Article(id=1152687442046923416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241101002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702080, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702080, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687442743177887, articleId=1152687442046923416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and health risk assessment of dietary intake of 4 kinds of medicinal and edible substances, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in 4 kinds of medicinal and edible substances, Aucklandiae radix, Citrus reticulatae pericarpium, Polygonati rhizoma, Fritillaria cirrhose bulbus in Chongqing, and assess human exposure risk from PAHs residues through ingestion of 4 kinds of substances. Methods A total of 160 samples were collected from 10 districts/counties in Chongqing. The residues of 16 kinds of PAHs were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contamination levels were evaluated based on the maximum residue limits of benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 (sum of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) set by the European Commission for “food supplements containing botanicals and their preparations” and “dried herbs”. The pollution characteristics of PAHs in the 4 kinds of substances were analyzed, and the sources were identified using isomer ratio analysis. Health risk assessment was conducted using the increased lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Results PAHs were detected in all Aucklandiae radix, Citrus reticulatae pericarpium, Polygonati rhizoma, Fritillaria cirrhose bulbus. The detection rate of the highly carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene was 24%, with an exceedance rate of 1.25%, while the exceedance rate for PAH4 was 1.9%. Citrus reticulata peel exhibited the highest benzo[a]pyrene detection rate (83%), and its maximum PAH4 content reached 151.66 μg/kg, exceeding the MRL by more than threefold. PAHs in all 4 kinds of substances were predominantly low-molecular-weight 2-3 ring compounds. The ILCR values of cancer risk caused by taking 4 kinds of substances in different populations were 1.46×10-7-7.26×10-7, 1.21×10-6-6.04×10-6, 1.89×10-7-9.38×10-7, 6.96×10-8-3.46×10-7, respectively. Conclusion The 4 kinds of dual-purpose substances are contaminated with PAHs at varying levels, primarily due to biomass or coal combustion. The health risks from oral intake of Aucklandiae radix, Polygonati rhizoma, Fritillaria cirrhose bulbu are low and within acceptable limits. However, Citrus reticulatae pericarpium poses a potential health risk due to PAHs exposure, warranting further attention.

, correspAuthors=Yan CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li WAN, Chao LONG, Qin XIANG, Ya GUO, La-Mei MU, Yan CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687449194017649, articleId=1152687442046923416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=4种药食两用物质多环芳烃污染状况及膳食摄入健康风险评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 调查分析重庆地区木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母4种药食两用物质中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAHs)的污染状况, 评估人群摄入这4种物质的PAHs残留暴露风险。方法 采集重庆市10个区县木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母共160份样品, 采用气相色谱-质谱法测定16种PAHs残留量, 依据欧盟委员会规定的“含有植物药及其制剂的食品补充剂”以及“干药草”中的苯并[a]芘和PAH4(苯并[a]蒽、䓛、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘之和)最大残留限量评价PAHs超标状况, 分析4种药食两用物质中PAHs的污染特征, 采用异构体比值法对污染来源进行分析, 并以美国环保局(US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)推荐的终身致癌风险(increased lifetime cancer risk, ILCR)为度量指标, 进行健康风险评估。结果 木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母中PAHs均有检出, 强致癌组分苯并[a]芘检出率为24%, 超标率为1.25%, PAH4超标率为1.9%, 陈皮中苯并[a]芘检出率高达83%, PAH4最高含量为151.66 μg/kg, 是最高限量值的3倍以上。4种物质中PAHs均以2~3环轻质PAHs为主, 服用4种物质对不同人群引起的致癌风险ILCR值分别为1.46×10‒7~7.26×10‒7、1.21×10‒6~6.04×10‒6、1.89×10‒7~9.38×10‒7、6.96×10‒8~3.46×10‒7结论 4种药食两用物质均受到不同程度的PAHs污染, 污染源主要为生物质或煤炭燃烧; 木香、黄精、太白贝母经口服摄入的健康风险较低, 在可接受范围内, 经陈皮摄入的PAHs则存在潜在健康风险, 应给予关注。

, correspAuthors=程燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 程燕(1988—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为药品食品检验与质量控制。E-mail:
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万莉(1972—), 女, 主任药师, 主要研究方向为药品食品检验与质量控制。E-mail:

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Quantitative and qualitative ions of 16 kinds of PAHs and their corresponding isotopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分名称 环数 定量离子 定性离子 定量内标物 线性方程
naph 2 128 127, 78 萘-D8 Y=0.01324X-0.00444
acy 3 152 151, 76 苊-D10 Y=0.01886X-0.01366
ace 3 154 152, 76 苊-D10 Y=0.01283X-0.00548
flu 3 166 164, 139 苊-D10 Y=0.01369X-0.00036
phe 3 178 152, 89 菲-D10 Y=0.01382X-0.00547
ant 3 178 152, 89 菲-D10 Y=0.01189X-0.01441
flt 4 202 200, 101 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.02295X+0.01701
pyr 4 202 200, 101 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.02225X+0.02596
baa 4 226 228, 114 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.00402X-0.00114
chry 4 228 226, 114 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.01322X-0.00915
bbf 5 252 250, 126 苝-D12 Y=0.03657X-0.10230
bkf 5 252 250, 126 苝-D12 Y=0.01715X-0.10740
bap 5 252 250, 126 苝-D12 Y=0.01346X-0.00968
dbaha 5 276 278, 139 苝-D12 Y=0.00469X+0.01004
indp 6 276 274, 138 苝-D12 Y=0.01960X+0.00129
bghip 6 276 274, 138 苝-D12 Y=0.02524X+0.03879
内标1: 萘-D8 2 136 134, 108
内标:2: 苊-D10 3 162 164
内标3: 菲-D10 3 188 184
内标4: 苯并[α]蒽-D12 4 240 228
内标5: 苝-D12 5 264 260
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563403337758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

16种PAHs及相应同位素内标的定量定性离子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分名称 环数 定量离子 定性离子 定量内标物 线性方程
naph 2 128 127, 78 萘-D8 Y=0.01324X-0.00444
acy 3 152 151, 76 苊-D10 Y=0.01886X-0.01366
ace 3 154 152, 76 苊-D10 Y=0.01283X-0.00548
flu 3 166 164, 139 苊-D10 Y=0.01369X-0.00036
phe 3 178 152, 89 菲-D10 Y=0.01382X-0.00547
ant 3 178 152, 89 菲-D10 Y=0.01189X-0.01441
flt 4 202 200, 101 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.02295X+0.01701
pyr 4 202 200, 101 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.02225X+0.02596
baa 4 226 228, 114 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.00402X-0.00114
chry 4 228 226, 114 苯并[α]蒽-D12 Y=0.01322X-0.00915
bbf 5 252 250, 126 苝-D12 Y=0.03657X-0.10230
bkf 5 252 250, 126 苝-D12 Y=0.01715X-0.10740
bap 5 252 250, 126 苝-D12 Y=0.01346X-0.00968
dbaha 5 276 278, 139 苝-D12 Y=0.00469X+0.01004
indp 6 276 274, 138 苝-D12 Y=0.01960X+0.00129
bghip 6 276 274, 138 苝-D12 Y=0.02524X+0.03879
内标1: 萘-D8 2 136 134, 108
内标:2: 苊-D10 3 162 164
内标3: 菲-D10 3 188 184
内标4: 苯并[α]蒽-D12 4 240 228
内标5: 苝-D12 5 264 260
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563478835231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of sample determination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分名称 环数 木香(n=43) 陈皮(n=41) 黄精(n=36) 太白贝母(n=40)
含量范围
/(μg/kg)
均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/% 含量范围/(μg/kg) 均值
/(μg/kg)
检出率/% 含量范围/(μg/kg) 均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/% 含量范围/(μg/kg) 均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/%
naph 2 20.03~136.47 60.68 100 34.40~103.74 68.65 100 10.70~60.75 28.36 100 19.18~86.73 43.51 100
acy 3 3.10~166.64 14.48 100 nd~183.45 31.45 95 nd~2.82 0.66 33 nd~7.49 1.62 43
ace 3 nd~8.67 0.70 16 nd~19.01 5.14 24 nd~3.41 0.20 6 nd~3.35 0.28 10
flu 3 3.06~80.52 11.87 100 11.19~399.75 72.67 100 nd~9.14 3.07 58 nd~49.58 14.31 90
phe 3 17.28~738.08 83.71 100 55.47~205.95 104.87 100 5.80~32.65 16.42 100 9.91~40.64 25.47 100
ant 3 5.36~140.18 22.12 100 3.24~34.69 15.68 100 nd~3.76 1.24 53 nd~4.33 2.86 95
flt 4 nd~297.06 19.49 84 2.87~48.43 11.67 100 nd~2.79 0.76 92 nd~4.39 1.64 95
pyr 4 nd~208.2 13.87 70 2.18~55.72 12.48 100 nd~2.39 0.91 53 nd~2.34 0.97 70
baa 4 nd~17.82 4.52 70 nd~69.31 5.72 39 nd 0 0 nd~1.08 0.05 5
chry 4 nd~26.46 2.33 30 nd~84.23 10.50 95 nd~1.88 0.36 25 nd~5.28 1.18 60
bbf 5 nd~10.66 0.81 16 nd~22.88 9.89 98 4.18~10.92 6.06 100 nd~4.35 3.24 95
bkf 5 nd~14.73 1.34 21 nd~45.32 6.02 22 nd~5.02 2.08 72 nd 0 0
bap 5 nd~13.58 0.52 9 nd~10.38 5.34 83 nd 0 0 nd~1.16 0.03 3
dbaha 5 nd 0 0 nd~1.86 0.08 5 nd 0 0 nd 0 0
indp 6 nd~13.01 0.33 2.3 nd~2.25 0.10 5 nd 0 0 nd 0 0
bghip 6 nd~7.82 0.33 4.7 nd~3.75 0.20 10 nd 0 0 nd 0 0
ΣPAHs4 nd~68.52 8.18 3.42~151.66 31.46 4.18~11.75 6.42 1.00~10.84 4.50
ΣPAHs16 74.46~1557.70 237.00 182.10~776.20 360.50 34.18~180.30 60.14 62.16~152.14 95.15
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563587887136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样品检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分名称 环数 木香(n=43) 陈皮(n=41) 黄精(n=36) 太白贝母(n=40)
含量范围
/(μg/kg)
均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/% 含量范围/(μg/kg) 均值
/(μg/kg)
检出率/% 含量范围/(μg/kg) 均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/% 含量范围/(μg/kg) 均值/(μg/kg) 检出率/%
naph 2 20.03~136.47 60.68 100 34.40~103.74 68.65 100 10.70~60.75 28.36 100 19.18~86.73 43.51 100
acy 3 3.10~166.64 14.48 100 nd~183.45 31.45 95 nd~2.82 0.66 33 nd~7.49 1.62 43
ace 3 nd~8.67 0.70 16 nd~19.01 5.14 24 nd~3.41 0.20 6 nd~3.35 0.28 10
flu 3 3.06~80.52 11.87 100 11.19~399.75 72.67 100 nd~9.14 3.07 58 nd~49.58 14.31 90
phe 3 17.28~738.08 83.71 100 55.47~205.95 104.87 100 5.80~32.65 16.42 100 9.91~40.64 25.47 100
ant 3 5.36~140.18 22.12 100 3.24~34.69 15.68 100 nd~3.76 1.24 53 nd~4.33 2.86 95
flt 4 nd~297.06 19.49 84 2.87~48.43 11.67 100 nd~2.79 0.76 92 nd~4.39 1.64 95
pyr 4 nd~208.2 13.87 70 2.18~55.72 12.48 100 nd~2.39 0.91 53 nd~2.34 0.97 70
baa 4 nd~17.82 4.52 70 nd~69.31 5.72 39 nd 0 0 nd~1.08 0.05 5
chry 4 nd~26.46 2.33 30 nd~84.23 10.50 95 nd~1.88 0.36 25 nd~5.28 1.18 60
bbf 5 nd~10.66 0.81 16 nd~22.88 9.89 98 4.18~10.92 6.06 100 nd~4.35 3.24 95
bkf 5 nd~14.73 1.34 21 nd~45.32 6.02 22 nd~5.02 2.08 72 nd 0 0
bap 5 nd~13.58 0.52 9 nd~10.38 5.34 83 nd 0 0 nd~1.16 0.03 3
dbaha 5 nd 0 0 nd~1.86 0.08 5 nd 0 0 nd 0 0
indp 6 nd~13.01 0.33 2.3 nd~2.25 0.10 5 nd 0 0 nd 0 0
bghip 6 nd~7.82 0.33 4.7 nd~3.75 0.20 10 nd 0 0 nd 0 0
ΣPAHs4 nd~68.52 8.18 3.42~151.66 31.46 4.18~11.75 6.42 1.00~10.84 4.50
ΣPAHs16 74.46~1557.70 237.00 182.10~776.20 360.50 34.18~180.30 60.14 62.16~152.14 95.15
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563684356129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Source analysis of PAHs in 4 kinds of substancess

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异构体 判定标准 样品比值计算结果分布(批次)
木香 陈皮 黄精 太白贝母
ant/(ant+phe) >0.1, 燃烧来源 43 41 36 40
≤0.1, 原油污染 0 0 0 0
flt/(flt+pyr) ≤0.4, 原油污染 2 2 8 1
0.4~0.5, 汽油燃烧 7 14 2 2
>0.5, 生物质或煤燃烧 33 9 22 37
baa/(baa+chry) ≤0.2, 原油污染 0 0 - 1
0.2~0.35, 石油燃烧 1 6 - 0
>0.35, 生物质或煤燃烧 42 3 - 1
来源分析 主要来源于生物质燃烧, 少部分来源于汽油燃烧 主要来源于汽油、生物质燃烧 主要来源于生物质燃烧, 少部分来源于原油污染 主要来源于生物质燃烧, 个别来源于汽油燃烧和石油源污染
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563755659298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种物质中PAHs污染来源分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异构体 判定标准 样品比值计算结果分布(批次)
木香 陈皮 黄精 太白贝母
ant/(ant+phe) >0.1, 燃烧来源 43 41 36 40
≤0.1, 原油污染 0 0 0 0
flt/(flt+pyr) ≤0.4, 原油污染 2 2 8 1
0.4~0.5, 汽油燃烧 7 14 2 2
>0.5, 生物质或煤燃烧 33 9 22 37
baa/(baa+chry) ≤0.2, 原油污染 0 0 - 1
0.2~0.35, 石油燃烧 1 6 - 0
>0.35, 生物质或煤燃烧 42 3 - 1
来源分析 主要来源于生物质燃烧, 少部分来源于汽油燃烧 主要来源于汽油、生物质燃烧 主要来源于生物质燃烧, 少部分来源于原油污染 主要来源于生物质燃烧, 个别来源于汽油燃烧和石油源污染
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563822768163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Toxic equivalent of bap-based PAHs in 4 kinds of substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PAHs TEF 木香 陈皮 黄精 太白贝母
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
naph 0.001 60.68 60.68 68.65 68.65 28.36 28.36 43.51 43.51
acy 0.001 14.48 14.48 31.45 31.45 0.66 0.66 1.62 1.62
ace 0.001 0.70 0.70 5.14 5.14 0.20 0.20 0.28 0.28
flu 0.001 11.87 11.87 72.67 72.67 3.07 3.07 14.31 14.31
phe 0.001 83.71 83.71 104.87 104.87 16.42 16.42 25.47 25.47
ant 0.01 22.12 221.20 15.68 156.80 1.24 12.40 2.86 28.6
flt 0.001 19.49 19.49 11.67 11.67 0.76 0.76 1.64 1.64
pyr 0.001 13.87 13.87 12.48 12.48 0.91 0.91 0.97 0.97
baa 0.1 4.52 452.00 5.72 572.00 0 0 0.05 5.00
chry 0.01 2.33 23.30 10.50 105.00 0.36 3.60 1.18 11.80
bbf 0.1 0.81 81.00 9.89 989.00 6.06 606.00 3.24 324.00
bkf 0.1 1.34 134.00 6.02 602.00 2.08 208.00 0 0
bap 1 0.52 520.00 5.34 5340.00 0 0 0.03 30.00
dbaha 5 0 0 0.08 400.00 0 0 0 0
indp 0.1 0.33 33 0.10 10 0 0 0 0
bghip 0.1 0.33 33 0.20 20 0 0 0 0
ΣPAHs16 1702.30 8501.70 880.40 487.20
), ArticleFig(id=1169272563931820068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4种物质中PAHs基于bap的毒性当量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PAHs TEF 木香 陈皮 黄精 太白贝母
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
平均含量/(μg/kg) TEQbap
/(ng/kg)
naph 0.001 60.68 60.68 68.65 68.65 28.36 28.36 43.51 43.51
acy 0.001 14.48 14.48 31.45 31.45 0.66 0.66 1.62 1.62
ace 0.001 0.70 0.70 5.14 5.14 0.20 0.20 0.28 0.28
flu 0.001 11.87 11.87 72.67 72.67 3.07 3.07 14.31 14.31
phe 0.001 83.71 83.71 104.87 104.87 16.42 16.42 25.47 25.47
ant 0.01 22.12 221.20 15.68 156.80 1.24 12.40 2.86 28.6
flt 0.001 19.49 19.49 11.67 11.67 0.76 0.76 1.64 1.64
pyr 0.001 13.87 13.87 12.48 12.48 0.91 0.91 0.97 0.97
baa 0.1 4.52 452.00 5.72 572.00 0 0 0.05 5.00
chry 0.01 2.33 23.30 10.50 105.00 0.36 3.60 1.18 11.80
bbf 0.1 0.81 81.00 9.89 989.00 6.06 606.00 3.24 324.00
bkf 0.1 1.34 134.00 6.02 602.00 2.08 208.00 0 0
bap 1 0.52 520.00 5.34 5340.00 0 0 0.03 30.00
dbaha 5 0 0 0.08 400.00 0 0 0 0
indp 0.1 0.33 33 0.10 10 0 0 0 0
bghip 0.1 0.33 33 0.20 20 0 0 0 0
ΣPAHs16 1702.30 8501.70 880.40 487.20
), ArticleFig(id=1169272564024094757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

ILCR contaminated by PAHs in 4 kinds of substances

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年龄段 木香 陈皮 黄精 太白贝母
儿童 3.09×10-7 2.58×10-6 4.00×10-7 1.48×10-7
青少年 1.46×10-7 1.21×10-6 1.89×10-7 6.96×10-8
成年人 7.26×10-7 6.04×10-6 9.38×10-7 3.46×10-7
老年人 1.92×10-7 1.59×10-6 2.48×10-7 9.14×10-8
), ArticleFig(id=1169272564095397926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687442046923416, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

4种物质PAHs污染的ILCR

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年龄段 木香 陈皮 黄精 太白贝母
儿童 3.09×10-7 2.58×10-6 4.00×10-7 1.48×10-7
青少年 1.46×10-7 1.21×10-6 1.89×10-7 6.96×10-8
成年人 7.26×10-7 6.04×10-6 9.38×10-7 3.46×10-7
老年人 1.92×10-7 1.59×10-6 2.48×10-7 9.14×10-8
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4种药食两用物质多环芳烃污染状况及膳食摄入健康风险评估
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万莉 , 龙超 , 向琴 , 郭娅 , 牟腊梅 , 程燕 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(9): 151-158
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(9): 151-158
4种药食两用物质多环芳烃污染状况及膳食摄入健康风险评估
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万莉 , 龙超, 向琴, 郭娅, 牟腊梅, 程燕*
作者信息
  • 三峡库区道地药材开发利用重庆市重点实验室, 重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院一分院, 重庆 404000
  • 万莉(1972—), 女, 主任药师, 主要研究方向为药品食品检验与质量控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 程燕(1988—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为药品食品检验与质量控制。E-mail:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and health risk assessment of dietary intake of 4 kinds of medicinal and edible substances
Li WAN , Chao LONG, Qin XIANG, Ya GUO, La-Mei MU, Yan CHENG*
Affiliations
  • Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 404000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241101002
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目的 调查分析重庆地区木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母4种药食两用物质中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAHs)的污染状况, 评估人群摄入这4种物质的PAHs残留暴露风险。方法 采集重庆市10个区县木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母共160份样品, 采用气相色谱-质谱法测定16种PAHs残留量, 依据欧盟委员会规定的“含有植物药及其制剂的食品补充剂”以及“干药草”中的苯并[a]芘和PAH4(苯并[a]蒽、䓛、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘之和)最大残留限量评价PAHs超标状况, 分析4种药食两用物质中PAHs的污染特征, 采用异构体比值法对污染来源进行分析, 并以美国环保局(US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)推荐的终身致癌风险(increased lifetime cancer risk, ILCR)为度量指标, 进行健康风险评估。结果 木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母中PAHs均有检出, 强致癌组分苯并[a]芘检出率为24%, 超标率为1.25%, PAH4超标率为1.9%, 陈皮中苯并[a]芘检出率高达83%, PAH4最高含量为151.66 μg/kg, 是最高限量值的3倍以上。4种物质中PAHs均以2~3环轻质PAHs为主, 服用4种物质对不同人群引起的致癌风险ILCR值分别为1.46×10‒7~7.26×10‒7、1.21×10‒6~6.04×10‒6、1.89×10‒7~9.38×10‒7、6.96×10‒8~3.46×10‒7结论 4种药食两用物质均受到不同程度的PAHs污染, 污染源主要为生物质或煤炭燃烧; 木香、黄精、太白贝母经口服摄入的健康风险较低, 在可接受范围内, 经陈皮摄入的PAHs则存在潜在健康风险, 应给予关注。

药食两用物质  /  多环芳烃  /  污染状况  /  风险评估

Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in 4 kinds of medicinal and edible substances, Aucklandiae radix, Citrus reticulatae pericarpium, Polygonati rhizoma, Fritillaria cirrhose bulbus in Chongqing, and assess human exposure risk from PAHs residues through ingestion of 4 kinds of substances. Methods A total of 160 samples were collected from 10 districts/counties in Chongqing. The residues of 16 kinds of PAHs were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contamination levels were evaluated based on the maximum residue limits of benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 (sum of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) set by the European Commission for “food supplements containing botanicals and their preparations” and “dried herbs”. The pollution characteristics of PAHs in the 4 kinds of substances were analyzed, and the sources were identified using isomer ratio analysis. Health risk assessment was conducted using the increased lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Results PAHs were detected in all Aucklandiae radix, Citrus reticulatae pericarpium, Polygonati rhizoma, Fritillaria cirrhose bulbus. The detection rate of the highly carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene was 24%, with an exceedance rate of 1.25%, while the exceedance rate for PAH4 was 1.9%. Citrus reticulata peel exhibited the highest benzo[a]pyrene detection rate (83%), and its maximum PAH4 content reached 151.66 μg/kg, exceeding the MRL by more than threefold. PAHs in all 4 kinds of substances were predominantly low-molecular-weight 2-3 ring compounds. The ILCR values of cancer risk caused by taking 4 kinds of substances in different populations were 1.46×10-7-7.26×10-7, 1.21×10-6-6.04×10-6, 1.89×10-7-9.38×10-7, 6.96×10-8-3.46×10-7, respectively. Conclusion The 4 kinds of dual-purpose substances are contaminated with PAHs at varying levels, primarily due to biomass or coal combustion. The health risks from oral intake of Aucklandiae radix, Polygonati rhizoma, Fritillaria cirrhose bulbu are low and within acceptable limits. However, Citrus reticulatae pericarpium poses a potential health risk due to PAHs exposure, warranting further attention.

medicinal and edible substances  /  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon  /  pollution status  /  risk assessment
万莉, 龙超, 向琴, 郭娅, 牟腊梅, 程燕. 4种药食两用物质多环芳烃污染状况及膳食摄入健康风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241101002
Li WAN, Chao LONG, Qin XIANG, Ya GUO, La-Mei MU, Yan CHENG. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and health risk assessment of dietary intake of 4 kinds of medicinal and edible substances[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241101002
药食两用食品是指以药食两用的药材为原料制成的具有食养、保健等功能的食品[1], 近年来随着人民健康意识不断增强, 药食两用食品的食用逐年递增, 其生产过程中原料的质量安全成为需要重点关注的问题, 药食两用物质原料在生长过程中, 也会引入外源性污染物, 如农药残留、真菌毒素、重金属、多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAHs)等, 其中PAHs作为外源性污染物之一[2], 在环境中广泛存在, 是目前已知最大的致癌物质类别[3]。1976年美国环境保护署(US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)确定了萘(naphthalene, naph)、苊烯(acenaphthylene, acy)、苊(acenaphthene, ace)、芴(fluorene, flu)、菲(phenanthrene, phe)、蒽(anthracene, ant)、荧蒽(fluoranthene, flt)、芘(pyrene, pyr)、苯并[a]蒽(benz[a]anthracene, baa)、䓛(chrysene, chry)、苯并[b]荧蒽(benzo[b]fluoranthene, bbf)、苯并[k]荧蒽(benzo[k]fluoranthene, bkf)、苯并[a]芘(benzo[a]pyrene, bap)、茚并[d]芘(indeno[3-cd]pyrene, indp)、二苯并[a,h]蒽(dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dbaha)和苯并[g,h,i]苝(benzo[g,h,i]perylene, bghip) 16种PAHs为需要优先控制的污染物[4-5], 有研究表明药材在其生长过程中可能吸收或吸附污染空气、水或土壤中的PAHs, 并且在其体内不断富集, 然后通过食物链进入人体, 从而对人体健康产生危害[6]。目前国家卫建委公布的既是食品又是药品的药材名单共有110种, 可用于保健食品的药材有114种, 陈皮、黄精、木香、川贝母均为具有很高利用价值的药食两用物质[7-8], 其中陈皮、黄精收录于药食两用目录中, 木香、川贝母可用作保健食品原料。我国在“健康中国”2030 纲要[9-10]中提出鼓励研发中医药功能类食品等药食两用产品, 在此战略背景下, 药食两用类产品成为未来研发利用的大趋势。重庆地区陈皮、黄精、木香、太白贝母这4种药食两用物质种植范围广, 产量较高, 因此, 本研究以重庆地区上述4种食药两用物质为研究对象, 通过查阅文献[11-14]比对多种PAHs测定方法, 优选气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对前述16种PAHs进行测定, 分析其污染情况, 采用USEPA推荐的终身致癌风险(increased lifetime cancer risk, ILCR)模型进行健康风险评价, 为药食两用食品的可持续开发和利用提供基础数据。
在2022—2023年, 按照随机采样原则, 在重庆市奉节、万州、开州、城口、巫溪、巫山、云阳、合川、石柱、垫江共10个区县的46个种植基地、6家初加工企业及10家生产企业进行样品采集, 基地采集的鲜样自行加工, 洗净、烘干, 黄精和沉香切段或者片, 初加工企业及生产企业采集的样品均为已加工后的产品, 每份样品约500 g, 最终采集陈皮样品41份, 黄精样品36份, 木香样品43份、太白贝母样品40份, 4种样品共160份。
TSQ-9000-trace1300气相-质谱联用仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); Sartorius-CP224S(精度0.1 mg)、Sartorius- ME215S(精度0.01 mg)电子天平[赛多利斯(上海)贸易有限公司]; SF-TGL-20DR型离心机(上海菲恰尔公司); Turbovaplv型氮吹仪(瑞典Biotage公司); 16种PAHs混标(批号为G0063561, 质量浓度为2000 μg/mL, 北京曼哈格生物科技有限公司); 5种氘代PAHs内标混标(批号为2101908, 质量浓度为200 μg/mL)、PAHs分子印迹柱(200 mg, 6 mL)(上海安普科技有限公司); DB-1701MS色谱柱(30 m× 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国安捷伦公司)。
正己烷、二氯甲烷、丙酮[色谱纯, 默克化工技术(上海)有限公司]; 水为自制纯化水。
16种PAHs混合标准贮备溶液: 取16种PAHs混合标准溶液适量, 用丙酮稀释成质量浓度为1 μg/mL的混合标准贮备液。
内标混合贮备溶液: 取5种氘代PAHs混合内标溶液适量, 用丙酮稀释成质量浓度为1 μg/mL的贮备液。
标准系列溶液的制备: 精密量取16种PAHs混合标准贮备溶液及内标贮备液适量, 制成含16种PAHs质量浓度为2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0、150.0、200.0 ng/mL, 内标质量浓度为100.0 ng/mL的标准系列溶液。
每个样品取500 g, 粉碎并过2号筛, 混匀, 称取2 g, 加入内标混合贮备溶液0.1 mL, 加入正己烷8 mL, 超声提取20 min, 8000 r/min离心5 min, 取上清液备用, 残渣加正己烷8 mL重复提取1次, 合并上清液, 30 ℃氮气吹至5 mL, 得提取液的浓缩液; PAHs分子印迹柱依次用二氯甲烷5 mL、正己烷5 mL活化, 浓缩液过柱, 抽干, 用正己烷6 mL淋洗, 10 mL二氯甲烷洗脱, 收集洗脱液, 30 ℃氮气吹至近干, 加入正己烷1.00 mL复溶, 过0.22 μm滤膜, 取滤液用于GC-MS分析。
色谱及质谱分析条件如下: DB-1701MS色谱柱(30 m× 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm); 进样口温度270 ℃; 柱升温程序: 箱40 ℃保持1 min, 在以25 ℃/min升温至180 ℃, 保持0 min, 再以5 ℃/min升温至280 ℃保持0 min, 再以10 ℃/min升温至300 ℃保持5 min; 载气为99.99%高纯氮气, 不分流进样, 进样量1 μL, 流量1 mL/min。采用电子轰击 (electron impact ion, EI)源, 电子能量70 eV; 离子源温度300 ℃; 传输线温度300 ℃; 溶剂延迟时间3 min; 选择离子监测(select ion monitoring, SIM)模式。
(1) PAHs毒性当量含量
PAHs毒性当量评估是基于bap的致癌当量因子(toxic equivalency factors, TEF), 将其设定为1[15], 根据换算系数公式计算其他PAHs的毒性当量, 即在进行致癌风险评估时, 将4种物质中PAHs浓度转化成bap的毒性当量浓度。本研究采用Nibet和LaGoy推荐TEFs值[16]计算4种物质中PAHs 的毒性等效浓度(TEQbap), 计算公式见式(1)。
TEQbap=Ci×TEFi×1000
式中: TEQbap为PAHs换算bap的毒性当量, ng/kg; Ci为物质中第i个PAHs的浓度, μg/kg; TEFi为第i个物质中PAHs所对应的TEF值; 1000为单位换算因子。
(2)致癌风险评估模型
本研究依据USEPA推荐的ILCR评价模型, 评估4种物质中PAHs对人群的健康危害。ILCR公式见式(2)。
ILCR=TEQbap×DR×CSF×EF×CF×ED/(BW×AT)
式中: TEQbap采用每种组分的总体数据平均值, ng/kg; DR为日摄入量(dietary referenc), 根据2020年版《中国药典》[17], 木香日用量取最大值0.006 kg/d, 陈皮日用量取最大值0.01 kg/d, 黄精日用量取最大值0.015 kg/d, 太白贝母日用量取最大值0.01 kg/d; CSF为bap的膳食致癌斜率因子(carcinogenic slope factor), 取平均值7.3 g/(kg·d)[18]; EF为暴露频率, 取365 d, ED为暴露年数(exposure duration), a(儿童ED=7, 青少年ED=7, 成年人ED=43, 老年人ED=10)[19]; BW为人体的体重, 儿童、青少年、成年、老年人分别为24.1、51.1、63.1、55.6 kg; AT为平均寿命(average lifetime), 取25550 d[20]; CF为转化因子(transforming factor), 10-6 mg/ng。其中BW取值参考相关文献[21]获得。
采用TraceFinder工作站软件对数据进行采集、定性和定量分析。所有统计学数据均使用Microsoft Office Excel 2021软件计算和作图。
将16种PAHs和5种氘代内标的混合标准溶液注入气相色谱-质谱仪中进行全扫描, 通过比对美国国家标准技术研究所(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)谱库, 确定目标化合物保留时间和定性定量离子参数, 采用内标法定量。具体参数见表1
拟定的方法参照GB/T 27417—2017《合格评定 化学分析方法确认和验证指南》进行分析方法确认证, 16种PAHs的线性范围为2.0~200.0 ng/mL, 相关系数(r)均大于0.996, 在加标质量浓度为20~120 ng/mL范围内, 回收率为64.3%~120.0%, 定量限为0.3~1.0 μg/kg, 可满足分析方法要求。
表2列出了4种药食两用物质中16种PAHs的含量范围、检测均值和检出率, 由表2可知4种物质中PAHs都有不同程度的检出, 木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母PAHs残留量范围分别在74.46~1557.70、182.10~776.20、34.18~180.30、62.16~152.14 μg/kg, 平均值分别为237.00、360.50、62.14、95.15 μg/kg。木香和陈皮中含量最高的为phe, 黄精和太白贝母中含量最高的为naph, 黄精中未检出baa、bap、dbaha、indp、bghip, 太白贝母中未检出bkf、dbaha、indp、bghip。
目前国内现行标准中, GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》中仅对谷物、肉、水产动物、乳、油脂类食品的bap做了限值规定, 现行药品标准中对中药材的PAHs也暂无规定, 欧盟委员会于2015年规定“含有植物药及其制剂的食品补充剂”以及“干药草”中的bap和PAH4 (baa、chry、bbf、bap之和)最大残留限量分别为10 μg/kg、50 μg/kg[22], 以此作为判定依据, 木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母中强致癌组分bap检出率分别为9%、83%、0、3%。其中陈皮苯bap检出率高达83%, 木香、陈皮各有1批次bap超标。PAH4均有不同程度检出, 木香1批次、陈皮2批次PAH4超标, 最高值为陈皮151.66 μg/kg, 是限值的3倍以上。
4种物质总体受污染程度陈皮>木香>太白贝母>黄精, 木香与陈皮bap和PAH4检出率高并有超标情况, 其残留情况值得关注。木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母中16种PAHs 的环类分布见图1。根据PAHs分子质量的高低及所含稠环数, 含有4个及4个以下的被称为轻质PAHs, 含有4个以上的PAHs被称为重质PAHs[23]。由图1中可知, 4种物质中的PAHs主要以2~3环轻质PAHs为主, 木香和陈皮中3环PAHs最高, 黄精中2环含量最高, 4种物质含重质PAHs (5~6环)比例均较低, 该结果与文献[21]报道一致, 即药材中检出的PAHs 以小分子轻质为主。
PAHs的自然来源有灌木丛燃烧、火山爆发等, 形成了PAHs在环境中的本底值, 人为来源主要包括原油污染、石油燃料、生物质的不完全燃烧等, 是环境中PAHs 的主要来源[24]。本研究采用异构体比值方法推断PAHs的可能来源, 常用的异构体比值主要有ant/(ant+phe)、flt/(flt+pyr)、baa/(baa+chr)和icdp/(bghip+icdp), PAHs异构体比值判断标准来源于文献[25-26], 详见表3。因本研究中4种物质仅个别检出6环PAHs, 故不考虑icdp/(bghip+icdp), 选择了ant/(ant+phe)、flt/(flt+pyr)、baa/(baa+chr) 3种比值相结合的方法来推断PAHs 来源。4种物质的ant/(ant+phe)分别为0.32~1.00(木香)、0.37~0.85(陈皮)、0.57~0.91(黄精)、0.51~0.87(太白贝母), flt/(flt+pyr)分别为0.26~1.00(木香)、0.22~0.57(陈皮)、0.20~1.00(黄精)、0.39~1.00(太白贝母), baa/(baa+chr)分别为0.34~1.00(木香)、0.22~1.00(陈皮)、0.14~0.53(太白贝母)。
表3可知, 4种物质PAHs污染来源主要为生物质或煤燃烧, 小部分来源于汽油燃烧, 个别样品可能存在原油污染。推测原因其一与4种物质的种植环境相关, 多种植于高山区、远郊区和农业用地, 工业活动和汽车较少, 汽油燃烧和原油引起的污染较少; 其二与居民生活习惯相关, 高海拔地区气候相对较冷, 居民冬季用木材或者煤炭取暖、做饭较多, 生物质或煤燃烧造成其污染的主要来源。闫亮等[27]采用异构体比值法分析三峡库区土壤中PAHs的主要来源为化石燃料、生物质的不完全燃烧, 这一结论与本研究结果相似。
根据1.2.4项下公式计算, 4种物质PAHs基于bap的毒性当量见表4
从毒性水平上看, 木香、陈皮中bap的毒性水平最高, 黄精和太白贝母中bkf毒性水平最高, 尤其陈皮中bap贡献的TEQbaP高达5340, 毒性当量占其总量的63%, 且陈皮中bap检出率高达83%, 需重点关注。木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母PAH4贡献的毒性当量分别占其总量的63%、82%、69%、76%。依据USEPA对ILCR的潜在致癌风险区间评估4种物质中PAHs对人群的健康危害, ILCR低于10‒6被认为没有风险或其风险可以忽略, 不需采取进一步措施; ILCR在10‒6~10‒4之间则被认为存在潜在的致癌风险, 风险水平高于日常风险; ILCR大于10‒4时, 具有不可接受的致癌风险, 必须要采取相应的措施[28-29]。根据1.2.4项下公式计算出4种物质的ILCR值见表5, 通过前述方法评估, 可知木香、黄精、太白贝母不同年龄组ILCR均低于10‒6, 致癌风险可以忽略; 陈皮ILCR在10‒6~10‒4之间, 存在潜在的致癌风险, 需引起关注。
本研究以重庆市10个区县木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母共160份样品为研究样本, 分析了4种药食两用物质中PAHs含量组成, 结果显示16种PAHs组分均有不同程度检出, Σ16PAHs范围在34.18~1557.70 μg/kg, 强致癌组分bap检出率为24%, 超标率为1.25%, PAH4超标率为1.9%, 与药材中PAHs总污染水平21.11~2856.00 ng/g[30-31]比较, 本研究样本PAHs 含量处于偏低水平, 受到PAHs污染程度相对较轻, 但陈皮中bap与PAH4检出率及超标率相对较高, 污染情况值得进一步关注。4种物质PAHs组分含量以2~3环为主, 通过异构体比值法分析, 污染主要来源于生物质或是煤炭燃烧。依据USEPA对ILCR的潜在致癌风险区间评估摄入4种物质PAHs对人群的健康危害, 木香、黄精、太白贝母人群经口服摄入的健康风险较低, 在可接受范围内, 经陈皮摄入的PAHs存在潜在健康风险, 应给予关注。
本研究为降低食药安全风险提供基础数据, 但风险评估具有一定的不确定性, 本研究关于木香、陈皮、黄精、太白贝母的风险评估参数主要源于相关文献报道, 日摄入量来源于2020版《中国药典》的最大服用剂量, 未进行膳食消费调查, 实际服用情况存在差异, 就暴露时间和暴露频率来说, 由于可供选取的参考文献较少, 并且暴露人群之间年龄、性别、生活环境、暴露方式等差异较大, 因此评估结果可能存在不确定性, 随着测量数据的不断积累, 将进一步完善风险评估模型, 使评估结果更可靠。
  • 重庆市三峡库区道地药材开发利用重点实验室项目(Sys20210029)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241101002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
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重庆市三峡库区道地药材开发利用重点实验室项目(Sys20210029)
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    三峡库区道地药材开发利用重庆市重点实验室, 重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院一分院, 重庆 404000

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* 程燕(1988—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为药品食品检验与质量控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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