Article(id=1152687440180458108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751701636, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751701636, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751701636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751701636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687440859935361, articleId=1152687440180458108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Nutritional components of Cichorium intybus L. and its application progress in the food industry, columnId=1152687436694995508, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cichorium intybus L. is a plant with high medicinal value and wide range of uses. The roots, stems, leaves and seeds of Cichorium intybus L. are highly nutritious and have a wide range of health benefits, such as regulating blood sugar, weight loss, combating malaria and preventing cardiovascular disease. Cichorium intybus L. root is rich in inulin, a polysaccharide composed mainly of fructose units, but also contains a small amount of monosaccharides, as well as chlorogenic acid and sesquiterpene lactones and other biologically active compounds, which have the function of regulating and improving gastrointestinal function, balancing blood glucose metabolism, improving lipid metabolism, lowering blood pressure, strengthening the immune system, antioxidant, anti-fatigue effects and other functions. Cichorium intybus L. can be processed into a variety of products, such as root tea, bread, functional foods, sugar substitutes and so on. This paper summarized the nutritional composition, functional characteristics, and research progress of Cichorium intybus L. in the food industry, and proposed solutions based on the problems existing in the application of Cichorium intybus L. in the food industry, which can provide reference for the development of the Cichorium intybus L. industry.

, correspAuthors=Yu-Tang HE, He LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yun LU, Yu-Tang HE, Xin-Xin ZHOU, Yu-Mei XIE, Yu-Jia LI, Ling-Ling SHAO, He LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687452935336876, articleId=1152687440180458108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=菊苣的营养成分及其在食品工业中的应用进展, columnId=1152687437265420855, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

菊苣是一种药用价值高、用途广泛的植物。菊苣的根、茎、叶、种子营养丰富且具有多种健康益处, 对调节血糖、减肥、抗疟疾和预防心血管疾病具有良好效果。菊苣根富含菊粉, 菊粉是一种主要由果糖单元组成的多糖, 还含有少量单糖, 以及绿原酸和倍半萜内酯等生物活性化合物, 具有调节、改善胃肠功能, 平衡血糖代谢, 改善血脂代谢, 降低血压, 增强免疫力, 抗氧化、抗疲劳作用等功能。菊苣可加工成多种产品, 如根茶、面包、功能食品、糖替代品等。本文综述了菊苣的营养组成、功能特性, 以及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展, 根据菊苣在食品工业应用存在的问题, 提出了解决策略, 可为菊苣产业的发展提供参考。

, correspAuthors=何余堂, 刘贺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 何余堂(1967—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与食品生物技术。E-mail:
刘贺(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与碳水化合物。E-mail:
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陆云(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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陆云(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
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Main nutrients per 100 g of Cichorium intybus L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要成分 含量
水分/(g/100 g) 94.52
碳水化合物/(g/100 g) 4.00
总膳食纤维/(g/100 g) 3.10
蛋白质/(g/100 g) 0.90
脂肪/(g/100 g) 0.10
能量/(mJ/kg) 17.00
), ArticleFig(id=1169272607858762266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

每100 g菊苣的主要营养成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要成分 含量
水分/(g/100 g) 94.52
碳水化合物/(g/100 g) 4.00
总膳食纤维/(g/100 g) 3.10
蛋白质/(g/100 g) 0.90
脂肪/(g/100 g) 0.10
能量/(mJ/kg) 17.00
), ArticleFig(id=1169272607925871131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Micronutrient content of Cichorium intybus L. per 100 g

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸含量 脂肪酸含量 矿质元素含量 维生素含量
色氨酸/g 0.016 C14:0/g 0.001 Ca/mg 19.000 维生素C/mg 2.800
苏氨酸/g 0.025 C16:0/g 0.021 Fe/mg 0.240 维生素B1/mg 0.062
异亮氨酸/g 0.054 C18:0/g 0.001 Mg/mg 10.000 维生素B2/mg 0.027
亮氨酸/g 0.039 C18:1/g 0.002 Na/mg 2.000 维生素B5/mg 0.145
赖氨酸/g 0.035 C18:2/g 0.037 K/mg 211.00 维生素B6/mg 0.042
蛋氨酸/g 0.005 C18:3/g 0.006 P/mg 26.00 叶酸/μg 37.000
苯丙氨酸/g 0.022 反式脂肪酸/g 0 Mn/mg 0.100
缬氨酸/g 0.041 胆固醇/mg 0 Zn/mg 0.160
精氨酸/g 0.066 Cu/mg 0.051
苏氨酸/g 0.015 Se/μg 0.200
), ArticleFig(id=1169272607992979996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

每100 g菊苣的微量营养成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸含量 脂肪酸含量 矿质元素含量 维生素含量
色氨酸/g 0.016 C14:0/g 0.001 Ca/mg 19.000 维生素C/mg 2.800
苏氨酸/g 0.025 C16:0/g 0.021 Fe/mg 0.240 维生素B1/mg 0.062
异亮氨酸/g 0.054 C18:0/g 0.001 Mg/mg 10.000 维生素B2/mg 0.027
亮氨酸/g 0.039 C18:1/g 0.002 Na/mg 2.000 维生素B5/mg 0.145
赖氨酸/g 0.035 C18:2/g 0.037 K/mg 211.00 维生素B6/mg 0.042
蛋氨酸/g 0.005 C18:3/g 0.006 P/mg 26.00 叶酸/μg 37.000
苯丙氨酸/g 0.022 反式脂肪酸/g 0 Mn/mg 0.100
缬氨酸/g 0.041 胆固醇/mg 0 Zn/mg 0.160
精氨酸/g 0.066 Cu/mg 0.051
苏氨酸/g 0.015 Se/μg 0.200
), ArticleFig(id=1169272608139780637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Carbohydrate content of different parts of Cichorium intybus L. (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 根部 叶片 种子
碳水化合物 70.43~90.77 38.2~72.11 31.66~34.72
可溶性膳食纤维 0.42~66.93 - -
粗纤维 5.12~27.32 16.78~22.40 25.68~38.12
总糖 2.03 4.50 3.05
), ArticleFig(id=1169272608253026846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菊苣不同部位碳水化合物含量(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 根部 叶片 种子
碳水化合物 70.43~90.77 38.2~72.11 31.66~34.72
可溶性膳食纤维 0.42~66.93 - -
粗纤维 5.12~27.32 16.78~22.40 25.68~38.12
总糖 2.03 4.50 3.05
), ArticleFig(id=1169272608395633183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mineral elements in various parts of Cichorium intybus L. (mg/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 Ca K Mg Na Fe Cu Mn Zn Pb
菊苣根 181.26 103.72 20.14 67.42 1.77 0.36 0.31 0.39 0.04
菊苣叶 292.61 166.57 6.94 88.80 9.18 0.60 0.90 0.91 0.03
菊苣花 - - - - 15.52 2.23 4.32 4.2 -
菊苣种子 2000.00 1170.00 500.00 560.00 - 1.50 2.50 6.50 -
), ArticleFig(id=1169272608517268000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687440180458108, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菊苣各部位中矿质元素(mg/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 Ca K Mg Na Fe Cu Mn Zn Pb
菊苣根 181.26 103.72 20.14 67.42 1.77 0.36 0.31 0.39 0.04
菊苣叶 292.61 166.57 6.94 88.80 9.18 0.60 0.90 0.91 0.03
菊苣花 - - - - 15.52 2.23 4.32 4.2 -
菊苣种子 2000.00 1170.00 500.00 560.00 - 1.50 2.50 6.50 -
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菊苣的营养成分及其在食品工业中的应用进展
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陆云 1 , 何余堂 1, 2, * , 周欣欣 1 , 解玉梅 1 , 李雨佳 1 , 邵玲玲 1 , 刘贺 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025,16(9): 65-73
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025, 16(9): 65-73
菊苣的营养成分及其在食品工业中的应用进展
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陆云1 , 何余堂1, 2, * , 周欣欣1, 解玉梅1, 李雨佳1, 邵玲玲1, 刘贺1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013
  • 2.辽宁省农产品加工减排增效与资源综合利用重点实验室, 锦州 121013
  • 陆云(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 何余堂(1967—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与食品生物技术。E-mail:
刘贺(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与碳水化合物。E-mail:
Nutritional components of Cichorium intybus L. and its application progress in the food industry
Yun LU1 , Yu-Tang HE1, 2, * , Xin-Xin ZHOU1, Yu-Mei XIE1, Yu-Jia LI1, Ling-Ling SHAO1, He LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 2. Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Emission Reduction, Efficiency Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Agricultural Products, Jinzhou 121013, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115001
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菊苣是一种药用价值高、用途广泛的植物。菊苣的根、茎、叶、种子营养丰富且具有多种健康益处, 对调节血糖、减肥、抗疟疾和预防心血管疾病具有良好效果。菊苣根富含菊粉, 菊粉是一种主要由果糖单元组成的多糖, 还含有少量单糖, 以及绿原酸和倍半萜内酯等生物活性化合物, 具有调节、改善胃肠功能, 平衡血糖代谢, 改善血脂代谢, 降低血压, 增强免疫力, 抗氧化、抗疲劳作用等功能。菊苣可加工成多种产品, 如根茶、面包、功能食品、糖替代品等。本文综述了菊苣的营养组成、功能特性, 以及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展, 根据菊苣在食品工业应用存在的问题, 提出了解决策略, 可为菊苣产业的发展提供参考。

菊苣  /  营养成分  /  食品工业

Cichorium intybus L. is a plant with high medicinal value and wide range of uses. The roots, stems, leaves and seeds of Cichorium intybus L. are highly nutritious and have a wide range of health benefits, such as regulating blood sugar, weight loss, combating malaria and preventing cardiovascular disease. Cichorium intybus L. root is rich in inulin, a polysaccharide composed mainly of fructose units, but also contains a small amount of monosaccharides, as well as chlorogenic acid and sesquiterpene lactones and other biologically active compounds, which have the function of regulating and improving gastrointestinal function, balancing blood glucose metabolism, improving lipid metabolism, lowering blood pressure, strengthening the immune system, antioxidant, anti-fatigue effects and other functions. Cichorium intybus L. can be processed into a variety of products, such as root tea, bread, functional foods, sugar substitutes and so on. This paper summarized the nutritional composition, functional characteristics, and research progress of Cichorium intybus L. in the food industry, and proposed solutions based on the problems existing in the application of Cichorium intybus L. in the food industry, which can provide reference for the development of the Cichorium intybus L. industry.

Cichorium intybus L.  /  nutrient composition  /  food industry
陆云, 何余堂, 周欣欣, 解玉梅, 李雨佳, 邵玲玲, 刘贺. 菊苣的营养成分及其在食品工业中的应用进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115001
Yun LU, Yu-Tang HE, Xin-Xin ZHOU, Yu-Mei XIE, Yu-Jia LI, Ling-Ling SHAO, He LIU. Nutritional components of Cichorium intybus L. and its application progress in the food industry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115001
菊苣(Cichoriumintybus L.), 包括几种单子叶和双子叶植物科, 如百合科、菊科和禾本科, 是一种药用价值高、用途广泛的植物。菊苣的外形特征是紫菀形花和披针形的叶子, 其根、茎、叶、种子营养丰富, 因此在世界各地得到广泛应用[1-3]。菊苣在食品工业中的用途主要是将菊苣的叶和花生产成沙拉混合物。菊苣根用作动物饲料并提取菊粉, 还可以用于生产果葡糖浆, 甚至用于酒的生产[4-5]。此外, 菊苣具有多种健康益处, 对调节血糖、减肥、抗疟疾和预防心血管疾病具有良好效果[6]
菊苣根富含菊粉, 菊粉是一种主要由果糖单元组成的多糖, 它还含有少量的单糖以及绿原酸和倍半萜内酯等生物活性化合物[7]。菊苣多糖已被证明在乳制品和烘焙食品中起甜味剂、保水剂、增稠剂、质地改性剂和褐变剂等作用。此外, 菊苣多糖由于具有生物相容性和生物可降解性等独特性质, 在食品工业得到广泛应用[3]。本文通过阐述菊苣的营养组成及功能特性, 并对其在食品工业中的应用研究进展予以综述, 以期为菊苣的应用及产业的发展提供参考。
菊苣中检测到一系列营养丰富的植物化合物, 表明其营养成分多样且丰富(详见表12[3])。碳水化合物、脂类和蛋白质是植物的结构单元和主要储备物质[6]
菊苣各部位的碳水化合物含量顺序为: 根(70.43%~90.77%)>叶(38.2%~72.11%)>种子(31.66%~34.72%) (表3)。在不同菊苣品种和栽培技术之间, 营养成分会有轻微差异。菊苣叶片和种子中的粗纤维显著高于菊苣根部[7-8]。叶片和种子中总糖含量较高, 分别为4.50 g/100 g、3.05 g/100 g。菊苣(尤其是根和叶)可被视为碳水化合物的丰富的来源[9-10]
菊苣根是菊糖的主要天然来源之一。这种水溶性贮藏多糖属于一组称为果聚糖的不可消化的碳水化合物。它是一种具有-(2-1)-糖苷键的果糖聚合物, 是一种长链碳水化合物, 由2~60个果糖分子和一个末端葡萄糖分子组成[7]。研究发现, 新鲜菊苣根的多糖含量在11%~20%之间, 而经过干燥处理后, 多糖含量增至44.69%。而HOUNGUE等[8]研究发现新鲜菊苣根中的菊苣多糖含量为14.5%, 干燥菊苣根中的多糖含量为61.8%。不同研究者的结果有一些差异, 与菊苣播种时间、收获时间、品种有关。菊苣多糖抗消化且具有甜味, 作为功能性食品配料, 可降低餐后血糖上升速度[4]。菊苣多糖常用的提取方法及优点总结见图1
菊苣含有丰富的营养物质, 粗蛋白含量很高, 超过干重的19%。菊苣中水溶性蛋白质含量大于盐溶蛋白质含量。不过菊苣根中盐溶蛋白质含量较高, 而叶片中则是水溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量较高[10]
研究表明, 在30 ℃和60 ℃温度下加热可刺激菊苣的次级代谢, 从而提高氨基酸和有机酸的浓度。因此, 在对菊苣的加工过程中进行温度控制, 可以提高其营养价值和潜在的健康益处[11]
菊苣种子含有丰富的缓和油, 是饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的良好来源, 其必需亚油酸含量占总脂肪酸谱的76%以上。据测定, 菊苣叶片中含有多种脂肪酸甲酯, 含量较高的有3种分别是亚油酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯[12]
菊苣各部位中的矿质元素含量见表4[3]。菊苣种子中钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)等必需矿物质的含量相对较高。另外, 菊苣叶中有一些矿质元素含量较低(mg/100 g): Cr (0.0736)、Al (14.602)、Cd (0.019)、Ni (0.0574)、Co (0.0149)、Si (6.78); 菊苣花中富含Fe (15.52)、Al (10.26)、Mn (4.32)、Zn (4.20)[13]
据报道, 菊苣中含量较高的挥发性物质为棕榈酸、壬烷、α-香柠檬烯, 含量分别为32.9%、26.1%、14.0%[14]。在菊苣根中含量比较高的挥发性化合物为樟脑(1,7,7-三甲基二环[2,2,1]庚烷-2-酮)22.74%、百里香素15.06%、Y-萜烯13.24%、茴香甲醛10.79%; 在菊苣叶中含量较高的为百里香素17.12%、Y-萜烯15.18%、茴香甲醛10.53%、百里香酚9.38%[15]
(1)总酚
菊苣根部的总酚类物质含量为(20.0±0.9) mg/100 g[10], 而野生菊苣根部的总酚类物质含量经测定, 含量略高, 为22.4 mg/100 g[16]; 菊苣叶中总酚类物质含量则高于根部, 为(26.4±1.05) mg/100 g。菊苣叶中总酚含量略低, 不过相比菊苣其他部分, 叶片中总酚含量较高。菊苣种子中总酚含量很高, 为1017 mg/100 g[17]
(2)酚酸
酚酸通常以糖苷的形式存在, 这使得它们的反应性较低, 更易储存在细胞液泡中[5]。菊苣根中原儿茶酸含量为2.50%, 绿原酸含量为17.84%, 对羟基苯甲酸含量为11.04%、香草酸为1.97%、香豆酸为9.65%[10]; 菊苣叶有没食子酸为1.96 mg/100 g。菊苣具有抗疲劳、提神的功效, 是因为菊苣中富含酚酸类物质, 如咖啡酸、绿原酸、异香草酸、异绿原酸等[17]
菊苣根中的酮类有11种, 分别是4-环戊烯-1,3-二酮、2(5H)-呋喃酮、甲基环戊烯醇酮、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮、麦芽酚、2,3-二氢-3,5二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮等、3,5-二羟基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮、2,6-二羟基苯乙酮、香豆素、2-十五酮和植酮, 相对含量存在差异[11]
菊苣根中含量较高的倍半萜内酯, 内酯分子带有一个环状环, 其大小取决于羟基羧酸中羟基和羧基的位置; 它们是无色亲脂性化合物, 具有特有的苦味。菊苣中发现的一些主要内酯是乳酸霉素和乳纤肽。倍半萜内酯对人体有许多有益的特性, 如抗炎、抗寄生虫、抗菌甚至抗癌活性[5]。总体来说, 富含倍半萜内酯的食物可能被认为是健康、均衡饮食的一部分[18]
菊苣中富含维生素, 据测定, 菊苣叶中的维生素含量(mg/100 g)为: 维生素A (0.45)、维生素B1 (0.1451)、维生素B2 (0.1143)、维生素B6 (0.1658)、维生素C (0.0038)[19]
菊苣中的香豆素含量为0.575 g, 主要是秦皮甲素和秦皮乙素, 种子中香豆素的含量大于根中的含量, 还包括马栗树皮素、马栗树皮苷、野莴苣苷、香豆素、7-甲氧基香豆素[20]。其衍生物七叶皂苷具有降血糖功效[21]
菊苣多糖具有独特的结构和对人体至关重要的功能特性。这种天然碳水化合物很难被胃酸水解和消化, 它可以调节血糖, 改善血脂代谢[22]。此外, 它在到达结肠之前不会被破坏, 在结肠中它可以被有益微生物发酵, 从而治疗胃肠道疾病和糖尿病等疾病。被40多个国家作为营养补充剂[23]
肠道是身体防御的前线, 暴露于许多病原体和细菌中。菊苣多糖可以改善肠道屏障的功能并调节免疫系统[21]
菊苣多糖的摄入可以调节葡萄糖、脂质和氨基酸的代谢。肠道菌群对菊苣多糖的发酵可以促进有益菌群的增殖, 如短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFA), 这对调节肠道pH, 维持肠道生态环境的稳态发挥着重要作用[23]
菊苣多糖摄入可显著降低厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的比例, 以及与促炎状态相关的几种细菌的水平。在低剂量下, 通过特定的转运蛋白在小肠中吸收并在那里代谢, 在到达肝脏之前转化为葡萄糖和乳酸。未代谢的果糖可以被肠道微生物群发酵, 产生SCFA, SCFA在人体新陈代谢中起着重要作用[24]。除了促进SCFA的产生外, 菊苣多糖能够抑制肠道病原菌增殖。对受试者进行45 d内服用菊苣多糖和低聚果糖的研究中, 发现双歧杆菌量增加的同时抑制有害细菌或机会性病原体。菊粉在结肠内经微生物发酵后会产生有益的代谢物, 包括丙酸盐和丁酸盐。丁酸盐与肠道健康的关系最为一致, 它可以限制潜在致病菌的扩增、减少炎症、调节基因表达、增加肠道屏障功能, 并通过降低结肠pH来改善重吸收。对老年人进行双盲安慰剂饮食干预试验, 研究结果显示菊苣多糖干预摄食后能够有效改善肠道功能[25]
在慢性炎症性肠病中, 炎症过程和反应性中间体的形成密切相关, 特别是活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS)[26]。菊苣多糖可抑制一些产生ROS的酶, 提高内源性抗氧化酶, 抑制磷脂酶、脂氧合酶及环氧化酶, 从而减少白三烯和前列腺素的产生。这类生物活性化合物对免疫系统有积极作用, 尤其是在慢性炎症疾病中[27-28]。给HLA-B27转基因大鼠服用菊苣多糖和低聚糖的混合物, 按5 g/kg体重剂量可减少黏膜促炎细胞因子, 进一步帮助控制氧化应激和提供抗炎作用来支持肠道稳态[29]。在慢性炎症的情况下, 过多的细胞因子产生会导致组织损伤、毒性和细胞死亡。菊苣及其代谢物能够发挥保护和抗炎作用, 特别是通过降低促炎细胞因子的基因表达[30]。给小鼠口服含有聚吡咯(PPy)纳米酶和抗纤维化药物吡非尼酮的益生菌菊粉水凝胶, 这种水凝胶可通过持续的ROS清除、肠道菌群调节和TGF-β/Smad信号通路的衰减抑制成纤维细胞的增殖, 使得促炎细胞水平有效降低, 增强了肠上皮屏障的修复, 抑制了肠纤维化[31]
在饮食中添加菊粉已显示出预防代谢紊乱的免疫调节作用。在婴儿食物中添加菊苣多糖, 与对照组相比, 360 d后发现食物中添加菊苣多糖和低聚半乳糖的婴儿出现急性腹泻的情况减少[32]
菊苣多糖作为一种水溶性膳食纤维, 能够促进正常的肠道蠕动。菊苣多糖由大肠中的肠道微生物菌群发酵, 产生SCFA、乳酸和气体, 刺激肠道运动, 促进排泄。对于患有便秘的老年人。每天食用20~40 g菊粉就可以有效缓解便秘[33]
在糖尿病患者中, 葡萄糖自氧化、代谢应激和非酶糖酵解的增加会促进氧化应激。植物是抗氧化剂的丰富来源[34]。菊苣能够改善血脂水平, 直接或间接地增强血糖控制。例如, 丙酸盐已被证明可通过下调参与胆固醇产生的关键酶, 如乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和脂肪酸合酶来抑制肝脏胆固醇合成, 减少甘油三酯形成, 降低极低密度脂蛋白分泌[35-36]。对早期和晚期糖尿病大鼠注射菊苣籽提取物, 发现能够显著降低大鼠血清中的葡萄糖和甘油三酯水平。对女性II型糖尿病患者进行菊苣干预后, 其血清空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶的浓度明显降低[37]
菊苣多糖可降低高血压早期人群的血压, 主要是收缩压下降[38]。用5%菊苣多糖治疗高脂饮食大鼠, 能有效降低其升高的甘油三酯和胆固醇水平[39]
菊粉降血脂的调节机制主要包括: (1)减少控制血脂合成的肝酶基因的表达; (2)加速脂质分解和细胞质基因肽的产生; (3)促进双歧杆菌的增殖和SCFA的合成; (4)增加粪便中胆盐和胆固醇的排泄[40]
菊苣能增强机体的免疫能力, 由于菊苣中含有菊苣酸、菊苣多糖等增强免疫的生物活性物质[41]。鸭乙型肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis brirus, DHBV)是由免疫系统的慢性刺激引起的。而菊苣酸可以抑制感染肝细胞中DHBV病毒DNA的复制。此外, 菊苣酸可以通过刺激吞噬作用以及其抗透明质酸酶和抗氧化特性来实现其肝细胞保护作用[42-43]
菊苣能有效地中和自由基, 减缓氧化应激引起的细胞损伤。将菊苣多糖制成水性煎剂, 并进行模拟体外人体胃肠道消化(simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, SGID)试验。研究结果表明, SGID期间绿原酸和倍半萜内酯的特异性转化增强了消化后的抗氧化和抗炎特性。定量结果表明ROS清除能力和代谢物活性显着增加[44-46]
从菊苣中获得的提取物可以作为治疗癌细胞的药物材料。菊苣中存在各种已知的抗癌代谢物, 如真地松内酯、聚乙炔、愈创木脂内酯等。在临床试验中, 菊苣多糖可延长患病小鼠的存活时间, 并增强淋巴细胞的体外转化功能[47]
尽管免疫检查点阻断剂(immune checkpoint blockade, ICB)已经彻底改变了癌症治疗的前景, 但只有一小部分患者对ICB治疗有效果。菊苣根多糖作为有益肠道益生菌, 可提高抗程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1 (α-PD-1) ICB治疗的抗肿瘤疗效[48]。由于微生物代谢物介导的CD8+ T细胞分化为干细胞样记忆CD8+ T细胞, 与α-PD-1治疗协同作用(图2)。
在日常饮食中添加菊苣多糖等补充剂可抑制肿瘤生长, 简单无风险。
通过增加必需矿物质(尤其是钙)的吸收来降低患骨质疏松症的风险[48]。菊粉通过增加钙溶解度、刺激钙结合蛋白表达水平和增加有益微生物来促进钙吸收[49]
菊苣广泛用于治疗肝脏疾病。从其种子和根中获得的提取物能够用于各种肝脏疾病, 如肝硬化、脂肪堆积、肝脂肪变性和终末期肝病[50]。它还有助于尿路感染, 并具有碎石、利尿和碱化作用[51]
菊苣具有抗病毒功能特性。菊苣含有三萜类化合物和糖苷, 可增强γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)能传递并抑制谷氨酸能传递。因此, 菊苣提取物可能通过GABA能系统发挥其抗神经毒性作用[52]。菊苣酸介入斑马鱼胚胎培养后, 细胞存活率从约70%提高到约85%, 这表明菊苣酸对受到铅毒性影响的斑马鱼胚胎具有保护作用。这种作用在降低铅引起的死亡率和畸形方面效果显著[53]
大多数药用菊苣其提取物具有广泛的药理学和生物学特性, 包括抗菌、抗炎、抗糖尿病和镇痛作用, 菊苣还能够减轻血清和器官中脂质的过氧化[54]。在畜牧生产中, 菊苣提供缩合单宁和其他次生代谢物, 对抗寄生虫产生积极影响。菊苣的化学成分包含更少的纤维、更多的蛋白质、更多的可溶性糖和更高的矿物质含量, 因此菊苣已成为一种理想、廉价、天然和可持续的替代饲料[2,13]。由于低糖、低脂、高纤维的饮食观念, 菊苣多糖在食品工业中具有很大的发展潜力[53]
菊苣根可以制作茶产品。对菊苣根茶的工艺进行了优化: 1% NaCl溶液护色, 真空渗糖时间210 min, 真空度0.02 MPa, 羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxymethylcellulose sodium, CMC-Na)添加量为0.86%, 制作的糖制风味菊苣根茶色泽均匀, 纯净透亮, 外形平整饱满, 口感厚重绵密, 醇和清甜, 具有菊苣根特有的香气[55]
在植物蛋白饮料、果蔬汁饮料、功能性饮料中添加菊苣多糖, 能保持良好风味, 有效改善饮料的营养功能[4]。以菊苣和红枣为原料, 可以制备菊苣红枣口服液。在运动前饮用, 血清中尿素氮和乳酸含量均显著低于对照组, 表明菊苣红枣口服液有助于改善运动后机体疲劳状态[56]
将菊苣多糖添加至馒头、面包等主食中, 能增加面筋蛋白, 使面团紧密, 微观形态均匀[57]。小麦粉中添加菊苣多糖可增加稳定性和质量[58], 随着菊苣多糖添加量增大, 降低吸水率和面包体积, 提高稳定性、弹性和延展性, 且质量和保质期都有所改善。
菊苣多糖以原辅料加在保健食品中, 具有减肥、降血脂、降血糖、降血压、促进矿物质吸收、改善肠道菌群等功能[5]
菊苣多糖在水中的溶解度随着支化程度的增加而增大, 从而产生可以模仿脂肪的质地和味道的颗粒状凝胶[59]。菊苣多糖可替代接近50%的脂肪, 在低脂奶油中添加菊粉可以增强奶油的光滑度, 并且与全脂奶油中效果相似[60]。在巧克力中添加菊苣多糖, 可以改善巧克力的质地, 增加感官评分[61]
菊苣多糖由于其β-(2-1)键连接, 菊粉不能像普通碳水化合物那样被分解。长链菊糖通常不含甜味, 而短链菊糖的甜味在蔗糖甜味的30%至50%之间, 并且卡路里值较低(1~2 kcal/g)。因此, 短链菊糖可用于替代蔗糖[1]
在低脂酸奶中添加菊苣多糖可以改善乳脂性和润滑性。部分菊苣多糖替代奶酪中的乳脂时, 改善了奶酪的黏度、密度和可熔化性, 并降低了奶酪的硬度。乳酪制品中添加菊苣多糖能提高口感, 增加膳食纤维含量[54,62]
肉蛋制品中添加菊苣多糖有助于保持水分、减少烹饪损失并保持多汁。肉类保质期和质量下降的因素之一是脂质酸败, 这是由肉类中存在的大量不饱和脂肪酸和氧化剂引起的。添加菊苣多糖后, 肉蛋制品中水和油的保持性、乳化稳定性以及抗菌和抗炎活性得到了显著的提升[63]
菊苣为菊粉提供了丰富而廉价的来源, 同时, 菊苣产品的开发具有巨大的市场潜力和经济意义, 但目前菊苣产业发展受到诸多因素的影响, 市场化程度不高。
菊苣在某些食品研究领域的应用需要进一步验证其作用机制。尽管对菊苣的生物活性研究较多, 仍需采用更先进的研究方法和技术, 深入研究菊粉的结构和性质, 揭示其与功能和应用的关系。此外, 菊苣的药理作用或其作用机制尚未完全了解, 因此有必要深入全面地了解和掌握菊苣多糖在药物以及保健品中的作用机制和副作用。
近些年, 菊粉在新型保健食品和饲料添加剂方面取得了一定进展[64], 但目前的菊苣产品主要以菊粉、菊苣根茶、菊苣饮料为主。产品类型单一, 产品亮点不多, 消费者受众群体小, 市场难以打开, 企业经济效益一般, 产业化发展比较慢。
菊苣作为药食两用植物, 具有促进营养吸收, 改善肠道菌群, 降血糖, 降血压, 抑制肿瘤等多种保健功效。但消费者对此了解比较少, 很多人都不认识菊苣, 更不了解菊苣含有的大量活性成分, 对市场上销售的菊苣产品陌生, 并持怀疑态度。
挖掘菊苣的营养与保健功能, 探索菊苣发挥生理功能的物质基础, 研究菊苣中生物活性物质的作用机制; 从分子营养学、基因组学、蛋白组学研究菊苣生物活性物质的作用机制及构效关系; 探究菊苣中的功能成分在人体的消化与吸收规律及其与人体健康的关系。加快菊苣的基础研究, 促进菊苣产品研发, 以加速菊苣产业的发展。
目前, 市场上菊苣产品单一, 同质化严重, 需要研发特色鲜明, 既有营养保健作用, 又口感好, 且外观、组织状态等能吸引消费者的菊苣产品, 积极培育消费市场。利用现代高新技术, 如超微粉碎技术、挤压膨化技术、食品生物技术等现代科技研发菊苣产品, 促进菊苣产业发展。
大力宣传菊苣的功能作用。以菊苣为原料创新开发功能性食品, 大力向市场推广, 让广大消费者逐渐认识、接受、认可、喜欢。
菊粉也会引起一些副作用, 摄入较高剂量的菊粉会导致胃肠道症状, 如呕吐、腹痛、肿胀等。建议限制菊粉的每日摄入量, 即每天10~15 g。此外, 患有炎症性肠病或过敏症的人应更加谨慎地摄入菊粉, 避免不良事件发生。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2100301)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2100301)
作者信息
    1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013
    2.辽宁省农产品加工减排增效与资源综合利用重点实验室, 锦州 121013

通讯作者:

* 何余堂(1967—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与食品生物技术。E-mail:
刘贺(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与碳水化合物。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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