Article(id=1152687442546045597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734710400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702199, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702199, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702199, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687443879834296, articleId=1152687442546045597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis and risk assessment of heavy metal content in Astragalus membranaceus, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To determine the content of 8 kinds of heavy metals, copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in Astragalus membranaceus and soil samples, and conduct the risk assessment. Methods Thirty-five batches of samples were collected in 5 provinces, namely Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi, for the determination of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the soils of Astragalus and Astragalus origin using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The health risks of Astragalus membranaceus in different intake groups were evaluated by calculating 3 kinds of different risk assessment models, namely, the estimated daily intake, the carcinogenic risk, and the target hazard quotient. Results The recoveries were in the range of 99.1%-108.8% with the relative standard deviations in the range of 0.445%-5.720%, which indicated that the accuracy and precision of the method were good. The average heavy metal content of the 35 batches of Astragalus membranaceus was Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd and Hg, and no exceedance of heavy metals complied with the limit standards for heavy metals in Chinese herbal medicines in the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China. The results of the 3 kinds of risk assessments showed that the health risk of heavy metal content of Astragalus membranaceus for different groups of people was within the acceptable range. Conclusion The contamination of heavy metals in Astragalus membranaceus is widespread, and the development of the Astragalus membranaceus industry is still potentially risky. In order to ensure the medicinal safety of Astragalus membranaceus, the prevention and control of heavy metals in Astragalus membranaceus shall be carried out in the future from the planting source of Astragalus membranaceus, the processing method, and other aspects of Astragalus membranaceus.

, correspAuthors=Yong-Wei SUN, Zhi-Qiang KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-Zhe HU, Peng LI, Hong ZHU, Hao-Hao CHEN, Hao-Ran ZHAO, Jie-Yin CHEN, Xiao-Feng DAI, Yong-Wei SUN, Zhi-Qiang KONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687456387248131, articleId=1152687442546045597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=黄芪中重金属含量分析及风险评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 测定黄芪和土壤中铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr) 8种重金属含量并对其进行风险评估。方法 在内蒙古、山西、甘肃、宁夏和陕西5个省份采集了35批样品, 使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对黄芪和黄芪产地的土壤中8种重金属进行测定, 通过计算每日最大可耐受摄入、致癌风险、非致癌风险目标危险商数3种不同的风险评估模型来对黄芪不同摄入人群的健康风险进行评估。结果 该方法回收率在99.1%~108.8%, 相对标准偏差在0.445%~5.720%范围内, 该方法准确性和精密度良好。35批黄芪重金属平均含量为Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd、Hg, 均无重金属超标情况, 符合2020版《中华人民共和国药典》中重金属限量标准。3种风险评估结果表明黄芪重金属含量对不同人群的健康风险均在可接受范围。结论 黄芪中重金属的污染普遍存在, 为了确保黄芪的用药安全, 未来应从黄芪的种植源头、加工方式等环节对黄芪重金属进行防控。

, correspAuthors=孙永伟, 孔志强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孙永伟(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为分子生物学研究。E-mail:
孔志强(1986—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:
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#胡利喆和李鹏为共同第一作者

胡利喆(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:

李鹏(1994—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

, authorsList=胡利喆, 李鹏, 朱宏, 陈昊昊, 赵浩然, 陈捷胤, 戴小枫, 孙永伟, 孔志强)}, authors=[Author(id=1169272660459528971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hlz15048413909@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1169272660610523919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, authorId=1169272660459528971, language=EN, stringName=Li-Zhe HU, firstName=Li-Zhe, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2. College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1169272660677632785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, authorId=1169272660459528971, language=CN, stringName=胡利喆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, #, address=1.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所, 北京 100193
2.内蒙古大学生命科学学院, 呼和浩特 010021, bio={"content":"

胡利喆(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:

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胡利喆(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:

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李鹏(1994—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李鹏(1994—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

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Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Sciences edition), 2020, 38(6): 33-38., articleTitle=Evaluation of heavy metals and health risks of six types of chinese herbal medicines with food and medicine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272664985183064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, awardId=CARS-21, language=CN, fundingSource=财政部和农业农村部: 国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-21), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272660149150465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272660157539074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, companyId=1169272660149150465, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Public Testing, Evaluation and Appraisal Technology Center, Nanjing 210000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272660367254281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, companyId=1169272660350477063, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.江苏省农业科学院公共检测评价鉴定技术中心, 南京 210000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272663433290572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of heavy metal content in Astragalus membranaceus from different production areas, figureFileSmall=TmIXuVf9VfasHH8BoXATLw==, figureFileBig=NVrLDfacMvBFmVmIwWbuoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272663538148173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同产区黄芪重金属含量比较, figureFileSmall=TmIXuVf9VfasHH8BoXATLw==, figureFileBig=NVrLDfacMvBFmVmIwWbuoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272663684948814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of heavy metal content of Astragalus membranaceus in different years, figureFileSmall=zEFxy4pEBBDZHQl4H/6LAg==, figureFileBig=D1xS5zoJK4cXXkRTAacnvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272663806583631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同年份黄芪重金属含量比较

注: ns表示无差异(P>0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=zEFxy4pEBBDZHQl4H/6LAg==, figureFileBig=D1xS5zoJK4cXXkRTAacnvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272663869498192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Contrasting thermogram of heavy metal content in soil of Astragalus membranaceus origins, figureFileSmall=zJBEthPG3GnsLfxq14/siA==, figureFileBig=z+gtLHL9c/Mer9m45/kNGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272663957578577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄芪产地土壤重金属含量对比热图

注: 1~7分别为呼和浩特、浑源、岷县、绥德、通渭、固原、吴忠。

, figureFileSmall=zJBEthPG3GnsLfxq14/siA==, figureFileBig=z+gtLHL9c/Mer9m45/kNGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272664049853266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Precisions and spiked recoveries for each element of Astragalus membranaceus and soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称 测定元素 参考/(mg/kg)1 6次测定值/(mg/kg) 回收率/% 相对标准偏差/%
黄芪样品 Cr 2.200±0.400 2.370、2.280、2.380、2.410、2.330、2.270 106.4 2.420
Cu 8.500±0.700 8.660、8.510、8.710、8.470、8.680、8.560 101.2 1.150
Ni 2.260±0.150 2.180、2.280、2.280、2.310、2.290、2.270 100.4 2.000
Zn 22.300±1.000 22.600、22.300、22.700、22.900、23.000、21.900 101.3 1.810
Pb 1.440±0.100 1.480、1.510、1.470、1.440、1.420、1.400 100.7 2.810
As 0.570±0.050 0.588、0.575、0.559、0.561、0.569、0.583 100.5 2.040
Cd 0.042±0.010 0.0435、0.0478、0.0451、0.0455、0.0439、0.0481 108.8 4.230
Hg 0.012±0.005 0.011、0.012、0.012、0.012、0.012、0.013 100.0 5.720
土壤样品 Cr 59±3 59.1、59.8、59.3、59.9、59.3、59.7 100.3 0.546
Cu 62±3 62.3、63.5、62.7、62.7、63.4、63.2 101.6 0.749
Ni 23±0.7 23.3、23.2、22.8、22.1、22.9、22.6 99.1 1.910
Zn 180±5 181、183、182、178、179、184 100.6 1.280
As 6.6±0.3 6.58、6.69、6.49、6.56、6.69、6.72 100.3 1.380
Pb 71±2 71.4、71.5、71.7、71.9、72.2、71.4 101.0 0.445
Cd 0.171±0.011 0.177、0.178、0.169、0.175、0.169、0.173 101.8 2.240
Hg 0.134±0.007 0.133、0.138、0.133、0.134、0.135、0.139 100.7 1.910
), ArticleFig(id=1169272664167293779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄芪和土壤各元素精密度和加标回收率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称 测定元素 参考/(mg/kg)1 6次测定值/(mg/kg) 回收率/% 相对标准偏差/%
黄芪样品 Cr 2.200±0.400 2.370、2.280、2.380、2.410、2.330、2.270 106.4 2.420
Cu 8.500±0.700 8.660、8.510、8.710、8.470、8.680、8.560 101.2 1.150
Ni 2.260±0.150 2.180、2.280、2.280、2.310、2.290、2.270 100.4 2.000
Zn 22.300±1.000 22.600、22.300、22.700、22.900、23.000、21.900 101.3 1.810
Pb 1.440±0.100 1.480、1.510、1.470、1.440、1.420、1.400 100.7 2.810
As 0.570±0.050 0.588、0.575、0.559、0.561、0.569、0.583 100.5 2.040
Cd 0.042±0.010 0.0435、0.0478、0.0451、0.0455、0.0439、0.0481 108.8 4.230
Hg 0.012±0.005 0.011、0.012、0.012、0.012、0.012、0.013 100.0 5.720
土壤样品 Cr 59±3 59.1、59.8、59.3、59.9、59.3、59.7 100.3 0.546
Cu 62±3 62.3、63.5、62.7、62.7、63.4、63.2 101.6 0.749
Ni 23±0.7 23.3、23.2、22.8、22.1、22.9、22.6 99.1 1.910
Zn 180±5 181、183、182、178、179、184 100.6 1.280
As 6.6±0.3 6.58、6.69、6.49、6.56、6.69、6.72 100.3 1.380
Pb 71±2 71.4、71.5、71.7、71.9、72.2、71.4 101.0 0.445
Cd 0.171±0.011 0.177、0.178、0.169、0.175、0.169、0.173 101.8 2.240
Hg 0.134±0.007 0.133、0.138、0.133、0.134、0.135、0.139 100.7 1.910
), ArticleFig(id=1169272664284734292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mass fraction of heavy metals in Astragalus membranaceus (n=3, mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批次 产区 Cr Cu Ni Zn As Cd Hg Pb
YC202301 陕西 7.850±0.596 6.762±0.071 3.732±0.272 24.472±0.264 0.018±0.003 - - 0.135±0.008
YC202302 陕西 4.155±0.232 7.974±0.093 3.224±0.157 52.455±0.979 - - - 0.082±0.029
YC202303 陕西 3.025±0.556 7.601±0.299 2.931±0.289 48.958±1.920 0.009±0.013 - - 0.010±0.019
YC202304 陕西 5.595±0.776 8.776±1.196 3.235±0.156 31.486±9.489 - - 0.008±0.001 0.184±0.067
YC202305 陕西 7.430±0.824 6.307±1.582 3.340±0.306 21.814±0.994 - - - 0.226±0.006
YC202306 陕西 3.360±0.128 5.510±0.268 2.181±0.033 19.675±1.098 0.017±0.028 - - 0.007±0.014
YC202307 陕西 4.875±0.205 9.086±0.686 2.276±0.188 21.621±0.762 0.008±0.015 - - 0.123±0.008
YC202308 陕西 4.362±0.360 7.145±0.237 3.438±0.201 21.182±0.161 0.016±0.010 - - 0.233±0.057
YC202309 陕西 4.270±0.237 11.330±6.374 2.055±0.107 19.424±0.323 - - - 0.160±0.001
YC202310 陕西 3.443±0.215 7.048±0.376 2.686±0.148 22.076±0.007 - - - 0.204±0.147
YC202311 陕西 5.951±1.224 9.636±0.769 3.469±0.961 29.777±3.274 - - - 0.236±0.054
YC202312 陕西 4.374±0.929 13.817±2.064 1.943±0.049 22.814±0.108 - - - 0.087±0.019
YC202313 陕西 5.892±0.537 9.003±0.246 2.192±0.246 20.850±1.948 - - - 0.204±0.061
YC202314 陕西 7.678±0.117 10.582±0.815 4.286±0.138 30.345±0.041 - - - 0.279±0.005
YC202315 陕西 6.165±0.249 9.141±0.193 3.530±0.665 24.318±0.241 0.022±0.027 - 0.008±0.001 0.281±0.037
YC202316 陕西 7.343±1.764 7.921±0.734 3.247±0.535 20.511±1.589 0.006±0.009 - - 0.296±0.029
YC202317 陕西 2.280±1.257 5.667±1.422 2.935±0.513 28.301±6.797 0.014±0.002 - - 0.028±0.042
YC202318 陕西 2.618±1.050 13.904±2.604 2.612±0.125 46.396±0.803 0.026±0.043 - - 0.045±0.003
YC202319 陕西 7.790±0.926 7.158±0.413 2.463±0.461 25.394±1.869 - - - 0.153±0.035
YC202320 陕西 4.743±3.245 6.920±0.166 2.500±0.014 21.600±1.242 - - - 0.719±0.050
YC202321 陕西 4.407±2.268 16.720±3.738 2.151±0.594 22.355±1.568 0.006±0.001 - - 0.056±0.087
YC202322 陕西 11.834±2.785 6.377±0.116 4.060±0.228 28.902±1.014 0.012±0.010 - - 0.125±0.042
YC202323 陕西 19.201±0.103 7.436±0.167 2.736±0.494 15.941±1.177 - - - 0.264±0.184
YC202324 陕西 8.345±0.111 8.690±0.024 2.369±0.466 33.880±5.746 0.007±0.020 - - 0.041±0.056
YC202325 陕西 19.404±1.794 8.983±0.785 3.356±0.317 27.726±2.348 0.009±0.001 - - 0.058±0.027
YP202326 山西 3.410±0.118 4.836±0.242 5.278±0.267 29.603±0.476 - 0.013±0.008 - -
YP202327 山西 1.849±0.114 4.549±0.197 3.946±0.190 25.959±0.131 - 0.010±0.003 - -
YP202328 山西 1.175±0.219 4.375±0.202 4.687±0.044 26.744±0.486 - - - -
YP202329 山西 3.483±0.145 4.052±0.145 4.526±0.131 28.396±0.251 - 0.016±0.004 - 0.029±0.011
YP202330 山西 2.210±0.404 4.626±0.093 4.219±0.227 25.014±1.245 - 0.018±0.005 - 0.022±0.002
YC202331 甘肃 10.651±1.101 5.530±0.089 1.825±1.430 23.401±0.181 0.014±0.005 - - 0.118±0.075
YC202332 甘肃 3.552±1.041 5.200±1.507 2.220±1.383 25.803±0.274 - - 0.009±0.001 0.156±0.144
YC202333 宁夏 10.247±0.163 6.978±1.117 3.549±1.432 22.900±1.436 0.012±0.015 - 0.013±0.001 0.168±0.231
YC202334 宁夏 13.863±3.853 8.823±1.390 3.253±0.706 25.695±9.770 - - 0.011±0.002 0.260±0.082
YC202335 内蒙古 5.163±0.241 7.793±1.325 1.423±0.076 37.176±0.472 - - 0.007±0.002 0.113±0.097
), ArticleFig(id=1169272664456700757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄芪中重金属质量分数(n=3, mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批次 产区 Cr Cu Ni Zn As Cd Hg Pb
YC202301 陕西 7.850±0.596 6.762±0.071 3.732±0.272 24.472±0.264 0.018±0.003 - - 0.135±0.008
YC202302 陕西 4.155±0.232 7.974±0.093 3.224±0.157 52.455±0.979 - - - 0.082±0.029
YC202303 陕西 3.025±0.556 7.601±0.299 2.931±0.289 48.958±1.920 0.009±0.013 - - 0.010±0.019
YC202304 陕西 5.595±0.776 8.776±1.196 3.235±0.156 31.486±9.489 - - 0.008±0.001 0.184±0.067
YC202305 陕西 7.430±0.824 6.307±1.582 3.340±0.306 21.814±0.994 - - - 0.226±0.006
YC202306 陕西 3.360±0.128 5.510±0.268 2.181±0.033 19.675±1.098 0.017±0.028 - - 0.007±0.014
YC202307 陕西 4.875±0.205 9.086±0.686 2.276±0.188 21.621±0.762 0.008±0.015 - - 0.123±0.008
YC202308 陕西 4.362±0.360 7.145±0.237 3.438±0.201 21.182±0.161 0.016±0.010 - - 0.233±0.057
YC202309 陕西 4.270±0.237 11.330±6.374 2.055±0.107 19.424±0.323 - - - 0.160±0.001
YC202310 陕西 3.443±0.215 7.048±0.376 2.686±0.148 22.076±0.007 - - - 0.204±0.147
YC202311 陕西 5.951±1.224 9.636±0.769 3.469±0.961 29.777±3.274 - - - 0.236±0.054
YC202312 陕西 4.374±0.929 13.817±2.064 1.943±0.049 22.814±0.108 - - - 0.087±0.019
YC202313 陕西 5.892±0.537 9.003±0.246 2.192±0.246 20.850±1.948 - - - 0.204±0.061
YC202314 陕西 7.678±0.117 10.582±0.815 4.286±0.138 30.345±0.041 - - - 0.279±0.005
YC202315 陕西 6.165±0.249 9.141±0.193 3.530±0.665 24.318±0.241 0.022±0.027 - 0.008±0.001 0.281±0.037
YC202316 陕西 7.343±1.764 7.921±0.734 3.247±0.535 20.511±1.589 0.006±0.009 - - 0.296±0.029
YC202317 陕西 2.280±1.257 5.667±1.422 2.935±0.513 28.301±6.797 0.014±0.002 - - 0.028±0.042
YC202318 陕西 2.618±1.050 13.904±2.604 2.612±0.125 46.396±0.803 0.026±0.043 - - 0.045±0.003
YC202319 陕西 7.790±0.926 7.158±0.413 2.463±0.461 25.394±1.869 - - - 0.153±0.035
YC202320 陕西 4.743±3.245 6.920±0.166 2.500±0.014 21.600±1.242 - - - 0.719±0.050
YC202321 陕西 4.407±2.268 16.720±3.738 2.151±0.594 22.355±1.568 0.006±0.001 - - 0.056±0.087
YC202322 陕西 11.834±2.785 6.377±0.116 4.060±0.228 28.902±1.014 0.012±0.010 - - 0.125±0.042
YC202323 陕西 19.201±0.103 7.436±0.167 2.736±0.494 15.941±1.177 - - - 0.264±0.184
YC202324 陕西 8.345±0.111 8.690±0.024 2.369±0.466 33.880±5.746 0.007±0.020 - - 0.041±0.056
YC202325 陕西 19.404±1.794 8.983±0.785 3.356±0.317 27.726±2.348 0.009±0.001 - - 0.058±0.027
YP202326 山西 3.410±0.118 4.836±0.242 5.278±0.267 29.603±0.476 - 0.013±0.008 - -
YP202327 山西 1.849±0.114 4.549±0.197 3.946±0.190 25.959±0.131 - 0.010±0.003 - -
YP202328 山西 1.175±0.219 4.375±0.202 4.687±0.044 26.744±0.486 - - - -
YP202329 山西 3.483±0.145 4.052±0.145 4.526±0.131 28.396±0.251 - 0.016±0.004 - 0.029±0.011
YP202330 山西 2.210±0.404 4.626±0.093 4.219±0.227 25.014±1.245 - 0.018±0.005 - 0.022±0.002
YC202331 甘肃 10.651±1.101 5.530±0.089 1.825±1.430 23.401±0.181 0.014±0.005 - - 0.118±0.075
YC202332 甘肃 3.552±1.041 5.200±1.507 2.220±1.383 25.803±0.274 - - 0.009±0.001 0.156±0.144
YC202333 宁夏 10.247±0.163 6.978±1.117 3.549±1.432 22.900±1.436 0.012±0.015 - 0.013±0.001 0.168±0.231
YC202334 宁夏 13.863±3.853 8.823±1.390 3.253±0.706 25.695±9.770 - - 0.011±0.002 0.260±0.082
YC202335 内蒙古 5.163±0.241 7.793±1.325 1.423±0.076 37.176±0.472 - - 0.007±0.002 0.113±0.097
), ArticleFig(id=1169272664653833046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

EDI, THQ and CR statistics of heavy metals in Astragalus membranaceus

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元素 EDI/[mg/(kg·d)] THQ CR
成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童
As 2.28E-06 9.10E-06 1.64E-05 6.56E-05 1.23E-13 4.93E-13
Cu 2.56E-03 1.02E-02 2.30E-04 9.20E-04 - -
Hg 6.50E-07 2.60E-06 7.80E-06 3.12E-05 - -
Pb 4.88E-05 1.95E-04 4.39E-05 1.76E-04 1.50E-14 6.00E-14
Cd 6.50E-07 2.60E-06 4.68E-07 1.87E-06 1.43E-13 5.73E-13
Cr 2.06E-03 8.24E-03 4.95E-06 1.98E-05 - -
Ni 1.00E-03 4.00E-03 - - - -
Zn 8.85E-03 3.53E-02 - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1169272664788050775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442546045597, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄芪中重金属的EDI、THQ和CR统计

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元素 EDI/[mg/(kg·d)] THQ CR
成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童
As 2.28E-06 9.10E-06 1.64E-05 6.56E-05 1.23E-13 4.93E-13
Cu 2.56E-03 1.02E-02 2.30E-04 9.20E-04 - -
Hg 6.50E-07 2.60E-06 7.80E-06 3.12E-05 - -
Pb 4.88E-05 1.95E-04 4.39E-05 1.76E-04 1.50E-14 6.00E-14
Cd 6.50E-07 2.60E-06 4.68E-07 1.87E-06 1.43E-13 5.73E-13
Cr 2.06E-03 8.24E-03 4.95E-06 1.98E-05 - -
Ni 1.00E-03 4.00E-03 - - - -
Zn 8.85E-03 3.53E-02 - - - -
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黄芪中重金属含量分析及风险评估
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胡利喆 1, 2, # , 李鹏 3, # , 朱宏 3 , 陈昊昊 1 , 赵浩然 1 , 陈捷胤 1 , 戴小枫 1 , 孙永伟 2, * , 孔志强 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(9): 120-128
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(9): 120-128
黄芪中重金属含量分析及风险评估
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胡利喆1, 2, # , 李鹏3, # , 朱宏3, 陈昊昊1, 赵浩然1, 陈捷胤1, 戴小枫1, 孙永伟2, * , 孔志强1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所, 北京 100193
  • 2.内蒙古大学生命科学学院, 呼和浩特 010021
  • 3.江苏省农业科学院公共检测评价鉴定技术中心, 南京 210000
  • 胡利喆(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:

    李鹏(1994—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 孙永伟(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为分子生物学研究。E-mail:
孔志强(1986—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:
Analysis and risk assessment of heavy metal content in Astragalus membranaceus
Li-Zhe HU1, 2 , Peng LI3 , Hong ZHU3, Hao-Hao CHEN1, Hao-Ran ZHAO1, Jie-Yin CHEN1, Xiao-Feng DAI1, Yong-Wei SUN2, * , Zhi-Qiang KONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2. College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Public Testing, Evaluation and Appraisal Technology Center, Nanjing 210000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221004
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目的 测定黄芪和土壤中铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr) 8种重金属含量并对其进行风险评估。方法 在内蒙古、山西、甘肃、宁夏和陕西5个省份采集了35批样品, 使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对黄芪和黄芪产地的土壤中8种重金属进行测定, 通过计算每日最大可耐受摄入、致癌风险、非致癌风险目标危险商数3种不同的风险评估模型来对黄芪不同摄入人群的健康风险进行评估。结果 该方法回收率在99.1%~108.8%, 相对标准偏差在0.445%~5.720%范围内, 该方法准确性和精密度良好。35批黄芪重金属平均含量为Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd、Hg, 均无重金属超标情况, 符合2020版《中华人民共和国药典》中重金属限量标准。3种风险评估结果表明黄芪重金属含量对不同人群的健康风险均在可接受范围。结论 黄芪中重金属的污染普遍存在, 为了确保黄芪的用药安全, 未来应从黄芪的种植源头、加工方式等环节对黄芪重金属进行防控。

黄芪  /  重金属  /  电感耦合等离子体质谱法  /  风险评估

Objective To determine the content of 8 kinds of heavy metals, copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in Astragalus membranaceus and soil samples, and conduct the risk assessment. Methods Thirty-five batches of samples were collected in 5 provinces, namely Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi, for the determination of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the soils of Astragalus and Astragalus origin using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The health risks of Astragalus membranaceus in different intake groups were evaluated by calculating 3 kinds of different risk assessment models, namely, the estimated daily intake, the carcinogenic risk, and the target hazard quotient. Results The recoveries were in the range of 99.1%-108.8% with the relative standard deviations in the range of 0.445%-5.720%, which indicated that the accuracy and precision of the method were good. The average heavy metal content of the 35 batches of Astragalus membranaceus was Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd and Hg, and no exceedance of heavy metals complied with the limit standards for heavy metals in Chinese herbal medicines in the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China. The results of the 3 kinds of risk assessments showed that the health risk of heavy metal content of Astragalus membranaceus for different groups of people was within the acceptable range. Conclusion The contamination of heavy metals in Astragalus membranaceus is widespread, and the development of the Astragalus membranaceus industry is still potentially risky. In order to ensure the medicinal safety of Astragalus membranaceus, the prevention and control of heavy metals in Astragalus membranaceus shall be carried out in the future from the planting source of Astragalus membranaceus, the processing method, and other aspects of Astragalus membranaceus.

Astragalus membranaceus  /  heavy metals  /  inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry  /  risk assessment
胡利喆, 李鹏, 朱宏, 陈昊昊, 赵浩然, 陈捷胤, 戴小枫, 孙永伟, 孔志强. 黄芪中重金属含量分析及风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221004
Li-Zhe HU, Peng LI, Hong ZHU, Hao-Hao CHEN, Hao-Ran ZHAO, Jie-Yin CHEN, Xiao-Feng DAI, Yong-Wei SUN, Zhi-Qiang KONG. Analysis and risk assessment of heavy metal content in Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221004
黄芪为豆科植物蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao]或膜荚黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.]的干燥根。作为我国著名的大宗药材, 药用历史悠久, 为补药之长。中国药典论述其有补气升阳, 固表止汗, 生津养血的功效[1]。因其既具有调节免疫[2]、抗氧[3]、抗炎[4]、抗病毒[5]、降血糖[6]等多种药用价值又具有强身健体的食用价值, 我国在2023年11月公布的《关于党参等9种新增按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质公告》中将黄芪正式纳入药食同源的名单。黄芪的用途广泛使得近些年国际市场对黄芪的需求极大, 有调查表明, 黄芪曾一度成为我国1000万美元以上中药材出口之首[7]。然而, 随着黄芪国际化程度的不断提高, 黄芪中外源污染物问题也引起广泛关注。
重金属作为环境中重要的一类外源污染物, 因其具有持久性、不可降解性、潜在毒性以及生物蓄积性而在全球引起广泛关注[8-11]。黄芪在污染的环境下种植或在采收、加工、储存当中的不当操作均会使其受到重金属的污染[12]。常见的重金属及有害元素主要有铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)和汞(Hg), 重金属超标会对人体造成极大的危害, 如摄入过量的Cd会危害肾脏和造成骨损伤[13-14] ; 而Hg超标会使神经系统失常, 甚至会对脑组织造成损伤[15]; Pb是毒性最强的金属之一, 持续接触Pb会影响生殖系统、肾脏以及神经系统的正常功能[16]; Cu作为人体健康所必须的微量元素, 但是摄入大量的Cu人类可能出现非致癌症毒性症状[17-18]。最近的研究表明一些心血管疾病也与长期接触有毒重金属之间存在联系[19]。黄芪中重金属污染问题不仅会对人体造成危害, 还会制约黄芪在国际市场的发展[20], 因此重视和解决黄芪中重金属污染问题刻不容缓。目前, 黄芪重金属污染的研究主要聚焦在重金属污染对黄芪生长的影响[21], 也有不少学者对黄芪中重金属含量进行监测研究[22], 但面临着所检测重金属种类较少且样品不够具有代表性等一系列问题, 因此本研究通过采集并研究我国5个典型的道地产区黄芪, 旨在能更全面反映黄芪污染的状况和健康风险。
本研究从不同黄芪产区收集了35批黄芪样品, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对黄芪中Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Hg等8种重金属含量进行检测, 并结合膳食风险评估每日最大可耐受摄入(estimated daily intake, EDI)、目标危险商数(target hazard quotient, THQ)和致癌风险(carcinogenic risk, CR) 3种风险评估模型对黄芪中重金属含量进行健康风险评估, 为黄芪重金属的质量控制及临床安全用药提供数据支撑, 从而促进黄芪产业健康高质量地可持续发展。
iCAP Qc电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); Multiwave PRO微波消解仪(奥地利安东帕有限公司); UG-12石墨赶酸仪(浙江纳德科学仪器有限公司); ME204分析天平(精度为0.01 mg, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多国际贸易有限公司)。
铬(Cr)、Cu、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、As、Cd、Pb元素混合标准储备液, 锗(Ge)、铑(Rh)、铟(In)、铼(Re)、铋(Bi)混合标准内标元素储备液(质量浓度均为100 μg/mL, 坛墨质检-标准物质中心); 汞单标储备液(质量浓度均为100 μg/mL, 国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心); GSB-19黄芪标准物质(纯度98%)、GSS-65土壤标准物质(纯度99.9%)(中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所); 硝酸(纯度为65%~68%)、盐酸(分析纯, 纯度为36%~38%)、氢氟酸(分析纯, 纯度为50%)(苏州晶瑞化学股份有限公司); 高氯酸(分析纯, 纯度为70%~72%)(广东大小化工有限公司)。
分别采集来自甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、山西、陕西5个黄芪产区共35批黄芪样品, 土壤来自内蒙古呼和浩特、山西浑源、甘肃岷县和通渭、宁夏固原和吴忠、陕西绥德。将采集的样品烘干后, 磨碎后过筛, 放置在4 ℃冰箱进行储存备用。
ICP-MS仪器参数: 射频功率1550 W; 测试模式: 碰撞池动能歧视(kinetic energy discrimination, KED)模式; 等离子体气流量15 L/min; 载气高纯氩气, 流速1.0 L/min, 辅助气流量0.8 L/min; 进样时间40 s, 稳定时间18 s, 重复3次。
黄芪植株重金属检测时微波消解仪升温程序: 温度从室温至120 ℃, 恒温5 min; 温度从120 ℃至160 ℃, 恒温10 min; 温度从160 ℃至190 ℃, 恒温30 min。
土壤重金属检测时微波消解仪升温程序: 温度从室温至120 ℃, 恒温3 min; 温度从120 ℃至160 ℃, 恒温3 min; 温度从160 ℃至180 ℃, 恒温25 min。
土壤中汞检测时微波消解仪升温程序: 温度从室温至120 ℃, 恒温3 min; 温度从120 ℃至180 ℃, 恒温15 min。
内标元素溶液: 移取内标储备液0.5 mL于1000 mL容量瓶中, 用5%硝酸溶液定容至刻度线, 制得质量浓度为50 μg/L的内标使用液。
混合标准溶液: 移取Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pb元素混标储备液与汞元素储备液适量, 用5%硝酸溶液定量稀释成质量浓度为: 0、1、2、5、10、20、50、100 μg/L(Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pb元素)与0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0 μg/L (Hg元素)的标准溶液。
黄芪样品前处理方法: 称取黄芪样品0.5 g(精确至0.0001 g)于微波消解罐中, 加入5 mL硝酸, 加盖放置2 h后进行微波消解, 消解结束后, 置于赶酸仪上100 ℃加热30 min, 后用水定容至50 mL, 并用0.45 μm微孔滤膜, 过滤备用, 同时做空白实验。
土壤样品前处理方法: 参考HJ 1315—2023《土壤和沉积物19种金属元素总量的测定 电感耦合等离子体质谱法》测定土壤中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pb元素含量。参考杨永建等[23]检测方法, 测定土壤中Hg元素含量。
由于黄芪是药食两用的中药材, 且由于重金属的半衰期较长, 所以采用EDI进行膳食风险评估, 此外本研究还根据2000年美国环境保护局(United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)所提出的食品中重金属污染风险评估办法对黄芪中重金属含量进行CR和THQ评估[24]。相应的计算公式如式(1)~(3):
EDI=$\frac{C\times \text{IRD}}{\text{BW}}$
CR=$\frac{C\times \text{IRD}\times \text{EF}\times \text{ED}\times \text{CSF}}{\text{BW}\times \text{AT}}$×10–6
THQ=$\frac{C\times \text{EF}\times \text{ED}\times \text{IRD}}{\text{BW}\times \text{AT}\times \text{RFD}}$
式中: C表示黄芪中重金属质量分数, mg/kg; BW表示人体的平均体重(body weight), 成人的体重为60 kg, 儿童体重为15 kg[25]; IRD表示黄芪的每日摄入量(daily ingestion rate), kg/d, 2020版《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)规定黄芪的每日用量为0.009~0.030 kg/d, 取平均值为0.0195 kg/d; EF为黄芪暴露于重金属的天数(exposure frequency), 定为30 d[26]; ED为黄芪暴露于重金属的年数(exposure duration), 定为30年; CSF为癌症强度因子(carcinogenic slope factor), 目前仅有3种重金属规定了CSF[27], 其中As的CSF为1.5 mg/(kg·d), Pb的CSF为0.0085 mg/(kg·d), Cd的CSF为6.1 mg/(kg·d); AT为人体平均接受黄芪中重金属的时间(average time), 可以按照人类平均寿命计算为70×356 d; RFD为口服的参考剂量(reference dose), mg/kg, 按照美国环境保护局的规定Cd为0.005 mg/kg, As为0.0003 mg/kg, Hg为0.0003 mg/kg, Cu为0.04 mg/kg, Pb为0.004 mg/kg, Cr为1.50 mg/kg。
使用Excel 2019对数据进行整理、汇总和统计; 使用Origin 2022和Graphpad pism 9.5对得到数据进行绘图和显著性分析, 实验进行3次重复, 实验结果采用平均值±标准偏差的形式表示。
采用有证标准物质验证上述黄芪与土壤样品前处理方法的准确度与精密度, 结果如表1所示。由表1可以得出, 使用上述前处理方法对黄芪与土壤样品进行消解, 所测8种元素含量均在证书参考值范围内, 说明前处理方法具有较高的准确度; 为验证方法的精密度, 将黄芪与土壤样品平行测定6次, 其回收率在99.1%~108.8%, 相对标准偏差在0.445%~5.720%范围内, 该方法准确性和精密度良好。
35批黄芪重金属含量测定结果如表2所示, 所测8种重金属的平均含量由高到低的顺序为Zn>Cu>Cr> Ni>Pb>As>Cd、Hg。黄芪样品8种重金属质量分数如下: Zn, 15.941~52.455 mg/kg, 平均值为27.227 mg/kg; Cu, 4.052~16.720 mg/kg, 平均值为7.893 mg/kg; Cr, 1.175~19.404 mg/kg, 平均值为6.343 mg/kg; Ni, 1.423~4.687 mg/kg, 平均值3.082 mg/kg; Pb, 未检出~0.719 mg/kg, 平均值0.145 mg/kg; As, 未检出~0.026 mg/kg, 平均值0.006 mg/kg; Cd, 未检出~0.018 mg/kg, 平均值0.002 mg/kg; Hg, 未检出~0.013 mg/kg, 平均值0.002 mg/kg。2020版《中国药典》规定药材及饮片中5种重金属的限量标准为Cu不得过20.0 mg/kg、Pb不得过5 mg/kg、Cd不得过1.0 mg/kg、As不得过2.0 mg/kg、Hg不得过0.2 mg/kg。与检测结果相比发现所检测的35批黄芪样品均未超过限量值。目前, Cr、Ni和Zn目前在中药材暂无相应的限量标准。
由于Cd、Hg、As检出含量极低且没有在全部产地检出, 分析其原因可能和不同产地种植黄芪的方式有关, 有研究显示, 通过轮作可以降低黄芪中重金属的积累水平[28]。因此不对这3种重金属单独比较, 仅对剩下5种重金属进行比较, 具体信息如图1所示。通过对5个省份不同重金属比较发现, 黄芪样品中Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高的样品来自陕西省, 而Ni含量最高的样品是来自山西省。与其他产区相比, 山西省Cu、Cr、Pb的含量都相对较低, 而在内蒙古检出的Ni的含量是最低的。
目前, 对不同年份植物中重金属含量对比的研究相对较少。程佳雪[29]通过对比2016年和2018年40种园林树木中5种重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg)含量比较发现, 不同年份园林树木重金属含量有显著差异。因此, 本研究对3年生、5年生、7年生、10年生4个年份的黄芪中重金属含量进行对比, 具体信息如图2所示, 发现并非年份越高的黄芪中重金属含量越高, 不同年份黄芪中5种重金属含量并无显著性差异。
在中药材种植过程中, 土壤作为中药材生长的主要场所, 是植物药获取重金属的主要来源[30]。因此, 本研究对黄芪种植产地土壤中8种重金属含量进行检测, 结果如图3所示, 其中Cr的检出范围为38.2~126.0 mg/kg、Cd的检出范围为0.16~0.39 mg/kg、As的检出范围为6.7~ 12.3 mg/kg、Zn的检出范围为45.4~107.7 mg/kg、Pb的检出范围14.4~20.8 mg/kg、Cu的检出范围为14.3~36.8 mg/kg、Ni的检出范围为21.13~64.13 mg/kg。经过检测发现除Hg以外, 其他7种重金属均有检出。此外, 7个产地土壤中Cr和Zn的含量均相对较高需要引起注意。
黄芪重金属风险评估是对人类由于接触重金属而对健康具有已知或可能的严重不良作用的科学评估, 通过风险评估可以更加科学、全面、有效地看待黄芪重金属污染的问题[31]。本研究通过计算EDI、THQ和CR 3个指标对黄芪中重金属进行风险评估[32-33], 具体信息如表3所示。
EDI是膳食风险评估的基本参数, 通过将EDI与每日暂定可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable daily intake, PTDI)进行对比。当EDI>PTDI时, 认为摄入风险对人体有明显的健康风险, 反之当EDI<PTDI时, 认为摄入风险对人体没有明显的健康风险。根据联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA)的规定, Cu和Hg的PTDI分别0.50000 mg/kg和0.00057 mg/kg, 而Cd的每月暂定可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable month intake, PTMI)为0.02500 mg/kg, Pb和As的健康指导值采用世界卫生组织所规定的将成年人心血管效应作为Pb的毒理终点, 其收缩压基准剂量下限作为健康指导值(0.00130 mg/kg), 同样提出由无机砷导致肺癌发病率比背景值增长0.5%的基准剂量下限为健康指导值(0.00300 mg/kg)[34]。经过对比发现不论是成人还是儿童的EDI均远远小于健康指导值, 说明黄芪中重金属的慢性膳食暴露风险可以忽略不计。此外, 根据健康指导值进行计算可以得到对人类造成危害的黄芪重金属摄入的临界剂量, 例如Cu每天摄入量超过3.80223 kg/d会对人体造成危害, Hg、Cd、Pb、As的临界剂量分别为1.71000、75.00000、0.52000、25.71428 kg/d。
THQ一般用来评估重金属对人体的非致癌健康风险。当THQ>1时, 认为重金属会对人体健康有不可接受的潜在危害, 当THQ<1时, 认为重金属对人体的非致癌风险的可以被忽略的。由表3可知, 成人和小孩的THQ均小于1, 说明不会对暴露人群造成明显的非致癌风险。
CR是用于评估人的一生因暴露在重金属致癌危害中而患癌症的几率。一般的, 认为CR>1×10-4时, 致癌风险是不可以接受的, 而CR<1×10-6时, 致癌风险是可以接受的。由表3可知黄芪中As、Pb、Cd的CR均小于1×10-6, 成人和儿童不存在因为食用黄芪而产生致癌的风险。
本研究对35批次黄芪中Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg 等8种重金属含量进行测定, 探讨了5个产区黄芪重金属含量的差异和不同年份黄芪重金属含量的差异, 发现8种重金属的平均含量由高到低的顺序为Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd、Hg, 该结果与孔丹丹等[26]在党参中检测重金属的结果相类似, 此外, 张孙等[35]的研究表明中药材在生长过程中Cu元素会被优先选择吸收, 这可能是黄芪中Cu含量偏高的原因。本研究还探讨了黄芪种植土壤中重金属含量, 不同地区土壤中重金属含量相差较大, 反映出我国不同地区种植黄芪环境的差异, 因此加大黄芪的源头监控对黄芪安全生产具有重要意义。结果表明, 除了Cr、Ni和Zn由于没有规定的标准无法比较外, 所检测的35批样品中其他5种重金属含量均符合2020版《中华人民共和国药典》规定。不同年份黄芪中重金属含量没有显著差异。通过EDI、CR、THQ等3种风险评估模型对黄芪中重金属可能造成的健康风险进行评估, 风险评估结果显示, 35批次黄芪样品未对成人和儿童造成致癌和健康风险。本研究因采集样品数量有限, 部分产区样品量仅1~2份, 缺乏一定的代表性, 后续将加大各黄芪产区的样品量, 进一步加强对黄芪中重金属元素的分析和讨论。
  • 财政部和农业农村部: 国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-21)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221004
  • 接收时间:2024-12-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-21
基金
财政部和农业农村部: 国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-21)
作者信息
    1.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所, 北京 100193
    2.内蒙古大学生命科学学院, 呼和浩特 010021
    3.江苏省农业科学院公共检测评价鉴定技术中心, 南京 210000

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* 孙永伟(1985—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为分子生物学研究。E-mail:
孔志强(1986—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为中药质量安全评价研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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