Article(id=1152687436732740199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240730002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751700813, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751700813, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751700813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751700813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=309, endPage=317, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687437106033259, articleId=1152687436732740199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of different drying methods on physicochemical characteristics and aroma of Amomum tsaoko, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical characteristics and volatile aroma components of Amomum tsaoko. Methods The fresh fruit of Amomum tsaoko in Nujiang Prefecture was used as the raw material, and 6 kinds of drying methods commonly used in Nujiang Prefecture were used to dry it. The physical and chemical indexes such as color and volatile oil content of Amomum tsaoko were detected, and the volatile aroma components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results The color difference and volatile oil content of Amomum tsaoko dried by different drying methods were significantly different. The L*, a* and b* of Amomum tsaoko dried by air energy heat pump drying and high efficiency electric energy drying were higher, suggesting that the color of Amomum tsaoko was bright brown red and the quality was high. The volatile oil content was (1.04±0.07)-(1.29±0.07) mL/100 g. The volatile oil content of natural sun drying, air energy heat pump drying and high efficiency electric energy drying was relatively high. The composition of volatile aroma substances in Amomum tsaoko dried by different drying methods had both similarities and differences. There were 19 kinds of common substances, and the relative content of most common substances was significantly different. There were 13 kinds of main volatile aroma components (relative content≥3%), and the common components were eucalyptol, trans-nerolidol, P-propylbenzaldehyde and (Z) -citral, and their relative contents had great difference. The relative content of aldehydes and alcohols in the volatile aroma components of Amomum tsaoko was 82.75%-95.69%. The relative content of aldehydes in Amomum tsaoko obtained by biomass hot air drying was the highest, and the alcohols in other drying methods were the highest. Conclusion Therefore, different drying methods have great influence on the physical and chemical characteristics and aroma of Amomum tsaoko. The color of Amomum tsaoko is different, and the aroma and flavor of Amomum tsaoko are significantly different.

, correspAuthors=Lian-Zhang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mei HUANG, Ying-Ping ZHANG, Fang-Ping LIAO, Jun-Cai HE, Yu-Qiu HE, Yi YANG, Peng-Hui GAO, Lian-Zhang WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687454113936364, articleId=1152687436732740199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气的影响, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及其挥发性香气成分的影响。方法 以怒江州境内草果鲜果为原料, 采用怒江州常用的6种干燥方式对其进行干燥加工, 对草果干果的色泽及挥发油含量等理化指标进行检测, 并使用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对其挥发性香气成分进行分析。结果 不同干燥方式干燥所得草果色差值、挥发油含量具有明显差异, 空气能热泵干燥及高效电能干燥所得草果L*a*b*较高, 提示其草果色泽明亮棕红、品质高。挥发油含量为(1.04±0.07)~(1.29±0.07) mL/100 g, 其中自然晒干干燥、空气能热泵干燥、高效电能干燥挥发油含量相对较高。不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的挥发性香气物质组成既有共性也有差异性, 共有物质有19种, 绝大部分共有物质的相对含量差异显著。主要挥发性香气成分(相对含量大于等于3%)物质有13种, 共有成分有桉叶油醇、反式-橙花叔醇、对正丙基苯甲醛、(Z)-柠檬醛4种, 其相对含量具有较大差异性。草果挥发性香气成分中醛类和醇类相对含量为82.75%~95.69%, 生物质热风干燥所得草果醛类相对含量最高, 其他干燥方式醇类最高。结论 不同的干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气的影响较大, 草果色泽存在差异, 草果香气风味差异显著。

, correspAuthors=吴莲张, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴莲张(1978—), 女, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农业技术推广。E-mail:
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黄梅(1989—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为天然食品加工及功能物质研究。E-mail:

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China Condiment, 2019, 44(9): 55-71., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of volatile flavor compounds of flowering Chinese cabbage with different drying methods, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1164262142317383852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, awardId=202202AE090035, language=CN, fundingSource=怒江草果产业科技创新与应用研究项目(202202AE090035), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1164262142363521197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, awardId=202205AF150050, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省郝朝运专家工作站项目(202205AF150050), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1164262142413852846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, awardId=202305AF150176, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省李积华专家工作站项目(202305AF150176), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272813492904914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272813501293523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, companyId=1169272813492904914, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Nujiang 673200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272813513876436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, companyId=1169272813492904914, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=怒江绿色香料产业研究院, 怒江 673200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272815900434436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Essential oil content of Amomum tsaoko obtained by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=mgNtp2mc9FK6WVT6i4UFsA==, figureFileBig=321zo5zhvniRlOgWR96fTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272815963348997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥方式所得草果的挥发油含量

注: 不同小写字母表示组间差异显著, P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=mgNtp2mc9FK6WVT6i4UFsA==, figureFileBig=321zo5zhvniRlOgWR96fTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272816034652166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Total ion chromatograms of volatile oil of Amomum tsaoko obtained by differnt drying methods, figureFileSmall=YxI+26MpaObPLWcf46VP/A==, figureFileBig=lqY5m1S43OnewvQi6qPrMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272816101761031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥方式所得草果的挥发油总离子流图, figureFileSmall=YxI+26MpaObPLWcf46VP/A==, figureFileBig=lqY5m1S43OnewvQi6qPrMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272816173064200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Volatile component classification charts of Amomum tsaoko obtained by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=2sajzmMS3sFHcPzGCV6drw==, figureFileBig=QRiA3gjmoTUD01JYzYjRsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272816240173065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥方式所得草果挥发性物质组分分类图, figureFileSmall=2sajzmMS3sFHcPzGCV6drw==, figureFileBig=QRiA3gjmoTUD01JYzYjRsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1169272816319864842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Color difference of Amomum tsaoko obtained by different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 指标
L* a* b* ΔE
LG 68.96±0.35c 6.52±0.15d 14.29±0.55c 27.14±0.26b
CG 69.30±0.50d 6.25±0.13e 13.29±0.48d 26.35±0.60cd
XG 64.94±1.09d 7.87±0.42a 16.29±0.76a 31.85±0.59a
RG 69.43±0.43c 6.15±0.16e 13.16±0.40d 26.16±0.42d
KG 70.26±0.39b 6.98±0.12c 15.43±0.39b 26.67±0.26c
DG 70.86±0.93a 7.42±0.07b 16.27±0.33a 26.73±0.67c
), ArticleFig(id=1169272816391168011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687436732740199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同干燥方式所得草果色差值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 指标
L* a* b* ΔE
LG 68.96±0.35c 6.52±0.15d 14.29±0.55c 27.14±0.26b
CG 69.30±0.50d 6.25±0.13e 13.29±0.48d 26.35±0.60cd
XG 64.94±1.09d 7.87±0.42a 16.29±0.76a 31.85±0.59a
RG 69.43±0.43c 6.15±0.16e 13.16±0.40d 26.16±0.42d
KG 70.26±0.39b 6.98±0.12c 15.43±0.39b 26.67±0.26c
DG 70.86±0.93a 7.42±0.07b 16.27±0.33a 26.73±0.67c
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不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气的影响
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黄梅 , 张映萍 , 廖方平 , 和俊才 , 和雨秋 , 杨毅 , 高鹏慧 , 吴莲张 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(9): 309-317
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(9): 309-317
不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气的影响
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黄梅 , 张映萍, 廖方平, 和俊才, 和雨秋, 杨毅, 高鹏慧, 吴莲张*
作者信息
  • 怒江绿色香料产业研究院, 怒江 673200
  • 黄梅(1989—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为天然食品加工及功能物质研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴莲张(1978—), 女, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农业技术推广。E-mail:
Effects of different drying methods on physicochemical characteristics and aroma of Amomum tsaoko
Mei HUANG , Ying-Ping ZHANG, Fang-Ping LIAO, Jun-Cai HE, Yu-Qiu HE, Yi YANG, Peng-Hui GAO, Lian-Zhang WU*
Affiliations
  • Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Nujiang 673200, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240730002
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目的 探究不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及其挥发性香气成分的影响。方法 以怒江州境内草果鲜果为原料, 采用怒江州常用的6种干燥方式对其进行干燥加工, 对草果干果的色泽及挥发油含量等理化指标进行检测, 并使用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对其挥发性香气成分进行分析。结果 不同干燥方式干燥所得草果色差值、挥发油含量具有明显差异, 空气能热泵干燥及高效电能干燥所得草果L*a*b*较高, 提示其草果色泽明亮棕红、品质高。挥发油含量为(1.04±0.07)~(1.29±0.07) mL/100 g, 其中自然晒干干燥、空气能热泵干燥、高效电能干燥挥发油含量相对较高。不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的挥发性香气物质组成既有共性也有差异性, 共有物质有19种, 绝大部分共有物质的相对含量差异显著。主要挥发性香气成分(相对含量大于等于3%)物质有13种, 共有成分有桉叶油醇、反式-橙花叔醇、对正丙基苯甲醛、(Z)-柠檬醛4种, 其相对含量具有较大差异性。草果挥发性香气成分中醛类和醇类相对含量为82.75%~95.69%, 生物质热风干燥所得草果醛类相对含量最高, 其他干燥方式醇类最高。结论 不同的干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气的影响较大, 草果色泽存在差异, 草果香气风味差异显著。

草果  /  干燥方式  /  理化特征  /  挥发性香气成分

Objective To explore the effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical characteristics and volatile aroma components of Amomum tsaoko. Methods The fresh fruit of Amomum tsaoko in Nujiang Prefecture was used as the raw material, and 6 kinds of drying methods commonly used in Nujiang Prefecture were used to dry it. The physical and chemical indexes such as color and volatile oil content of Amomum tsaoko were detected, and the volatile aroma components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results The color difference and volatile oil content of Amomum tsaoko dried by different drying methods were significantly different. The L*, a* and b* of Amomum tsaoko dried by air energy heat pump drying and high efficiency electric energy drying were higher, suggesting that the color of Amomum tsaoko was bright brown red and the quality was high. The volatile oil content was (1.04±0.07)-(1.29±0.07) mL/100 g. The volatile oil content of natural sun drying, air energy heat pump drying and high efficiency electric energy drying was relatively high. The composition of volatile aroma substances in Amomum tsaoko dried by different drying methods had both similarities and differences. There were 19 kinds of common substances, and the relative content of most common substances was significantly different. There were 13 kinds of main volatile aroma components (relative content≥3%), and the common components were eucalyptol, trans-nerolidol, P-propylbenzaldehyde and (Z) -citral, and their relative contents had great difference. The relative content of aldehydes and alcohols in the volatile aroma components of Amomum tsaoko was 82.75%-95.69%. The relative content of aldehydes in Amomum tsaoko obtained by biomass hot air drying was the highest, and the alcohols in other drying methods were the highest. Conclusion Therefore, different drying methods have great influence on the physical and chemical characteristics and aroma of Amomum tsaoko. The color of Amomum tsaoko is different, and the aroma and flavor of Amomum tsaoko are significantly different.

Amomum tsaoko  /  drying methods  /  physicochemical characteristics  /  volatile aroma components
黄梅, 张映萍, 廖方平, 和俊才, 和雨秋, 杨毅, 高鹏慧, 吴莲张. 不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 309 -317 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240730002
Mei HUANG, Ying-Ping ZHANG, Fang-Ping LIAO, Jun-Cai HE, Yu-Qiu HE, Yi YANG, Peng-Hui GAO, Lian-Zhang WU. Effects of different drying methods on physicochemical characteristics and aroma of Amomum tsaoko[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 309 -317 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240730002
草果(Amomum tsaoko)是一种天然香料植物, 为姜科豆蔻属多年生常绿草本植物, 全株具有辛香气, 其中果实的辛香气最为浓郁[1]。新鲜的草果成熟果实为红色, 气味清淡, 干燥之后为棕色至棕红色, 闻起来芳香辛辣味愈加浓郁[2], 常用作香辛料, 能够去除食物的膻腥气味, 增加食物风味, 如炖煮牛羊肉、制作火锅底料等[3-4]。干燥成熟草果又称为草果子、草果仁、老寇、姜草果、姜草果仁, 是一种重要的中药材, 具有燥湿温中、截疟除痰的功效, 常见的有开郁舒肝丸、十一味草果丸等[5-7]。研究表明, 草果中含有多种生物活性物质, 主要有挥发油、二芳基庚烷类、多酚类等[8], 具有调节胃肠、降血糖、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎镇痛和润肠通便等药理作用[9-14]
我国是草果的主要种植区, 种植面积约占全世界的70%, 主要分布于云南、广西等省份。云南省的种植面积和产量均占全国的90%以上[15], 其中又以怒江州草果产业发展速度最快、种植面积最大(7.43万公顷), 占全省一半以上。怒江州具备独特的高山峡谷环境, 气候温润潮湿, 土壤肥沃, 非常适宜草果生长。近年来, 经过各方努力, 草果产业逐步发展成为怒江州带动力最强、辐射面最广、贡献率最大的优势产业[16]
目前, 草果产业以销售其干燥果实为主要创收方式, 干果的品质对草果产业的发展影响巨大。草果干果的品质与产地、干燥加工、采收期等诸多因素有关, 其中干燥加工是保证干果品质最重要的一步。不同干燥方式对草果果实外观形态、种仁挥发油得率及其挥发油化学成分均有显著影响[17-18]。在实际生产中, 因运输困难、加工技术落后等, 产地农户和企业多是采用传统的“烟火熏烤”方式对草果进行干燥, 导致烘干的草果产品色泽偏黑, 有烟熏味, 外观不佳, 品质不高, 产品标准不高等[16], 且干果含有有害物质苯并芘, 存在食品安全隐患[19]。为此, 怒江州大力推进草果绿色干燥技术升级改造工作, 引进了生物质热风干燥、空气能热泵干燥、高效电能干燥等先进的干燥技术。近年来, 研究人员对草果干燥方式的研究逐渐深入[20-21]。黎勇坤等[22-23]发现不同干燥方法对种子挥发油含量影响显著; 胡剑等[17]发现不同干燥处理的果壳和种仁之间挥发性成分种类和含量上都呈现一定差异; 许倬卉等[18]发现低温烘干处理对提高种仁挥发油得油率及其化学成分构成具有重要的影响。而当前国内关于实际生产所用的不同干燥方式对草果理化特征及香气成分的影响的研究鲜有报道。因此, 本研究以采自怒江州境内的鲜草果样品为原料, 分别采用自然晒干干燥、柴火烘烤干燥、生物质烟熏干燥、生物质热风干燥、空气能热泵干燥、高效电能干燥6种干燥方式干燥草果, 对干燥后的草果进行粉碎, 利用色差仪测定色差, 水蒸气蒸馏法测定挥发油含量, 气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析挥发油中的香气成分, 研究6种干燥方式对草果干果理化特征及挥发性香气成分的影响, 以期为优质草果干果的生产提供参考。
实际样品为云南省怒江州境内成熟的鲜草果; 正己烷(色谱纯, 成都科隆化学品有限公司)。
YF-1000高速中药粉碎机(浙江瑞安市永历制药机械有限公司); AR2140千分之一电子天平[梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]; PTHW型电热套、DLSQ-5L低温冷却液循环泵(巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司); WF32精密色差仪(深圳市威福光电科技有限公司); ISQ GC-MS离子阱气相色谱质谱联用仪、TG-WAXMS气相毛细管柱(30 m× 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; DFDRDJ50-1箱体式高效电加热干燥设备(重庆地丰热能科技有限公司); HT-EWPFT-KRFH箱体式空气能热泵干燥设备(广州惠特节能科技有限公司); 箱体式生物质热风干燥设备(云南和一农业机械制造有限公司); 敞开式柴火土窑干燥设备、敞开式生物质风机窑干燥设备(风机功率0.22 kW)(农户自建)。
自然晒干干燥(LG): 选择地面硬化、干净卫生、不积水、通风干燥、光照条件好的场地, 在天气晴朗情况下, 将草果平铺于地面, 厚度4~5 cm, 自然晾晒10 d(气象条件: 天气晴朗, 日间温度20~28 ℃, 平均日照时长约8 h, 相对湿度50%~60%), 控制水分含量为(11±1)%, 干燥完成后收集并密封保存, 待用。
柴火烘烤干燥(CG): 鲜草果样品采用农户自建敞开式柴火土窑干燥设备(有烟干燥设备)进行干燥(干燥条件: 将2000 kg果实置于自建土窑干燥设备中, 草果堆放厚度约40 cm, 于土窑下方使用柴火加热干燥, 并在干燥48 h后翻窑一次, 随后继续干燥24 h), 控制水分含量为(11±1)%, 干燥完成后收集并密封保存, 待用。
生物质烟熏干燥(XG): 鲜草果样品采用农户自建的敞开式生物质风机窑干燥设备(有烟干燥设备)进行干燥(干燥条件: 将4000 kg果实置于自建风机窑干燥设备中, 风机箱功率2×0.22 kW, 草果堆放厚度约50 cm, 使用生物质为热源进行加热干燥, 28 h后翻窑一次, 随后继续干燥12 h), 控制水分含量为(11±1)%, 干燥完成后收集并密封保存, 待用。
生物质热风干燥(RG): 草果样品洗净去除杂物后, 采用箱体式生物质热风干燥设备(无烟绿色干燥设备)进行干燥(干燥条件: 将3500 kg草果果实置于箱体式生物质热风干燥设备中, 加热炉型号750, 生物质燃烧机200000 kJ, 风机箱4×2.2 kW, 每2 h上下两个风机交替运行, 风量6000 m3/h, 草果堆放厚度约50 cm, 设置升温模式为全速升温, 物料曲线为55 ℃干燥3 h, 65 ℃干燥12 h, 75 ℃干燥14 h), 控制水分含量为(11±1)%, 干燥完成后收集于密封袋中, 备用。
空气能热泵干燥(KG): 草果样品洗净去除杂物后, 采用草果箱体式高效电能烘干机(无烟绿色干燥设备)进行干燥(干燥条件: 将3500 kg草果果实置于HT-EWPFT-KRFH型箱体式空气能热泵干燥设备中, 机组为25 P高温热泵烘干机组, 制热量84 kW, 电辅助加热5×9 kW, 风机箱4×4.0 kW、1×0.75 kW, 风量22000 m3/h, 草果堆放厚度约50 cm, 设置升温模式为全速升温, 物料曲线为45 ℃干燥3 h, 65 ℃干燥12 h, 70 ℃干燥15 h), 控制水分含量为(11±1)%, 干燥完成后收集于密封袋中, 备用。
高效电能干燥(DG): 草果样品洗净去除杂物后, 采用草果箱体式高效电能烘干机(无烟绿色干燥设备)进行干燥(干燥条件: 将2000 kg草果果实置于箱体式高效电加热烘干机中, 高效集热器功率60 kW, 风机箱2×3 kW, 风量8000 m3/h, 草果堆放厚度约50 cm, 设置升温模式为全速升温, 物料曲线为45 ℃干燥3 h, 60 ℃干燥12 h, 70 ℃干燥16 h), 控制水分含量为(11±1)%, 干燥完成后收集于密封袋中, 备用。
(1)色差测定
采用高速中药粉碎机将干燥草果粉碎成质地均匀的精细粉末, 过40目筛, 获得纯天然草果果粉。再采用WF32色差仪分别测定草果果粉样品的L*(明亮值)、a*(红绿值)、b*(黄蓝值), ΔE代表被测样品的色泽(L*a*b*)与标准白板(L0a0b0)的色差。每个样品重复测定12次取平均值, ΔE采用公式(1)计算:
$\text{ }\!\!\Delta\!\!\text{ }E\text{=}\sqrt{{{({{L}_{0}}-{{L}^{*}})}^{2}}+{{({{a}_{0}}-{{a}^{*}})}^{2}}+{{({{b}_{0}}-{{b}^{*}})}^{2}}}$
式中: L0a0b0分别代表标准白板的亮度、红绿度、黄蓝度; L*a*b*分别代表被测样品的亮度、红绿度、黄蓝度。
(2)挥发油含量测定
草果挥发油含量的测定方法参照GB/T 30385—2013《香辛料和调味品 挥发油含量的测定》。即取40 g草果粉, 加400 mL蒸馏水, 水蒸气蒸馏5 h, 收集挥发油。挥发油含量计算如公式(2):
$\text { 挥发油含量/}(\mathrm{mL} /100 \mathrm{~g})=\frac{\text { 挥发油体积 }}{\text { 草果粉质量 }} \times 100$
(3)挥发油气相色谱-质谱法测定
样品处理: 将提取的挥发油用正己烷稀释200倍, 无水硫酸钠除水, 经0.22 μm有机相滤膜过滤, 上机。
气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)分析条件: 色谱柱型号为TG-WAXMS气相毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), 载气为高纯度氦气(He), 流速为1.0 mL/min, 不分流。进样口温度250 ℃, 升温程序: 起始温度为40 ℃, 保持2 min; 以3.0 ℃/min速率升温至75 ℃; 以1.5 ℃/min速率升温至140 ℃; 以10.0 ℃/min升温至230 ℃, 保持2 min; 以20.0 ℃/min速率升温至280 ℃, 运行3 min; 进样量为1.0 μL。
质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)分析条件: 电子点火(electronic ignition, EI)离子源电离方式, 电离电能70 eV, 离子源温度230 ℃; 传输线温度280 ℃, 扫描质量数: 30~450 m/z
采用Excel 2007进行数据求和、平均值、标准偏差分析, 采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0进行单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA), 即显著性差异分析, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。采用Origin 2019软件绘制图表。
怒江草果以销售干果为主, 产品外观直接决定消费者的可接受程度。其中, 色泽作为评价产品外观的重要指标之一, 可能受品种、生长环境、干燥方式等因素的影响[24]。采用色差仪测定6种不同干燥方式加工所得草果的色差, 获得L*a*b*。其中, L*范围为0~100, 表示从黑色到白色的过渡。a*为正值时, 值越大表示颜色越接近纯红色; a*=0时为灰色; a*为负值时, 绝对值越大表示颜色越接近纯绿色。b*=0时为灰色; b*为正值时, 值越大表示颜色越接近纯黄色; b*为负值时, 绝对值越大表示颜色越接近纯蓝色。ΔE表示样品颜色与对照样本(白板)之间的色差[25]。由表1可知, 6种不同种干燥方式所得的草果ΔE在26.16~31.85之间, 排序为XG (31.85±0.59)>LG (27.14±0.26)>DG (26.73±0.67)>KG (26.67±0.26)> CG (26.35±0.60)>RG (26.16±0.42)。其中XG和LG所得草果, 与其他方式干燥所得草果ΔE具有显著差异(P<0.05); DG、KG和CG所得草果的ΔE差异不显著。XG所得草果ΔE显著高于其他干燥方式, 可能与干燥过程中存在烟熏致使表面发黑有关。就L*而言, 不同干燥方式所得草果L*在64.94~70.86范围内, DG所得草果值最大, XG值最小。LG与RG、CG与XG干燥所得草果L*无显著差异, 但与其他干燥方式所得草果之间均有显著差异(P<0.05)。DG和KG所得草果L*较高, 可能与干燥设备稳定性、均匀性好, 干燥过程无烟熏相关。6种干燥方式所得草果的a*介于6.15~7.87之间, 除CG和RG所得草果差异不明显外, 其余各种干燥方式所得草果a*差异显著(P<0.05)。DG和KG干燥所得草果此值均为较高水平, 与成品色泽棕红相符。b*最大的为XG (16.29±0.76), 最小的为RG (13.16±0.40)。XG和DG、CG和RG所得草果差异不显著, 其他方式所得草果差异显著(P<0.05)。综上可知, 不同干燥方式干燥所得草果色泽存在差异, 且多项数值差异显著。其中, DG和KG所得草果各指标均为较高水平, 这与文献描述此两种干燥方式所得草果色泽明亮棕红、品质好相契合, 市场可接受程度高[26]
挥发油是草果芳香味的主要来源, 其内富含多种有效成分, 具有良好的生物活性[27-28]。由图1可知, 不同干燥方式所得草果的挥发油含量在1.04~1.29 mL/100 g之间, 挥发油含量存在一定差异。其中CG (1.07±0.07) mL/100 g、RG (1.07±0.07) mL/100 g、XG (1.04±0.07) mL/100 g所得草果挥发油含量无显著差异, 均处在较低水平, 可能是由于干燥过程中温度控制不够精准、温度过高等因素造成了挥发油逸散。LG、KG、DG所得草果挥发油含量均为较高水平, 可能得益于干燥过程中温度相对较低、干燥设备内环境较为均一, 挥发油损失较少。由此可见, 相对较低的干燥温度有利于草果挥发油的保留。
按上述实验条件测定, 不同干燥方式干燥所得草果挥发性香气成分GC总离子流图见图2
采用GC-MS对怒江州6种不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的香气成分进行分析, 用峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量, 其挥发性香气成分(香气强度>700)物质组成及相对含量的GC-MS分析结果见表2。6种干燥方式所得草果中共检测出63种香气成分, LG所得草果含39种; RG所得草果含38种; DG所得草果含36种; XG所得草果含36种; CG所得草果含35种; KG所得草果含34种。如表2所示, 6种干燥方式所得草果挥发性香气成分既有共性也存在差异性, 其中检出共有挥发性香气物质19种, 分别为2-蒎烯、甲基庚烯酮、桉叶油醇、E-2-辛烯醛、2-正-己基呋喃、芳樟醇、4-萜烯醇、alpha-松油醇、(Z)-柠檬醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、对正丙基苯甲醛、α-甲基肉桂醛、乙酸香叶酯、1,2,4a,5,6,8a-六氢-4,7-二甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)萘、Δ-杜松烯、α-榄香醇、反式-橙花叔醇、β-桉叶醇、α-桉叶醇。但共有成分的相对含量存在一定差异。虽然不同干燥方式所得草果挥发性成分中相对含量最高的均为桉叶油醇, 但其相对含量存在显著差异, 依次为XG (51.29%±1.26%)>LG (44.91%±0.06%)>KG (44.51%±0.15%)>DG (43.96%±1.21%)> CG (41.98%±1.73%)>RG (33.69%±0.13%)。其中, 4-萜烯醇、α-榄香醇、β-桉叶醇、α-桉叶醇4种成分在不同干燥方式所得草果中的相对含量存在较高相似性, 其他15种成分的组间差异明显。
特有挥发性香气成分方面, LG所得草果特有成分有4种, 分别为正辛醇、马苄烯酮、2,4-癸二烯醛、香芹酚, 其中仅2,4-癸二烯醛相对含量较高, 为1.98%±0.07%; DG所得草果特有成分有4种, 分别为6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基双环[3.1.1]庚烷、马鞭烯醇、乙酸癸酯、(E)-5-癸烯基乙酸, 相对含量介于0.04%~0.13%之间; CG所得草果特有成分有3种, 分别为(Z)-3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-十八烷三烯、顺-4-癸烯醛和金合欢醇; RG所得草果特有成分有3种, 为1-壬醇、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、2-苯基-2-乙基丁酸, 其相对含量较低; XG所得草果特有成分有2种, 为橙花醇和氧化苯乙烯, 其相对含量分别为5.56%±0.00%和0.03%±0.00%; KG所得草果特有成分有2种, 为月桂烯和左旋-alpha-蒎烯, 相对含量分别为0.07%±0.00%、0.06%±0.00%。由此可见, 不同干燥方式所得草果的挥发性香气成分存在显著性差异, 绝大部分共有成分的相对含量也具有显著性差异。其中, LG、DG、CG、RG所得草果特有挥发性成分种类相对较多, 可能提示干燥过程中更好地保留了草果鲜果中的香气成分, 或转化合成了新的香气成分, 使得草果香气更为丰富。
对不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的主要挥发性香气成分(相对含量大于等于3%)进行平均值、标准偏差等指标分析, 结果见表3。结果表明, 6种不同干燥方式干燥所得草果主要挥发性香气成分有13种, 除LG所得草果相对含量大于等于3%的物质有8种外, 其他干燥方式干燥所得草果均为7种。主要挥发性香气成分总相对含量在82.31%~85.92%之间, 依次为CG (85.92%±2.85%)>RG (85.37%±0.49%)>LG (84.60%±0.10%)>XG (84.17%±0.82%)>KG (83.07%±0.16%)>DG (82.31%±0.52%)。主要挥发性香气物质种类既有共性也有差异性。其中, 共有主要香气成分4种, 为桉叶油醇(相对含量范围为33.69%~51.29%)、(Z)-柠檬醛(相对含量范围为3.08%~9.40%)、对正丙基苯甲醛(相对含量范围为6.22%~10.21%)、反式-橙花叔醇(相对含量范围为3.27%~5.18%), 其中(Z)-柠檬醛相对含量差异显著(P<0.05), 其他3种物质在不同干燥方式中具有一定相似性。就特有成分而言, alpha-松油醇为LG所得草果特有; 反-2-十二烯醛为CG所得草果特有; 橙花醇为XG所得草果特有; 2-十二烯醛为RG所得草果特有。不同的挥发性香气物质组成及其相对含量的差异性, 对草果的综合香气影响显著。由此可见, 不同干燥方式所得草果主要挥发性成分在物质组成及相对含量方面存在较大差异性, 使得草果香气区别明显。
6种不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的挥发性香气物质种类组成如图3所示, 鉴定出的成分主要有醛类19种, 醇类22种, 烯烃类12种, 酯类2种, 酚类1种, 其他类7种(包括酸类2种, 酮类2种, 萘类、呋喃类、烷类各1种)。可以看出, 干燥草果的挥发性香气成分以醛类和醇类最高, 总含量在82.75%~95.69%之间, 依次为RG (95.69%)>CG (94.96%)>KG (92.86%)>LG (92.36%)>XG (91.98%)>DG (82.75%)。其中, DG所得草果总含量低主要是由于其酯类含量(11.35%±0.29%)显著高于其他干燥方式所得草果(酯类含量在1.65%~4.46%范围内), 其中主要以乙酸香叶酯(11.30%±0.28%)的贡献最大。从醛类物质和醇类物质的占比来看, 除了RG所得草果醛类含量为(52.20%)高于其醇类含量(43.49%), 其他干燥方式所得草果均以醇类含量最高, 主要是由于RG所得草果桉叶油醇含量显著低于其他干燥方式所得草果导致的。由此可见, 草果挥发性香气成分以醛类和醇类为主, 这与张映萍等[29]的研究结果相吻合。除RG所得草果以醛类物质最高之外, 其他干燥方式加工所得草果均为醇类物质最高。
外观、色泽、挥发油含量、香气等是草果干果品质评价的重要要素, 本研究通过对不同干燥方式干燥所得草果理化指标及挥发性香气成分进行检测分析。结果表明, 不同干燥方式所得草果色泽及挥发油含量存在差异。色差多项数值差异显著, 其中CG和XG所得草果L*偏小, 考虑可能是因为干燥过程中草果接触明火及烟熏导致草果表面发黑所致。KG及DG所得草果L*a*b*均为较高水平, 提示草果色泽明亮、偏红, 易被消费者所接受。以上结果与廖方平等[26]的研究结果相吻合, RG所得草果a*偏小, 与其研究结果略有出入, 考虑可能受草果品种不同的影响; 不同干燥方式所得草果的挥发油含量在1.04~1.29 mL/100 g之间, 均满足中国药典[5]关于草果整果挥发油含量不得少于1%的要求, 与张映萍等[3]的研究结果相似。样品挥发油含量差异显著, 可能与不同干燥方式的干燥温度具有差异性有关。其中LG、KG、DG挥发油含量相对较高, 可能提示较低温度和精准的控温性能对于保持挥发油有助益。
挥发性香气成分是评价草果的重要指标之一, 相关研究[17]报道, 不同干燥方式对草果挥发性成分的种类有明显影响。本研究通过GC-MS技术分析怒江州6种不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的挥发性香气成分, 发现其挥发性香气成分既有共性也有差异性。6种干燥方式所得草果种共检测出63种香气成分, 共有挥发性香气物质有19种, 其中含量大于等于3%的有4种, 分别为桉叶油醇、(Z)-柠檬醛、对正丙基苯甲醛及反式-橙花叔醇, 这些共有香气物质使得不同干燥方式加工所得草果具有相似香气。研究发现, 绝大部分共有成分的相对含量具有显著差异性, 这可能与干燥设备类型、干燥过程中的温度、干燥时间的差异性有关。对香料植物而言, 即使微小的含量变化也会影响其挥发油的香气[30], 桉叶油醇作为所有干燥方式干燥所得草果中含量最高的成分, 相对含量存在差异显著。它具有桉树、樟脑、药草香气, 草果干果的香气会因其含量不同而产生差异。此外, 不同干燥方式干燥所得草果还具有一些特有成分, 他们的含量或多或少, 但对于草果综合香气的影响都不容忽视。相关研究也报道[17], 不同干燥方式对桉叶油醇等部分物质的含量影响显著。由此可见, 不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的挥发性香气成分组成存在一定差异, 绝大部分共有成分的相对含量具有显著性差异, 这使得不同干燥方式加工所得草果的综合香气具有一定差异性和独特性。
研究发现, 不同干燥方式所得草果的主要挥发性香气成分(相对含量大于等于3%)的相对含量在82.31%~85.92%之间, 物质种类既有共性也有差异性。共有主要香气成分有醇类2种(桉叶油醇、反式-橙花叔醇)、醛类2种[对正丙基苯甲醛、(Z)-柠檬醛]。但主要挥发性香气物质的相对含量具有较大差异性。主要挥发性香气物质对草果香气贡献较大, 共有的4种物质可能是草果化学成分的标志物, 它们构成了草果香气的主体部分。这些物质的差异使得草果的综合香气具有相似性, 同时又具有明显的差异性。例如, DG所得草果中乙酸香叶酯含量(11.30%)大幅高于其他干燥方式, 提示草果具有更明显的玫瑰和熏衣草香气; LG、KG和DG所得草果中含有香叶醇, 且相对含量较高, 提示草果具有更明显的玫瑰香气。
不同物质种类具有不同的香气特点, 如醛类物质是肉类香气的重要组成部分, 具有增香提味的作用; 醇类、酯类物质多具有果香和花香气息[18]。本研究中对6种不同干燥方式干燥所得草果的挥发性香气物质种类组成进行分析, 鉴定出醛类19种, 醇类22种, 烯烃类12种, 酯类2种, 酚类1种, 其他类7种。干燥草果的挥发性香气成分以醛类和醇类为主, 总含量在82.75%~95.69%之间, 与张映萍等[3]的研究结果相一致。从醛类物质和醇类物质的占比来看, 醛类化合物占比大则脂肪香气更为浓郁, 研究中RG所得草果醛类含量(52.20%)>醇类含量(43.49%), 其他干燥方式干燥所得草果均以醇类含量最高。各类组分含量占比差异明显, 草果香气、风味存在差异。由此可见, 不同干燥方式对草果的理化特征及挥发性香气成分影响较大, 研究结果可为草果干燥技术及风味草果的选择提供理论支持。但对于不同干燥方式干燥草果的过程中, 挥发性香气成分的变化规律、香味形成机制有待进一步研究。
  • 怒江草果产业科技创新与应用研究项目(202202AE090035)
  • 云南省郝朝运专家工作站项目(202205AF150050)
  • 云南省李积华专家工作站项目(202305AF150176)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240730002
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
基金
怒江草果产业科技创新与应用研究项目(202202AE090035)
云南省郝朝运专家工作站项目(202205AF150050)
云南省李积华专家工作站项目(202305AF150176)
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    怒江绿色香料产业研究院, 怒江 673200

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* 吴莲张(1978—), 女, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农业技术推广。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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