Article(id=1152687436875346537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737820800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751700847, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751700847, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751700847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751700847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687437231862381, articleId=1152687436875346537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Influence of varying heat treatment conditions on texture and flavor compound profiles in fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of varying heat treatment conditions on the texture profile and volatile/non-volatile flavor compound dynamics in fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56. Methods Fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 was subjected to heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 80 to 121 ℃. The texture, volatile flavor compounds and non-volatile flavor compounds were analyzed using a texture analyzer, headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Under heat treatment conditions ranging from 80 to 110 ℃, the hardness of fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 decreased, while cohesiveness, and springiness increased. The optimal textural properties, particularly in terms of cohesiveness and gumminess, were achieved at 110 ℃ for 4 s, exhibiting a hardness of 6.2 g, cohesiveness of 0.18, springiness of 0.708 mm, and gumminess of 4.8 g. The 59 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were detected following heat treatment, with the 90-121 ℃ range significantly enhancing the levels of ketones and alcohols. Odor activity value (OAV) analysis identified esters, ketones and organic acids as the dominant flavor contributors in the fermented milk, with δ-decalactone and isoamyl acetate serving as the key odorants. Among the 652 kinds of non-volatile metabolites analyzed, the heat treatment groups 90 ℃, 15 min and 110 ℃, 4 s, 100 ℃, 15 min and 115 ℃, 4 s exhibited overlapping metabolites. Comparative analysis revealed 12 significantly differentiated indole compounds among the control group and 6 heat-treated samples. Conclusion The textural properties and flavor compounds of fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 vary significantly under different heat treatments. The treatment at 110 ℃ for 4 s achieves optimal results, enhancing texture and increasing flavor diversity. These findings provide a critical scientific basis for quality enhancement in fermented dairy products.

, correspAuthors=Wei-Lian HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing-Yue LI, Xiao-Xia LI, Ran WANG, Hang-Lian LAN, Gen-Na BA, Yuan-Zheng SUN, Zhi ZHAO, Jing-Jing HE, Wei-Lian HONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687463530148278, articleId=1152687436875346537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同热处理条件对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳质构和风味物质变化的影响, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析不同热处理工艺对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳的质构及其挥发性和非挥发性风味物质的影响。方法 对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳进行80~121 ℃的热处理, 并采用质构分析仪、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱技术(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)分析其质构及挥发性、非挥发性风味物质的种类和含量变化。结果 80~110 ℃热处理条件下, 随着热处理温度的增加, K56发酵乳的硬度降低, 内聚性和弹性增加; 在110 ℃、4 s处理下, 内聚性和胶着性展现出最佳质构特性, 其硬度为6.2 g, 内聚性增加到0.18, 弹性为0.708 mm, 胶着性为4.8 g。热处理后检测到59种挥发性风味物质, 其中90~121 ℃处理显著增加了酮类和醇类; 气味活性值(odor activity value, OAV)分析显示发酵乳的主要风味物质为酯、酮和有机酸, 以δ-癸内酯和乙酸异丁酯为主要贡献物质。在652种非挥发性代谢物中, 热处理90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s, 100 ℃、15 min和115 ℃、4 s条件下存在相似的代谢物。在对照组和6个热处理组样品中, 共发现12个显著不同的吲哚物质。结论 不同热处理条件下, K56发酵乳的质构特性和风味物质发生显著变化, 110 ℃、4 s处理下效果最佳, 不仅改善其质构特性, 还增强其风味物质的多样性, 为发酵乳的品质提升提供了重要的科学依据。

, correspAuthors=洪维鍊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 洪维鍊(1976—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为益生菌研究/微生物学。E-mail:
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李青玥(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为微生物发酵。E-mail:

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李青玥(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为微生物发酵。E-mail:

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注: 不同字母表示组间具有差异性显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=iU7InfgygvF7LveAYDYdeg==, figureFileBig=6qZKamOjLK1sc3paY/zzTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272802600297329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Volatile flavor compounds and their content (A) and principal component analysis (B) of K56 fermented milk samples under different heat treatment conditions, figureFileSmall=l1hAi75KbvZvmzmvETKyVA==, figureFileBig=BypaMyNWPIvx8Z/m8YaveQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272802667406195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同热处理条件下K56发酵乳样品的挥发性风味物质种类与含量(A)和主成分分析(B)

注: *表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 图3同。

, figureFileSmall=l1hAi75KbvZvmzmvETKyVA==, figureFileBig=BypaMyNWPIvx8Z/m8YaveQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272802776458101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of r-OAV in K56 fermented milk samples under different heat treatment conditions, figureFileSmall=Z1/qiE0lt319EVg5PPwwyw==, figureFileBig=nO2uL5Qhn2JCYO0GDqJHHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272802868732791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同热处理条件下K56发酵乳样品r-OAV分析, figureFileSmall=Z1/qiE0lt319EVg5PPwwyw==, figureFileBig=nO2uL5Qhn2JCYO0GDqJHHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272802919064441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Characteristic flavor of non-volatile flavor compounds (A) and PCA (B) of K56 fermented milk, figureFileSmall=7ReRIM8eT1cdIl8T8oVQXg==, figureFileBig=Ruy8ztJNey7YrniEss9B4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272802998756219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=CN, label=图4, caption=K56发酵乳非挥发性风味物质的特征风味图(A)和PCA图(B), figureFileSmall=7ReRIM8eT1cdIl8T8oVQXg==, figureFileBig=Ruy8ztJNey7YrniEss9B4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272803099419517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Heatmap and clustering analysis of non-volatile flavor compounds lipids (A) and carbohydrates (B) in K56 fermented milk samples under different heat treatment conditions, figureFileSmall=TzcmjM6h1p0fgUlCingW6A==, figureFileBig=TUwzcflK+IsacSmgb/xGYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272803174916991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436875346537, language=CN, label=图5, 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不同热处理条件对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳质构和风味物质变化的影响
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李青玥 1, 2 , 李晓霞 1 , 王然 1 , 蓝航莲 3 , 巴根纳 4 , 孙远征 4 , 赵智 1 , 何晶晶 1 , 洪维鍊 3, 4, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(9): 12-22
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(9): 12-22
不同热处理条件对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳质构和风味物质变化的影响
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李青玥1, 2 , 李晓霞1, 王然1, 蓝航莲3, 巴根纳4, 孙远征4, 赵智1, 何晶晶1, 洪维鍊3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业大学营养与健康系, 教育部与北京市共建功能乳品重点实验室, 北京 100190
  • 2.天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 3.内蒙古国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010100
  • 4.内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司, 呼和浩特 010110
  • 李青玥(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为微生物发酵。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 洪维鍊(1976—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为益生菌研究/微生物学。E-mail:
Influence of varying heat treatment conditions on texture and flavor compound profiles in fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56
Qing-Yue LI1, 2 , Xiao-Xia LI1, Ran WANG1, Hang-Lian LAN3, Gen-Na BA4, Yuan-Zheng SUN4, Zhi ZHAO1, Jing-Jing HE1, Wei-Lian HONG3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2. School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3. Inner Mongolia National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010100, China
  • 4. Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126002
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目的 分析不同热处理工艺对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳的质构及其挥发性和非挥发性风味物质的影响。方法 对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳进行80~121 ℃的热处理, 并采用质构分析仪、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱技术(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)分析其质构及挥发性、非挥发性风味物质的种类和含量变化。结果 80~110 ℃热处理条件下, 随着热处理温度的增加, K56发酵乳的硬度降低, 内聚性和弹性增加; 在110 ℃、4 s处理下, 内聚性和胶着性展现出最佳质构特性, 其硬度为6.2 g, 内聚性增加到0.18, 弹性为0.708 mm, 胶着性为4.8 g。热处理后检测到59种挥发性风味物质, 其中90~121 ℃处理显著增加了酮类和醇类; 气味活性值(odor activity value, OAV)分析显示发酵乳的主要风味物质为酯、酮和有机酸, 以δ-癸内酯和乙酸异丁酯为主要贡献物质。在652种非挥发性代谢物中, 热处理90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s, 100 ℃、15 min和115 ℃、4 s条件下存在相似的代谢物。在对照组和6个热处理组样品中, 共发现12个显著不同的吲哚物质。结论 不同热处理条件下, K56发酵乳的质构特性和风味物质发生显著变化, 110 ℃、4 s处理下效果最佳, 不仅改善其质构特性, 还增强其风味物质的多样性, 为发酵乳的品质提升提供了重要的科学依据。

副干酪乳酪杆菌K56  /  发酵乳  /  热处理  /  质构特性  /  风味物质

Objective To investigate the effects of varying heat treatment conditions on the texture profile and volatile/non-volatile flavor compound dynamics in fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56. Methods Fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 was subjected to heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 80 to 121 ℃. The texture, volatile flavor compounds and non-volatile flavor compounds were analyzed using a texture analyzer, headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Under heat treatment conditions ranging from 80 to 110 ℃, the hardness of fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 decreased, while cohesiveness, and springiness increased. The optimal textural properties, particularly in terms of cohesiveness and gumminess, were achieved at 110 ℃ for 4 s, exhibiting a hardness of 6.2 g, cohesiveness of 0.18, springiness of 0.708 mm, and gumminess of 4.8 g. The 59 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were detected following heat treatment, with the 90-121 ℃ range significantly enhancing the levels of ketones and alcohols. Odor activity value (OAV) analysis identified esters, ketones and organic acids as the dominant flavor contributors in the fermented milk, with δ-decalactone and isoamyl acetate serving as the key odorants. Among the 652 kinds of non-volatile metabolites analyzed, the heat treatment groups 90 ℃, 15 min and 110 ℃, 4 s, 100 ℃, 15 min and 115 ℃, 4 s exhibited overlapping metabolites. Comparative analysis revealed 12 significantly differentiated indole compounds among the control group and 6 heat-treated samples. Conclusion The textural properties and flavor compounds of fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 vary significantly under different heat treatments. The treatment at 110 ℃ for 4 s achieves optimal results, enhancing texture and increasing flavor diversity. These findings provide a critical scientific basis for quality enhancement in fermented dairy products.

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56  /  fermented milk  /  heat treatment  /  textural properties  /  flavor compounds
李青玥, 李晓霞, 王然, 蓝航莲, 巴根纳, 孙远征, 赵智, 何晶晶, 洪维鍊. 不同热处理条件对副干酪乳酪杆菌K56发酵乳质构和风味物质变化的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126002
Qing-Yue LI, Xiao-Xia LI, Ran WANG, Hang-Lian LAN, Gen-Na BA, Yuan-Zheng SUN, Zhi ZHAO, Jing-Jing HE, Wei-Lian HONG. Influence of varying heat treatment conditions on texture and flavor compound profiles in fermented milk produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126002
发酵乳在全球食品领域中占据着不可或缺的地位, 其重要性体现在多个方面。从营养角度来看, 发酵乳富含优质蛋白质, 为人体提供了必需的氨基酸[1]。发酵乳中的益生菌成分更是其独特的优势所在, 这些有益微生物能够调节肠道微生态平衡, 抑制有害菌的生长繁殖, 增强肠道的消化和吸收功能, 有助于改善肠道蠕动, 缓解便秘等消化问题, 进而提升人体的整体免疫力, 为健康保驾护航[2]
目前发酵乳市场面临的挑战, 主要包括高昂的运输成本、严格的技术要求和市场限制。市面上常见的酸奶营养价值高, 风味独特深受消费者喜爱。但酸奶在储存和运输过程中容易出现乳清析出、分层、持水力下降等质量问题。因此, 开发了热处理的发酵乳(巴氏杀菌发酵乳, 也称常温酸奶), 其基于最初的低温发酵乳工艺, 附加第二次热处理[3]。与酸奶相比, 高温加热后的发酵乳不需要冷藏, 减少了对冷藏设备和冷链管理的依赖。热处理后的发酵乳货架期显著延长至4~6个月, 同时保持了稳定的口感和营养成分[4]。酸奶与常温酸奶, 二者在加工工艺和保藏条件上存在明显的差异, 但在最终产品的品质表现上并没有显著的差异。相比之下, 常温酸奶虽然在加热过程中会导致益生菌数量的减少, 但通过合理的工艺优化和菌种选择, 仍然可以在保证食品安全和良好质构的前提下, 尽可能地保留部分益生菌的活性, 同时维持产品的风味和营养价值。在质构方面, 常温酸奶通过蛋白质变性等作用, 具有更好的成型性和稳定性[5], 能够在常温下保持较长时间的良好状态, 方便储存和销售, 并且在口感上也能够满足消费者对于醇厚、细腻质地的需求。
在常温酸奶的研究领域中, 主要的研究焦点集中在热处理温度对质构和风味物质含量的影响上。大量的研究表明, 发酵乳在经过加热处理后, 其质构特性会发生明显的改变。随着热处理温度的升高, 发酵乳中的蛋白质会发生进一步的变性和聚集, 导致发酵乳的黏度增加, 凝胶结构更加紧密, 从而使其具有更好的硬度和咀嚼性。同时, 加热过程也会对发酵乳中的有机挥发性化合物含量产生显著影响。一方面, 一些挥发性风味物质, 如部分醇类、醛类和酯类等, 可能会因为加热而挥发损失, 从而导致发酵乳原有的风味强度减弱; 另一方面, 加热也可能引发一些化学反应, 如美拉德反应[5]、脂质氧化反应等, 这些反应会生成新的挥发性风味物质, 如吡嗪类、呋喃类等化合物, 为发酵乳带来新的风味特征, 使发酵乳的风味更加复杂和丰富。此外, 热处理的不同加热温度、不同加热时间的变化, 都会对发酵乳中的挥发物气味产生不同程度的影响。不同的工艺组合产生不同化学反应并生成不同挥发性物质, 从而赋予发酵乳独特的风味特性, 满足消费者多样化的口味需求。副干酪乳杆菌K56分离自中国健康婴幼儿肠道, 体内外实验已证实副干酪乳杆菌K56菌株的安全性[6]。副干酪乳杆菌K56已证明能改善高脂饮食喂养小鼠的糖脂代谢[7]。副干酪乳杆菌K56虽然表现出良好的健康功效, 但目前缺乏副干酪乳杆菌K56发酵乳在不同温度热处理条件下发酵乳风味变化的研究。
本研究首先测定热处理K56发酵乳的质构特性, 明确不同加热温度、加热时间下发酵乳的质构影响; 进一步对热处理发酵乳样品中的挥发性成分进行了定性和定量分析, 并确定不同加热温度、加热时间下的特征芳香类型; 此外, 系统分析了与芳香活性化合物相关的非挥发性代谢物, 包括奶油味和乳香味前体。总之, 本研究探索了热处理发酵乳中潜在的风味差异标记物, 为优化后热处理工艺和提高发酵乳品质提供了依据。
葡萄糖(纯度≥99.5%)、2-甲基-3-庚酮(纯度99%)、L-2-氯苯丙氨酸(纯度≥98%)[西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司]; 氯化钠[纯度0.85%, 中国医药集团有限公司(北京)]; 乳粉[恒天然商贸(上海)有限公司]; 甲醇(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司); 无水乙醇(色谱纯, 天津致远化学试剂有限公司); MRS培养基(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 副干酪乳酪杆菌K56(内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司)。
Brookfield CTX质地分析仪(美国Ametek Brookfield公司); 7697A-8890-7000D顶空气相色谱-质谱联用仪(美国Agilent公司); Wonbio-96c高通量组织研磨仪(上海万柏生物技术有限公司); UHPLC -Q Exactive HF-X超高效液相色谱-傅里叶变换质谱联用技术系统[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; HSS T3 色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 µm)(美国Waters公司)。
将纯净水加热至(50±5) ℃, 加入定量的葡萄糖和乳粉, 300 r/min搅拌25 min, 使其完全溶解; 在50 ℃下静置30 min; 将溶解的基料在15~20 MPa压力下均质处理; 均质好的溶液在(95±1) ℃下褐变; 褐变好的基料冷却至(37±1) ℃后, 接种1×107 CFU/g的副干酪乳酪杆菌K56, 在(37±1) ℃条件下发酵72 h。将发酵乳分成7份, 1份进行非加热处理(CK), 6份分别通过80 ℃、15 min; 90 ℃、15 min; 100 ℃、15 min; 110 ℃、4 s; 115 ℃、4 s; 121 ℃、4 s进行热处理[8]。在获得热处理样品后, 在4 ℃下过夜储存。
发酵乳的质构特性按照GHARIBZAHEDI等[9]的方法进行, 并稍作调整。使用Brookfield CTX质地分析仪测量凝固型发酵乳质构, 包括硬度、内聚性和弹性。采用TA10探针对试样进行测试, 下降速度、测试速度和探头返回速度分别为: 1、3和3 mm/s, 应变率为35%。测量方法是用直径为40 mm的塑料瓶探头向下穿透发酵乳表面30 mm。
采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS), 根据WANG等[10]描述的方法对挥发性化合物进行分离和鉴定。具体步骤如下: 将0.5 mL热处理样品与纯化水混合, 加入1.5 g NaCl和1.55 ppm的内标物2-甲基-3-庚酮, 将混合物分配到顶空小瓶中; 顶空小瓶在平衡振荡器上振荡15 min后进行SPME, 于65 ℃顶空中放置30 min, 并将SPME纤维在250 ℃下老化15 min后吸附样品以除去吸附的杂质; 将吸附有富集组分的SPME纤维置于GC中, 250 ℃下保持5 min, 使吸附的化合物完全解吸, 使用Agilent 7200 Q-TOF质谱仪与7890型气相色谱仪偶联进行检测。以氦气作为流动介质, 流速设定为1.1 mL/min, 注射室温度固定在250 ℃。通过将检测到的质谱图与国家标准化合物光谱数据库(national institute of standards and technology, NIST)中的质谱参考进行比较, 鉴别样品中的特定挥发性化合物。
GC-MS的原始数据经MassHunter workstation Quantitative Analysis (v10.0.707.0)软件进行预处理, 导出CSV格式的三维数据矩阵, 这个三维矩阵包括的信息有: 样品信息、代谢物名称和质谱响应强度。内标峰以及任何已知的假阳性峰(包括噪音、柱流失和衍生物化试剂峰)均从数据矩阵中去除, 并进行去冗余和峰合并。同时对代谢物进行搜库鉴定, 主要数据库为Fiehn和NIST公共数据库。搜库后的数据上传至美吉生物云平台上(https://cloud.majorbio.com)进行数据分析。首先进行数据预处理, 数据矩阵用80%规则来去除缺失值, 即保留至少一组样品中非零值80%以上的变量, 再进行填补空缺值(原始矩阵中最小值填补空缺值), 为减小样品制备及仪器不稳定带来的误差, 用总和归一化法对样本质谱峰的响应强度进行归一化, 得到归一化后的数据矩阵。同时删除QC样本相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)>30%的变量, 并进行log10处理, 得到最终用于后续分析的数据矩阵。
根据ZHAO等[11]所述的方法进行热处理样品中非挥发性代谢物的提取和鉴定。具体步骤如下: 准确称取50 mg冻干固体样品, 使400 μL甲醇溶液(80%, V:V)和0.02 mg/mL的L-2-氯苯丙氨酸作为内标进行代谢物的提取, 将混合物在-10 ℃下静置, 并使用Wonbio-96c高通量组织研磨仪, 在50 Hz下处理6 h, 然后立即在低温环境下以40 kHz超声处理30 min。将样品材料在低温下保存长达30 min以使蛋白质凝固, 然后在4 ℃下以12000 r/min离心15 min。将上清液转移到小瓶中, 用于液相色谱-串联质谱技术(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)分析。负离子模式为-3500 V, 正离子模式为3500 V, 毛细管温度为325 ℃, 加热器温度为425 ℃, MS分辨率为60000, MS/MS分辨率为75000。质量范围设定为70~1050 m/z。样品进样量为2 μL, 流速为0.4 mL/min。柱温保持在40 ℃。在分析期间, 所有样品均储存在4 ℃。
上机完成之后, 液相色谱-质谱仪(liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry, LC-MS)原始数据导入代谢组学处理软件Progenesis QI (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA)进行基线过滤、峰识别、积分、保留时间校正、峰对齐, 最终得到一个保留时间、质荷比和峰强度的数据矩阵, 同时将MS和MS/MS质谱信息与代谢公共数据库HMDB (http://www.hmdb.ca/)和Metlin (https://metlin.scripps.edu/)以及美吉自建库进行匹配, 得到代谢物信息。搜库后的矩阵数据上传至美吉生物云平台上(https://cloud.majorbio.com)进行数据分析。首先数据矩阵采用80%规则去除缺失值, 再进行填补空缺值; 用总和归一化法对样本质谱峰的响应强度进行归一化。同时删除QC样本RSD>30%的变量, 并进行log10处理, 得到最终用于后续分析的数据矩阵。
HS-SPME-GC-MS和LC-MS/MS数据集进行的数据筛选、数据归一化和数据分析参考ZHAO等[11]所述的方法。数据处理中, 利用MetaboAnalyst的内置统计分析对数据进行了筛选和准备处理, 并应用偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)将数据呈现在MetaboAnalyst (https://www.MetaboAnalyst.ca)中。Progenesis QI软件处理下, 根据保留时间、m/z和碎片信息对LC-MS数据中的非挥发性物质进行鉴定。替换检验用于评估计算精度和过度拟合, 单尾t检验(P<0.05)用于确定组间的显著差异和预测变量重要性(variable importance in projection, VIP)得分, VIP分值用作PLS-DA模型中变量重要性的指标标准。使用Origin 2018创建图表, GraphPad Prism 9用于分析数据差异显著性(P<0.05), 所有数据均以均值±标准偏差呈现。
通过质地分析仪测量凝固型发酵乳质构, 包括硬度、内聚性、弹性和胶着性。结果如图1A所示, 对照组发酵乳的硬度为12.9 g, 发酵乳经80 ℃、15 min处理后硬度降低为9.0 g。与对照组相比, 发酵乳在90 ℃、15 min和100 ℃、15 min处理后硬度显著降低(P<0.05), 分别为8.1 g和6.0 g。发酵乳在110 ℃、4 s处理后硬度为6.2 g, 与115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s的硬度相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。牛乳在加热处理过程中, 乳清蛋白会通过巯基和二硫键在分子间发生二硫键的交换, 经变性的α-乳白蛋白与β-乳球蛋白发生聚集体结合, 形成更大的乳清蛋白聚集体, 使得发酵乳硬度有所增加[12], 但是温度过高就会使钙离子与发酵乳中的酪蛋白之间的交联作用降低, 减弱形成的凝胶网络, 导致硬度降低。
内聚性结果如图1B所示, 对照组内聚性为0.59, 发酵乳经80 ℃、15 min和90 ℃、15 min处理后内聚性下降为0.54和0.57。与对照组对比, 发酵乳经100 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s处理内聚性增加了0.13和0.18。115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s与对照组的内聚性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。80~110 ℃热处理条件下, 随着热处理温度的增加, 内聚性呈现上升趋势。在110 ℃、4 s处理下内聚性效果最佳。100 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s的热处理条件下可能增加了微凝胶的尺寸以及微凝胶之间的键的数量和强度, 形成了致密、均匀、更耐机械应力和刚性的凝胶网络, 从而增加了样品的坚固性和一致性。此外, 更高的内聚性也与更强的凝胶结构相关。然而, 较高温度会导致微凝胶过度聚集, 形成大小不规则和弱相互作用的微凝胶簇, 这导致凝胶网络的微观结构粗糙, 从而使质构特征下降。
弹性结果如图1C所示, 对照组弹性为0.578 mm, 发酵乳经过80 ℃、15 min处理后的弹性显著降低为0.472 mm (P<0.05)。随着热处理温度的增加, 弹性在90 ℃、15 min到110 ℃、4 s热处理条件下从0.688 mm增加到0.708 mm。在80~110 ℃热处理条件下, 随着热处理温度的增加, 弹性基本呈现上升趋势。与对照组相比, 发酵乳在115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s处理下的弹性显著降低了0.389 mm和0.446 mm (P<0.05)。结果表明热处理温度从90 ℃、15 min增加至110 ℃、4 s, 发酵乳结构紧实, 能更好地保持形状, 不易破碎; 且发酵乳具有较强的回复力, 受压后能迅速恢复可能是由于高温加热处理有助于乳清蛋白变性, 主要的乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白会与酪蛋白相互作用, 凝乳形成一个稳定的凝固体[12], 所以高温时其弹度较大。但是超高温处理或长时间加热可能会导致κ-酪蛋白和β-乳球蛋白聚合物结构的改变, 影响胶体性质, 从而降低弹性[13]
胶着性结果如图1D所示, 对照组胶着性为4.3 g, 发酵乳经过80 ℃、15 min, 90 ℃、15 min和100 ℃、15 min处理的胶着性与对照组的内聚性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。随着热处理温度的增加, 样本的胶着性在110 ℃、4 s处理下显著增加至4.8 g (P<0.05), 效果最佳。在121 ℃、4 s显著降低至3.1 g (P<0.05)。在110 ℃、4 s处理的发酵乳中乳清蛋白与酪蛋白结合可能形成了较强的凝胶结构, 聚集成较大的蛋白质复合物, 提高了发酵乳的凝胶强度, 增加了发酵乳的胶着性[14], 使发酵乳口感醇厚。
不同热处理条件下K56发酵乳共检测出59种挥发性风味物质。发酵乳的风味特征是醇、酸、醛、酮、酯等多种风味物质综合作用的结果, 但并非每种风味物质都对样品的风味起决定性作用, 只有在其浓度超过阈值时才能被察觉, 并产生特定的风味[15]。由图2A可知, 酯类、醇类、酸类、有机酸是7组样品中主要的挥发性风味物质。经过热处理后, 与对照组相比(7916.52 mg/L), 所有热处理组有机酸相对含量均显著降低, 其中110 ℃的有机酸含量最低(6208.32 mg/L, 占总物质相对含量的12%) (P<0.05)。在90~121 ℃热处理后, 酮类物质显著增加, 其中110 ℃、4 s含量最高(1105.33 mg/L, 占总物质相对含量的2.1%) (P<0.05)。与对照组相比(613.2857 mg/L), 经过热处理组的醇类物质发生显著变化, 其中80 ℃、15 min处理后, 显著降低; 90~121 ℃热处理后, 显著增加(P<0.05)。虽然乳糖、脂质、柠檬酸和蛋白质的酶促或化学转化可能发生, 但热灭活样品中酯、酸、醇和酮含量的变化主要由加热过程中的温度影响酯、酸、酮和醇成分, 如乳酸、己酸、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2,3-戊二酮等。
基于筛选出的19种主体挥发性风味物质成分对不同热处理条件的发酵乳样品进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA), 由图2B可知, PC1贡献率为27.20%, PC2贡献率为20.40%, 总贡献率为47.60%, 表明第1和第2主成分能较好地反映样品风味特征。CK位于Y轴右侧且与其他样本距离较远经, 说明与其他样本的非挥发性代谢特征差异较大。经过热处理80 ℃、15 min和100 ℃、15 min处理的样品分布在Y轴右侧, 其余样品分布在Y轴左侧, 说明在PC1上热处理80 ℃、15 min和100 ℃、15 min处理的样品与其他4组(90 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s, 115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s)存在差异显著。在PC2上样本大致分布两部分, 其中, 热处理90 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s分布在X轴上方, 热处理115 ℃、4 s分布在X轴下方, 说明热处理90 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s条件下与热处理115 ℃、4 s条件下存在差异显著。并且90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s热处理条件下的相关性较高。
挥发物对发酵乳的总体香味特征的影响不仅取决于发酵乳的浓度和相对丰富度, 还取决于它们各自的气味阈值。在探究热处理对K56发酵乳风味影响过程中, 本研究基于相对气味活性值(relative odor activity value, r-OAV>1.0)筛选出19种关键挥发性风味物质, 这些物质主要包括酯类、醇类、酮类和有机酸类。热处理后, 这些化合物的r-OAV变化显著, 表明热处理对发酵乳的风味特性有重要影响[16]。与CK样品相比, 5种热处理条件的样品(90 ℃、15 min, 100 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s, 115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s)中酮的OAV显著增加。相反, 80 ℃、15 min样本显示酯和酮类的OAVs显著降低(P<0.05); 酯类在80 ℃、15 min到110 ℃、4 s显著增加(P<0.05)。热处理后, 显著降低了有机酸的r-OAV (P<0.05), 其中110 ℃、4 s的r-OAV为175.34。酮、醛和酯是非常重要的区别气味的化合物, 它们可用作评价发酵乳的总体风味特征的气味标记物[10]
图3所示, 酯类物质中, 对照组CK相比(1103.90), 热处理后酯类物质在80 ℃、15 min至110 ℃、4 s时显著增加, 而在110 ℃、4 s至121 ℃、4 s时显著降低。在这些酯类中, 有3种酯类物质r-OAV值>1, 分别为δ-癸内酯、乙酸异丁酯和苯甲酸甲酯, 其分别具有奶酪香、菠萝香和花香, 是影响发酵乳风味重要物质。δ-癸内酯主要通过非酶促的酯交换反应形成, 其气味阈值(0.037 mg/kg)和苯甲酸甲酯(0.028 mg/kg)较低, 表明即使是微小的变化也能显著影响气味强度。δ-癸内酯的存在与短链和中链脂肪酸密切相关, 它通过羟基脂肪酸分子的乳酮化反应产生, 具有奶酪或椰子味。在所有风味物质中, δ-癸内酯和乙酸异丁酯的占比最高, 因此它们是K56发酵乳的主要风味贡献物质。
发酵乳在热处理条件下, 有3种醇类物质r-OAV值>1, 分别为2-己醇、3-戊醇、1-辛醇。2-己醇是提供发酵乳风味重要物质之一, 具有甜果香; 1-辛醇是发酵乳制品中重要的醇类化合物, 具有花香和果香; 3-戊醇具有特殊香气。此外, 2-己醇的含量及风味表现[17], 可能在一定程度上反映出原料的新鲜度、营养成分等质量特性, 有助于对发酵乳品质进行综合评估。醇类物质可以通过一系列反应转化成酸, 所以是发酵乳必不可少的物质[18]
酮类物质中, 热处理温度从90 ℃增加至121 ℃热处理, 酮类的r-OAV显著增加(P<0.05)。有4种酮类物质r-OAV值>1, 分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-庚酮、2-壬酮、2-十三烷酮。其中2,3-丁二酮在发酵乳风味物质的形成中扮演着重要的角色[19], 并具有奶油香气, 2-壬酮为发酵乳关键风味物质, 呈现果香, 使得发酵乳风味更醇厚[20]。2-庚酮和2-庚酮分别具有果香和椰子香气。
酸是几种其他化合物的前体物, 包括酮、醇和酯。主要在乳酸代谢、蛋白质分解及脂肪分解等反应过程中产生[21]。与对照组相比(251.32), 显著降低了有机酸的r-OAV (P<0.05), 其中110 ℃、4 s的r-OAV 最低, 为175.34。
采用UPLC-Q Exactive HF-X结合电喷雾电离正负离子[electrospray ionization positive, ESI(±)]扫描模式测定非挥发性代谢谱。如图4A所示, 在6个发酵乳样品中鉴定了16类共652种化合物的非挥发性代谢谱的综合评估。在发酵乳样本的非挥发性代谢物中, 观察到脂类及其衍生物、碳水化合物、有机酸、氨基酸和肽及其衍生物普遍存在。
对发酵乳的非挥发性代谢谱的研究表明, 如图4B所示, PCA图揭示了不同热处理条件下的发酵乳和CK样品之间的显著差异。根据二维散点图中直观地描述出, 前两个主成分的组合贡献率为37.40%。CK位于Y轴右侧且与其他样本距离较远经, 说明与其他样本的非挥发性代谢特征差异较大。过热处理80 ℃、15 min, 90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s处理的样品分布在Y轴右侧, 其余样品分布在Y轴左侧, 并且基本都分散在X轴上。值得注意的是, 热处理90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s, 100 ℃、15 min和115 ℃、4 s样本分布较密集, 甚至相互重叠, 说明存在相似的代谢物。在评估的各种热处理条件下, 80 ℃、15 min至121 ℃、4 s范围内的温度显著影响非挥发性代谢特征。
脂类通过氧化分解成醛、醇、酮、酯和其他挥发性化合物, 这些化合物在形成奶味中起着重要作用。如图5A所示, 非挥发性组分中的脂类分组明显地分成3簇。簇A在热处理100 ℃、15 min, 115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s的样品中脂类前30物质显示的相对丰度。簇B表示CK组的脂类前30物质显示的相对丰度。簇C表明在热处理80 ℃、15 min, 90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s的样品中脂类前30物质分成相对丰富。发酵乳中的脂肪酸通过脂解或氧化作用生成己醛或不饱和醛酮, 是发酵乳风味物质产生的主要途径之一。在热处理110 ℃、4 s条件下, 非挥发性物质中的2-羟基己二酸、(R)-1-辛烯-3-醇含量相应增加, 是因为在酸奶的发酵过程中, 乳酸菌等微生物具有一定的脂解能力, 能够分解乳脂肪等脂类物质[22], 从而使这些风味物质的前体物质释放出来, 并进一步转化生成(R)-1-辛烯-3-醇, 导致其含量升高。此外, 脂质的氧化过程也可能促进2-羟基己二酸、(R)-1-辛烯-3-醇的形成[23], 并且(R)-1-辛烯-3-醇具有蘑菇、薰衣草、玫瑰和干草香气等特殊香气, 有助于提升酸奶整体的感官品质, 使其风味更具特色。在热处理90 ℃、15 min到121 ℃、4 s条件下, 癸二酸减少, 癸二酸具有特殊的气味和味道, 可能会给酸奶带来异味。这种异味与酸奶通常的风味不相融合, 会破坏酸奶原有的风味特征, 降低消费者对酸奶的喜好程度。由高温引发的脂质氧化产生的异味降低了消费者对产品的接受度。
碳水化合物通过发酵剂发酵, 产生主要的发酵奶风味化合物, 包括乳酸、柠檬酸、甲醇、乙醛、双乙酰和乙二醇[24]。如图5B所示, 非挥发性组分中的碳水化合物类分组明显地分成两簇。簇A为热处理100 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s和样品中碳水化合物中前30物质显示出的相对丰度。簇B表示CK组和80 ℃、15 min, 90 ℃、15 min, 115 ℃、4 s, 121 ℃、4 s的碳水化合物类前30物质显示的相对丰度。如图5B所示, 热处理80 ℃、15 min, 90 ℃、15 min, 100 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s, 115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s的碳水化合物的丰富度都基本呈现下降趋势。其中CK组的葡糖胺丰富度较高, 而热处理100 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s, 121 ℃、4 s条件下的葡糖胺丰富度降低, 其原因可能是葡糖胺的氨基可与酸奶中的蛋白质或其他糖类的羰基发生美拉德反应[25], 生成具有特殊风味和色泽的物质, 如吡嗪类、呋喃类化合物等, 从而影响酸奶的风味和品质。
在酸奶发酵过程中, 微生物通过特定的代谢途径产生有机酸。乳酸菌利用葡萄糖进行同型乳酸发酵, 将葡萄糖转化为乳酸。这些代谢途径不仅产生了有机酸, 还可能产生其他风味物质和营养物质, 共同影响酸奶的品质。如图6A所示, 非挥发性组分中的碳水化合物类分组明显地分成两簇。簇A为热处理100 ℃、15 min, 115 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s样品中有机酸类前30物质显示出的相对丰度。簇B表示CK组, 80 ℃、15 min, 90 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s的有机酸前30物质显示的相对丰度。在90 ℃、15 min的加热处理条件下, 柠檬酸丰富度增加, 作为主要有机酸的柠檬酸在促进具有清爽风味特征的发酵乳的生产中起着关键作用[26]
蛋白质可以水解, 产生游离氨基酸和肽。这些化合物进一步转化, 例如斯特勒克降解反应和美拉德反应, 导致形成多种风味化合物, 包括氨、胺、醛、酚、吲哚和醇, 这些化合物有助于发酵乳的特征风味。如图6B所示, 非挥发性组分中的氨基酸分组明显地分成两簇。簇A为CK组和热处理80 ℃、15 min, 115 ℃、4 s的样品中氨基酸前30物质显示出的相对丰度。簇B表示热处理90 ℃、15 min, 100 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s和121 ℃、4 s的氨基酸前30物质显示的相对丰度。在热处理100 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s, 121 ℃、4 s条件时O-琥珀酰-L-高丝氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、脯氨酰-天冬酰胺、(1R,2S)-2-氨基环戊烷羧酸、焦谷氨酸、谷氨酰亮氨酰精氨酸、L-脯氨酸的相对丰富度增加, 这可能是牛奶中的还原糖与蛋白质中的氨基酸残基发生美拉德反应的速率加快。例如L-异亮氨酸、脯氨酰等氨基酸, 它们的侧链结构较为活泼, 更容易参与美拉德反应[27], 从而导致这些氨基酸及其相关肽段或衍生物的含量相对升高。相反在热处理80 ℃、15 min, 115 ℃、4 s时, 美拉德反应速率相对较慢, 对这些氨基酸及其衍生物的消耗较少使得它们的含量有所降低。氨基酸、肽及衍生物随着温度增加含量呈现上升趋势, 其中热处理100 ℃、15 min和110 ℃、4 s处理后, 丰富度上升显著。
色氨酸(tryptophan, Trp)是一种必需氨基酸, 可由牛奶、奶酪等膳食蛋白质天然提供, 是大量代谢物的生物合成前体[28]。Trp代谢物可来源于肠道微生物对Trp的直接转化, 在共生细菌的脱氨作用下产生, 如吲哚、吲哚丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid, IPA)、吲哚乳酸(indole-3-lactic acid, ILA)、和吲哚丙烯酸(indole-3-acrylic acid, IA)。这些代谢物在维持胰腺细胞的上皮细胞结构和功能[29]、胃肠道蠕动[30]和胰岛素分泌[31]中起着关键作用, 还可以维持免疫细胞的稳态和功能。此外, 它们对与压力相关的抑郁症、精神分裂症以及阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的影响已广为人知[32]
本研究在热处理K56发酵乳中发现了一些吲哚类物质, 如图7所示, 簇A为热处理90 ℃、15 min, 100 ℃、15 min, 115 ℃、4 s, 121 ℃、4 s的样品中吲哚物质的相对丰度。簇B为CK组与热处理80 ℃、15 min, 110 ℃、4 s的样品中吲哚物质的相对丰度。在对照组和6个热处理组样品中, 共发现12个显著不同的吲哚物质, 包括吲哚丙烯酸、5-甲氧基吲哚乙酸酯、5-羟色氨酸、3-甲基氧化吲哚、4-O-(吲哚-3-乙酰基)-D-吡喃葡萄糖、吲哚-3-羧酸、吲哚-3-羧酸-O-硫酸盐、L-色氨酸、吲哚乳酸、3-甲基二氧吲哚。5-甲氧基吲哚乙酸酯和3-甲基二氧吲哚是通过色氨酸代谢转化的。有研究表明, 这些Trp涉及到的代谢途径主要包括各种生物碱的生物合成、各种其他次生代谢产物的生物合成、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢和辅助因子的生物合成等[27]。热处理可以改变发酵乳中微生物的代谢活动和酶的活性, 从而影响吲哚类物质的生成和转化, 进一步优化发酵乳的功能特性。
热处理显著影响K56发酵乳的质构特性和风味物质的组成。110 ℃、4 s热处理下, K56发酵乳展现出最佳的质构特性, 硬度降低而内聚性、弹性和胶着性增强, 表明其口感得到改善。同时, 该处理条件下的挥发性物质的种类和含量基本优于其他处理条件, 19种主体挥发性风味物质中δ-癸内酯和乙酸异丁酯的是K56发酵乳的主要风味贡献物质。本研究为优化发酵乳的生产工艺、提升产品品质提供了重要的科学依据。
  • 国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2023-JSGG-28)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-26
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国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2023-JSGG-28)
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    1.中国农业大学营养与健康系, 教育部与北京市共建功能乳品重点实验室, 北京 100190
    2.天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
    3.内蒙古国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010100
    4.内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司, 呼和浩特 010110

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* 洪维鍊(1976—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为益生菌研究/微生物学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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