Article(id=1152687441929487047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702052, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702052, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702052, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702052, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=230, endPage=239, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687442894177005, articleId=1152687441929487047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Evaluation of the effects of drying methods on the quality of Astragalus membranaceus based on technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution analysis, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate of the effects of drying methods on the quality of Astragalus membranaceus based on technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution analysis. Methods In this study, 6 kinds of drying methods including hot air drying (HAD), heat pump drying (HPD), carbon fiber far infrared combined heat pump drying (CFFCHPD), medium short wave infrared drying (MSWID), vacuum pulsating drying (VPD), and vacuum freeze-drying (FD) were conducted to drying experiments. The effect of the drying time, unit energy consumption, color, sensory quality and effective components of Astragalus membranaceus were evaluated by technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). Results The results showed that CFFCHPD had the shortest drying time and lowest energy consumption for Astragalus membranaceus, with (0.15±0.00) h and (3.41±0.03) (kW·h)/kg, respectively. The L* of the dried sample was the highest, which could have a positive effect on maintaining the color of Astragalus membranaceus, while other treatments showed varying degrees of browning. The VPD had the highest sensory score, but there was not significant difference with other treatments. CFFCHPD had a better taste, making its freshness, sweetness and richness at a high level. At the same time, retaining the nutritional components such as astragalosides, polysaccharides and calycosin-7-glucoside in Astragalus membranaceus could achieve better quality. Correlation analysis showed that the L* was negatively correlated with the content of astragalosides and positively correlated with the content of polysaccharides. The a* was positively correlated with the content of astragalosides, and the content of astragalosides and polysaccharides could be indirectly judged by color. Conclusion The comprehensive ranking of CFFCHPD ranked first, indicating that CFFCHPD is a promising combined drying technology suitable for drying traditional Chinese medicinal materials. This research result provides certain data support for efficient and high-quality drying of Astragalus membranaceus.

, correspAuthors=Yong-Kang XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-Jun GENG, Yong-Kang XIE, Jian-Sheng MENG, Ping LI, Jun-Hao HAN, Kun LI, Yan ZHAO, Hui YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687462347358420, articleId=1152687441929487047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于熵权逼近理想排序法评价干燥方式对黄芪品质的影响, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于熵权逼近理想排序法评价干燥方式对黄芪品质的影响。方法 本研究采用热风干燥(hot air drying, HAD)、热泵干燥(heat pump drying, HPD)、碳纤维远红外联合热泵干燥技术(carbon fiber far-infrared combined heat pump drying, CFFCHPD)、中短波红外干燥(medium short wave infrared drying, MSWID)、真空脉动干燥(vacuum pulsed drying, VPD)、真空冷冻干燥(freeze drying, FD) 6种方式对黄芪进行干燥试验, 比较黄芪的干燥时间、单位能耗、色泽、感官品质以及有效成分, 并采用熵权逼近理想排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution, TOPSIS)进行综合评价。结果 结果表明, CFFCHPD干燥黄芪时间最短、能耗最低, 分别为(0.15±0.00) h与(3.41±0.03) (kW· h)/kg, 且干燥后样品L*最高, 可对保持黄芪原有色泽有积极作用, 其他处理组黄芪则发生了不同程度的褐变。VPD组感官评分最高, 但与其他处理组差异并不显著。CFFCHPD可赋予黄芪更好的口感, 使其鲜味、甜味和丰富度处于较高水平。同时保留黄芪中的甲苷、多糖和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷等营养成分, 获得更优的品质。相关性分析表明黄芪L*与甲苷含量呈负相关, 与多糖含量呈正相关, a*与黄芪甲苷含量正相关, 可通过色泽间接判断黄芪甲苷与多糖的含量。结论 CFFCHPD综合排序第一, 说明CFFCHPD是一种有前途的适用于黄芪干燥的联合干燥技术, 该研究结果为黄芪高效保质干燥提供一定数据支持。

, correspAuthors=谢永康, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谢永康(1992—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农业工程。E-mail:
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耿君君(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品工程。E-mail:

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Agricultural Product Processing Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169290443335414725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, companyId=1169290443318637507, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心, 郑州 450002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1169290443444466630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169290443452855239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, companyId=1169290443444466630, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Shangqiu Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Shangqiu 476000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169290443461243848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, companyId=1169290443444466630, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.商丘市产品质量检验检测中心, 商丘 476000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1169290443519964105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169290443528352714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, companyId=1169290443519964105, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Medical Department, Huanghe Science & Technology University, Zhengzhou 450005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169290443536741323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, companyId=1169290443519964105, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.黄河科技学院医学部, 郑州 450005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169290445994603519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Drying time and energy consumption of Astragalus membranaceus, figureFileSmall=xYih9nZzEVie/ISzii6Xxw==, figureFileBig=vrhJZx9v1P4ALjV0H0l7sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446057518080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄芪干燥时间和干燥能耗

注: 图中组间不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2同。

, figureFileSmall=xYih9nZzEVie/ISzii6Xxw==, figureFileBig=vrhJZx9v1P4ALjV0H0l7sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446107848704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rehydration ratio of Astragalus membranaceus under different drying methods, figureFileSmall=cZoKyMIP1rRDLU+zOVCd1A==, figureFileBig=PCDO17Bq666WOIX7XXgRhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446158180353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥方式黄芪复水比, figureFileSmall=cZoKyMIP1rRDLU+zOVCd1A==, figureFileBig=PCDO17Bq666WOIX7XXgRhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446221094914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of electron tongue analysis of Astragalus membranaceus under different drying methods, figureFileSmall=AYEjsShsjD0HPNUstqZxmQ==, figureFileBig=Yi4hx/BGSt4v4Igy+Q+Akw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446275620867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥方式下黄芪电子舌分析结果, figureFileSmall=AYEjsShsjD0HPNUstqZxmQ==, figureFileBig=Yi4hx/BGSt4v4Igy+Q+Akw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446330146820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation coefficient matrix between appearance, taste and nutritional quality content, figureFileSmall=dVXHaA4+NEu7lImzkiddcw==, figureFileBig=HHOcanoniF7vppDWbfEHaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446393061381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=图4, caption=外观、味觉与营养品质含量间相关性系数矩阵

注: *表示差异显著, P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=dVXHaA4+NEu7lImzkiddcw==, figureFileBig=HHOcanoniF7vppDWbfEHaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169290446451781638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for sliced Astragalus membranaceus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 21~25分 11~20分 10分以下
色泽 样品呈淡黄色, 无明显褐变 部分样品呈深黄色, 有可见褐变 大部分样品出现明显褐变
气味 有黄芪淡淡的自然香味, 入口甘甜, 无其他异味 有黄芪淡淡的自然香味, 有轻微苦味或焦糊味 无黄芪香味, 入口较苦或有其他异味
组织状态 为类圆形切片, 组织完整, 无明显
变形
为类圆形切片, 部分样品有变形或
碎片
样品出现不规则形状, 变形严重
杂质 无明显可见杂质 部分样品有杂质 存在较多杂质
), ArticleFig(id=1169290446514696199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄芪切片感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 21~25分 11~20分 10分以下
色泽 样品呈淡黄色, 无明显褐变 部分样品呈深黄色, 有可见褐变 大部分样品出现明显褐变
气味 有黄芪淡淡的自然香味, 入口甘甜, 无其他异味 有黄芪淡淡的自然香味, 有轻微苦味或焦糊味 无黄芪香味, 入口较苦或有其他异味
组织状态 为类圆形切片, 组织完整, 无明显
变形
为类圆形切片, 部分样品有变形或
碎片
样品出现不规则形状, 变形严重
杂质 无明显可见杂质 部分样品有杂质 存在较多杂质
), ArticleFig(id=1169290446695051272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Weight results calculated by entropy method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 ej dj wj/%
干燥时间 0.8981 0.1019 10.81
单位能耗 0.8968 0.1032 10.94
感官评价 0.8233 0.1767 18.74
甲苷含量 0.8380 0.1620 17.18
毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量 0.8307 0.1693 17.95
多糖含量 0.7701 0.2299 24.38
), ArticleFig(id=1169290446770548745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

熵值法计算权重结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 ej dj wj/%
干燥时间 0.8981 0.1019 10.81
单位能耗 0.8968 0.1032 10.94
感官评价 0.8233 0.1767 18.74
甲苷含量 0.8380 0.1620 17.18
毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量 0.8307 0.1693 17.95
多糖含量 0.7701 0.2299 24.38
), ArticleFig(id=1169290446892183562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Appearance and sensory quality of Astragalus membranaceus under different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 HAD HPD CFFCHPD MSWID FD VPD
L* 72.90±0.10d 72.70±0.17d 75.70±0.17a 74.70±0.17b 74.17±0.15c 74.10±0.12c
a* 0.27±0.06bc 0.37±0.06ab 0.03±0.06d 0.07±0.06d 0.13±0.06cd 0.17±0.16cd
b* 32.90±0.10a 31.30±0.17b 31.53±0.25b 32.90±0.10a 28.87±0.15c 28.93±0.21c
硬度/N 0.31±0.02e 0.66±0.01ab 0.53±0.01d 0.70±0.02a 0.61±0.02c 0.62±0.01bc
鲜味 13.21±0.06bc 13.58±0.00a 13.22±0.10bc 13.28±0.00b 13.08±0.03d 13.16±0.05cd
丰富度 11.50±1.26a 12.09±2.09a 11.50±0.32a 11.00±0.92ab 11.70±0.24a 9.93±0.16bc
咸味 2.26±0.10a 2.29±0.02a 2.22±0.09a 1.40±0.00b 0.52±0.05d 1.00±0.07c
甜味 8.97±0.14b 8.57±0.10c 8.96±0.16b 8.90±0.00b 8.10±0.05d 9.41±0.03a
苦味 7.42±0.17c 7.41±0.13c 7.36±0.16c 7.78±0.00b 7.74±0.03b 8.20±0.02a
感官评价/分 88.00±6.43a 89.00±4.19a 88.50±5.28a 87.75±6.12a 89.21±6.08a 89.39±5.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1169290447001235467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同干燥方法下黄芪的外观品质与感官品质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 HAD HPD CFFCHPD MSWID FD VPD
L* 72.90±0.10d 72.70±0.17d 75.70±0.17a 74.70±0.17b 74.17±0.15c 74.10±0.12c
a* 0.27±0.06bc 0.37±0.06ab 0.03±0.06d 0.07±0.06d 0.13±0.06cd 0.17±0.16cd
b* 32.90±0.10a 31.30±0.17b 31.53±0.25b 32.90±0.10a 28.87±0.15c 28.93±0.21c
硬度/N 0.31±0.02e 0.66±0.01ab 0.53±0.01d 0.70±0.02a 0.61±0.02c 0.62±0.01bc
鲜味 13.21±0.06bc 13.58±0.00a 13.22±0.10bc 13.28±0.00b 13.08±0.03d 13.16±0.05cd
丰富度 11.50±1.26a 12.09±2.09a 11.50±0.32a 11.00±0.92ab 11.70±0.24a 9.93±0.16bc
咸味 2.26±0.10a 2.29±0.02a 2.22±0.09a 1.40±0.00b 0.52±0.05d 1.00±0.07c
甜味 8.97±0.14b 8.57±0.10c 8.96±0.16b 8.90±0.00b 8.10±0.05d 9.41±0.03a
苦味 7.42±0.17c 7.41±0.13c 7.36±0.16c 7.78±0.00b 7.74±0.03b 8.20±0.02a
感官评价/分 88.00±6.43a 89.00±4.19a 88.50±5.28a 87.75±6.12a 89.21±6.08a 89.39±5.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1169290447072538636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Nutritional quality of Astragalus membranaceus under different drying methods (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 甲苷 毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷 多糖
HAD 1.15±0.03ab 0.05±0.00cd 11.10±0.54b
HPD 1.20±0.00a 0.07±0.00b 10.07±0.23c
CFFCHPD 1.19±0.02a 0.10±0.01a 12.37±0.09a
MSWID 1.05±0.03d 0.06±0.00c 12.55±0.42a
FD 1.08±0.01cd 0.05±0.00d 11.26±0.31b
VPD 1.13±0.02bc 0.03±0.00e 10.19±0.06c
), ArticleFig(id=1169290447127064589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同干燥方法下黄芪的营养品质(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 甲苷 毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷 多糖
HAD 1.15±0.03ab 0.05±0.00cd 11.10±0.54b
HPD 1.20±0.00a 0.07±0.00b 10.07±0.23c
CFFCHPD 1.19±0.02a 0.10±0.01a 12.37±0.09a
MSWID 1.05±0.03d 0.06±0.00c 12.55±0.42a
FD 1.08±0.01cd 0.05±0.00d 11.26±0.31b
VPD 1.13±0.02bc 0.03±0.00e 10.19±0.06c
), ArticleFig(id=1169290447240310798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

TOPSIS evaluation results of Astragalus membranaceus under different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组 D+ D- Ci 排序
HAD 0.2555 0.2240 0.4671 4
HPD 0.2595 0.2895 0.5274 2
CFFCHPD 0.1039 0.3742 0.7828 1
MSWID 0.2742 0.2968 0.5199 3
FD 0.2748 0.2129 0.4366 6
VPD 0.3048 0.2491 0.4497 5
), ArticleFig(id=1169290447320002575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441929487047, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

黄芪经不同干燥方式的TOPSIS评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组 D+ D- Ci 排序
HAD 0.2555 0.2240 0.4671 4
HPD 0.2595 0.2895 0.5274 2
CFFCHPD 0.1039 0.3742 0.7828 1
MSWID 0.2742 0.2968 0.5199 3
FD 0.2748 0.2129 0.4366 6
VPD 0.3048 0.2491 0.4497 5
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基于熵权逼近理想排序法评价干燥方式对黄芪品质的影响
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耿君君 1 , 谢永康 1, * , 孟建升 2 , 李萍 1 , 韩俊豪 1 , 李锟 3 , 赵妍 1 , 杨慧 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(9): 230-239
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(9): 230-239
基于熵权逼近理想排序法评价干燥方式对黄芪品质的影响
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耿君君1 , 谢永康1, * , 孟建升2, 李萍1, 韩俊豪1, 李锟3, 赵妍1, 杨慧1
作者信息
  • 1.河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心, 郑州 450002
  • 2.商丘市产品质量检验检测中心, 商丘 476000
  • 3.黄河科技学院医学部, 郑州 450005
  • 耿君君(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 谢永康(1992—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农业工程。E-mail:
Evaluation of the effects of drying methods on the quality of Astragalus membranaceus based on technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution analysis
Jun-Jun GENG1 , Yong-Kang XIE1, * , Jian-Sheng MENG2, Ping LI1, Jun-Hao HAN1, Kun LI3, Yan ZHAO1, Hui YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Agricultural Product Processing Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2. Shangqiu Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Shangqiu 476000, China
  • 3. Medical Department, Huanghe Science & Technology University, Zhengzhou 450005, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212002
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目的 基于熵权逼近理想排序法评价干燥方式对黄芪品质的影响。方法 本研究采用热风干燥(hot air drying, HAD)、热泵干燥(heat pump drying, HPD)、碳纤维远红外联合热泵干燥技术(carbon fiber far-infrared combined heat pump drying, CFFCHPD)、中短波红外干燥(medium short wave infrared drying, MSWID)、真空脉动干燥(vacuum pulsed drying, VPD)、真空冷冻干燥(freeze drying, FD) 6种方式对黄芪进行干燥试验, 比较黄芪的干燥时间、单位能耗、色泽、感官品质以及有效成分, 并采用熵权逼近理想排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution, TOPSIS)进行综合评价。结果 结果表明, CFFCHPD干燥黄芪时间最短、能耗最低, 分别为(0.15±0.00) h与(3.41±0.03) (kW· h)/kg, 且干燥后样品L*最高, 可对保持黄芪原有色泽有积极作用, 其他处理组黄芪则发生了不同程度的褐变。VPD组感官评分最高, 但与其他处理组差异并不显著。CFFCHPD可赋予黄芪更好的口感, 使其鲜味、甜味和丰富度处于较高水平。同时保留黄芪中的甲苷、多糖和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷等营养成分, 获得更优的品质。相关性分析表明黄芪L*与甲苷含量呈负相关, 与多糖含量呈正相关, a*与黄芪甲苷含量正相关, 可通过色泽间接判断黄芪甲苷与多糖的含量。结论 CFFCHPD综合排序第一, 说明CFFCHPD是一种有前途的适用于黄芪干燥的联合干燥技术, 该研究结果为黄芪高效保质干燥提供一定数据支持。

黄芪  /  联合干燥  /  甲苷  /  相关性分析  /  熵权逼近理想排序法评价

Objective To evaluate of the effects of drying methods on the quality of Astragalus membranaceus based on technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution analysis. Methods In this study, 6 kinds of drying methods including hot air drying (HAD), heat pump drying (HPD), carbon fiber far infrared combined heat pump drying (CFFCHPD), medium short wave infrared drying (MSWID), vacuum pulsating drying (VPD), and vacuum freeze-drying (FD) were conducted to drying experiments. The effect of the drying time, unit energy consumption, color, sensory quality and effective components of Astragalus membranaceus were evaluated by technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). Results The results showed that CFFCHPD had the shortest drying time and lowest energy consumption for Astragalus membranaceus, with (0.15±0.00) h and (3.41±0.03) (kW·h)/kg, respectively. The L* of the dried sample was the highest, which could have a positive effect on maintaining the color of Astragalus membranaceus, while other treatments showed varying degrees of browning. The VPD had the highest sensory score, but there was not significant difference with other treatments. CFFCHPD had a better taste, making its freshness, sweetness and richness at a high level. At the same time, retaining the nutritional components such as astragalosides, polysaccharides and calycosin-7-glucoside in Astragalus membranaceus could achieve better quality. Correlation analysis showed that the L* was negatively correlated with the content of astragalosides and positively correlated with the content of polysaccharides. The a* was positively correlated with the content of astragalosides, and the content of astragalosides and polysaccharides could be indirectly judged by color. Conclusion The comprehensive ranking of CFFCHPD ranked first, indicating that CFFCHPD is a promising combined drying technology suitable for drying traditional Chinese medicinal materials. This research result provides certain data support for efficient and high-quality drying of Astragalus membranaceus.

Astragalus membranaceus  /  combined drying  /  astragalosides  /  correlation analysis  /  technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution evaluation
耿君君, 谢永康, 孟建升, 李萍, 韩俊豪, 李锟, 赵妍, 杨慧. 基于熵权逼近理想排序法评价干燥方式对黄芪品质的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 230 -239 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212002
Jun-Jun GENG, Yong-Kang XIE, Jian-Sheng MENG, Ping LI, Jun-Hao HAN, Kun LI, Yan ZHAO, Hui YANG. Evaluation of the effects of drying methods on the quality of Astragalus membranaceus based on technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution analysis[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 230 -239 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212002
黄芪为豆科植物蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao]或膜荚黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.]的干燥根, 主要含有黄酮类、皂苷类、氨基酸、多糖及多种微量元素[1]。具有增强免疫系统功能、抗肿瘤、抗心肌缺血等功效, 其中甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种药理活性, 在临床应用、保健食品、化妆品等方面都具有极大的应用价值[2]。新鲜黄芪含水量较高, 且富含碳水化合物, 长时间储存和运输过程中易出现霉变和腐烂现象, 造成巨大经济损失[3]。为保持其药效成分和经济价值, 防止黄芪品质劣变, 需探索适当的加工技术[4]
产地加工是黄芪生产过程中质量控制的关键一步, 很大程度决定着黄芪的品质[5]。由于黄芪中含有的挥发油、多糖成分在高温干燥过程中易分解, 因此选择合适的干燥方法对于黄芪药用价值的发挥有重要意义[4]。目前黄芪常见的干燥方式有自然晾晒和热风干燥(hot air drying, HAD)。自然晾晒周期长、干燥过程难控制, 易受天气影响对产品产生二次污染, 霉变风险大[4]。HAD往往会导致产品风味、颜色和营养物质的降解, 干燥过程中造成的细胞损伤会导致药效成分的大量损失[6]。张雪峰[7]对黄芪切片HAD动力学进行研究, 获得了HAD的最优工艺参数, 但未分析干燥后黄芪药效成分。黄芪干燥温度一般控制在60 ℃以下, 当干燥温度过高会引起黄芪表面因干燥过快出现结壳硬化现象, 阻碍其内部水分扩散, 同时高温会引起黄芪表面发生美拉德反应出现褐变现象, 影响黄芪品质[8-9]。亦有研究表明, 干燥温度过高会导致其有效成分损失, 影响黄芪整体质量水平及临床效果[1,10]。相比于HAD, 热泵干燥(heat pump drying, HPD)能满足黄芪低温干燥的发展趋势, 同时保持物料的色泽和营养品质, 达到低碳、环保、高质干燥[4]。目前在食品领域已有较多研究, 而在药食同源领域应用较少。红外辐射干燥由于温度和水分传递方向相同, 具有效率高、传热快等优点, 因此在干燥技术中占有一席之地。然而, 黄芪的干燥速率、色泽和营养成分受远红外波长和曝光时间影响显著[9]。不同药材有特定的红外吸收带, 允许特定波长通过的智能红外干燥技术更适用于黄芪干燥[4]。远红外-热泵干燥技术(carbon fiber far-infrared combined with heat pump drying, CFFCHPD)不但能较好地保持黄芪的品质和有效活性成分, 而且与单一干燥相比能耗更低、干燥速率更快、对环境几乎无污染[11]。联合干燥可弥补单一干燥方式的局限性, 热泵通过低温除湿, 可减少黄芪中挥发油、苷类等热敏性成分的损失, 提高黄芪干燥后的活性成分含量, 保持药效[12]; 远红外可实现黄芪由内而外均匀加热, 避免外部过热产生焦壳而阻止水分扩散的现象, 解决了HPD后期物料内部水分难以扩散排除的问题, 从而实现高效、节能、均匀干燥[13]。相较于其他联合干燥, 太阳能联合热泵易受天气制约, 干燥周期长[14], CFFDHPD可实现温湿度精准控制, 稳定运行。热风联合微波干燥温度较高, 易导致黄芪表面结壳, 且不利于热敏性物质的保留[15]。因此, CFFCHPD在黄芪干燥中具备较大发展潜力。真空冷冻干燥(freeze drying, FD)作为一种新型低温干燥方式, 可以充分保留黄芪的有效成分, 保持物料的色泽和形状, 但也存在能源消耗大、成本高、干燥时间长等问题[16]。张卫鹏等[17]运用真空脉动干燥(vacuum pulsed drying, VPD)对茯苓丁进行干燥研究, 结果表明VPD具有干燥时间短、品质好和破碎率低等优点, 但该技术在黄芪干燥领域的研究甚少。近年来我国中草药产业发展迅速, 对黄芪等中草药的干燥质量、干燥效率等方面也有了更为严苛的要求。
熵权法是一种纯粹客观的评价方法, 是衡量决策中不同信息源分散程度的加权方法之一, 主要根据各指标传递给决策者的信息量大小来确定权重[18]。作为一种客观综合的定权方法, 可避免人为因素对各评价指标加权的干扰, 使评价结果更加客观, 已成为药食同源工艺优化的重要手段。熵权逼近理想排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution, TOPSIS)能将评价对象中多指标转化为综合指标, 计算评价指标与参考对象之间的欧式距离, 以达到质量评价的目的[19]。由于药食同源本身“整体性”与“系统性”的特点, 若以单一指标进行工艺优化, 不能保证黄芪的整体质量。近年来, 中药质量评价逐渐向多指标评价、多维度方向发展, 使结果更加合理、科学、全面、准确[20]
本研究针对现有黄芪干燥技术单一、干燥品质不稳定等问题, 采用了HAD、HPD、CFFCHPD、中短波红外干燥(mediumshort wave infrared drying, MSWID)、VPD、FD对黄芪进行干燥, 对干燥后黄芪的干燥特性(干燥时间、单位能耗)和理化特性(复水比、色泽、风味、甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷等)进行检测, 并进行感官和综合评价, 以期获得最适合黄芪的干燥技术, 为黄芪保质、高效干燥提供一定的数据支持。
新鲜黄芪购于河南省郑州市金水区, 随机选取长势均匀且无病虫害的黄芪作为试验样本, 除去杂质, 分级, 洗净, 切片[厚度(4±1) mm], 称重干燥。
乙腈、甲醇、4%浓氨水、葡萄糖、浓硫酸、苯酚(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
碳纤维远红外联合热泵干燥机、中短波红外干燥机、真空脉动干燥机(为本团队自主研发设计); LGJ-25E型冷冻干燥机(四环福瑞科仪科技发展北京有限公司); CR-10PLUS型台式色差仪(日本KONICA MINOLTA公司); TMS-Pro型质构仪(美国FTC公司); DZKW-C型恒温水浴锅、FX101-O型电热鼓风干燥箱(上海树立仪器仪表有限公司); SA402B型电子舌(日本INSENT公司); SHZ-D(III)循环水式多用真空泵(河南省予华仪器有限公司); 1260 Infinity III型液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); Read Max1200型光吸收型全波长酶标仪(上海闪谱生物科技有限公司); MJ-PB80F02型破壁机(美的集团股份有限公司)。
本研究中FD需提前于-60 ℃预冻20 h, 然后将提前预冻的黄芪切片放入冷冻干燥机中在1 Pa和-65 ℃下干燥20 h。其他5种干燥方式均为60 ℃下干燥, 风速为1 m/s, 在设定温度下对设备预热, 待设备达到设定温度后, 将黄芪(100±1) g放入设备中[初始湿基含水率为(63.32±1.65)%], 每隔1 h测定样品的质量变化, 至黄芪湿基含水率低于8%时结束试验, 记录干燥时间和所用电量。其中CFFDHPD红外功率为150 W, 波长为2.8~3.1 μm, 红外加热板与样品间距离为5 cm。MSIRD处理样品时, 干燥器中平行放置5个不同辐射功率的红外灯, 包括2个中波(2~4 μm)和3个短波(0.75~2.00 μm)红外灯(250 W)。每组试验重复3次, 取平均值, 最后将干燥后的物料封装并贴标签做记录。
脱除单位质量的水所需的能耗(U)指黄芪干燥至终点所消耗的总能量与该干燥时间内去除水分总质量的比值。按式(1)计算。
U=$\frac{Q}{m}$
式中: U为单位能耗, (kW·h)/kg; Q为干燥过程中的总能耗, kW·h; m为干燥结束时物料脱水的质量, kg。
准确称取(5.0±0.5) g的干黄芪切片, 于45 ℃蒸馏水中浸泡30 min, 沥干称重, 每组至少测定3次, 取平均值。复水比按式(2)计算。
RR=$\frac{{{m}_{2}}}{{{m}_{1}}}$
式中: RR为复水比, g:g; m2为复水后黄芪切片沥干表面水分的质量, g; m1为复水前黄芪切片的质量, g。
将干燥后的黄芪粉碎, 于60目筛过滤, 经台式色差仪测定干燥后黄芪粉的L*(明亮度)、a*(红绿值)与b*(黄蓝值), 每组样品测定3次, 取其平均值。
邀请7位身体健康, 无感官方面缺陷的食品专业研究生组成感官评定小组, 并进行综合感官评价专业培训, 对干燥后的黄芪片色泽、气味、组织状态、杂质进行评定, 4个指标占比均为25%。具体评价标准见表1
参考LV等[21]的方法, 每组分别取3个大小、形状相对接近的黄芪片样品测定其硬度。采用直径75 mm圆形探头, 触发力30 N, 测试速度0.15 mm/s, 距离15 mm, 压缩程度50%。
准确称取30 g样品于破壁机中, 加入150 mL去离子水, 打碎混匀90 s, 将混匀后的样品转移到离心管中, 3000 r/min离心5 min, 取上清液用于测试。各样品溶液和试剂溶液温度保持室温。味觉传感器和陶瓷参比电极共清洗222 s, 平衡30 s, 样品测量30 s, 回味测量30 s。每个样品重复3次, 每组样品测定3次。
甲苷(每次精密称取1 g样品)和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量(每次精密称取2 g样品)的测定参照《中国药典2020版》高效液相色谱法(通则0512); 多糖含量的测定采用苯酚-硫酸法。每组样品测定3次, 取平均值。
TOPSIS可减少主观因素影响, 以客观、全面的特点广泛应用于中药质量评价[22]。熵权法通过构建各个评价指标的判断矩阵得到各指标的熵, 从而客观地给各指标赋予权重。TOPSIS常用于解决多指标多方案的评价与排序, 从而判断黄芪不同干燥方式的优劣[23]。参考鲁梦琪等[23]的方法, 计算如式(3)~(7)所示。
Xij=(Xij-min[Xij, …, Xnj])/(max[Xij, …, Xnj]-min[Xij, …, Xnj])
Pij=Xij/$\sum _{i=1}^{n}$Xij (i=1, …, n; j=1, …, m)
$e_{j}=-k \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_{i j} \ln P_{i j}\left(j=1, \ldots, m ; k=1 / \ln n>0, e_{j}>0\right)$
dj=1-ej (j=1, …, m)
wj=dj/$\sum _{i=1}^{m}$dj (j=1, …, m)
式中: j为决策对象, j=1, …, m; i为决策指标, i=1, …, n; Xij为归一化处理后各数值; Pij为第j项指标下第i个样本值占该指标的比重所得到的权重; ej为第j项指标的熵值; dj为信息熵冗余度, 计算信息熵差异; wj为各项指标的权重。
本研究分别计算干燥时间、单位能耗、感官评价、甲苷含量、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量和多糖含量6项指标的权重, 各指标计算结果如表2所示。
初始化矩阵的建立采用式(8)计算得到加权决策矩阵Yij, 根据式(9)得到最优方案(V+)和最劣方案(V-), 经式(10)分别得到正、负理想解距离(Di+, Di-), 最后根据式(11)得到最优解的欧式贴进度Ci, 并以此进行排序。
Yij=Xijwj
$\begin{array}{l} V^{+}=\max \left(Y_{1 j}, Y_{2 j}, \ldots, Y_{n j}\right) \\ V^{-}=\min \left(Y_{1 j}, Y_{2 j}, \ldots, Y_{n j}\right) \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l} D_{i}^{-}=\left[\sum_{i=1}^{j}\left(Y_{i j}-V^{-}\right)^{2}\right]^{1 /2} \\ D_{i}^{+}=\left[\sum_{i=1}^{j}\left(Y_{i j}-V^{+}\right)^{2}\right]^{1 /2} \end{array}$
${{C}_{i}}=D_{i}^{-}/(D_{i}^{-}+D_{i}^{+})$
本研究使用Excel 2021整理数据, Origin 2022软件绘图, 使用SPSS 21.0进行单因素方差分析和组间Duncan’s多重比较, 差异显著性水平设置为0.05。每组进行3次平行试验, 以平均值±标准偏差表示。
不同干燥技术下黄芪干燥时间与能耗如图1所示, 在干燥温度60 ℃条件下, 不同的干燥方式对干燥时间和单位能耗具有显著影响。黄芪干燥单位能耗随着干燥时间的增加而增加。FD干燥时间最长, 能耗最高分别为(12±0) h与(620.16±2.27) (kw·h)/kg。因FD是在真空条件下加热使物料中的水分直接从固态升华成气态, 从而除去水分, 而真空度过高急剧增加能耗[24]。其次是VPD, 可能是因黄芪和电热板接触式传热, 传热效率低, 在干燥过程中, 黄芪水分逐渐降低, 黄芪收缩, 与电热板的接触面积变小, 使干燥时间变长。HAD与HPD是以流动的热空气为干燥介质, 使被干燥物料内部水分形成温度梯度导致水分蒸发[25]。随着干燥过程中黄芪水分不断流失, 游离水占比减少, 结合水占比增多, 水分迁移路径变长, 后期干燥速率减慢, 因此这两种干燥时间与能耗差异不显著(P>0.05)。MSWID干燥速率高于HAD, 主要是因为红外辐射穿透力较强, 无需介质传递能量, 热辐射能量直接穿透物料内部, 可达到快速、高效干燥。CFFCHPD干燥时间最短、能耗最低, 相比于单一的干燥技术, 热泵联合红外干燥可有效解决单一热泵干燥后期水分脱除缓慢的问题, 二者优势互补, 达到提高干燥速率和能源利用率的效果[26]
不同干燥方式下黄芪复水比如图2所示。MSWID处理黄芪复水比最大为1.99 (g:g), 其次是FD组。黄芪复水性能取决于干燥过程其细胞结构的破坏程度, 干燥过程中黄芪细胞不可逆转的错位和破坏易导致组织结构塌陷, 使得黄芪收缩严重, 复水性下降[27]。可见, 复水比越高, 说明干燥对样品的结构组织破坏程度越小。MSWID因从内而外加热物料, 温湿度传递方向相同, 均匀加热避免了黄芪表面结壳, 对物料内部破坏较小[28], 从而样品具有较高的复水比, 这与OSAE等[29]的研究结果类似。FD因黄芪物料水分结冰后升华, 易形成多孔状结构, 因此复水性强。而HPD、CFFCHPD和VPD处理组之间差异不显著。VPD会由于干燥过程中真空和常压的压力交替对物料结构造成一定破坏, 出现细胞壁渗透并诱导部分蛋白质变性的现象, 造成样品细胞结构萎缩和变形, 导致复水比降低[30-31]。HAD在干燥过程中会因为表面水分蒸发过快而导致表面结壳, 破坏黄芪的组织结构, 导致HAD的复水性较差。可进一步探究黄芪干燥过程中结构变化对质构特性的影响。
色泽是消费者选择产品最直观的指标之一, 不同干燥方式下黄芪的色泽值如表3所示。不同干燥方式下黄芪的L*a*b*存在差异。酶促褐变和美拉德反应是使干燥产品色泽变化的主要原因, 有氧环境易使热敏物质反应而产生氧化褐变。由表3可知, HAD和MSWID具有较高的b*, 说明干燥过程中出现褐变导致样品黄色加深。而HAD和HPD的L*较低, 说明样品的亮度较低。相比之下, CFFCHPD的亮度较高, 可较好的保持样品色泽。可能是因为远红外干燥可使自由水更快析出, 物料内外受热均匀, 能有效避免因温度差过大造成的物料外观发生显著变化[32]。此外, 相较于单一干燥方式, 联合干燥可弥补HPD后期水分去除不及时的缺点, 提高干燥效率, 减少物料因干燥时间过长造成的外观品质劣变。大量研究表明, FD过程中因真空环境阻碍了样品和氧气接触, 可有效避免因酶促反应或有氧反应引起褐变现象, 从而维持样品原有的色泽[33], VPD也因存在真空环境可有效阻止干燥过程中的色泽劣变, 因此在本研究中VPD和FD的色泽参数差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上, CFFCHPD处理能更好的保持黄芪的色泽, 其次是FD和VPD, HAD、HPD和MSWID会造成一定程度的褐变。
黄芪在不同干燥方法下的感官评价如表3所示。VPD处理的黄芪感官评价得分最高为89.39分, 其次为FD、HPD、CFFCHPD、HAD, MSWID的感官评分最低为87.75分, 但以上几种干燥方式处理的黄芪感官评价无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
硬度表示样品断裂所需要的最大力, 样品的硬度由干燥后样品内部组织结构所决定, 可以直接反映黄芪片品质[34]。干燥加工会使样品的形变和内部张力增加, 从而破坏和损伤其内部组织结构。不同干燥方式下黄芪的硬度如表3所示。由表3可得, MSWID的黄芪硬度最高为0.70 N, 可能因为干燥速度较快, 组织结构更加紧密, 显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05), FD、HPD、VPD, 3组之间差异较小。而CFFCHPD的黄芪内部组织损伤较弱, 硬度相对较小, 这可能是因为远红外凭借其较低的光子能量在干燥时只引起物料的热效应, 不会引起化学变化, 经CFFCHPD干燥后的黄芪收缩率低, 硬度较小。HAD的黄芪硬度最低, 这可能是因为HAD主要通过外部加热, 带走物料表面的水分, 可能导致表面过度干燥, 内部水分未能充分蒸发, 导致硬度不均匀或降低, 根据黄芪不同干燥方式后硬度的结果, 表明CFFCHPD可赋予黄芪更好的口感。
电子舌能够通过电子传感器检测味觉特征[35]。电子舌系统由5个味觉传感器组成, 能够检测酸味、苦味、涩味、鲜味和咸味物质。鲜味和甜味氨基酸均能改善食物的风味, 缓和食物中苦涩味, 不同干燥方式下黄芪的风味雷达图如图3所示, 不同干燥方式的味觉传感器响应值差异不大。由表3可知, HPD的鲜味最高, 可能是因为黄芪在HPD的干燥过程中, 能够保持黄芪内部的湿度平衡, 减少因快速脱水而导致的风味物质的流失, 一些呈鲜氨基酸保留较多。MSWID、CFFCHPD与HAD之间鲜味无显著性差异(P>0.05), FD鲜味最低, 可能因为冷冻干燥过程中, 黄芪中的水分在低温下形成冰晶, 黄芪结构遭到破坏, 导致细胞内液流失, 黄芪解冻后, 流失的水分无法完全恢复, 影响其鲜味。
HPD的丰富度也高于其他组, 其次为FD、CFFCHPD、HAD, 但4种处理之间的丰富度味觉传感器响应值并无显著性差异(P>0.05), VPD的丰富度最低, 可能是因为VPD干燥时间较长, 导致部分氨基酸发生分解。VPD的甜味最高, 可能是因为不同游离氨基酸的共同作用, 以及氨基酸与核苷酸的协同增效作用[36]。其次为HAD、CFFCHPD、MSWID, 3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。FD甜味最低。对比不同干燥方式的滋味轮廓, HPD处理的黄芪鲜味和丰富度最高, CFFCHPD也能保持较强的鲜味、甜味和丰富度。
不同干燥方式黄芪的有效成分测定结果见表4。由表4可知, 经HPD干燥后的黄芪, 黄芪甲苷保留量最大。黄芪甲苷作为一种皂苷类化合物, 具有热敏感性[37], HPD是充分利用湿空气通过蒸发器时释放的热量进行干燥, 可在低温下除湿, 保证苷类物质的稳定性, 因此经HPD干燥后的黄芪甲苷含量最高[38]。另外, CFFCHPD采用远红外加热方式, 可以激发红外线使黄芪内外同时干燥, 减少黄芪其有效成分的流失, 更好的保持黄芪甲苷的含量。MSWID后的黄芪甲苷保留率低, 可能是因为黄芪内部部分区域受热不均匀, 局部高温下引发甲苷热分解或内部成分的相互转化, 导致黄芪甲苷含量较低[39]。对于黄芪多糖, MSWID与CFFCHPD含量较高, 且两组无显著性差异, 可能是因为红外辐射可实现快速升温, 干燥速度较快, 减少湿热环境下黄芪多糖与水分发生化学反应, 更好保留黄芪多糖。VPD处理的黄芪中多糖含量显著降低(P<0.05), 这可能是因为在VPD过程中, 真空常压交替进行, 干燥时间较长, 水分去除缓慢, 导致多糖分子发生水解, 影响其结构的稳定性, 使多糖含量降低[40]。此外VPD处理黄芪长时间高温作用下使多糖的糖苷键断裂, 转化为其他代谢底物被转化。同时, CFFCHPD处理的黄芪中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量最高为0.10%, 显著高于其他处理组。作为一种黄酮类化合物, 毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷极易受光、热、氧的作用被氧化分解[41], CFFCHPD既可在低氧条件下高效除湿, 又因远红外的作用快速均匀加热, 减少氧化发生。综上, CFFCHPD能更好的保留黄芪中的有效成分, 获得更优的品质。
黄芪感观品质和有效成分相关性分析如图4所示, L*通常与黄芪的外观品质相关, 能间接反映其干燥程度和内部成分的变化。然而, 明亮度本身并不直接决定黄芪多糖和黄芪甲苷的含量, 可能通过干燥过程中的温度、湿度和时间等因素, 进而对这两种成分的含量产生影响。a*b*的变化可能反应黄芪干燥过程中色素成分的变化, 长时间干燥可能会引起黄芪内部成分发生降解或转化。由图4可知, L*与黄芪甲苷和黄芪多糖的相关性系数分别为-0.83和0.86, 说明黄芪的L*越高, 黄芪甲苷含量越低, 且黄芪多糖的含量越高。a*与黄芪甲苷含量正相关, 说明可以通过色差值结果间接判断黄芪甲苷与黄芪多糖的含量。除此之外, b*与感官评分的相关性系数为-0.930, 也可间接判断黄芪感官评分的高低。
黄芪经不同干燥方式处理后, 经熵权赋分得到最终评价结果如表5。由表2所列权重可知, 干燥时间、单位能耗、感官评价、甲苷含量、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量和多糖含量所占权重分别为10.81%、10.94%、18.74%、17.18%、17.95%和24.38%。根据排序结果可知, CFFCHPD的评价最高, 优于其他干燥技术。其中干燥特性表现优异, 干燥时间最短, 能耗最低, 并保持黄芪甲苷、多糖和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量处于较高水平。其次是HPD与MSWID, FD因干燥时间最长、能耗最高, 排序结果最差。CFFCHPD作为一种联合干燥技术, 既可以解决单一红外干燥脱水缓慢, 提高干燥效率降低能耗, 还可以弥补单一热泵干燥黄芪时品质下降的缺点, 提升黄芪的品质[42-43]。综上所述, CFFCHPD在保留黄芪有效成分、提高干燥效率、降低能耗等方面均展现出了较明显优势。
本研究探究了6种不同干燥方式对黄芪干燥时间、能耗、感官特性、品质、风味及营养成分的影响。结果发现: 在60 ℃的干燥温度下, CFFCHPD处理的黄芪可有效缩短干燥时间, 降低能耗。经MSWID、FD、CFFCHPD和VPD干燥后的黄芪均具有较好的复水性。CFFCHPD处理后的L*最大, 可最大程度地保持黄芪原有色泽, HAD、HPD和MSWID处理的黄芪则发生了不同程度的褐变。不同干燥方式对黄芪的感官评价没有显著影响, 经VPD干燥后的感官评分最高。质构结果表明, CFFCHPD可赋予黄芪更好的口感, 同时在风味上可保持黄芪鲜味、甜味和丰富度处于较高水平。通过测定干燥黄芪的有效成分发现, CFFCHPD能更好的保留黄芪中的甲苷、多糖和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的含量, 获得更优的品质。相关性分析表明, 黄芪L*与黄芪甲苷和黄芪多糖具有显著相关性, a*与黄芪甲苷含量呈显著正相关, 说明可以通过色差结果间接判断黄芪甲苷与黄芪多糖的含量, b*与感官评分的相关性系数为-0.93, 也可间接判断黄芪感官评分的高低, 为黄芪的进一步研究提供了新思路。对干燥后的黄芪进行TOPSIS评价发现, CFFCHPD是一种有前途的适用于黄芪干燥的联合干燥技术。黄芪是典型多孔介质结构, 还需从孔隙结构、水分迁移方向及温湿度场在多孔介质中的变化规律等方面进行深度研究, 为黄芪干燥技术与装备研究提供新方向。
  • 河南省农业科学院基础性科研工作项目(2024XK12)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
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河南省农业科学院基础性科研工作项目(2024XK12)
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    1.河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心, 郑州 450002
    2.商丘市产品质量检验检测中心, 商丘 476000
    3.黄河科技学院医学部, 郑州 450005

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* 谢永康(1992—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农业工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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