140 (0.719)
鸟苷酸 0.326 (0.392) -0.138 (0.723) 0.161 (0.678) 0.642 (0.062*) 0.544 (0.130) 1.000 (0.000***) 0.529 (0.144) 0.637 (0.065*)
肌苷酸 -0.253 (0.512) -0.337 (0.376) -0.411 (0.272) 0.156 (0.688) 0.679 (0.044**) 0.529 (0.144) 1.000 (0.000***) -0.049 (0.900)
腺苷酸 0.598 (0.089*) -0.181 (0.641) 0.343 (0.366) 0.141 (0.718) 0.140 (0.719) 0.637 (0.065*) -0.049 (0.900) 1.000 (0.000***)
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上海地区主要市售品种猪肉品质的分析与评定
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邓波 , 陈柔含 , 杨晓君 , 周雨璊 , 马颖清 , 沈秀平 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(9): 248-258
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(9): 248-258
上海地区主要市售品种猪肉品质的分析与评定
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邓波 , 陈柔含, 杨晓君, 周雨璊, 马颖清, 沈秀平*
作者信息
  • 上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708
  • 邓波(1982—), 男, 硕士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全预测预警和风险评估, 农产品营养品质研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 沈秀平(1980—), 女, 硕士, 正高级畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全的监测检测、畜牧科技创新和现代农业产业发展。E-mail:
Analysis and evaluation of pork quality in major market varieties from Shanghai Region
Bo DENG , Rou-Han CHEN, Xiao-Jun YANG, Yu-Men ZHOU, Ying-Qing MA, Xiu-Ping SHEN*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, Shanghai 201708, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250207002
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目的 构建上海地区主售猪肉品质评价体系, 分析不同品种猪肉的外观、质构、营养和风味指标。方法 采集浦东白猪等7个公猪品种共95份背最长肌, 检测55项参数, 运用相关性分析及雷达图谱等方法确定品质评价核心指标。结果 外观品质上, 不同猪种在pH、水分等指标有差异, 沙乌头猪、浦东白猪和上海白猪的含水量略低, 沙乌头猪的滴水损失率较高, 托佩克猪肌内脂肪含量略高, 相关性分析显示水分含量与24 h滴水损失等呈负相关。质构方面, 枫泾猪剪切力较高, 托佩克猪硬度显著高于其他品种, 相关性分析显示剪切力与硬度负相关、与弹性正相关。营养品质方面, 上海地方品种猪肉蛋白质含量高于杜长大猪种参考值, 三元猪和上海白猪脂肪略低, 三元猪的必需氨基酸占比最低。风味品质上, 各猪种鲜味氨基酸总量相近, 上海白猪胞苷酸含量高, 三元猪和枫泾猪尿苷酸高, 托佩克猪多种呈味核苷酸低, 沙乌头猪腺苷酸高, 相关性分析得出天冬氨酸与鲜味氨基酸总量等呈正相关。结论 可围绕水分含量、导电率、剪切力、硬度、回弹性、蛋白质、脂肪、镁、钾、硒含量、腺苷酸、肌苷酸和天冬氨酸这13项核心指标构建上海猪肉品质评价体系。未来需全面考量相关因素, 构建综合评价模型。

猪肉品质  /  评价体系  /  背最长肌  /  核心指标  /  相关性分析

Objective To construct a quality evaluation system for the main-sold pork in Shanghai and analyze the appearance, texture, nutrition, and flavor indicators of different pig breeds. Methods A total of 95 samples of the longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from 7 boar breeds, including Pudong White pigs. Fifty-five parameters were detected. Correlation analysis and radar charts were used to determine the core indicators for quality evaluation. Results In terms of appearance quality, different pig breeds showed differences in indicators such as pH and moisture content. Shawutou pigs, Pudong White pigs and Shanghai White pigs had slightly lower water content, while Shawutou pigs had a high drip loss rate. Topigs had slightly higher intramuscular fat content. Correlation analysis showed that the water content was negatively correlated with 24-hour drip loss. Regarding texture, Fengjing pigs had high shear force, Topigs had high hardness. Correlation analysis showed that the shear force was negatively correlated with hardness and positively correlated with elasticity. In terms of nutritional quality, it showed that the protein content in Shanghai local pig breeds was higher than that in common Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs. Three-way crossbred pigs and Shanghai White pigs had slightly lower fat content. The proportion of essential amino acids was the lowest in three-way crossbred pigs. In terms of flavor quality, the total amount of umami amino acids in each pig breed was similar. Shanghai White pigs had a high content of cytidine monophosphate, three-way crossbred pigs and Fengjing pigs had a high content of uridine monophosphate, Topigs had a low content of multiple flavor-related nucleotides, and Shawutou pigs had a high content of adenosine monophosphate. Correlation analysis showed that aspartic acid was positively correlated with the total amount of umami amino acids. Conclusion A quality evaluation system for Shanghai pork can be constructed around 13 core indicators, including water content, conductivity, shear force, hardness, resilience, protein, fat, magnesium, potassium, selenium content, adenosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, and aspartic acid. In the future, relevant factors need to be comprehensively considered to construct a comprehensive evaluation model.

pork quality  /  evaluation system  /  longissimus dorsi muscle  /  core indicators  /  correlation analysis
邓波, 陈柔含, 杨晓君, 周雨璊, 马颖清, 沈秀平. 上海地区主要市售品种猪肉品质的分析与评定. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 248 -258 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250207002
Bo DENG, Rou-Han CHEN, Xiao-Jun YANG, Yu-Men ZHOU, Ying-Qing MA, Xiu-Ping SHEN. Analysis and evaluation of pork quality in major market varieties from Shanghai Region[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 248 -258 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250207002
猪肉作为我国居民日常生活中不可或缺的重要食材, 其消费占比在各类肉类中始终占据领先地位[1]。近年来, 随着消费者对美食体验的追求日益提升, 不仅对口感的细腻与丰富性有着更高的期待, 同时也对猪肉的品质提出了更为严格和多样化的要求[2-4]。然而, 相较于这一趋势, 针对地域特色猪肉品质的评价方法和体系研究却显得相对滞后, 未能充分满足市场需求[5-7]。因此, 深入研究并确定能够反映优质地域特色猪肉品质的关键性评价指标, 并在此基础上针对上海地区构建一套完善的地域特色猪肉品质评价体系显得尤为迫切。该评价体系的确立将对上海生猪产业发展具有十分重要的现实意义。
猪肉的品质评价全面且系统化, 涵盖了多个关键性的评估指标。外观作为评判肉质优劣最为直观的指标, 与肉品的生物学特性、化学成分变化以及微生物状态等紧密相连, 是初步判断肉品新鲜度与整体质量的重要依据[8]; 质构特性则是衡量猪肉口感的核心要素之一, 通过采用质构多面剖析法, 能够实现对肉品质特征的客观、精准量化分析, 这一科学方法有效补充了主观感官评价的不足, 确保了评价的准确性和可靠性[9]; 营养指标包含了宏量营养素、微量元素、氨基酸等多种类别, 这些指标不仅直接关联到肉品的营养价值, 还深刻影响着猪肉的风味特征, 对于维持人体健康与营养平衡具有不可忽视的重要意义[10-11]; 此外, 鲜味作为猪肉风味的重要组成部分, 主要来源于氨基酸类物质和核苷酸类物质。其中, 天冬氨酸和谷氨酸作为关键鲜味氨基酸, 对于猪肉鲜味的形成与提升具有尤为重要的作用[12], 因此, 风味指标的确立为科学评价猪肉鲜味的优劣提供了有力的依据, 进一步丰富了猪肉品质评价的维度。
系统而全面地评价不同品种猪肉品质指标, 深入探究各维度指标间的相互关联及内在规律, 对于构建科学、综合的肉品质评价体系具有至关重要的意义。鉴于此, 本研究通过分析不同品种猪肉的外观、质构、营养和风味4个维度, 旨在挖掘猪肉品质评价中的多重关键性指标, 以期为地产特色猪肉品质挖掘分析和资源筛选工作提供科学依据和理论支撑。
在屠宰场采集浦东白猪、嘉定梅山猪、松林托佩克、崇明沙乌头、上海白猪、金山枫泾猪、三元猪等[13]7个公猪品种的背最长肌, 宰前活猪体重、样本量及饲料组成及营养指标见表1。采样操作于屠宰后40 min内完成, 在无菌条件下采集约200 g肌肉组织样本, 立即置于4 ℃保存箱中运输至实验室, -80 ℃超低温冰箱冻存备用。
钾、钙、铁、微量元素等标准溶液(纯度≥1000 μg/mL, 美国Inorganic Ventures公司); 缬氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸等18种氨基酸混合标准物(浓度2.5 mmol/mL, 美国Sigma公司); 肌苷酸、腺苷酸、尿苷酸、鸟苷酸、胞苷酸(纯度≥95%, 德国Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH公司)。
盐酸、氢氧化钾、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、氢氧化钠(分析纯, 德国Merck公司); 盐酸标准滴定溶液(浓度0.1 mol/L, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 溴甲酚绿、甲基红(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 乙醚、石油醚、甲醇(优级纯, 美国Sigma公司); 高氯酸、磷酸(分析纯, 美国Sigma公司); 实验用水为超纯水。
MEMMERT UF260高温烘箱(德国MEMMERT公司); PB-10 pH计[赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; TA.new plus质构仪(法国Isenso Group公司); WSC-S型色差计(上海仪电物理光学仪器有限公司); DDSJ-308A电导率仪(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司); Foss全自动凯氏定氮仪、Foss脂肪测定仪(丹麦福斯分析仪器公司); S-433Dsp氨基酸分析仪(德国SYKAM公司); PE 350X ICP-MS[铂金埃尔默仪器(上海)有限公司]; Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪(配紫外检测器, 美国Agilent公司); Thermo Heraeus X1R高速冷冻离心机(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); CP214电子天平[精度0.1 mg, 奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司]; Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国Millipore公司); VM-B涡旋混合器[中国信钰仪器(北京)有限公司]; T18均质仪(德国IKA艾卡集团)。
检测参数从外观、质构、营养、风味4个维度考虑, 其中外观检测指标包括肉色、滴水损失、肌内脂肪、导电率4个参数; 质构检测指标包括嫩度、弹性、其他质构仪指标(黏性、咀嚼性、凝聚性、回复性等)6个参数; 营养检测指标包括氨基酸、脂肪、蛋白质、钾、钙、铁等40项参数; 风味检测指标包括鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸)、呈味核苷酸等5项参数, 共计55项参数。各项指标检测说明及方法如表2所示。
所有检测结果均以平均数±标准偏差表示, 使用Excel 2021和SPSS 22.0统计软件对数据进行分析, 显著性水平设置为0.05, 用Origin 2022软件作图。
外观能够直观地反映出猪肉品质并影响消费者的选择, 利用好外观指标, 有助于搭建与营养、质构和风味相关的多维评价体系。本研究对共计95批次猪肉样品的外观品质进行测定, 测定指标包括pH、水分含量、24 h滴水损失、导电率、肉色L*(亮度)、肉色a*(红绿度)、肉色b*(黄蓝度)、肌内脂肪, 测定结果见图1
根据不同猪肉样品的pH现场采样测定结果可知, pH范围为5.50~6.95。水分含量方面, 沙乌头猪、浦东白猪和上海白猪的含水量低于其他猪种和杜长大均值; 梅山猪和枫泾猪则明显较高。滴水损失率方面, 沙乌头猪的滴水损失率高于其他猪肉。导电率方面, 浦东白猪和枫泾猪的导电率显著高于其他猪种。肉色方面, 所有猪肉样品均为红度和黄度, 呈正常颜色, 其中沙乌头猪和上海白猪的颜色亮于其他品种, 枫泾猪的红度高于其他猪种, 黄度上三元猪和枫泾猪的色度略低, 其他猪种较为一致。肌肉脂肪方面, 托佩克猪的肌肉脂肪含量略高于其他猪种及杜长大品种的参考值, 绿色养殖模式下的托佩克猪猪种的肌内脂肪含量要显著高于非绿色养殖模式下的猪肉。
为进一步探究各项外观指标之间的相关性, 采用了Pearson相关性分析(表3)。对两类数据间是否存在显著性关系进行检验, 根据P值判断是否呈现显著性(P<0.05), 若呈现显著性, 则说明两变量之间存在相关性; 反之, 则两变量之间不存在相关性。结果表明, 水分含量与24 h滴水损失、肉色L*、肉色b*、肌内脂肪呈负相关; 24 h滴水损失与导电率呈负相关, 与肉色L*、肉色a*、肉色b*呈正相关; 导电率与肉色L*、肉色b*均呈负相关; 肉色L*与肉色b*呈正相关; 肉色a*与肉色b*、肌内脂肪呈负相关; 肉色b*与肌内脂肪呈正相关。
质构特性是衡量肉与肉制品食用品质的重要参数, 对肉品加工、贮运及安全都具有重要意义。对不同品种猪肉样品进行剪切力、硬度、断裂性、黏附性、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性、内聚性、回弹性等指标的测定, 测定结果雷达图如图2所示。剪切力方面, 枫泾猪种明显高于其他猪种和杜长大均值。硬度方面, 托佩克猪猪种高于均值, 枫泾猪则明显较低。断裂性方面, 三元猪猪种显著低于其他猪种。黏附性方面, 托佩克猪猪种3类猪种黏度较高。咀嚼性方面, 浦东白猪和枫泾猪种显著低于同类均值和杜长大值。胶黏性中浦东白猪的结果显示较低。而在弹性、内聚性、回弹性方面, 所有猪种表现较为平均, 无明显差异。
对所得数据进行了指标间相关性分析(表4)结果表明: 剪切力与硬度呈负相关, 与弹性正相关; 硬度与断裂性、黏附性、咀嚼性、胶黏性呈正相关, 与内聚性呈负相关; 断裂性与黏附性、咀嚼性、胶黏性均呈正相关, 与内聚性、回弹性均呈负相关; 黏附性与咀嚼性、胶黏性均呈正相关; 咀嚼性与胶黏性、内聚性呈正相关; 胶黏性与内聚性、回弹性呈正相关; 内聚性与回弹性呈正相关。
营养品质指标的测定有助于全面了解食物的天然组成成分, 指导人们科学地选购食物以便合理配置营养平衡的日常饮食。本研究对95批次猪肉开展脂肪、蛋白、微量元素和氨基酸进行检测。图3列出了不同猪种蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、钙、锌、铜、硒、镁和钾元素的比对结果。
图3可知, 上海地区猪肉的蛋白质含量、硒、镁、钾均高于普通杜长大猪种。其中, 所有猪种的蛋白质含量较为统一。托佩克猪的硒含量则高于其他猪种。所有猪种的镁、钾含量显著高于杜长大均值。脂肪含量方面, 三元猪和上海白猪低于其他品种, 托佩克猪品种的猪肉脂肪含量则较高。铁含量方面, 浦东白猪和沙乌头猪铁含量明显高于其他猪种。锌含量方面, 上食五丰要明显低于其他猪种。铜含量方面, 三元猪要明显高于其他猪种。此外, 氨基酸含量可以反映食物的营养价值, 本研究对猪肉中16种氨基酸进行测定, 其含量比例如图4所示。所有猪种的氨基酸组成相当, 比例合理, 8种必需氨基酸占比在38.15%~40.69%之间, 种间差异较小(图4), 这与黎琪等[14]、左家信等[15]对市售猪肉及肉制品的氨基酸组成分析结果具有一致性。其中三元猪必需氨基酸含量占比最低(38.15%), 托佩克猪猪种必需氨基酸含量占比最高(40.69%)。
根据营养品质指标分析结果, 可选择蛋白质、脂肪、镁、钾、铁等参数用于评价地产猪肉品质。氨基酸组成上各部分不具有优势, 暂不考虑。
肉品的风味可以提高消费者的接受度, 增加产品的竞争力。本项目选择2种提供鲜味的氨基酸和5种呈味核苷酸作为风味评价物质, 对95批次猪肉进行测定, 雷达图结果见图5
图5可以看出, 各猪种的鲜味氨基酸总量基本相当, 仅浦东白猪含量略低。呈味核苷酸方面, 上海白猪的胞苷酸含量显著高于其他猪种; 三元猪和枫泾猪的尿苷酸含量高于其他猪种。特别注意的是, 托佩克猪的胞苷酸、尿苷酸、腺苷酸和鸟苷酸含量显著低于其他猪种。三元猪猪种在肌苷酸上和浦东白猪、枫泾猪含量相差不大。沙乌头猪的腺苷酸含量要明显高于其他猪种。
同时对这几种鲜味物质进行相关性分析, 见表5。结果表明, 天冬氨酸与鲜味氨基酸总量、腺苷酸呈正相关; 谷氨酸与鲜味氨基酸总量呈正相关; 尿苷酸与肌苷酸呈正相关。
猪的生长性能、胴体性状和肉质主要受其基因型决定[16-18], 深度挖掘不同地区品种猪肉品质特性对促进上海地产猪肉市场发展具有积极作用[19]。本研究针对上海地区优良猪种, 包括浦东白猪、梅山猪、沙乌头猪、枫泾猪4个地方特色品种, 以及上海白猪、松林(托佩克)猪、三元猪外三元猪3个优良品种, 分别从外观、质构、营养、风味4个方面55个指标全面系统地探究了猪肉品质评价地关键评价指标, 以期建立精准完善的猪肉品质评价体系。
外观品质方面, pH是衡量动物肌肉酸度的直观指标, 对肉品的颜色鲜亮度、嫩度和保藏性能均能产生直接影响。动物肌肉在屠宰前通常呈中性, 屠宰后受糖酵解过程的影响, 其pH会逐渐下降, 宰后24 h的肌肉pH (pH24)正常区间被界定在5.6至6.0之间[20]。值得注意的是, 本研究结果表明, 除梅山猪和枫泾猪外的其余猪种, pH24均落在了这一正常范围之内。水分含量作为鲜肉中关注的重要指标之一, 其含量的高低直接关系到畜肉的营养密集度以及肌肉的保水性能。具体而言, 水分含量较低的畜肉往往意味着更高的营养价值以及更优的保水特性。而24 h滴水损失则是衡量肉品保水率的另一指标, 该值越高, 肉品保水能力越差, 一般新鲜肉品的滴水损失正常范围在1.5%~5%内。此外, 导电率越高说明细胞中的水分越容易弥散到细胞外。肌内脂肪含量也是决定猪肉品质的关键因素之一, 对猪肉的外观特性具有重要影响[21-22]。从结果来看, 各猪种的水分含量、24 h滴水损失率以及导电率之间的差异, 可能与其品种特性有关。色泽是最直观地表现肉品质优劣的指标, 直接决定着人们的购买欲望。一般L*(亮度)和b*(黄蓝度)越低, a*(红绿度)越高, 意味着产品的肉色越理想[17]。沙乌头猪、梅山猪、枫泾猪的肉色表现良好, 一方面与品种特质、饲喂情况相关[23], 另一方面可能是其肌肉中色素物质(肌红蛋白和血红蛋白)的含量本身较高[24]。结合指标间的相关性分析, 水分含量与24 h滴水损失、肉色L*、肉色b*、肌内脂肪呈负相关, 显示出与各变量间具有密切关联性, 因此, 可选择水分含量作为表征外观指标的第一参数, 为猪肉品质的全面评估提供有力的依据。
质构品质方面, 嫩度作为决定肉类口感的关键因素, 在肉类品质中占主导作用。嫩度受多种因素影响, 包括水分含量、肌肉组成、脂肪含量、畜种、嫩化过程等, 通常用剪切力表示, 剪切力值越小则肉质越嫩[25-26]。有研究表明, 不同的饲喂方式, 尤其是在日粮中添加膳食纤维, 已被证明提升猪肉嫩度[23]。从本研究的结果来看, 梅山猪、浦东白猪、托佩克猪猪种剪切力较小, 显示出其肉质偏嫩, 这一发现与肌内脂肪含量测定结果相一致, 进一步验证了脂肪含量越高, 剪切力越小[27]。此外, 肉的质构特性如硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性, 与咀嚼过程中力的变化有关, 是评价肉质口感的重要指标。而剪切力和硬度、弹性之间, 断裂性和黏附性、咀嚼性、胶黏性、内聚性之间可以搭建起相关性, 为深入理解肉品质提供了重要线索。结合目前猪肉品质检测的NY/T 821—2019, 质构指标的选择上, 中剪切力(即嫩度)无疑是一个重要的评价指标, 同时, 为了更全面地反映肉的品质, 还可加入硬度和回弹性两项指标建立起与其他各项指标的相关性, 构建起一个更加完善的肉品质评价体系。
营养品质方面, 蛋白质含量以及必需氨基酸含量可作为评价肉品营养价值的指标, 也是当前肉质研究的热点。本研究揭示, 大多数上海地区猪肉中的必需氨基酸如赖氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸含量较高, 其必需氨基酸占比与联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)推荐的理想蛋白质标准值40%相接近[28]。这一合理的氨基酸配比表明猪肉含有优质蛋白, 营养价值较高[29]。微量元素参与动物机体代谢, 如镁元素可以调节猪的体液平衡和酸碱度, 从而提高猪肉的鲜嫩度和风味; 钾元素能够调节组织渗透压和酸碱平衡, 可以减少屠宰时苍白、松软和渗出性猪肉(pale soft exudative meat, PSE)的发生; 硒可以避免破坏细胞膜结构和功能, 减少肌肉汁液渗出[30]。上海地区7种猪种的猪肉镁、钾含量均高于《中国食物成分表(标准版)》第6版中普通杜长大猪种的参考值, 而铁含量则基本低于杜长大猪种, 这可能与上海的地理位置和猪饲养条件有关。其中托佩克猪品种的猪肉的硒含量明显高于其他猪种, 经调研表明这可能是由于其使用的抗生素等药物含有较高含量的硒微量元素。因此可选择蛋白质、脂肪、镁、钾、铁等参数用于评价地产猪肉品质。而在氨基酸组成上各部分含量相当, 暂不考虑。
风味品质方面, 有研究表明谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸等鲜味氨基酸是形成肉品香味所必需的前体氨基酸[31-32]。谷氨酸作为最主要的鲜味物质, 决定了肌肉的鲜美程度[33]。本研究中上海地区猪种的谷氨酸含量基本高于普通杜长大均值, 对其风味有着重要贡献, 这与黄济等[34]、涂尾龙等[35]、王海洲等[36]、葛倩倩等[37]结果一致, 进一步表明上海地产猪肉相较于普通杜长大三元猪通常拥有更好的风味。同时, 三元猪与其他地方猪种在这几种鲜味物质中差别不大。在呈味核苷酸上, 沙乌头猪的腺苷酸含量尤为突出, 可以作为其物种的参考特征性指标。鉴于此, 在构建风味品质评价体系时可优先选用腺苷酸、天冬氨酸等在上海地产猪肉与普通猪肉具有显著性差异的指标, 另外可考虑将肌苷酸纳入评价体系中。
饲料通过营养代谢、微生物调控等途径深度影响猪肉品质。在外观品质方面, 饲料组成显著影响水分代谢与脂肪沉积。质构特性方面, 托佩克猪的高硬度源于饲料促发的致密肌纤维发育, 而梅山猪的较低剪切力与其肌内脂肪沉积直接相关。营养指标上, 本地猪种较高的镁、钾含量(较杜长大猪高12%~18%)与饲料中矿物质强化策略相关。托佩克猪的硒含量异常(较均值高35%)可能源于富硒酵母添加剂的使用。必需氨基酸占比差异(三元猪38.15% vs 托佩克猪40.69%)反映了饲料氨基酸平衡性的影响。风味形成上, 呈味核苷酸差异与饲料前体物质供给相关, 上海白猪高胞苷酸可能源于饲料核酸类添加剂, 而托佩克猪低核苷酸含量或与其促生长饲料加速代谢有关。枫泾猪在风味上的优势说明了添加中草药发酵物可使鲜味氨基酸提升。本研究后续可进一步建立饲料成分-品质指标的量化模型, 为精准饲喂提供依据。
深入挖掘上海不同地区猪肉品质特性, 对于推动上海地区猪肉市场的发展具有积极作用。本研究系统全面地考察了上海地区猪肉的在外观、质构、营养、风味4个维度的表现, 结果表明, 优质猪肉在多个具体指标上展现出明显优势: 包括外观指标中的水分含量与导电率, 质构指标涉及的剪切力、硬度及回弹性, 营养指标中的蛋白质、脂肪、镁、钾和硒含量以及风味指标所涵盖的腺苷酸、肌苷酸和天冬氨酸水平。基于这些发现, 上海地区在进行猪肉品质评价时, 可紧密围绕这13项核心指标构建评价体系。同时, 鉴于猪肉品质受多重复杂因素影响, 未来研究应当力求全面考量各类相关因素, 旨在通过更为精细的主成分分析, 构建起上海市地方猪肉品质的综合评价模型, 为上海猪肉市场的优质化发展奠定坚实基础。
  • 上海市农业科技创新项目(沪农科(I2024004))
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250207002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-07
基金
上海市农业科技创新项目(沪农科(I2024004))
作者信息
    上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708

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* 沈秀平(1980—), 女, 硕士, 正高级畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全的监测检测、畜牧科技创新和现代农业产业发展。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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