Article(id=1152687442332140254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702149, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702149, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702149, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=178, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687442835456745, articleId=1152687442332140254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in wild mushroom poisoning samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish an analytical method for the rapid determination of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in samples from wild mushroom poisoning incidents by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The remaining mushrooms and patient urine samples were extracted by methanol, purified by 250 mg N-propyl ethylenediamine (PSA), and separated by Waters CORTECS C18+ liquid chromatography column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.1% formic acid) under gradient elution. They were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Results The 5 kinds of peptide toxins had a good linear relationship (r>0.997) at the concentration 10.0-500.0 µg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in the mushroom samples were 2.0-3.0 µg/kg, the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 5.0-10.0 µg/kg. In the urine samples, the LODs of 5 kinds of peptide toxins were 0.8-1.2 µg/L, the LOQs were 2.0-4.0 µg/L. The recoveries of method were 60.1%-94.9%, and the relative standard deviations were 2.0%-17.7% (n=6). Conclusion This method is accurate and rapid, and suitable for determination of peptide toxins in residual mushroom and patient urine samples from wild mushroom poisoning incidents.

, correspAuthors=Jin-Ming LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-Wei WEI, Jin-Ming LIU, Jin-Ying SUN, Liang TANG, Quan-Dong ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687462112477385, articleId=1152687442332140254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定野生蘑菇中毒样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)快速测定野生蘑菇中毒样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素的分析方法。方法 剩余蘑菇和患者尿液经甲醇提取, 250 mg N-丙基乙二胺(N-propyl ethylenediamine, PSA)吸附剂净化, 采用Waters CORTECS C18+液相色谱柱分离待测物, 以甲醇-2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相, 进行梯度洗脱。采用HPLC-MS/MS检测。结果 5种鹅膏肽类毒素在10.0~500.0 µg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.997), 蘑菇样品中5种毒素检出限(limits of detection, LODs)为2.0~3.0 µg/kg, 定量限(limits of quantification, LOQs)为5.0~10.0 µg/kg, 尿液样品中5种毒素LODs为0.8~1.2 µg/L, LOQs为2.0~4.0 µg/L。方法回收率范围为60.1%~94.9%, 相对标准偏差为2.0%~17.7% (n=6)。结论 该方法准确、快速, 适用于食用野生蘑菇中毒事件剩余蘑菇样品和患者尿液样品中鹅膏肽类毒素的检测。

, correspAuthors=刘金明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘金明(1987—), 男, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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韦慧慰(1987—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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韦慧慰(1987—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(24): 18-23., articleTitle=Rapid determination of 6 kinds of wild mushroom toxins in poisonous mushrooms by dispersive solid phase extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272716554154815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, awardId=LGWJ2023-002, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市龙岗区科技创新专项(LGWJ2023-002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272712968024831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272712976413440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, companyId=1169272712968024831, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Longgang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518172, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272712984802049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, companyId=1169272712968024831, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心, 深圳 518172)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272715270697775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Total ion chromatogram for mixed standard solution of 5 kinds of peptide toxins, figureFileSmall=1BxZAKhkKAduHk4x6szqSQ==, figureFileBig=K7YsV46FDYmyxHvcZ3sWzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272715325223728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=图1, caption=5种鹅膏肽类毒素混合标准溶液总离子流图

注: 1. α-AMA; 2. β-AMA; 3. γ-AMA; 4. POD; 5. PCD, 图4同。

, figureFileSmall=1BxZAKhkKAduHk4x6szqSQ==, figureFileBig=K7YsV46FDYmyxHvcZ3sWzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272715442664241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Optimization results of extraction solution, figureFileSmall=livxYv6nJCJRhzy1AN8RrQ==, figureFileBig=5WKKcUFcNKfq6ZchQ77rrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272715492995890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=图2, caption=提取溶剂优化结果

注: A. 蘑菇样品; B. 尿液样品。

, figureFileSmall=livxYv6nJCJRhzy1AN8RrQ==, figureFileBig=5WKKcUFcNKfq6ZchQ77rrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272715593659187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optimization results of absorbents, figureFileSmall=H0Ob3QhQ0ZhAqeGq+GlPbw==, figureFileBig=KRZjcIKGjh3++REBpXo4XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272715660768052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=图3, caption=吸附剂优化结果

注: A-1. PSA吸附剂净化的蘑菇样品; A-2. PSA吸附剂净化的尿样; B-1. C18吸附剂净化的蘑菇样品; B-2. C18吸附剂净化的尿样; C-1. GCB吸附剂净化的蘑菇样品; C-2. GCB吸附剂净化的尿样。

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注: A. 1号蘑菇样品溶液稀释20倍; B. 2号蘑菇样品溶液稀释50倍; C. 3号蘑菇样品溶液稀释20倍; D. 尿样。

, figureFileSmall=wBb87H3i+jlFIEJiuD063g==, figureFileBig=33mob3j6YXzgxWGLZe4WyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272715895649079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass spectrometry parameters of 5 kinds of peptide toxins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 保留时间/min 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 去簇电压/V 碰撞池能量/V
α-AMA 4.15 919.7 259.2*/339.3 140 65/70
β-AMA 4.31 920.6 259.2*/902.6 140 55/35
γ-AMA 4.37 903.5 243.3*/323.4 130 55/65
POD 4.74 789.5 444.2*/330.1 115 50/55
PCD 4.86 847.6 157.2*/330.1 120 85/55
), ArticleFig(id=1169272715992118072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5种鹅膏肽类毒素质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 保留时间/min 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 去簇电压/V 碰撞池能量/V
α-AMA 4.15 919.7 259.2*/339.3 140 65/70
β-AMA 4.31 920.6 259.2*/902.6 140 55/35
γ-AMA 4.37 903.5 243.3*/323.4 130 55/65
POD 4.74 789.5 444.2*/330.1 115 50/55
PCD 4.86 847.6 157.2*/330.1 120 85/55
), ArticleFig(id=1169272716059226937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis performance indicators of 5 kinds of peptide toxins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 蘑菇 尿样
回归方程 相关系数(r) 检出限
/(µg/kg)
定量限
/(µg/kg)
回归方程 相关系数(r) 检出限
/(µg/L)
定量限
/(µg/L)
α-AMA Y=70X+43.9 0.9999 3.0 10.0 Y=89X+332 0.9981 1.2 4.0
β-AMA Y=134X+68.9 0.9998 3.0 10.0 Y=130X+269 0.9994 1.2 4.0
γ-AMA Y=419X+787 0.9999 3.0 10.0 Y=393X+1320 0.9986 1.2 4.0
POD Y=513X+784 0.9994 2.0 5.0 Y=409X+1100 0.9991 0.8 2.0
PCD Y=303X+3140 0.9976 3.0 10.0 Y=259X+1860 0.9974 1.2 4.0
), ArticleFig(id=1169272716143113018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5种鹅膏肽类毒素分析性能指标结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 蘑菇 尿样
回归方程 相关系数(r) 检出限
/(µg/kg)
定量限
/(µg/kg)
回归方程 相关系数(r) 检出限
/(µg/L)
定量限
/(µg/L)
α-AMA Y=70X+43.9 0.9999 3.0 10.0 Y=89X+332 0.9981 1.2 4.0
β-AMA Y=134X+68.9 0.9998 3.0 10.0 Y=130X+269 0.9994 1.2 4.0
γ-AMA Y=419X+787 0.9999 3.0 10.0 Y=393X+1320 0.9986 1.2 4.0
POD Y=513X+784 0.9994 2.0 5.0 Y=409X+1100 0.9991 0.8 2.0
PCD Y=303X+3140 0.9976 3.0 10.0 Y=259X+1860 0.9974 1.2 4.0
), ArticleFig(id=1169272716206027579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of spiked recovery rates and precision (n=6)

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分析物 加标量/(μg/kg) 蘑菇 加标量/(μg/L) 尿样
回收率/% RSDs/% 回收率/% RSDs/%
α-AMA 20.0 65.9 11.2 40.0 61.0 17.7
50.0 85.1 7.1 100.0 74.8 5.4
200.0 94.9 2.7 400.0 83.6 10.1
β-AMA 20.0 82.2 12.6 40.0 63.3 10.2
50.0 81.7 9.5 100.0 79.2 10.8
200.0 90.6 2.9 400.0 85.9 11.5
γ-AMA 20.0 74.9 6.2 40.0 60.4 12.8
50.0 83.6 4.6 100.0 83.6 8.6
200.0 93.5 2.0 400.0 85.9 11.5
POD 20.0 83.8 9.4 40.0 66.8 11.7
50.0 81.6 4.2 100.0 84.7 9.5
200.0 88.8 2.2 400.0 90.3 9.2
PCD 20.0 69.7 3.4 40.0 60.1 12.8
50.0 76.6 7.2 100.0 80.9 10.8
200.0 89.9 2.5 400.0 88.2 7.8
), ArticleFig(id=1169272716281525052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

加标回收率及精密度实验结果(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 加标量/(μg/kg) 蘑菇 加标量/(μg/L) 尿样
回收率/% RSDs/% 回收率/% RSDs/%
α-AMA 20.0 65.9 11.2 40.0 61.0 17.7
50.0 85.1 7.1 100.0 74.8 5.4
200.0 94.9 2.7 400.0 83.6 10.1
β-AMA 20.0 82.2 12.6 40.0 63.3 10.2
50.0 81.7 9.5 100.0 79.2 10.8
200.0 90.6 2.9 400.0 85.9 11.5
γ-AMA 20.0 74.9 6.2 40.0 60.4 12.8
50.0 83.6 4.6 100.0 83.6 8.6
200.0 93.5 2.0 400.0 85.9 11.5
POD 20.0 83.8 9.4 40.0 66.8 11.7
50.0 81.6 4.2 100.0 84.7 9.5
200.0 88.8 2.2 400.0 90.3 9.2
PCD 20.0 69.7 3.4 40.0 60.1 12.8
50.0 76.6 7.2 100.0 80.9 10.8
200.0 89.9 2.5 400.0 88.2 7.8
), ArticleFig(id=1169272716344439613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection results of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in real samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 1号蘑菇
/(mg/kg)
2号蘑菇
/(mg/kg)
3号蘑菇
/(mg/kg)
尿液
/(μg/L)
α-AMA 747.0 925.0 185.0 6.0
β-AMA 609.0 1100.0 300.0 6.8
γ-AMA 4.2 15.7 2.6 未检出
POD 未检出 未检出 未检出 未检出
PCD 357.0 490.0 190.0 未检出
), ArticleFig(id=1169272716440908606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442332140254, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实际样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物 1号蘑菇
/(mg/kg)
2号蘑菇
/(mg/kg)
3号蘑菇
/(mg/kg)
尿液
/(μg/L)
α-AMA 747.0 925.0 185.0 6.0
β-AMA 609.0 1100.0 300.0 6.8
γ-AMA 4.2 15.7 2.6 未检出
POD 未检出 未检出 未检出 未检出
PCD 357.0 490.0 190.0 未检出
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高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定野生蘑菇中毒样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素
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韦慧慰 , 刘金明 * , 孙金影 , 唐亮 , 郑权东
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(9): 178-185
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(9): 178-185
高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定野生蘑菇中毒样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素
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韦慧慰 , 刘金明* , 孙金影, 唐亮, 郑权东
作者信息
  • 深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心, 深圳 518172
  • 韦慧慰(1987—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘金明(1987—), 男, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Determination of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in wild mushroom poisoning samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Hui-Wei WEI , Jin-Ming LIU* , Jin-Ying SUN, Liang TANG, Quan-Dong ZHENG
Affiliations
  • Longgang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518172, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212007
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目的 建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)快速测定野生蘑菇中毒样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素的分析方法。方法 剩余蘑菇和患者尿液经甲醇提取, 250 mg N-丙基乙二胺(N-propyl ethylenediamine, PSA)吸附剂净化, 采用Waters CORTECS C18+液相色谱柱分离待测物, 以甲醇-2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相, 进行梯度洗脱。采用HPLC-MS/MS检测。结果 5种鹅膏肽类毒素在10.0~500.0 µg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.997), 蘑菇样品中5种毒素检出限(limits of detection, LODs)为2.0~3.0 µg/kg, 定量限(limits of quantification, LOQs)为5.0~10.0 µg/kg, 尿液样品中5种毒素LODs为0.8~1.2 µg/L, LOQs为2.0~4.0 µg/L。方法回收率范围为60.1%~94.9%, 相对标准偏差为2.0%~17.7% (n=6)。结论 该方法准确、快速, 适用于食用野生蘑菇中毒事件剩余蘑菇样品和患者尿液样品中鹅膏肽类毒素的检测。

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  食物中毒  /  鹅膏肽类毒素  /  鹅膏毒肽  /  鬼笔毒肽

Objective To establish an analytical method for the rapid determination of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in samples from wild mushroom poisoning incidents by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The remaining mushrooms and patient urine samples were extracted by methanol, purified by 250 mg N-propyl ethylenediamine (PSA), and separated by Waters CORTECS C18+ liquid chromatography column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.1% formic acid) under gradient elution. They were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Results The 5 kinds of peptide toxins had a good linear relationship (r>0.997) at the concentration 10.0-500.0 µg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in the mushroom samples were 2.0-3.0 µg/kg, the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 5.0-10.0 µg/kg. In the urine samples, the LODs of 5 kinds of peptide toxins were 0.8-1.2 µg/L, the LOQs were 2.0-4.0 µg/L. The recoveries of method were 60.1%-94.9%, and the relative standard deviations were 2.0%-17.7% (n=6). Conclusion This method is accurate and rapid, and suitable for determination of peptide toxins in residual mushroom and patient urine samples from wild mushroom poisoning incidents.

high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  food poisoning  /  peptide toxins  /  amatoxins  /  phallotoxins
韦慧慰, 刘金明, 孙金影, 唐亮, 郑权东. 高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定野生蘑菇中毒样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 178 -185 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212007
Hui-Wei WEI, Jin-Ming LIU, Jin-Ying SUN, Liang TANG, Quan-Dong ZHENG. Determination of 5 kinds of peptide toxins in wild mushroom poisoning samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 178 -185 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212007
野生毒蘑菇种类繁多, 形态与可食用蘑菇相似, 日常容易误采误食造成中毒[1]。2010—2020年国内共发生1万余起蘑菇中毒事件, 导致超3万人中毒, 788人死亡[2]。蘑菇中毒多种临床表现中以急性肝损型蘑菇中毒病死率最高[3], 而造成急性肝损型的毒蘑菇中以鹅膏菌属最为常见[4], 该菌属中可能含有毒性极强的鹅膏毒肽如α-鹅膏毒肽(α-amanitin, α-AMA)、β-鹅膏毒肽(β-amanitin, β-AMA)、γ-鹅膏毒肽(γ-amanitin, γ-AMA)及鬼笔毒肽如二羟鬼笔毒肽(phalloidin, POD)和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽(phallacidin, PCD), 是导致中毒患者死亡的主要蘑菇毒素。鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽化学性质稳定, 耐干燥、酸碱和高温, 家庭普通烹饪加工方式无法破坏其化学结构和毒性[5-8]
在患者生物样品中检测出蘑菇毒素, 可确立诊断蘑菇中毒[4], 摄入的蘑菇毒素可被消化道吸收进入血液, 以及经过肾脏在尿液中以原型形式排出, 在血液中浓度快速下降, 而尿液蘑菇毒素检测窗口期较血液长, 在检测中更具有实用价值[9-13]。在误食毒蘑菇中毒事件中, 快速对中毒样品进行定性和定量分析, 对于明确中毒原因和患者临床救治具有重要意义。蘑菇毒素常见检测方法有生物传感器法[14-16]、酶联免疫吸附法[17]、毛细管电泳法[18]、高效液相色谱法[19]及液相色谱-串联质谱法[20-23]等。生物传感器法前处理简单, 特异性强、检测灵敏度高, 但稳定性有所欠缺。酶联免疫吸附法具有便携、快速的优点, 但易出现假阴性或假阳性结果, 且仅限于定性和半定量检测。此外毛细管电泳法重现性差, 而高效液相色谱法灵敏度低, 且均不具备准确定性能力, 不适于突发中毒事件实验室快速、准确定性和高灵敏定量要求。高效液相色谱-串联质谱法兼具色谱分离和质谱准确定性、高灵敏定量优势, 在误食野生蘑菇中毒事件应急检测中具有举足轻重的作用。
针对蘑菇毒素检测, 尚无尿液样品的国家标准检测方法, 目前研究多集中于单一野生蘑菇样品或生物样品, 未见针对突发蘑菇中毒事件实际剩余蘑菇样品和患者生物样品同时检测的实验室应急检测方法报道。本研究建立测定蘑菇样品和尿样中鹅膏肽类毒素的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法, 并对一起野生蘑菇中毒事件进行实验室应急检测, 测定结果可为相关中毒事件明确病因及患者临床救治提供依据。
阴性蘑菇样品为市场售卖可食用的平菇, 阴性尿液来自健康体检人员, 毒蘑菇样品来自中毒事件怀疑为鹅膏菌属类的剩余野生蘑菇样品, 尿液样品采自中毒患者食用野生蘑菇后30 h。
甲醇(色谱纯, 德国MERCK试剂公司); 乙酸铵、甲酸(色谱纯, 德国CNW公司); α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA、POD、PCD标准品(纯度≥90%, 德国Enzo公司); C18 (46~60 μm)、石墨化碳黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB) (120~400目)、N-丙基乙二胺(N-propyl ethylenediamine, PSA) (46~60 μm) (上海博纳艾杰尔科技公司)。
Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪(美国Agilent公司); API 4000三重四极杆质谱仪(美国AB SCIEX公司); EVA32型多功能样品氮吹浓缩仪、UMV-2型多管旋涡混合器(北京普立泰科仪器有限公司); AG285型电子天平(精度0.01 mg)、XSE205 DU型电子天平(精度0.1 g, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); ALLEGRA X-12R型大容量台式低温高速离心机(美国Beckman公司); IQ7000超纯水系统(美国密理博公司); Waters CORTECS C18+色谱柱(100 mm×3.0 mm, 2.7 μm, 美国Waters公司); 0.22 μm有机微孔滤膜(天津津腾公司); 100~1000 μL可调移液器(德国BRAND公司)。
单标标准储备液(100 mg/L): 精密称量10.0 mg(精确至0.01 mg) α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA、POD、PCD标准品分别置于5个100 mL烧杯中, 用适量甲醇溶解后, 转移至5支100 mL容量瓶中, 并用甲醇溶解并定容至刻度。在-20 ℃下避光保存。
混合标准储备液(10 mg/L): 准确移取上述单标标准储备液1.0 mL至10 mL容量瓶, 以甲醇定容至刻度。
混合标准中间液(1.0 mg/L): 准确移取1.0 mL混合标准储备液至10 mL容量瓶, 以甲醇定容至刻度。
混合标准工作溶液: 用15%甲醇-水溶液逐级稀释混合标准中间液, 配制成质量浓度分别为0、10、20、50、200、500 μg/L的混合标准工作溶液。
蘑菇样品: 将蘑菇样品烘干、粉碎后, 称取2.0 g(精确至0.01 g)置于15 mL具塞塑料离心管中, 加入10.0 mL甲醇, 涡旋振荡1 min, 超声20 min, 于8000 r/min、4 ℃下离心5 min。吸取7.0 mL上清液转移至15 mL离心管中, 加入250 mg PSA吸附剂, 涡旋振荡5 min, 于8000 r/min、4 ℃下离心5 min, 移取5.0 mL上清液转移至氮吹浓缩管中45 ℃氮吹至近干, 加入1.0 mL初始流动相复溶, 经有机微孔滤膜过滤至样品瓶, 样品待测。
尿液样品: 吸取1.0 mL尿液, 置于15 mL具塞塑料离心管中, 加入9.0 mL甲醇, 涡旋振荡1 min, 超声20 min, 于8000 r/min、4 ℃下离心5 min。吸取7.0 mL上清液转移至15 mL离心管中, 加入250 mg PSA吸附剂, 涡旋振荡5 min, 于8000 r/min、4 ℃下离心5 min, 移取5.0 mL上清液转移至氮吹浓缩管中45 ℃氮吹至近干, 加入200 µL初始流动相复溶, 于10000 r/min、离心5 min取上清液至样品瓶, 样品待测。
采用未检出目标鹅膏肽类毒素的阴性蘑菇样品和尿液各6份, 按样品处理方法处理, 以上述混合标准溶液系列各1.0 mL复溶, 经0.22 µm微孔滤膜过滤至样品瓶, 得到质量浓度分别为0、10、20、50、200、500 μg/L基质匹配混合标准工作溶液系列。
液相色谱条件: 色谱柱: Waters CORTECS C18+ (100 mm× 3.0 mm, 2.7 μm); 流速: 0.5 mL/min; 柱温: 40 ℃; 进样量: 10 μL。流动相: A—甲醇, B—2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)溶液。梯度洗脱程序: 0~1.0 min, 15% A; 1.0~2.0 min, 15%~60% A; 2.0~4.0 min, 60%~85% A; 4.0~6.0 min; 85% A; 6.0~7.0 min, 85%~15% A; 7.0~10.0 min, 15% A。
质谱条件: 离子源: 电喷雾离子源(electron spray ionization, ESI), 正离子模式; 扫描方式: 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM); 离子化电压: 5500 V; 离子源温度: 550 ℃; 雾化气压力: 55 psi; 辅助气压力: 55 psi; 气帘气压力: 25 psi; 碰撞池出口电压: 10 V。MRM离子对、去簇电压及碰撞池能量见表1
高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪所采集数据通过AB SCIEX Analyst 1.7软件处理并生成标准曲线, 外标法定量。采用Office Excel 2016软件对数据进行统计、制表。采用Origin 9.0绘图处理。分析实验重复6次。
鹅膏肽类毒素鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽均为水溶性极性化合物, 本研究选择Waters CORTECS C18+色谱柱作为分析柱, 考察了甲醇-水、乙腈-水、甲醇-2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)溶液、乙腈-2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)溶液、甲醇-2 mmol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)溶液、乙腈-2 mmol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)溶液6种不同流动相组成对峰响应和分离效果的影响。结果显示甲醇作为有机相较乙腈灵敏度略低, 但甲醇分离效果更佳(因乙腈较甲醇具有更强的洗脱能力, 各组分峰型更尖锐, 具有更强的灵敏度, 但也因洗脱能力更强, 无法将离子对较接近的α-AMA、β-AMA分离, 影响定量结果的准确性)。此外, 水相中添加乙酸铵较甲酸铵更利于提高分离度、灵敏度以及改善峰形。综合考虑最终选择甲醇-2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相。
分别采用ESI正、负离子模式对5种鹅膏肽类毒素进行母离子全扫描, 发现正离子模式下各蘑菇毒素响应更高, 与文献一致[24-27]。采用2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液稀释各毒素单标储备液至质量浓度为1.0 mg/L, 在ESI正离子模式下进行一级质谱全扫描, 确定各毒素母离子, 再对母离子进行二级离子扫描确定子离子, 最后采用MRM模式进一步优化去簇电压、碰撞池能量等质谱参数。
保留时间及母离子、子离子、去簇电压、碰撞池能量等质谱参数详见表1。混合标准溶液典型总离子流图如图1所示, 样品出峰顺序为α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA、POD和PCD, 5 min内出峰完毕, 分析时间适中。
鹅膏肽类毒素水溶性好, 极性溶剂如水、甲醇、乙腈均能较好溶解, 但提取液中含水多会延长氮吹浓缩时间。本研究中考察了甲醇、乙腈、0.1%甲酸-甲醇、0.1%甲酸-乙腈4种提取溶剂对蘑菇和尿液样品中5种毒素的提取效果, 结果见图2。发现在蘑菇和尿液样品中, 5种毒素在甲醇中平均提取效率最高, 分别达82%和81%, 因此采用纯甲醇作为提取溶剂。
蘑菇中含蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等, 尿液成分主要为水, 同时含无机盐、尿素等其他成分。提取液简单过滤后直接进样容易损坏色谱柱, 同时基质效应大, 影响目标物灵敏度。与鹅膏肽类毒素常用的固相萃取净化方式相比, 分散固相萃取尽管主要使用手工操作, 自动化程度较低, 但操作简单、快速, 满足应急检测时效要求高的特点[28-29]。本研究考察了PSA、C18、GCB 3种吸附剂对蘑菇和尿样提取液的净化效果, 分别加入100~350 mg C18和GCB在蘑菇和尿液样品中5种毒素平均回收率均小于70%, 加入250 mg PSA时回收率最高, 平均回收率均大于80%, 继续增加用量后回收率无明显变化, 趋势图见图3, 因此选用添加250 mg PSA作为吸附剂。
以基质匹配标准工作溶液曲线斜率与溶剂标准溶液曲线斜率之比作为基质因子评价不同样本类别的基质效应。结果显示蘑菇和尿液样品中基质效应范围分别为95%~136%和69%~156%, 其中3种鹅膏毒肽在蘑菇和尿样中均表现为基质增强效应, 2种鬼笔毒肽在尿样中表现为基质抑制效应, 在蘑菇样品中则几乎无基质效应。应急检测时也可直接采用溶剂配制的标准溶液系列制作标准曲线以满足快速定性定量要求。
在优化分析条件下, 对基质匹配标准工作溶液系列进样分析, 经线性拟合得到线性回归方程及相关系数。结果显示, 5种鹅膏肽类毒素在10.0~500.0 µg/L质量浓度范围内具有良好线性关系, 相关系数为0.9974~0.999。以3倍信噪比作为检出限, 10倍信噪比作为定量限, 通过逐渐降低加标浓度的方法获得5种毒素的检出限、定量限, 并按本方法操作计算最低检出浓度和最低定量浓度, 方法分析性能指标结果见表2。蘑菇中5种毒素检出限为2.0~3.0 µg/kg, 定量限为5.0~10.0 µg/kg; 尿样中5种毒素检出限为0.8~1.2 µg/L, 定量限为2.0~4.0 µg/L。蘑菇中5种毒素检出限较文献[20,24-26,30]低, 尿样中5种毒素检出限与文献相当[6-7,27]
以不含5种鹅膏肽类毒素的样品(平菇、健康体检人员尿液)为空白基质, 加标浓度分别为20.0、50.0、200.0 μg/kg (平菇样品)及40.0、100.0、400.0 μg/L(尿样), 每个水平平行制备6份样品。5种毒素加标回收率范围在60.1%~94.9%之间, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)介于2.0%~17.7% (n=6)(结果见表3)。加标回收率和精密度均符合GB/T 35655—2017《化学分析方法验证确认和内部质量控制实施指南 色谱分析》及GB/T 27404—2008《实验室质量控制规范 食品理化检测》中有关回收率和精密度范围的要求(被测组分含量<0.1 mg/kg, 回收率范围为60%~120%; 被测组分含量10 μg/kg, 实验室内精密度参考范围为21%), 可满足应急检测需要。
用本研究建立的分析方法对辖区内一起毒蘑菇中毒事件中的剩余蘑菇样品及患者尿样进行检测, 均检出鹅膏肽类毒素, 色谱图见图4, 具体结果见表4。3份剩余蘑菇样品中除POD未检出外, 其余4种毒素α-AMA、β-AMA、γ-AMA和PCD均有检出, 其中α-AMA、β-AMA和PCD含量范围为185.0~ 1100.0 mg/kg, γ-AMA含量范围为2.6~15.7 mg/kg。尿样中仅检出α-AMA和β-AMA, 含量范围为6.0~6.8 μg/L。剩余食品和患者生物样品均检出高毒性鹅膏肽类毒素, 结合患者临床症状, 明确本次中毒事件为鹅膏肽类毒素引起的食物中毒。蘑菇毒素在野生有毒蘑菇样品中含量较高, 可在前处理时将提取液用初始流动相稀释1000倍后直接进样, 快速完成定性筛查。
受地理位置和气候影响, 深圳市野生蘑菇种类繁多, 每年春夏之交野生蘑菇大量生长之际, 误食有毒蘑菇中毒事件时有发生, 轻者引起肝损伤, 重者导致死亡, 且鹅膏肽类毒素中毒死亡率极高。剩余蘑菇样品和尿样是误食蘑菇中毒事件最重要的检材, 而血液样品检测窗口期短, 不适宜作为检材。本研究建立的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法可用于突发野生毒蘑菇中毒事件中剩余蘑菇和尿液样品中5种鹅膏肽类毒素的测定, 3 h内完成定性定量。一旦检出鹅膏肽类毒素如鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽, 要引起高度重视, 及时采取对症治疗措施及防止后续可能产生的迟发性肝损伤。因鹅膏肽类毒素中毒无特效解药, 中毒后果严重、预后差, 故加强野生蘑菇中毒科普宣传, 勿采食野生蘑菇是最重要的预防途径。
  • 深圳市龙岗区科技创新专项(LGWJ2023-002)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
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深圳市龙岗区科技创新专项(LGWJ2023-002)
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    深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心, 深圳 518172

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* 刘金明(1987—), 男, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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