Article(id=1152687439698113140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732809600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751701520, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751701520, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751701520, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751701520, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687440180458106, articleId=1152687439698113140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on current situation and risk assessment of foodborne pathogens contamination in meat and meat products in Yantai City, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the status of foodborne pathogenic bacteria contamination in meat and meat products in Yantai City, Shandong Province from 2020 to 2023, and understand the safety of related food in the city. Methods According to national food safety standard Food microbiological examination GB 4789 series standards and the requirements of Shandong food pollutants and harmful factors risk monitoring manual, 6 kinds of foodborne pathogens were detected from meat and meat products, including Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results The 5 kinds of foodborne pathogens and 46 positive strains were detected in 363 samples, with the total detection rate of 12.67%. The highest detection rate was Salmonella (10.48%), followed by Campylobacter (1.97%) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.33%), and no Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was detected. Among the 4 types of samples, the highest detection rate was in raw poultry meat (26.67%) and the lowest was in cooked meat products (2.35%). The detection rate of Salmonella in prepared meat products reached 20.00%. The detection rates of pathogenic bacteria in the samples collected by farmers’ markets and online stores were relatively high (19.53%, 22.22%). Salmonella had the highest probability of causing illness in the third quarter. Conclusion Meat and meat products in Yantai City are contaminated by foodborne pathogens to various degrees, so it is necessary to focus on raw poultry meat and bulk prepared meat products, especially those originating from farmers’ markets and online stores, and it is important to strengthen the relevant circulation supervision, enhance food safety awareness and take measures to reduce the risk of cross-contamination during the sale of bulk meat products, so as to ensure food safety for consumers.

, correspAuthors=Wen-Juan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-Li XING, Yun-Long TIAN, Jian YANG, Xin-Yu ZHANG, Yan SONG, Yan LI, Wen-Juan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687445284926149, articleId=1152687439698113140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌污染现状及风险评价, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析2020—2023年山东省烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌污染状况, 了解该市相关食品的安全情况。方法 依据食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验GB 4789系列标准和《山东省食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求, 对采集的肉与肉制品开展沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、弯曲菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌6种食源性致病菌的检测。结果 363份市售肉与肉制品中检出5种致病菌, 阳性菌株46株, 总体检出率12.67%。检出率最高的是沙门氏菌(10.48%), 其次为弯曲菌(1.97%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(1.33%), 未检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌。4种样本中致病菌检出率最高的是生禽肉(26.67%), 最低的是熟肉制品(2.35%)。调理肉制品中沙门氏菌检出率达20.00%。来自于农贸市场和网店的样本致病菌检出率较高(19.53%、22.22%)。第三季度沙门氏菌致病概率最高。结论 烟台市肉与肉制品存在不同程度食源性致病菌污染, 需重点关注生禽肉和散装调理肉制品, 尤其是来源于农贸市场和网店的产品, 必须加强相关的流通监管, 提升食品安全意识, 并采取措施减少散装肉制品在销售过程中的交叉污染风险, 以确保消费者的食品安全。

, correspAuthors=刘文娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘文娟(1982—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:
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邢莉丽(1983—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

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邢莉丽(1983—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

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Problems and countermeasures of food safety regulation and legal system of online shopping[J]. China Food Industry, 2024(15): 86-88., articleTitle=Problems and countermeasures of food safety regulation and legal system of online shopping, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272574367248534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, awardId=SDWS2024095, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省学校卫生协会项目(SDWS2024095), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272570701426780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272570709815389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, companyId=1169272570701426780, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai 264003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272570718203998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, companyId=1169272570701426780, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=烟台市疾病预防控制中心, 烟台 264003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272573276729484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Simulated results of the probability of Salmonella morbidity for single eating of meat and meat products, figureFileSmall=c5yXNlkH9g8Chcf6sy3nhA==, figureFileBig=VN1MP4EfaIdNgnuFWnG3nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272573322866829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=CN, label=图1, caption=平均每摄入1份肉与肉制品导致沙门氏菌发病概率模拟结果, figureFileSmall=c5yXNlkH9g8Chcf6sy3nhA==, figureFileBig=VN1MP4EfaIdNgnuFWnG3nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272573486444686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of various foodborne pathogens

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致病菌种类 样本数/份 检出数/份 检出率/%
沙门氏菌 353 37 10.48
单核细胞增生李斯特菌 321 2 0.62
小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌 276 1 0.36
弯曲菌 254 5 1.97
致泻大肠埃希氏菌 112 0 0
金黄色葡萄球菌 75 1 1.33
), ArticleFig(id=1169272573645828239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各种食源性致病菌检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
致病菌种类 样本数/份 检出数/份 检出率/%
沙门氏菌 353 37 10.48
单核细胞增生李斯特菌 321 2 0.62
小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌 276 1 0.36
弯曲菌 254 5 1.97
致泻大肠埃希氏菌 112 0 0
金黄色葡萄球菌 75 1 1.33
), ArticleFig(id=1169272573754880144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of pathogenic bacteria in different types of meat and meat products

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样本种类 沙门氏菌 单核细胞增生李斯特菌 小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌 弯曲菌 金黄色葡萄球菌 合计
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
生畜肉 23/188 12.23 1/156 0.64 0/156 0 0/144 0 24/188 12.77
生禽肉 9/60 15.00 1/60 1.67 1/60 1.67 5/60 8.33 16/60 26.67
调理肉制品 4/20 20.00 0/20 0 0/20 0 0/30 0 4/30 13.33
熟肉制品 1/85 1.18 0/85 0 0/40 0 0/50 0 1/45 2.22 2/85 2.35
合计 37/353 10.48 2/321 0.62 1/276 0.36 5/254 1.97 1/75 1.33 46/363 12.67
), ArticleFig(id=1169272573830377617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同种类肉与肉制品中致病菌检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 沙门氏菌 单核细胞增生李斯特菌 小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌 弯曲菌 金黄色葡萄球菌 合计
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
检出情况 检出率
/%
生畜肉 23/188 12.23 1/156 0.64 0/156 0 0/144 0 24/188 12.77
生禽肉 9/60 15.00 1/60 1.67 1/60 1.67 5/60 8.33 16/60 26.67
调理肉制品 4/20 20.00 0/20 0 0/20 0 0/30 0 4/30 13.33
熟肉制品 1/85 1.18 0/85 0 0/40 0 0/50 0 1/45 2.22 2/85 2.35
合计 37/353 10.48 2/321 0.62 1/276 0.36 5/254 1.97 1/75 1.33 46/363 12.67
), ArticleFig(id=1169272573931040914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of pathogenic bacteria in meat and meat products from different sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 生畜肉 生禽肉 调理肉制品 熟肉制品 合计
检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出情况
%
检出情况 检出情况
/%
检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出率/%
超市 5/92 5.43 3/23 13.04 3/10 30.00 0/24 0 11/149 7.38
农贸市场 16/70 22.86 7/24 29.17 2/10 20.00 0/24 0 25/128 19.53
便利店/零售店 1/18 5.56 3/5 60.00 0/4 0 0/16 0 4/43 9.30
网店 0/5 0 1/2 50.00 1/2 50.00 2/9 22.22
饭店/酒店 0/1 0 1/4 25.00 0/4 0 1/16 6.25 2/25 8.00
其他 1/2 50.00 0/2 0 1/5 20.00 2/9 22.22
合计 23/188 12.23 15/60 25.00 6/30 20.00 2/85 2.35 46/363 12.67
), ArticleFig(id=1169272574077841555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同来源肉与肉制品中致病菌检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 生畜肉 生禽肉 调理肉制品 熟肉制品 合计
检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出情况
%
检出情况 检出情况
/%
检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出率/%
超市 5/92 5.43 3/23 13.04 3/10 30.00 0/24 0 11/149 7.38
农贸市场 16/70 22.86 7/24 29.17 2/10 20.00 0/24 0 25/128 19.53
便利店/零售店 1/18 5.56 3/5 60.00 0/4 0 0/16 0 4/43 9.30
网店 0/5 0 1/2 50.00 1/2 50.00 2/9 22.22
饭店/酒店 0/1 0 1/4 25.00 0/4 0 1/16 6.25 2/25 8.00
其他 1/2 50.00 0/2 0 1/5 20.00 2/9 22.22
合计 23/188 12.23 15/60 25.00 6/30 20.00 2/85 2.35 46/363 12.67
), ArticleFig(id=1169272574161727636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection of pathogenic bacteria in meat and meat products of different packaging types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包装类型 生畜肉 生禽肉 调理肉制品 熟肉制品 合计
检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出情况/% 检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出率/%
散装 19/175 10.86 13/57 22.81 3/11 27.27 1/23 4.35 36/266 13.53
预包装 4/13 30.77 2/3 66.67 3/19 15.79 1/62 1.61 10/97 10.31
合计 23/188 14.11 15/60 14.56 6/30 14.29 2/55 3.64 46/363 12.67
), ArticleFig(id=1169272574237225109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687439698113140, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同包装类型肉与肉制品中致病菌检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包装类型 生畜肉 生禽肉 调理肉制品 熟肉制品 合计
检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出情况/% 检出情况 检出率/% 检出情况 检出率/%
散装 19/175 10.86 13/57 22.81 3/11 27.27 1/23 4.35 36/266 13.53
预包装 4/13 30.77 2/3 66.67 3/19 15.79 1/62 1.61 10/97 10.31
合计 23/188 14.11 15/60 14.56 6/30 14.29 2/55 3.64 46/363 12.67
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烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌污染现状及风险评价
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邢莉丽 , 田云龙 , 杨建 , 张馨予 , 宋燕 , 李燕 , 刘文娟 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(9): 138-143
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(9): 138-143
烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌污染现状及风险评价
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邢莉丽 , 田云龙, 杨建, 张馨予, 宋燕, 李燕, 刘文娟*
作者信息
  • 烟台市疾病预防控制中心, 烟台 264003
  • 邢莉丽(1983—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘文娟(1982—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:
Research on current situation and risk assessment of foodborne pathogens contamination in meat and meat products in Yantai City
Li-Li XING , Yun-Long TIAN, Jian YANG, Xin-Yu ZHANG, Yan SONG, Yan LI, Wen-Juan LIU*
Affiliations
  • Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai 264003, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129002
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目的 分析2020—2023年山东省烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌污染状况, 了解该市相关食品的安全情况。方法 依据食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验GB 4789系列标准和《山东省食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求, 对采集的肉与肉制品开展沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、弯曲菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌6种食源性致病菌的检测。结果 363份市售肉与肉制品中检出5种致病菌, 阳性菌株46株, 总体检出率12.67%。检出率最高的是沙门氏菌(10.48%), 其次为弯曲菌(1.97%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(1.33%), 未检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌。4种样本中致病菌检出率最高的是生禽肉(26.67%), 最低的是熟肉制品(2.35%)。调理肉制品中沙门氏菌检出率达20.00%。来自于农贸市场和网店的样本致病菌检出率较高(19.53%、22.22%)。第三季度沙门氏菌致病概率最高。结论 烟台市肉与肉制品存在不同程度食源性致病菌污染, 需重点关注生禽肉和散装调理肉制品, 尤其是来源于农贸市场和网店的产品, 必须加强相关的流通监管, 提升食品安全意识, 并采取措施减少散装肉制品在销售过程中的交叉污染风险, 以确保消费者的食品安全。

食品安全  /  肉与肉制品  /  食源性致病菌  /  污染状况  /  检测

Objective To analyze the status of foodborne pathogenic bacteria contamination in meat and meat products in Yantai City, Shandong Province from 2020 to 2023, and understand the safety of related food in the city. Methods According to national food safety standard Food microbiological examination GB 4789 series standards and the requirements of Shandong food pollutants and harmful factors risk monitoring manual, 6 kinds of foodborne pathogens were detected from meat and meat products, including Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results The 5 kinds of foodborne pathogens and 46 positive strains were detected in 363 samples, with the total detection rate of 12.67%. The highest detection rate was Salmonella (10.48%), followed by Campylobacter (1.97%) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.33%), and no Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was detected. Among the 4 types of samples, the highest detection rate was in raw poultry meat (26.67%) and the lowest was in cooked meat products (2.35%). The detection rate of Salmonella in prepared meat products reached 20.00%. The detection rates of pathogenic bacteria in the samples collected by farmers’ markets and online stores were relatively high (19.53%, 22.22%). Salmonella had the highest probability of causing illness in the third quarter. Conclusion Meat and meat products in Yantai City are contaminated by foodborne pathogens to various degrees, so it is necessary to focus on raw poultry meat and bulk prepared meat products, especially those originating from farmers’ markets and online stores, and it is important to strengthen the relevant circulation supervision, enhance food safety awareness and take measures to reduce the risk of cross-contamination during the sale of bulk meat products, so as to ensure food safety for consumers.

food safety  /  meat and meat products  /  foodborne pathogens  /  contamination status  /  detection
邢莉丽, 田云龙, 杨建, 张馨予, 宋燕, 李燕, 刘文娟. 烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌污染现状及风险评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 138 -143 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129002
Li-Li XING, Yun-Long TIAN, Jian YANG, Xin-Yu ZHANG, Yan SONG, Yan LI, Wen-Juan LIU. Research on current situation and risk assessment of foodborne pathogens contamination in meat and meat products in Yantai City[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 138 -143 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129002
随着经济发展和生活水平的提高, 我国居民的食物消费结构不断升级, 正由“主食型”向“粮肉菜果鱼”多元化消费模式转变, 肉类供能比相应增长, 人均肉类消费量由2020年的24.8 kg增加至2023年的39.8 kg[1-2]。肉与肉制品成为人类膳食结构的重要组成部分, 它含有蛋白质、脂肪和微量元素等, 给人体提供丰富的营养和充足的热量[3]
然而, 肉与肉制品在养殖加工储运等诸多环节中都极易受到微生物的污染[4-7]。沙门氏菌广泛分布于自然界, 常常寄居在人和动物体内, 特别是家禽、家畜及宠物的肠道中。沙门氏菌引起的食源性疾病一年四季都可能发生, 典型症状为发烧、恶心、呕吐、腹泻和腹部绞痛等, 症状可持续4~7 d, 重者可引起痉挛、脱水、休克甚至死亡。弯曲菌是人畜共患致病菌, 大多通过食物、水源进行传播, 可引起发热、胃肠炎、反应性关节炎、格林巴利综合征、脑膜炎等, 甚至引起菌血症、败血症、流产等多种疾病[8]。在发展中国家, 50%以上的感染是由污染的禽肉引起。金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌等常见致病菌在适宜的条件下可大量繁殖, 导致消费者食用该产品后发生腹泻、呕吐、发热甚至更为严重的健康问题, 给公共卫生安全带来极大隐患[9-10]。近年来, 国内因肉与肉制品中致病菌导致的食源性疾病事件时有发生[11-13]
本研究通过对2020—2023年山东省烟台市肉与肉制品中食源性致病菌的检测情况进行分析, 预测食源性致病菌的污染趋势, 及时发现食品安全隐患, 为有效防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。
根据2020—2023年山东省食品安全风险监测计划的要求, 结合烟台市实际情况采集肉与肉制品363份。采样地点覆盖15个监测点的超市、农贸市场、便利店/零售店、饭店/酒店等多个流通和餐饮服务环节。采样后按要求及时送至实验室进行检测。
增菌培养基、分离培养基(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司、北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 显色培养基(法国科玛嘉微生物公司); 沙门氏菌诊断血清(宁波天润生物药业有限公司、泰国S&A公司)。所有培养基和试剂均在有效期内。
VITEK2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统(法国生物梅里埃公司); MALDI Biotyper微生物质谱快速鉴定系统(德国Bruker公司); QuantStudioTM5实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)系统(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。
依据食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验GB 4789系列标准和2020—2023年《山东省食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求, 开展沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、弯曲菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌6种食源性致病菌的检测。通过对不同批次的肉与肉制品进行细菌分离鉴定、荧光定量PCR检测和血清学分型, 对样本中的食源性致病菌进行分析。所有检测出的阳性菌株均已提交山东省疾病预防控制中心进行复核。
应用Excel 2013建立数据库, 使用SPSS 20.0进行统计分析, 利用χ2 检验进行率的差异比较, 以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2020—2023年共检测肉与肉制品363份, 检出5种致病菌, 总体检出率为12.67% (46/363)。其中检出阳性率最高的是沙门氏菌, 为10.48% (37/353), 与焦作市、济南市、南平市、泰安市报道的研究结果一致[14-17]; 弯曲菌次之, 为1.97% (5/254); 其他依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌; 未检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌。不同致病菌的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=77.709, P<0.01)。见表1
生禽肉中共检出4种致病菌, 且致病菌检出率最高, 为26.67% (16/60), 与内蒙古、黑龙江省、贵阳市、沧州市报道的研究结果一致[18-21]。调理肉制品和生畜肉中致病菌检出率分别为13.33% (4/30)、12.77% (24/188)。熟肉制品中致病菌检出率最低, 仅为2.35% (2/85)。不同种类样本中致病菌的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.811, P<0.01)。
调理肉制品中沙门氏菌检出率为20.00% (4/20), 高于其他肉与肉制品中各种致病菌的检出率。5株弯曲菌均来自生禽肉, 检出率为8.33% (5/60), 经生化和质谱鉴定全部为空肠弯曲菌, 这与四川省、菏泽市研究报道一致[22-23]。见表2
从农贸市场和网店采集的样本致病菌检出率较高, 分别为19.53% (25/128)、22.22% (2/9), 两者均为流通环节。与重庆市农贸市场样品检出率21.14% (52/246)基本一致[24]。餐饮服务的饭店/酒店致病菌检出率为8.00%(2/25)。在超市、农贸市场和便利店/零售店出售的熟肉制品中均未有致病菌检出。不同采样来源的样本致病菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.413, P=0.044)。见表3
散装与预包装样本中致病菌检出率分别为13.53% (36/266)、10.31% (10/97)。散装样本采样较多, 其调理肉制品中致病菌检出率最高, 为27.27% (3/11)。不同包装类型样本的致病菌检出率不会表现出显著性差异, 无统计学意义(χ2=0.668, P>0.05)。见表4
363份肉与肉制品中检出沙门氏菌阳性样本37份, 故有必要对其潜在风险进行估算。采用Beta-Poisson模型计算每次食用肉与肉制品的发病概率[25], 如公式(1):
Pill=1-(1+D/β)-α
式中: Pill为沙门氏菌致病的概率; D为摄入沙门氏菌的剂量; αβ为固定参数, 分别取值0.1324和51.45。
参照2022年当地统计年鉴, 人均日消费量为147 g, 每次摄入量取整数, 每份50 g。根据2020—2023年样本中沙门氏菌检测结果, 肉与肉制品中沙门氏菌的含量在1—3月、4—6月、7—9月、10—12月的平均值分别为0.51、0.78、0.92、0.45 CFU/25 g。计算平均每次摄入肉与肉制品沙门氏菌导致的发病概率, 7—9月份沙门氏菌致病的概率最高, 其次为4—6月份。见图1
2020—2023年烟台市共检测肉与肉制品363份, 检出5种致病菌, 分别是沙门氏菌、空肠弯曲菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌, 总检出率为12.67%。这表明2020—2023年烟台市肉与肉制品受到一定程度污染, 存在发生食源性疾病的潜在风险。不同致病菌检出率有差异, 与各自生物学性状、致病性和毒力等有关。
沙门氏菌为需氧或兼性厌氧, 生长温度范围10~42 ℃, 最适生长温度为37 ℃, 对营养要求不高, 在普通培养基中生长旺盛。在水中可存活2~3周, 粪便中可存活1~2月, 含有10%~15%食盐的腌肉中可生存2~3个月, 且在肉类和牛乳中能生存较长时间。但是热耐性较差, 100 °C即发生死亡, 在70 °C中5 min、65 °C中15~20 min或60 °C 中1 h均可被杀灭[26-27]。Beta-Poisson模型模拟结果表明, 第三季度(7—9月)因食用肉与肉制品导致感染沙门氏菌的发病概率最高, 这可能与夏季高温适宜沙门氏菌迅速繁殖的温度特点有关, 没有冷藏的肉类为沙门氏菌提供了理想的生长环境。因此, 高温天气应尤其注意观察肉制品的污染情况, 做好生产各环节的质量控制, 消费后严格按要求保存食用。从检测结果看, 肉与肉制品中检出率最高的是沙门氏菌(10.48%)。调理肉制品为20.00%, 提示调理肉污染状况严重, 可能与加工步骤复杂, 易受周围环境污染有关。制作过程中应重视场所环境消毒和器具清洗, 规范操作流程, 防止生熟交叉污染。生禽肉为15.00%, 生畜肉为12.23%, 两者都受到不同程度的污染, 可能与储藏流通过程中的温度等条件控制不当、卫生情况不良有关。因此有必要加强养殖、屠宰、运输和储存过程中的卫生管理, 优化保藏条件, 以减少致病菌的污染[28]。此外, 充分加热煮熟肉与肉制品是有效防止沙门氏菌导致食源性疾病的重要手段[29]
本次检测的5株弯曲菌全部来自生禽肉(8.33%), 均为空肠弯曲菌。空肠弯曲菌是散发性细菌性胃肠炎常见的菌种之一[30-31], 它存在于动物和环境中, 被感染动物一般无明显的病症, 但能长期排菌, 接触带菌的动物可导致感染。禽肉屠宰过程中操作不当可能会导致动物肠道内的空肠弯曲菌污染肉与肉制品, 生产加工销售环节也可能发生污染。弯曲菌对环境要求较高, 对外界的抵抗力很弱, 故烹饪禽畜肉时充分加热也是预防弯曲菌感染的有效方法[32-33]
不同种类肉与肉制品中检出致病菌差异较大。阳性率最高的是生禽肉(26.67%)。禽肉在饲养、生产加工、流通等过程中易受致病菌污染, 在储存、二次加工过程中造成交叉污染的传播风险更高[34-35], 人们食用时发生食源性疾病风险增大。应加强对养殖场、加工场等场所的卫生监管, 改善卫生状况, 减少致病菌污染。同时加强对生禽肉中食源性致病菌的监测, 针对监测结果采取相应的措施, 确保食品安全。检测中发现调理肉受到致病菌污染程度较高(13.33%), 调理肉制品种类繁多、营养美味且食用方便, 备受消费者喜爱。该类食品在腌制、滚揉等加工环节容易受致病菌污染, 在冷藏或冷冻条件下部分微生物仍会存活或缓慢生长[36]。许多调理肉制品没有经过严格杀菌的过程, 冷冻和冷藏只能起到暂时抑制微生物的生长繁殖的作用, 杀灭不彻底[37]。应严格按照要求的储藏条件存放, 在保质期内尽快食用, 烹饪至全熟, 以避免致病菌污染造成的不良影响。
来自农贸市场和网店的肉与肉制品致病菌检出率较高, 分别为19.53%、22.22%。反映出农贸市场肉与肉制品致病菌污染风险较高, 可能与流动商贩多、环境卫生状况差有关, 应作为重点监测环节持续关注, 同时加强对相关从业人员的培训, 尽可能降低致病菌污染率。网络购物因其便捷性和价格优惠等优势, 成为消费者购物的重要选择, 导致肉与肉制品的线上购买量不断上升。但是由于互联网的虚拟性和广域性, 使食品在交易过程中更加隐蔽, 导致食品质量监督不到位[38-39], 生产场所的卫生条件难以得到切实保障, 受交通延误、物流安全管控不足、天气恶劣或订单过多等影响, 配送时间可能会延长, 使食物无法保持在安全温度, 或使用不清洁的车辆和容器运送食物, 导致污染加重。消费者在购买时应该慎重选择, 收货后需仔细查验。
综上所述, 烟台市肉与肉制品受到不同程度的食源性致病菌污染, 存在引发食源性疾病的风险因素。有关部门应加强监督, 确保严格的卫生管理, 做好从业人员培训, 强化消费者食品安全意识, 有效减少致病菌的污染。
  • 山东省学校卫生协会项目(SDWS2024095)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241129002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
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山东省学校卫生协会项目(SDWS2024095)
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    烟台市疾病预防控制中心, 烟台 264003

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* 刘文娟(1982—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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