Article(id=1152687438989279836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241117001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731772800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751701351, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751701351, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751701351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751701351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=289, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687439412904554, articleId=1152687438989279836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of scenting technology on key flavor compounds and quality characteristics of flower-fruit-scented black tea, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To use summer Baojing Huangjincha 1 straight black tea, jasmine flowers, and fresh Finger citron peel as raw materials, and the flower and fruit black tea with sweetness, fruitiness and tea flavor is made through processing. Methods In this study, the sensory evaluation of flower tea, high performance liquid chromatography and visible spectrophotometer were used to study the effects of kilning, drying, jacquard and other processes on the formation of the main taste substances and quality of black tea made from flowers and fruits. Results The taste intensity of floral-fruit-scented black tea showed significant differences (P<0.05) across various processing stages. During the scenting→drying→flower removal sequence, the taste characteristics exhibited dynamic evolution: Sourness and bitterness significantly intensified during scenting (P<0.05), while sweetness began transforming during drying and peaked at the flower removal stage. Key findings included: Tea polyphenols showed a “V”-shaped change pattern during processing, while free amino acids and soluble sugars accumulated continuously, enhancing umami and sweetness. Water extracts and flavonoids initially decreased before rebounding. Non-esterified catechins, gallic acid and caffeine decreased significantly in the final product, synergistically reducing astringency and bitterness. Total esterified catechin content decreased by 16.89% during scenting but partially recovered after drying and flower removal. Notably, gallocatechin gallate content increased remarkably by 55%, while epicatechin gallate showed an initial decrease followed by recovery. Sweetness-contributing amino acids (serine, threonine, alanine, proline and glycine) collectively increased by 9.40%, significantly enhancing tea sweetness. Total theaflavin content decreased significantly, with theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3’-gallate and theaflavin-3,3’-digallate decreasing by 25.69%, 27.28% and 6.02% respectively. Taste activity value analysis revealed decreasing trends for bitterness/astringency-related compounds including caffeine, gallic acid, ECG and catechins Conclusion In this study, the mixture of jasmine flowers and fresh fruit peel of Finger citron and the processing of Baojing Huangjincha 1 straight strip black tea in summer show that the taste of black tea made from flowers and fruits mainly showed the quality characteristics of “sweet and fruity”, and effectively improved the bitterness, astringency and sourness of summer black tea, which provided a theoretical basis for the brewing process of flower and fruit tea.

, correspAuthors=Cheng-Wen SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue SHI, Hao-Ming ZUO, Shu-Ning GUO, Ting-Ting LIU, Xin LI, Li-Li LAN, Cheng-Wen SHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687462531907803, articleId=1152687438989279836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=窨制工艺对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质及其品质特性的影响, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 以夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶、茉莉鲜花、佛手柑鲜果皮为原料, 经过窨制加工制得具备甜味、果味、茶味于一体的花果窨制红茶。方法 本研究利用花茶感官审评与高效液相色谱及可见分光光度计研究窨制、干燥、提花等工序对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质及其品质形成的影响。结果 花果窨制红茶在不同窨制工序各个茶样滋味强度差异显著(P<0.05), 在窨制→干燥→提花工序中, 花果窨制红茶的滋味特征呈现动态演变, 酸味与苦涩味于窨制阶段显著增强(P<0.05), 甜味则在干燥阶段开始转化并于提花阶段达到峰值。花果窨制红茶在窨制→干燥→提花工序中茶多酚呈“V”型变化, 而游离氨基酸和可溶性糖持续积累, 促进鲜甜味提升, 而水浸出物、黄酮类先下降后回升的变化趋势; 非酯型儿茶素、没食子酸及咖啡碱在提花样中显著降低, 协同降低苦涩强度; 酯型儿茶素总量在窨制阶段下降16.89%, 后经干燥和提花处理有所回升, 其中没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯含量显著上升, 共增加了55%, 而表儿茶素没食子酸酯呈先降后升趋势; 形成茶汤甜味的丝氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸等物质总含量提升了9.40%, 从而显著提升了茶汤的甜味; 花果窨制红茶窨制加工过程中, 茶黄素总量显著下降, 其中茶黄素-3-单没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯等含量分别下降了25.69%、27.28%、6.02%。结合滋味活性值结果, 呈现苦涩味的咖啡碱、没食子酸、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素等滋味活度值均呈下降趋势。结论 本研究以茉莉鲜花和佛手柑鲜果皮混合与夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶窨制加工, 制得花果窨制红茶滋味主要表现“香甜果味”品质特征、有效改善夏季红茶的苦味、涩味、酸味重等特点, 为花果茶的窨制工艺提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=沈程文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 沈程文(1969—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶树生物学与种质创新、茶叶品质化学与加工工程方向研究。E-mail:
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石悦(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为茶叶品质化学研究。E-mail:

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石悦(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为茶叶品质化学研究。E-mail:

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Food Science, 2020, 41(15): 148-157., articleTitle=Effect of full heat transmission mode on quality components, color and taste of Gongfu black tea, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272800570257906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, awardId=2022SFQ48, language=CN, fundingSource=郴州国家可持续发展议程创新示范区建设专项(2022SFQ48), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1169272800654143988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, awardId=2022YFD1600801, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1600801), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1169272800733835766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, awardId=2021NK1020, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省科技创新重大项目(2021NK1020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1169272800792556027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, awardId=湘农函[2024]98号, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省现代农业产业技术体系项目(湘农函[2024]98号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272796052992396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272796057186701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, companyId=1169272796052992396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Guidong County Blue Dad Tea Industry Development Co., Ltd., Guidong 423500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272796132684177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, companyId=1169272796115906959, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.桂东县蓝老爹茶业开发有限公司, 桂东 423500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272798871564746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sensory evaluation results of different proportion parameters of black tea made from flowers and fruits, figureFileSmall=mYk/IiPLHb3zlA3cRbt57w==, figureFileBig=kfut8D6qjIFAsBkr9ouyXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272798972228043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=图1, caption=花果窨制红茶不同比例参数感官审评结果

注: A. 花果窨制红茶不同干燥温度下感官审评得分结果; B. 花果窨制红茶不同花果量感官审评得分结果; C. 花果窨制红茶不同混合比例感官审评得分结果; D. 不同窨制工序花果窨制红茶感官审评结果。

, figureFileSmall=mYk/IiPLHb3zlA3cRbt57w==, figureFileBig=kfut8D6qjIFAsBkr9ouyXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799127417292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the content of physical and chemical components of black tea made from flowers and fruits in different kilning processes, figureFileSmall=H2dkKFxL94NYIMipW37pdw==, figureFileBig=YZec+zVdfKwseEdCBYYFOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799219691981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同窨制工序花果窨制红茶理化成分含量的变化

注: 图中柱子上方不同小写母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05), 组间未标注表示不存在显著性差异。CK. 红茶素坯; F1. 茉莉红茶窨制样; F2. 茉莉红茶干燥样; F3. 茉莉红茶提花样; G1. 花果窨制红茶窨制样; G2. 花果窨制红茶干燥样; G3. 花果窨制红茶提花样。图46同。

, figureFileSmall=H2dkKFxL94NYIMipW37pdw==, figureFileBig=YZec+zVdfKwseEdCBYYFOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799295189457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=OPLS-DA score diagram (A) and displacement test diagram (B) of the main taste substances in different kilning processes, figureFileSmall=wz5CBzFKMXlc1t9HNuKYPw==, figureFileBig=a1Iz/m1x10RfzT1ZvZXDiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799387464149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同窨制工序中主要滋味物质的OPLS-DA得分图(A)和置换检验图(B), figureFileSmall=wz5CBzFKMXlc1t9HNuKYPw==, figureFileBig=a1Iz/m1x10RfzT1ZvZXDiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799488127448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dynamic changes in GA, CAF and total catechins during different scenting processes in flower-fruit-scented black tea production, figureFileSmall=LRGkMeI0RoiVB2t2RtN9og==, figureFileBig=Gg4ANtTFqCTf52FFh2JEtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799601373658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同窨制工序加工过程中GA、CAF、总儿茶素的含量变化

注: 无差异显著性符号表明差异不显著。

, figureFileSmall=LRGkMeI0RoiVB2t2RtN9og==, figureFileBig=Gg4ANtTFqCTf52FFh2JEtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799714619868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Heat map of the difference in amino acid component content in different kilning processes, figureFileSmall=1rSHCSZUDElWnQW/zWzz3Q==, figureFileBig=cXK3pJVStW7KJNOJ2wYz2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799853031902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同窨制工序氨基酸组分含量差异热图, figureFileSmall=1rSHCSZUDElWnQW/zWzz3Q==, figureFileBig=cXK3pJVStW7KJNOJ2wYz2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272799941112290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in TF content in different stages of black tea made from flowers and fruits, figureFileSmall=cEXAmxVLbLZwgYdarinZCA==, figureFileBig=TW09/m/S5j4lcDB8LiUalw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272800041775588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=图6, caption=花果窨制红茶不同窨制工序TF组分含量的变化

注: TFs: 总茶黄素; TF: 茶黄素单体; TF-3-G: 茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯; TF-3’-G: 茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯; TFDG: 茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯。

, figureFileSmall=cEXAmxVLbLZwgYdarinZCA==, figureFileBig=TW09/m/S5j4lcDB8LiUalw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272800155021798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of proportional parameters of different kilning processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 茉莉花/g 佛手柑/g 花果混合比例(g:g) 花果量/% CK/g 窨制时间[9]/h 干燥温度/℃ 提花果量/%
W1 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
W2 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 70.0 10.0
W3 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 90.0 10.0
P1 175.0 175.0 1:1 70.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
P2 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
P3 325.0 325.0 1:1 130.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S1 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S2 150.0 300.0 1:2 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S3 112.5 337.5 1:3 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S4 90.0 360.0 1:4 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S5 75.0 375.0 1:5 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
F 450.0 0.0 1:0 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1169272800230519274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同窨制工艺比例参数设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 茉莉花/g 佛手柑/g 花果混合比例(g:g) 花果量/% CK/g 窨制时间[9]/h 干燥温度/℃ 提花果量/%
W1 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
W2 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 70.0 10.0
W3 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 90.0 10.0
P1 175.0 175.0 1:1 70.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
P2 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
P3 325.0 325.0 1:1 130.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S1 225.0 225.0 1:1 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S2 150.0 300.0 1:2 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S3 112.5 337.5 1:3 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S4 90.0 360.0 1:4 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
S5 75.0 375.0 1:5 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
F 450.0 0.0 1:0 90.0 500.0 16.0 40.0 10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1169272800310211052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

TAV of the main flavor components of the black tea prepared by different kilning processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滋味特性 滋味成分 阈值/(mg/L) TAV
CK F1 F2 F3 G1 G2 G3
苦味 EGCG 300 1.50 1.64 1.54 1.35 1.43 1.46 1.55
ECG 200 2.76 2.78 2.48 2.54 1.93 2.36 2.50
GCG 180 0.55 0.59 0.31 0.74 0.55 0.74 0.86
儿茶素 290 2.16 2.05 1.74 1.80 1.99 1.93 1.91
GA 140 8.01 8.45 7.66 8.11 6.95 7.11 7.31
CAF 100 40.44 40.19 37.09 41.15 37.27 35.77 39.21
Arg 4355 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Val 1950 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
His 7500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tyr 1090 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lys 11700 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ile 1190 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Phe 2650 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
涩味 EGCG 600 0.75 0.82 0.77 0.67 0.71 0.72 0.77
ECG 500 1.11 1.11 0.99 1.02 0.77 0.94 1.00
GCG 180 0.55 0.59 0.31 0.74 0.55 0.74 0.85
儿茶素 170 3.68 3.49 2.96 3.07 3.40 3.29 3.26
茶氨酸 1050 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05
鲜味 Glu 147 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08
茶氨酸 4200 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Asp 530 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02
甜味 Ser 3150 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Thr 4760 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Ala 710 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01
酸味 GA 187 6.00 6.33 5.73 6.07 5.2 5.32 5.47
Asp 530 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02
Glu 440 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1169272800423457262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687438989279836, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同窨制工序制备花果窨制红茶主要呈味成分的TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滋味特性 滋味成分 阈值/(mg/L) TAV
CK F1 F2 F3 G1 G2 G3
苦味 EGCG 300 1.50 1.64 1.54 1.35 1.43 1.46 1.55
ECG 200 2.76 2.78 2.48 2.54 1.93 2.36 2.50
GCG 180 0.55 0.59 0.31 0.74 0.55 0.74 0.86
儿茶素 290 2.16 2.05 1.74 1.80 1.99 1.93 1.91
GA 140 8.01 8.45 7.66 8.11 6.95 7.11 7.31
CAF 100 40.44 40.19 37.09 41.15 37.27 35.77 39.21
Arg 4355 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Val 1950 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
His 7500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tyr 1090 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lys 11700 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ile 1190 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Phe 2650 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
涩味 EGCG 600 0.75 0.82 0.77 0.67 0.71 0.72 0.77
ECG 500 1.11 1.11 0.99 1.02 0.77 0.94 1.00
GCG 180 0.55 0.59 0.31 0.74 0.55 0.74 0.85
儿茶素 170 3.68 3.49 2.96 3.07 3.40 3.29 3.26
茶氨酸 1050 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05
鲜味 Glu 147 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08
茶氨酸 4200 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Asp 530 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02
甜味 Ser 3150 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Thr 4760 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Ala 710 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01
酸味 GA 187 6.00 6.33 5.73 6.07 5.2 5.32 5.47
Asp 530 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02
Glu 440 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.03
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窨制工艺对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质及其品质特性的影响
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石悦 1, 2 , 左浩明 1, 2 , 郭书凝 1, 2 , 刘婷婷 1, 2 , 李鑫 1, 2 , 蓝利丽 2 , 沈程文 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(9): 289-300
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(9): 289-300
窨制工艺对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质及其品质特性的影响
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石悦1, 2 , 左浩明1, 2, 郭书凝1, 2, 刘婷婷1, 2, 李鑫1, 2, 蓝利丽2, 沈程文1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学茶学教育部重点实验室, 国家植物功能成分利用工程技术研究中心, 长沙 410128
  • 2.桂东县蓝老爹茶业开发有限公司, 桂东 423500
  • 石悦(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为茶叶品质化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 沈程文(1969—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶树生物学与种质创新、茶叶品质化学与加工工程方向研究。E-mail:
Effects of scenting technology on key flavor compounds and quality characteristics of flower-fruit-scented black tea
Yue SHI1, 2 , Hao-Ming ZUO1, 2, Shu-Ning GUO1, 2, Ting-Ting LIU1, 2, Xin LI1, 2, Li-Li LAN2, Cheng-Wen SHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2. Guidong County Blue Dad Tea Industry Development Co., Ltd., Guidong 423500, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241117001
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目的 以夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶、茉莉鲜花、佛手柑鲜果皮为原料, 经过窨制加工制得具备甜味、果味、茶味于一体的花果窨制红茶。方法 本研究利用花茶感官审评与高效液相色谱及可见分光光度计研究窨制、干燥、提花等工序对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质及其品质形成的影响。结果 花果窨制红茶在不同窨制工序各个茶样滋味强度差异显著(P<0.05), 在窨制→干燥→提花工序中, 花果窨制红茶的滋味特征呈现动态演变, 酸味与苦涩味于窨制阶段显著增强(P<0.05), 甜味则在干燥阶段开始转化并于提花阶段达到峰值。花果窨制红茶在窨制→干燥→提花工序中茶多酚呈“V”型变化, 而游离氨基酸和可溶性糖持续积累, 促进鲜甜味提升, 而水浸出物、黄酮类先下降后回升的变化趋势; 非酯型儿茶素、没食子酸及咖啡碱在提花样中显著降低, 协同降低苦涩强度; 酯型儿茶素总量在窨制阶段下降16.89%, 后经干燥和提花处理有所回升, 其中没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯含量显著上升, 共增加了55%, 而表儿茶素没食子酸酯呈先降后升趋势; 形成茶汤甜味的丝氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸等物质总含量提升了9.40%, 从而显著提升了茶汤的甜味; 花果窨制红茶窨制加工过程中, 茶黄素总量显著下降, 其中茶黄素-3-单没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯等含量分别下降了25.69%、27.28%、6.02%。结合滋味活性值结果, 呈现苦涩味的咖啡碱、没食子酸、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素等滋味活度值均呈下降趋势。结论 本研究以茉莉鲜花和佛手柑鲜果皮混合与夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶窨制加工, 制得花果窨制红茶滋味主要表现“香甜果味”品质特征、有效改善夏季红茶的苦味、涩味、酸味重等特点, 为花果茶的窨制工艺提供了理论依据。

花果窨制红茶  /  滋味成分  /  茉莉花  /  佛手柑  /  滋味活度值

Objective To use summer Baojing Huangjincha 1 straight black tea, jasmine flowers, and fresh Finger citron peel as raw materials, and the flower and fruit black tea with sweetness, fruitiness and tea flavor is made through processing. Methods In this study, the sensory evaluation of flower tea, high performance liquid chromatography and visible spectrophotometer were used to study the effects of kilning, drying, jacquard and other processes on the formation of the main taste substances and quality of black tea made from flowers and fruits. Results The taste intensity of floral-fruit-scented black tea showed significant differences (P<0.05) across various processing stages. During the scenting→drying→flower removal sequence, the taste characteristics exhibited dynamic evolution: Sourness and bitterness significantly intensified during scenting (P<0.05), while sweetness began transforming during drying and peaked at the flower removal stage. Key findings included: Tea polyphenols showed a “V”-shaped change pattern during processing, while free amino acids and soluble sugars accumulated continuously, enhancing umami and sweetness. Water extracts and flavonoids initially decreased before rebounding. Non-esterified catechins, gallic acid and caffeine decreased significantly in the final product, synergistically reducing astringency and bitterness. Total esterified catechin content decreased by 16.89% during scenting but partially recovered after drying and flower removal. Notably, gallocatechin gallate content increased remarkably by 55%, while epicatechin gallate showed an initial decrease followed by recovery. Sweetness-contributing amino acids (serine, threonine, alanine, proline and glycine) collectively increased by 9.40%, significantly enhancing tea sweetness. Total theaflavin content decreased significantly, with theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3’-gallate and theaflavin-3,3’-digallate decreasing by 25.69%, 27.28% and 6.02% respectively. Taste activity value analysis revealed decreasing trends for bitterness/astringency-related compounds including caffeine, gallic acid, ECG and catechins Conclusion In this study, the mixture of jasmine flowers and fresh fruit peel of Finger citron and the processing of Baojing Huangjincha 1 straight strip black tea in summer show that the taste of black tea made from flowers and fruits mainly showed the quality characteristics of “sweet and fruity”, and effectively improved the bitterness, astringency and sourness of summer black tea, which provided a theoretical basis for the brewing process of flower and fruit tea.

floral and fruity black tea  /  taste ingredients  /  jasmine  /  Finger citron  /  taste activity value
石悦, 左浩明, 郭书凝, 刘婷婷, 李鑫, 蓝利丽, 沈程文. 窨制工艺对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质及其品质特性的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 289 -300 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241117001
Yue SHI, Hao-Ming ZUO, Shu-Ning GUO, Ting-Ting LIU, Xin LI, Li-Li LAN, Cheng-Wen SHEN. Effects of scenting technology on key flavor compounds and quality characteristics of flower-fruit-scented black tea[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 289 -300 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241117001
茉莉花[Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.]是常绿型多年生灌木植物, 木樨科(Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link)素馨属(Jasminum Linn.), 其花香淡雅清新, 是典型的气质花[1]。茉莉花在一千多年前传入我国后, 现今广泛种植于我国福建、广西、云南等地区, 以广西横县最著名, 被誉为“中国茉莉花之乡”[2]。佛手柑(Citrus medica ‘Fingered’)是属于芸香科(Rutaceae)柑橘属(Citrus L.)的一种芳香柑橘类水果, 瓜形似手掌合十, 像佛家祝福手势, 因此得名佛手。‘保靖黄金茶1号’是从保靖黄金茶群体中选育的高氨基酸特早生品种[3], 黄浩等[4]对春、夏、秋3个季节的‘保靖黄金茶1号’制得工夫红茶, 发现春茶甜香纯正, 夏茶甜香尚高, 秋茶甜香带花香, 秋茶香气指数最高。夏季红茶的滋味比春季和秋季差, 夏茶经济效益低[5], 为提供夏茶的利用率, 在茶叶生产中备受关注。随着生活水平的提高以及生活节奏的加快, 人们对茶叶产品的要求在保持传统风味的基础上, 逐渐向方便化、液态化、保健化方向发展。随着新式茶饮在市场上愈发受年轻人的青睐, 茶叶深加工也逐步产业化, 茶饮料、茶食品等不断涌现, 从而呈现出饮茶、吃茶与玩茶并存的局面。目前市场上的花香果香红茶产品分两类, (1)茶树品种特有的品种香加工制成, 如金牡丹茶树品种制得花香红茶[6]; (2)红茶与干花、干果拼配而成[7], 其方法简单, 有花香和果香, 但协调性差, 茶香易被花香和果香覆盖, 且酸味明显, 而利用花果混合与茶叶窨制尚少。
本研究旨在利用夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶茶坯与茉莉鲜花和佛手柑鲜果皮拼合窨制, 制得花果窨制红茶, 通过采用可见分光光度计、高效液相色谱法分别测定茶叶理化成分、儿茶素、氨基酸、茶黄素(theaflavin, TF)等主要滋味成分在花果窨制红茶窨制加工过程中的动态变化, 并分析明确窨制工序对花果窨制红茶主要滋味物质和品质形成的影响, 以期为优化花果窨制红茶品质提供理论依据和参考。
由湖南省湘西州农科院茶叶研究所提供2022年6月下旬1芽1叶夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶(CK), 作为花果窨制红茶的素坯原料; 茉莉鲜花于2022年8月下旬购自广西省横县、佛手柑鲜果(金黄色熟果)于2022年8月下旬采购自云南省曲靖县为窨制材料。
三氯化铝、碳酸钙、福林酚、甲醇、浓硫酸、氯化亚锡、蒽酮、没食子酸(gallic acid, GA)、葡萄糖、谷氨酸、乙酸乙酯、草酸、正丁醇、咖啡碱(caffeine, CAF)(分析纯)、冰醋酸、茶氨酸、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、乙晴(色谱纯)(中国上海医药集团试剂有限公司); 儿茶素、没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin, GC)、表儿茶素(epicatechin, EC)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)、儿茶素没食子酸酯(catechin gallate, CG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate, ECG)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallatechingallate, GCG)、TF、茶黄素-3-单没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3- monogallate, TF-3-G)、茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3,3’-digallate, TFDG)、茶黄素-3’-单没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3’-monogallate, TF-3’-G)、天冬氨酸(L-aspartic acid, Asp)、丝氨酸(L-serine, Ser)、谷氨酸(L-glutamate, Glu)、甘氨酸(L-glycine, Gly)、组氨酸(L-histidine, His)、精氨酸(L-arginine, Arg)、苏氨酸(L-threonine, Thr)、丙氨酸(L-alanine, Ala)、脯氨酸(L-proline, Pro)、茶氨酸(L-theanine)、半胱氨酸(L-cysteine, Cys)、酪氨酸(L-tyrosine, Tyr)、缬氨酸(L-valine, Val)、蛋氨酸(L-methionine, Met)、赖氨酸(L-lysine, Lys)、异亮氨酸(L-isoleucine, Ile)、亮氨酸(L-leucine, Leu)、苯丙氨酸(L-phenylalanine, Phe)(以上所有标准品均为混合标准品)(美国Sigma-Aldrich试剂公司)。
DL-6CHZ-9型茶叶烘焙提香机(泉州得力农林机械有限公司); ICTOR 330温湿度测量仪(深圳胜利龙仪器仪表有限公司); MB27水分测量仪(常州奥豪斯仪器有限公司); Alpha1-4LSCplu冷冻干燥机(德国Christ公司); MettlerAE240电子天平(精度0.001 g, 瑞士Mettler公司); LDP-350高速粉碎仪(浙江永康红太阳有限公司); 101-3AB电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(天津TAISETE有限公司); UV-1750可见分光光度计(日本岛津公司); DK-S24恒温水浴锅(上海精宏有限公司); Allegra X-22R台式高速离心机(美国贝克曼公司); Aglilent 1260LC高效液相色谱仪、ACCQTagTM色谱柱(3.9 mm×150 mm, 5 µm)(美国安捷伦公司)。
CK窨制前, 在90 ℃茶叶烘焙提香机中烘干10 min, 使CK含水量不高于5%, 退火3 d待用; 茉莉鲜花窨制6 h前, 剔除青蕾、花蒂部分, 后堆花加速茉莉鲜花开放, 堆花通花反复几次至茉莉鲜花开放度达90°, 开放率达80%与1~2 cm厚度佛手柑鲜果皮混合(简称: 花果混合), 参考茉莉花茶新工艺[8]: 素坯→茶花拌合窨制→起花→干燥→提花→起花制作; (1)配花果量相同、花果混合比例相同与CK窨制, 在不同温度下干燥制得样品W1、W2、W3; (2)花果混合比例相同、干燥温度相同、配花果量不同制得样品P1、P2、P3; (3)花果混合比例不同、配花果量相同、干燥温度相同与CK窨制制得样品S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、F。各参数比例详情如表1所示, 制得所有样品参照GB/T 23776—2018《茶叶感官审评方法》中茉莉花茶的审评方法对样品进行审评评分出最佳干燥温度、最佳配花果量、最佳花果窨制比例。
采用统一窨制时间(16 h)、最佳配花果量(90%)、最佳干燥温度(40 ℃), 茉莉鲜花与佛手柑鲜果皮最佳比例1:3制得花果窨制红茶窨制样(G1)、干燥样(G2)、提花样(G3)等实验样, 以单一茉莉鲜花制得茉莉红茶窨制样(F1)、干燥样(F2)、提花样(F3)等为单因素对照样; 以及夏秋季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶空白对照(CK)样, 通过液氮固样、-80 ℃冻样、-20 ℃冷冻干燥直至检测分析。
花果窨制红茶冲泡方法与评判标准参照GB/T 23776—2018制备, 由5位具有10年以上工作经验的审评员专家组进行审评。按先闻香后品茶的顺序依次对外形(20%)、汤色(5%)、香气(35%)、滋味(30%)和叶底(10%)等5个感官因子进行描述分析, 采取8点强度尺度法进行评分, 其1~2为没有、3~4为弱、5~6为较强、7~8为强烈。从0(没有)到8(强烈)不等, 各个样品审评3次, 取平均分为花果窨制红茶最终得分。
参照GB/T 8304—2013《茶叶水分测定》测定水分含量; 参照GB/T 8305—2013《茶叶水浸出物测定》测定水浸出物含量; 参照GB/T 8313—2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》提取茶汤, 加入20%福林酚试剂和7.5%碳酸钠溶液反应测定茶多酚含量; 参照GB/T 8314—2013《茶游离氨基酸总量测定》通过茚三酮比色法测定游离氨基酸总量; 黄酮总量测定采用AlCl3溶液稀释实验茶汤比色法; 可溶性糖含量测定采用蒽酮-比色法。
称取(1.5±0.001) g研磨茶样于250 mL锥形瓶中, 加225 mL蒸馏沸水, 移入沸水浴中浸提45 min, 每10 min摇晃一次, 浸提完成后脱脂棉过滤得到茶汤, 冷却定容, 滤纸过滤得待测液, 用于进一步分析。
儿茶素和生物碱成分检测: 高效液相色谱法参照GB/T 8313—2018, 色谱参数: ECOSILC18色谱柱(4.6 mm× 150 mm, 5 µm), 以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲醇和冰醋酸的混合物(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺:甲醇:冰醋酸=39.5:2:1.5, V:V:V)为流动相, 检测波长278 nm, 流速1.0 mL/min, 进样量10 µL, 柱温30 ℃, 分离过程梯度洗脱, 流动相初始浓度为9%, 10 min后增加到14%, 27 min后增加到36%, 保持4 min, 32 min时降至9%, 37 min时结束。
采用高效液相色谱法测定氨基酸组分: 根据用GB/T 8314—2013方法提取茶汤, 过0.45 μm滤膜得待测液样品, 取10 μL样品于液相瓶中, 添加70 µL AccQ-Fluor硼酸盐缓冲液并旋转, 后加入20 µL AccQ-Fluor试剂, 旋涡30 s, 反应混合物在55 ℃下加热10 min, 冷却后用高效液相色谱法分析氨基酸组分。本研究采用的色谱条件包括: Waters ACCQTagTM色谱柱(3.9 mm×150 mm, 5 µm), 检测波长为248 nm, 流动相A液为10%的 AccQ-Fluor液, 流动相B液为60%乙腈, 流速为1 mL/min, 采用梯度洗脱法, B相初始浓度为2%, 15 min逐渐增加到7%, 19 min增加到10%, 32 min增加到33%, 34 min达到100%, 保持3 min, 39 min下降到0%。
参照GB/T 8313—2018, 制得茶液过0.45 μm滤膜, 用于高效液相色谱法测定样液中的TF组分。
滋味活度值(taste active value, TAV)是指各呈味物质在样品的浓度(C)与其他对应味道阈值(T)之比, 计算如公式(1)所示:
TAV=C/T×1000
式中: C为滋味化合物浓度, %; T为识别阈值, mg/kg。
以上数据采用3次平行实验的平均值, 运用Excel 2021进行数据统计分析, 使用 SPSS 27.0 进行单因素方差分析, 并采用GraphPad prism9.5.1进行相关性热图分析, 使用Origin 2021绘制统计图, 图像结果均使用AI 2019进行排列处理。
花果窨制红茶感官审评得分结果由图1所示, 茉莉鲜花与佛手柑鲜果皮比例1:1与‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶(CK)窨制, 在W1、W2、W3 3个不同温度下烘干处理, 由图1A结果得出, W1、W2、W3评分结果主要在香气和滋味两个感官因子有区别, 香气得分分别为7.8、7.2、6.3, 说明W1的香气纯正、花香果香浓郁, W2、W3有明显的高火香, 略带花香、果香, 整体表现不佳; W1滋味得分为7.5, 滋味表现为醇爽, W2、W3得分结果分别为7.0、6.5, 滋味表现为浓厚、回甘不明显, 因此认为花果窨制红茶最佳干燥温度为W1。图1B所示, P1、P1、P3 3种不同配花果量制得花果窨制红茶, 当配花果量为P2时, 香气、滋味得分最高, 主要表现为花香、果香、茶香3者最协调, 因此以花果量为P2时, 加工制得花果窨制红茶感官审评结果最好。茉莉鲜花与佛手柑鲜果皮按不同比例混合窨制制得S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、F 6组茶样, 据图1C所示, 当花果混合比例为S3时, 制得花果窨制红茶的香气、滋味、汤色评分高于其他5组, S3香气更持久、更馥郁; 滋味更醇爽。综上, 得到最佳花果窨制红茶工艺参数为: 茉莉鲜花与佛手柑鲜果皮混合最佳比例为1:3, 最佳干燥温度为40 ℃, 最佳花果量为90%。
经过2.1.1得出最佳窨制工艺参数, 窨制加工制得花果窨制红茶(G1、G2、G3)以及茉莉红茶(F1、F2、F3)。通过花茶感官审评获得每个样品的5个感官因子, 包括滋味、香气、汤色、外形、叶底的分数, 其结果如图1D所示, G3的香气、滋味审评得分最高, 主要表现为红茶的甜香与茉莉花鲜灵馥郁、佛手柑清新柑橘香交织,形成“花香-果香-茶香”, 3层递进结构; 滋味层次明显, 入口茉莉甜香充盈, 红茶甘润随后, 尾韵佛手柑清凉回甘, 整体性协调。F3的茉莉花香馥郁持久, 滋味微涩, 回甘不足。此外, G1表现为果香浓郁, 涩味、酸味显著, F1花香浓郁, 茶香显弱, 协调性差。而G2、F2因干燥温度高, 果香、花香表现较弱, 焦糖香明显, 且滋味厚度高, 平衡性和协调性较差。
茶叶中化学成分的含量是花果窨制红茶口感感官品质的基础, 而窨制工艺、配花量以及配花种类等参数的变化对花果窨制红茶品质有显著的影响, 为此, 本研究检测了茉莉红茶与花果窨制红茶加工过程中不同阶段水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖及黄酮等含量变化。如图2所示, 茉莉红茶加工过程中F1 (37.02%)的水浸出物总量显著高于F2 (33.03%)和F3 (34.02%), 而花果窨制红茶加工过程中G1 (34.45%)和G3 (34.36%)差异性较小(P>0.05), 结果显示, 虽然茶坯在与茉莉花窨制后, 其水浸出物含量显著升高, 然而在F2中水浸出物含量下降趋势大于花果窨制红茶G2的水浸出物的下降趋势。此外, 本研究发现花果窨制红茶G3中可溶性糖含量(4.13%)高于F3可溶性糖含量(3.97%)和CK可溶性糖含量(3.77%), 可溶性糖含量是提供茶汤甜度的重要成分[10], 它可以抑制茶的苦味和涩味[11], 在本研究的花茶感官审评结果中, G3滋味回甘明显与G3可溶性糖含量高有紧密关联性。另外茶多酚是贡献茶叶滋味的主体物质, 通常茶多酚在红茶加工过程中, 会经过多酚氧化酶氧化成茶黄素, 进一步氧化成茶红素和茶褐素[12], 因此红茶中茶多酚含量少于其他茶类[13], 在本研究中, 茉莉红茶加工过程中茶多酚含量逐渐呈下降趋势, F3<G3 (P<0.05), 而花果窨制红茶中G3茶多酚含量呈上升趋势, 与F3相反。游离氨基酸方面, 本研究通过检测得到花果窨制红茶中游离氨基酸总量在3.51%~3.76%之间, 而茉莉红茶中游离氨基酸含量为3.52%~3.68%, 低于花果窨制红茶中总氨基酸含量。除此之外, 黄酮含量在花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶变化趋势不一致, 黄酮含量变化跟佛手柑鲜果皮和茉莉鲜花含量有关, 由图2E所示, F1黄酮含量略有上升, 而在G1中, 黄酮含量呈下降趋势, 经过干燥处理后, F2的黄酮含量下降速度大于G2,后在提花阶段F3、G3均有升高。
本研究采用高效液相色谱法, 测定佛手柑鲜果皮和不同含量的茉莉鲜花混合窨制加工制得不同香味的红茶样品, 并对各样品非挥发性代谢物进行正交偏最小二乘判别(orthogonal partial least squares discrimination, OPLS-DA)分析, 以8种儿茶素组分、咖啡碱、没食子酸、4种TF组分和18种氨基酸组分为X变量, 以花果窨制红茶、茉莉红茶不同窨制工序为Y变量, 进行OPLS-DA分析。如图3所示, 本研究的模型拟合结果较优, 具有较优的累计解释度和预测效果(R2X=0.933, R2Y=0.963, Q2=0.873)。根据图3B, 200置换检验表明, 截距R2=(0.0, 0453), Q2=(0.0, −0.916), Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点小于0, 说明模型不存在过拟合, 模型验证有效。表明该结果可用于花果窨制红茶窨制过程中滋味成分含量的变化分析。其中, G3分布在第四象限, G1和G2分布在第三象限; F3分布在第一象限, 而F1和F2分别分布在第二象限和第三象限; 另外, CK分布在第一象限。综上表明, G1、G2、F2的滋味成分含量差异较小, 而G3、F1的阶段滋味成分含量差异较大, 窨制工序中不同阶段的滋味物质得到较好的区分。
儿茶素是组成茶多酚的主体成分[14], 占茶多酚含量的60%~80%[15]。儿茶素、GA和CAF等对茶汤滋味形成至关重要[16-17]。儿茶素根据结构可分为非酯型儿茶素和酯型儿茶素[18], 酯型儿茶素(EGCG、GCG、ECG)与茶汤的涩味有着密切关系[19], 而非酯型儿茶素(EGC、儿茶素、EC)是形成茶汤苦味主要物质[20], 由图4可知, 花果窨制红茶(G1、G2、G3)加工过程中, 总儿茶素比CK均呈现下降趋势, 共下降了10.96%, 主要趋势为: G1下降-G2上升-G3下降; 茉莉红茶下降了4.42%, 然有趣的是茉莉红茶F1总儿茶素含量先上升了10.88%, 后在F2阶段迅速下降22.18%, 最后在F3结束后其含量恢复了17.78%, 出现这种波动的原因可能是茉莉鲜花为茶坯提供的儿茶素类性质不稳定。花果窨制红茶的酯型儿茶素EGCG、ECG含量大多低于茉莉红茶和CK, EGCG、ECG在G1中先呈现下降, 后在G2、G3持续上升, 与茉莉红茶的变化趋势相反, 此外, GCG在花果窨制红茶中呈平稳的上升趋势, 但在茉莉红茶中的变化明显。非酯型儿茶素总量在花果窨制红茶的变化为降-升-降趋势, 与茉莉红茶的趋势相反, 其中EC含量在G1下降了7.47%, 在F1上升了32.44%, EC在茉莉红茶增加明显, 同样下降也明显, 在F2下降了27.42%, 此外, EGC没有显著差异, 儿茶素含量在花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶都呈现下降趋势, 前者下降较平稳, 后者F2下降显著, 在F3略有上升, 非酯型儿茶素不仅对滋味有影响, 对茶红素的合成也至关重要, EGC和EC分别与GA反应, 进而转化形成茶红素。GA含量在茉莉红茶的F1、F3呈现增加趋势, 在F2略显下降, 相反, 在花果窨制红茶G1的GA含量最低, 经过G2、G3后持续上升, 但花果窨制红茶总GA含量低于CK、茉莉红茶。CAF在茶叶中占2%~5%左右, 对中枢神经系统有刺激作用, 对茶汤的苦味起着关键作用, 也积极与儿茶素协同加剧茶汤苦涩味[21-22], 花果窨制红茶总CAF含量少于茉莉红茶和CK。
采用高效液相色谱技术对不同窨制比例的花果窨制红茶的儿茶素组分、TF组分、没食子酸等11种滋味化合物进行定性定量分析。使用SPSS 27.0软件对样品CK、茉莉红茶、花果窨制红茶的11种滋味化合物进行单因素方差分析, 分析样品间各物质含量是否存在显著性差异, 探究茉莉花、佛手柑等香科植物与‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶窨制过程中各滋味物质含量的变化, 以便进一步了解花果窨制红茶化学成分与其滋味的关联性。
氨基酸成分能抑制儿茶素形成的苦涩味。尤其是茶叶中的茶氨酸成分, 具有类似味精的鲜味, 能缓解茶的苦涩味, 增强茶汤的甜味[23], 然而经研究发现不同氨基酸成分对茶叶滋味贡献不同, 主要呈鲜、甜、酸、苦、涩等5种味觉分类[24], 本研究中, 根据图5所示, 在花果窨制红茶窨制加工过程中, 氨基酸总量呈现逐渐升高趋势, 由1.55 mg/g (CK)增加到了1.83 mg/g (G3); 茶氨酸、Asp、Glu与茶叶的鲜味呈正相关(P<0.05), 其中, 茶氨酸在CK、F3、G3等成品茶中无明显差异(P>0.05), 而Asp、Glu含量在F3、G3有显著升高, 且G3含量高于F3含量。呈现甜味的Ser、Thr、Gly、Ala、Pro等在G3中含量最高, 其次是F3, 而在G1和G2因为受到水分和温度的影响, 因此甜味氨基酸显著降低(P<0.05)。此外, Val、Tyr、Phe和Iue、Ile、His和Arg等苦味氨基酸含量表现为G3>F3>CK>F1> G1>F2>G2, 虽然苦味氨基酸在G3中的含量最高, 但苦味氨基酸占GC总氨基酸的21.6%、CK总氨基酸的22.2%和F3的21.9%, 因此苦味氨基酸在花果窨制红茶中与对照组间没有明显差异(P>0.05)。根据表2结果表明, 花果窨制红茶提花样中甜味氨基酸含量最高, 鲜味氨基酸次之, 涩味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸相对含量较低, 这表明氨基酸组分对花果窨制红茶滋味可能主要表现在甜味和鲜味, 这与SU等[25]研究一致。
总茶黄素(TFs)主要存在于发酵茶中[26], 是形成红茶汤色“金圈”的重要物质[27], 如图6所示, TFs在花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶两者都呈现下降的趋势, 花果窨制红茶加工过程中, TFs从CK到G3下降了1.42mg/g, 其中, 下降最明显的是G2阶段; 然而茉莉红茶F1的TFs含量增加了1.47mg/g, 后在F2中下降了2.13mg/g, 形成这趋势原因可能是茶叶受热后, TFs进一步氧化生成茶红素, 造成TFs含量降低。TFs的4个单体的变化趋势存在一定差异。TF-3-G、TF-3’-G含量在花果窨制红茶加工过程中呈现下降的变化趋势, 而在茉莉红茶的加工过程中先增加后降低, 在F1中, TF-3-G、TF-3’-G都呈上升趋势, 前者上升了5.27%, 后者上升了11.39%, 又在F2中显著下降, 到了F3后呈少量增加。与之相反的是, TF-3-G含量在花果窨制红茶加工阶段持续下降, TF-3’-G先下降后略有上升。TFDG含量占TF总量的百分比最高, 在花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶中呈下降趋势, 在茉莉红茶窨制加工过程中呈先升后降趋势, 在F1阶段上升了15.72%, 后在F2结束后下降了24.01%, 而TFDG含量在花果窨制红茶G1、G2中逐渐下降, 后经过G3后少量的增加。另外, TF含量在CK和茉莉红茶中无明显变化(P>0.05), 但TF含量在花果窨制红茶加工过程变化显著, 其中, G1含量随着茶坯含水量的增加而减少, 随后干燥处理下, TF含量受温度的影响又逐渐增加。花果窨制红茶、茉莉红茶窨制加工过程不同TF单体的变化趋势不一致可能是由于茉莉鲜花和佛手柑鲜果皮为茶坯提供水分含量高低导致茶坯在不同湿热条件下, 氧化程度不同所导致。
茶叶的口感不仅受内含物质成分含量的影响, 还需考虑TAV对滋味成分含量的贡献度; 当TAV>1时, 表示该物质对茶汤滋味品质有显著贡献, 当TAV越大, 该物质对滋味的贡献度越大[28]。本研究基于不同窨制工序制得7个茶样, 茶样的各化学成分含量浓度与该成分的呈味阈值[29-30]之比, 取得各样品滋味贡献度。如表2可知, 对茶汤呈现苦味特性的有咖啡碱、没食子酸、ECG、儿茶素、EGCG等TAV>1, 咖啡碱TAV值最高, 其次是没食子酸, 这些物质在花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶各阶段差异, 咖啡碱在两者变现一致, 都是先下降后上升, 但G3<CK<F3, 咖啡碱含量因为茉莉鲜花和佛手柑鲜果皮混合窨制后有效减低, 此外, 没食子酸也呈现苦味, 其中, TAV在G1下降, 后在G2、G3阶段有增加, 但所呈现贡献值不高于CK、F3。其次, GCG的TAV介于0.31~0.86之间, 在花果窨制红茶提花后较高, 是贡献茶汤苦味的次要物质; C、ECG、GCG、EGCG、茶氨酸在决定茶汤涩味强度方面起着至关重要的作用, 其中, C在各个茶样中TAV>1, 但随着花果窨制红茶加工过程的变化而变化, G3<G2<G1<CK, 是茶汤涩味主要贡献物质, ECG在CK、F1、F3、G3中TAV≥1, 在F2、G1、G2中TAV<1, ECG的TAV在CK中最高。此外, EGCG、GCG的TAV处于0.3~1.00之间, 这些物质的TAV在G3有增加, 前者先下降后上升, 后者持续上升。茶氨酸虽也呈现出涩味, 但在本研究中变化不大, 根据5个涩味活性化合物的整体贡献程度, 发现添加佛手柑鲜果皮窨制后, TAV有效减少。除了苦涩味外, 还有对茶汤贡献呈鲜味和甜味的物质, 由表2结果可知, 贡献甜味和鲜味的物质, 其TAV均小于1, 但花果窨制红茶的甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸的TAV略高于茉莉红茶和CK, 没食子酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸除了对茶汤苦味和鲜味有贡献外, 还能呈现出酸味, 其中没食子酸TAV>1, 其TAV在花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶两组茶中呈现方式有显著差异, 在G1迅速下降, 后在G2和G3又逐渐增加, 但增加趋势低于CK和茉莉红茶。而茉莉红茶GA的TAV在F1迅速上升, 在F2显著下降, 经过F3后又逐渐增加, 且TAV大于CK。谷氨酸和天冬氨酸在本研究中TAV<1, 谷氨酸在CK、F3、G3差异较小, 天冬氨酸TAV略显增加。综上所述, 根据TAV结果分析可知, 制得花果窨制红茶茶汤的苦味、酸味、涩味呈现下降趋势, 与感官评价的结果一致。
本研究以夏季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶为基坯,, 探究茉莉鲜花与佛手柑鲜果皮混合窨制工艺对茶汤口感的影响机制, 在花果窨制红茶的不同加工阶段, 茶坯内化学成分含量呈现显著差异, 物质成分占比发生改变, 品质随之发生变化。为深入研究茶饮中的味觉成分, 通过花茶感官审评、可见分光光度计、高效液相色谱法等技术对茶样的物质成分检测分析发现: 在窨制→干燥→提花工序中, 花果窨制红茶的滋味特征呈现动态演变, 酸味与苦涩味于窨制阶段显著增强(P<0.05), 甜味则在干燥阶段开始转化并于提花阶段达到峰值。总儿茶素、没食子酸及咖啡碱含量在花果窨制红茶提花样中显著下降,其协同作用有效降低了茶汤苦涩强度; 茶多酚在花果窨制红茶加工阶段呈“V”型变化趋势、在窨制和干燥阶段先下降, 后在提花阶段回升, 而游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量持续积累, 游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量上升有助于茶汤鲜味、甜味增加。 其中Ser、Thr、Ala、Pro、Gly等呈甜味氨基酸含量在花果窨制过程呈持续上升趋势, 其终产品(G3)含量较原茶坯(CK)提升了9.4%; Val、Lyr、Phe、Iue、Ile、His、Arg等苦味氨基酸在花果窨制红茶中呈现差异化演变规律, 其中Ile、His含量下降, Val、Lyr、Phe、Iue、Arg含量上升, 茶氨酸、Glu、Asp含量在花果窨制红茶中呈现典型的升-降-回升三阶段变化趋势。另外, 形成茶汤苦涩味的咖啡碱、没食子酸及非酯型儿茶素含量在花果窨制红茶。形成茶汤苦涩味的咖啡碱、没食子酸、非酯型儿茶素含量在花果窨制红茶提花后终产品(G3)中均呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05, 降幅分别为3.04%、9.86%和14.04%)。与之形成对比的是, 茉莉红茶终产品(F3)中咖啡碱和没食子酸含量未呈现统计学显著差异(P>0.05), 而非酯型儿茶素含量变化趋势与G3组一致, 同样呈现显著降低趋势(降幅达3.75%), 与赵国飞[31] 茉莉单窨变化趋势一致。酯型儿茶素总量在提花阶段(G3)未出现显著变化, 但在花果窨制阶段(G1)呈现显著下降趋势, 降幅达16.89%。后续经干燥(G1)和提花(G3)处理后, 其含量有所回升。其中, GCG和ECG在加工过程中变化最为显著: GCG含量在整个加工过程中持续上升, 而ECG含量则先下降, 后经干燥(G1)和提花(G3)工艺处理后逐步回升。值得注意的是, GCG含量在花果窨制红茶加工过程中上升了55%, 在茉莉红茶中上升了35%。由于GCG在儿茶素中占比较低, 因此其对花果窨制红茶和茉莉红茶涩味的影响较弱, 使得成品茶口感更为醇和。茶黄素是形成红茶茶汤的“金圈”的主要物质[32], 花果窨制红茶在提花阶段(G3)的TFs含量呈现显著下降趋势。其中, TF-3-G和TF-3’-G含量下降最为显著, 降幅分别达到25.69%和27.28%; TFDG的降幅相对较小, 仅为6.02%。值得注意的是, 基础TF含量在G3阶段未观察到显著变化。结合TAV分析结果显示, 在花果窨制红茶加工过程中, 与苦涩味密切相关的咖啡碱、没食子酸、ECG、儿茶素等物质的TAV值均呈现逐渐下降趋势。
茉莉鲜花和佛手柑鲜果皮混合与夏秋季‘保靖黄金茶1号’直条红茶窨制加工, 制得花果窨制红茶滋味成分的变化有效增加了茶汤甜味, 抑制了夏季红茶的苦味、涩味、酸味的强度, 在特定的窨制工艺加工制得“香甜果味”的新式茶饮特征。本研究后续将通过气相色谱联用仪和压汞技术对花果窨制红茶及窨制过程的样品进行检测, 探讨香气成分与茶坯孔隙的相关性, 以期为花果茶的窨制工艺提供理论依据。
  • 郴州国家可持续发展议程创新示范区建设专项(2022SFQ48)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1600801)
  • 湖南省科技创新重大项目(2021NK1020)
  • 湖南省现代农业产业技术体系项目(湘农函[2024]98号)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241117001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-17
基金
郴州国家可持续发展议程创新示范区建设专项(2022SFQ48)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1600801)
湖南省科技创新重大项目(2021NK1020)
湖南省现代农业产业技术体系项目(湘农函[2024]98号)
作者信息
    1.湖南农业大学茶学教育部重点实验室, 国家植物功能成分利用工程技术研究中心, 长沙 410128
    2.桂东县蓝老爹茶业开发有限公司, 桂东 423500

通讯作者:

* 沈程文(1969—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶树生物学与种质创新、茶叶品质化学与加工工程方向研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241117001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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