Article(id=1152687435889689135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751700613, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751700613, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751700612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751700612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687436774687285, articleId=1152687435889689135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Nutrition characteristics of germinated brown rice and its application progress in the food industry, columnId=1152687436694995508, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Germinated brown rice, as a functional food ingredient, is widely used in food processing. Germinated brown rice is rich in nutrients, including γ-aminobutyric acid, γ-glutamine, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, glutathione, inositol, and octacosanol, among other bioactive substances. Germinated brown rice has a variety of physiological effects, such as anti-oxidation, lowering blood lipids, lowering blood pressure, preventing diabetes, preventing and treating cancer; it also has physiological functions such as improving memory, preventing senile dementia, sobering up, regulating emotions, improving skin, and enhancing gut microbiota. The staple food products processed with germinated brown rice as raw materials include Mantou, rice, noodles, bread, biscuits, etc. They can also be processed into germinated brown rice tea, fermented drinks, brown rice wine and other drinks; it can also be processed into germinated brown rice noodles, brown rice porridge, brown rice cake, brown rice vinegar and other foods. By improving the production technology of germinated brown rice, developing distinctive germinated brown rice food, the industrialization process can be accelerated. This article reviewed the nutritional characteristics, bioactive substances, physiological functions, and application research progress of germinated brown rice in the food industry, in order to provide reference for the promotion and application of germinated brown rice.

, correspAuthors=Yu-Tang HE, He LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Jia LI, Yu-Tang HE, Xin-Xin ZHOU, Yun LU, Yu-Mei XIE, Ling-Ling SHAO, He LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687437642908218, articleId=1152687435889689135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=发芽糙米的营养特性及其在食品工业中的应用进展, columnId=1152687437265420855, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

发芽糙米作为一种功能性食品原料, 在食品加工中应用广泛。发芽糙米营养丰富, 富含γ-氨基丁酸、γ-谷维素、膳食纤维、多糖体、谷胱甘肽、肌醇和二十八烷醇等生物活性物质。发芽糙米具有多种生理功效, 如抗氧化、降血脂、降血压、预防糖尿病、预防和治疗癌症; 还具有改善记忆、预防老年痴呆、醒酒、调节情绪、改善皮肤及改善肠道菌群等生理功能。以发芽糙米为原料加工的主食产品有馒头、米饭、面条、面包、饼干等, 还可加工成发芽糙米茶、发酵饮料、糙米酒等饮品; 亦可加工成发芽糙米粉、糙米粥、糙米蛋糕、糙米醋等食品。通过完善发芽糙米生产技术, 研发有特色的发芽糙米食品, 可以加速产业化进程。本文综述了发芽糙米的营养特性、生物活性物质、生理功能, 以及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展, 以期为发芽糙米的推广应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=何余堂, 刘贺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 何余堂(1967—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与食品生物技术。E-mail:
刘贺(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与碳水化合物。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bAzmIP69YkFrZhJi5JzoLQ==, magXml=twiy7qGztNoNuSd+cerqLw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DF0N0J/d0GGWmxINw9ZBhg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EM2GcdyBu/HIM79WFbk0ig==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李雨佳(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
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Development of GABA rich germinated brown rice convenient nutrition congee[J]. Farm Products Processing, 2019(5): 19-22., articleTitle=Development of GABA rich germinated brown rice convenient nutrition congee, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272539877487322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, awardId=2022YFD2100301, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2100301), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272535507022495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272535553159840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, companyId=1169272535507022495, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Main nutritional components of germinated brown rice, brown rice and rice (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 大米 糙米 发芽糙米
蛋白质 6.80 8.19 7.50
碳水化合物 75.5 76.8 69.9
膳食纤维 0.74 3.01 3.80
脂肪 0.90 2.14 1.90
), ArticleFig(id=1169272538925380309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发芽糙米、糙米与大米的主要营养成分(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 大米 糙米 发芽糙米
蛋白质 6.80 8.19 7.50
碳水化合物 75.5 76.8 69.9
膳食纤维 0.74 3.01 3.80
脂肪 0.90 2.14 1.90
), ArticleFig(id=1169272539126706902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Trace components of germinated brown rice, brown rice and rice (mg/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微量成分 大米 糙米 发芽糙米
肌醇六磷酸盐 99.1 830.0 452.0
GABA 1.5 3.8 16.5
谷胱甘肽 0 3.64 9.48
谷维素 6.1 18.3 21.2
维生素B 1.78 3.6 5.0
维生素E 0.7 1.5 1.8
阿魏酸 11.0 29.0 43.0
Fe 5.1 5.2 5.1
Mg 12.0 106.0 122.0
Ca 8.0 9.1 17.8
Na 4.0 5.9 6.4
K 49.0 76.9 79.5
P 106.0 264.3 288.2
Mn 1.75 1.88 1.91
Zn 0.69 0.72 0.69
Cu 0.50 0.52 0.51
), ArticleFig(id=1169272539239953111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发芽糙米、糙米与大米的微量成分(mg/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微量成分 大米 糙米 发芽糙米
肌醇六磷酸盐 99.1 830.0 452.0
GABA 1.5 3.8 16.5
谷胱甘肽 0 3.64 9.48
谷维素 6.1 18.3 21.2
维生素B 1.78 3.6 5.0
维生素E 0.7 1.5 1.8
阿魏酸 11.0 29.0 43.0
Fe 5.1 5.2 5.1
Mg 12.0 106.0 122.0
Ca 8.0 9.1 17.8
Na 4.0 5.9 6.4
K 49.0 76.9 79.5
P 106.0 264.3 288.2
Mn 1.75 1.88 1.91
Zn 0.69 0.72 0.69
Cu 0.50 0.52 0.51
), ArticleFig(id=1169272539416113880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Classification and functions of bioactive components in germinated brown rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性成分 作用
GABA 抑制神经兴奋性, 缓解压力; 通过扩张血管降低血压; 清除自由基, 延缓细胞氧化损伤; 缓解焦虑、改善睡眠质量; 调节神经递质平衡
γ-谷维素 强效抗氧化剂, 抑制脂质过氧化, 保护心血管系统; 调节植物神经功能; 改善更年期综合征及自主神经紊乱症状
谷胱甘肽 细胞内核心抗氧化剂, 直接中和自由基, 增强免疫系统; 参与肝脏解毒过程
二十八烷醇 抑制胆固醇合成, 降低低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL); 增强运动耐力和能量代谢; 提高肌肉氧利用率, 缓解运动疲劳
肌醇 调节脂质代谢, 预防脂肪肝; 辅助改善胰岛素敏感性, 稳定血压; 参与细胞信号传导, 调节能量代谢平衡
米糠多糖 激活巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞, 增强免疫力; 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖
), ArticleFig(id=1169272539550331609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435889689135, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发芽糙米生物活性成分分类与作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性成分 作用
GABA 抑制神经兴奋性, 缓解压力; 通过扩张血管降低血压; 清除自由基, 延缓细胞氧化损伤; 缓解焦虑、改善睡眠质量; 调节神经递质平衡
γ-谷维素 强效抗氧化剂, 抑制脂质过氧化, 保护心血管系统; 调节植物神经功能; 改善更年期综合征及自主神经紊乱症状
谷胱甘肽 细胞内核心抗氧化剂, 直接中和自由基, 增强免疫系统; 参与肝脏解毒过程
二十八烷醇 抑制胆固醇合成, 降低低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL); 增强运动耐力和能量代谢; 提高肌肉氧利用率, 缓解运动疲劳
肌醇 调节脂质代谢, 预防脂肪肝; 辅助改善胰岛素敏感性, 稳定血压; 参与细胞信号传导, 调节能量代谢平衡
米糠多糖 激活巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞, 增强免疫力; 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖
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发芽糙米的营养特性及其在食品工业中的应用进展
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李雨佳 1 , 何余堂 1, 2, * , 周欣欣 1 , 陆云 1 , 解玉梅 1 , 邵玲玲 1 , 刘贺 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025,16(9): 56-64
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025, 16(9): 56-64
发芽糙米的营养特性及其在食品工业中的应用进展
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李雨佳1 , 何余堂1, 2, * , 周欣欣1, 陆云1, 解玉梅1, 邵玲玲1, 刘贺1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013
  • 2.辽宁省农产品加工减排增效与资源综合利用重点实验室, 锦州 121013
  • 李雨佳(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 何余堂(1967—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与食品生物技术。E-mail:
刘贺(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与碳水化合物。E-mail:
Nutrition characteristics of germinated brown rice and its application progress in the food industry
Yu-Jia LI1 , Yu-Tang HE1, 2, * , Xin-Xin ZHOU1, Yun LU1, Yu-Mei XIE1, Ling-Ling SHAO1, He LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 2. Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Emission Reduction, Efficiency Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Agricultural Products, Jinzhou 121013, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115002
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发芽糙米作为一种功能性食品原料, 在食品加工中应用广泛。发芽糙米营养丰富, 富含γ-氨基丁酸、γ-谷维素、膳食纤维、多糖体、谷胱甘肽、肌醇和二十八烷醇等生物活性物质。发芽糙米具有多种生理功效, 如抗氧化、降血脂、降血压、预防糖尿病、预防和治疗癌症; 还具有改善记忆、预防老年痴呆、醒酒、调节情绪、改善皮肤及改善肠道菌群等生理功能。以发芽糙米为原料加工的主食产品有馒头、米饭、面条、面包、饼干等, 还可加工成发芽糙米茶、发酵饮料、糙米酒等饮品; 亦可加工成发芽糙米粉、糙米粥、糙米蛋糕、糙米醋等食品。通过完善发芽糙米生产技术, 研发有特色的发芽糙米食品, 可以加速产业化进程。本文综述了发芽糙米的营养特性、生物活性物质、生理功能, 以及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展, 以期为发芽糙米的推广应用提供参考。

发芽糙米  /  营养特性  /  生物活性成分  /  生理功能  /  食品工业

Germinated brown rice, as a functional food ingredient, is widely used in food processing. Germinated brown rice is rich in nutrients, including γ-aminobutyric acid, γ-glutamine, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, glutathione, inositol, and octacosanol, among other bioactive substances. Germinated brown rice has a variety of physiological effects, such as anti-oxidation, lowering blood lipids, lowering blood pressure, preventing diabetes, preventing and treating cancer; it also has physiological functions such as improving memory, preventing senile dementia, sobering up, regulating emotions, improving skin, and enhancing gut microbiota. The staple food products processed with germinated brown rice as raw materials include Mantou, rice, noodles, bread, biscuits, etc. They can also be processed into germinated brown rice tea, fermented drinks, brown rice wine and other drinks; it can also be processed into germinated brown rice noodles, brown rice porridge, brown rice cake, brown rice vinegar and other foods. By improving the production technology of germinated brown rice, developing distinctive germinated brown rice food, the industrialization process can be accelerated. This article reviewed the nutritional characteristics, bioactive substances, physiological functions, and application research progress of germinated brown rice in the food industry, in order to provide reference for the promotion and application of germinated brown rice.

germinated brown rice  /  nutritional characteristics  /  bioactive components  /  physiological functions  /  food industry
李雨佳, 何余堂, 周欣欣, 陆云, 解玉梅, 邵玲玲, 刘贺. 发芽糙米的营养特性及其在食品工业中的应用进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 56 -64 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115002
Yu-Jia LI, Yu-Tang HE, Xin-Xin ZHOU, Yun LU, Yu-Mei XIE, Ling-Ling SHAO, He LIU. Nutrition characteristics of germinated brown rice and its application progress in the food industry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 56 -64 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115002
糙米(Oryza sativa L.)作为水稻脱壳后保留种皮组织的初级加工产物, 其完整结构包含三大核心组分: 外层保护性糠层(bran layer)、富含脂质与维生素的内胚, 以及提供能量的胚乳主体。与之形成鲜明对比的是日常食用的精白米, 其通过多级碾磨工艺去除糙米的糠层与胚芽, 仅保留胚乳部分[1]。尽管这一深度加工显著改善了米粒的质地与口感, 但伴随的膳食纤维、B族维生素及矿物质流失也使得精白米的营养价值大幅降低[2]
发芽糙米是发芽至一定长度的糙米, 包含幼芽和带糠层的胚乳。发芽后内部发生了一系列生理生化变化, 大量酶在适宜温度和水分下被激活, 转变成游离态产生多种具有促进人体健康、防治疾病作用的营养物质[3]。当糙米发芽后, 富含纤维的糠层因酶的作用而软化, 让蒸煮过程更加容易, 使部分蛋白质分解为氨基酸, 淀粉转化为糖分。糙米口感变得更加香甜, 整体食用体验得到改善[4]。发芽糙米内含丰富的营养成分, 如γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、γ-谷维素、膳食纤维、多糖体、谷胱甘肽、肌醇和二十八烷醇等, 这些活性物质提升了发芽糙米的营养价值。发芽糙米具有多种生理功效, 可以抗氧化, 清除自由基, 降血压和血脂; 还能预防心脑血管疾病, 延缓衰老[5]
近年来, 发芽糙米作为一种功能性食品原料, 在食品加工中的应用越来越广泛。本文系统解析发芽糙米酶促激活的营养强化机制(如GABA、γ-谷维素富集), 阐明其抗氧化、降三高等生理功能, 提出低温烘烤、壳聚糖处理等工艺优化策略以提升活性成分保留率, 并通过开发主食、饮品等功能食品, 推动全谷物产业升级, 为慢性病防控提供膳食干预方案, 同时促进粮食资源高效利用, 助力健康中国与可持续发展目标。
发芽过程可显著提升糙米的营养特性与食用品质。在此过程中, 糙米种子的酶系统被激活, 引发一系列生物化学反应: 淀粉酶催化淀粉水解生成糖类, 蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸, 脂肪酶促进脂质降解, 纤维素酶则作用于纤维素的分解。这些酶促转化使淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪等大分子物质部分转化为生物可利用性小分子, 从而大幅优化发芽糙米的营养构成[6]。与精白米和未发芽糙米相比, 发芽糙米不仅含有更高浓度的维生素与矿物质, 更富集膳食纤维、GABA、谷胱甘肽、γ-谷维素及阿魏酸等具有健康促进功能的植物化学物质——这些成分已被证实与疾病预防密切相关[7]。独特的营养成分组合赋予发芽糙米显著提升的营养密度与功能优势, 其科学验证的营养干预价值使其成为健康膳食的科学验证的优选方案。
发芽糙米的营养特性不仅受品种和发芽条件影响, 更与加工工艺紧密相关。例如, 浸泡温度(30~35 ℃)与时间(24~72 h)的协同作用可显著激活淀粉酶和蛋白酶, 促进淀粉水解为还原糖(增加20%~30%), 蛋白质分解为游离氨基酸(如谷氨酸, GABA前体), 从而定向富集GABA (10~16 mg/100 g)[8]。此外, 壳聚糖处理(0.5%浓度)通过抑制微生物污染, 可将GABA含量提升至未发芽糙米的7.6倍[9], 而电解氧化水浸泡则在抑制微生物的同时, 减少芽长损失(<15%), 为功能性成分保留提供双重保障[10]。这些加工参数的优化直接关联生理功能的强化, 如GABA富集通过激活SIRT1通路增强降压效果[11]。发芽糙米与糙米、大米营养成分如表12所示[12]
米的营养品质高低取决于大米所含的营养成分, 同时, 人体对米的营养吸收也有较大影响。大米一直是我国消费者的主食, 易消化, 色、香、味俱佳, 食用品质好, 但是对人体有益的活性成分含量较低[13]。发芽糙米的消化性和吸收性高于未发芽的糙米, 营养价值高, 因而具有更广阔的开发利用前景, 此优势与加工过程中植酸酶激活密切相关。植酸含量降低63%, 显著提升矿物质(如Fe、Zn)的生物利用率, 进一步支持其作为高吸收性主食的应用潜力[14]
与糙米相比, 发芽糙米的大分子物质如淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪等稍有降低, 但膳食纤维、还原糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质、多酚、谷维素、维生素等含量明显提高, 特别是GABA成倍增加, 而抗营养因子植酸的含量降低63%, 营养品质大大提高。发芽糙米对比糙米而言, 具有更高的营养品质, 更容易被人体消化吸收, 深受消费者欢迎[15]
发芽糙米中富含多种生物活性成分, 如GABA、γ-谷维素、膳食纤维、米糠多糖、谷胱甘肽、肌醇和二十八烷醇等, 这些成分对促进人体健康具有显著作用。这些功能物质能够有效清除体内的自由基, 增强抗氧化能力, 同时有助于降低血压和血脂水平。此外, 它们在预防和辅助治疗多种疾病方面也展现出积极效果。发芽糙米生物活性成分分类与作用如表3所示[16]
GABA经谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD)催化生成具调节血压/神经保护等多元生理功能[17-18]。发芽糙米GABA含量受品种/工艺影响显著, 较未发芽糙米增加1.3~7.6倍(较精米增加6~10倍), 机制涉及酶活性调控。壳聚糖处理可使GABA达未发芽糙米的7.6倍(较未添加组增加1.3倍)并抑制微生物增殖[9]; 电解氧化水浸泡虽延缓发芽但同步提升GABA与食安性[8,19]。进一步研究优化浸泡条件, 最大化GABA含量和微生物抑制效果, 减少负面影响[10]。发芽糙米中GABA合成受GAD活性的调控, 且GABA含量与谷氨酸水平显著正相关。GAD活性越高, 谷氨酸含量越丰富, 发芽糙米中GABA生成量越多, 揭示了GABA合成过程中的关键因素, 为提高发芽糙米营养价值提供了科学依据[20]
膳食纤维为小肠不可消化的植物性碳水化合物, 通过吸附毒素/增加食糜体积/促进蠕动实现饱腹调控, 兼具降脂稳糖、防便秘及抗癌潜能。分型特征: 可溶型(凝胶化延缓胃排空→平稳血糖+结合胆汁酸促胆固醇代谢); 不可溶型(吸水膨胀→机械刺激加速排泄)。二者协同构筑肠屏障——可溶纤维作益生元平衡菌群, 不可溶纤维物理清除致癌物, 形成抗癌双重防线[21]
糙米膳食纤维含量约为1.4%~3.3%, 其组成和含量在发芽过程中会产生变化。研究显示, 籼稻和粳稻的糙米的总膳食纤维含量在发芽后分别增加了28.2%、40.0%, 可溶性膳食纤维的含量分别提升了61.0%和79.0%[22]
发芽糙米中的米糠多糖是水溶性多糖, 由葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖组成, 具有调节血糖、降低血脂和增强免疫力等生理功能[23]。米糠多糖与膳食纤维的来源不同, 功能特性有差异; 但两者均属于多糖类物质, 具有一定的生物活性, 在健康饮食中都有重要作用。
γ-谷维素(米糠素或谷维醇)是一种天然混合物, 主要由环木菠萝醇基阿魏酸酯和甾醇类阿魏酸酯组成, 其关键成分包括24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇基阿魏酸酯和多种甾醇类阿魏酸酯。这些成分赋予其抗氧化、降血脂、调节血糖等多种生理功能, 同时在抗炎、改善心血管健康等方面具有潜力。γ-谷维素是发芽糙米中的重要生物活性物质, 具有清除自由基、调节中枢神经、增强胰腺功能等作用。未来研究可进一步探讨其成分间相互作用及在慢性病防治中的应用[19,24]
发芽糙米γ-谷维素含量变化具品种特异性: 两种籼稻发芽120 h后其含量、组成均未显著改变, 表明发芽处理对该成分影响有限。进一步在30 ℃条件下, 籼稻经24 h浸泡或空气发芽处理仍未见γ-谷维素明显富集[25]
谷胱甘肽作为关键辅酶, 主导细胞抗氧化、解毒、代谢核心机制。其抗氧化特性不仅护肝解毒, 更能清除毒素并缓解氧化应激, 保护红细胞完整性, 同时通过抑制自由基生成改善肤质。未来研究可聚焦抗衰/免疫调节等健康领域应用, 拓展其临床与健康产品开发价值。
发芽糙米在发芽过程中酶促代谢改变维生素E组分: γ-生育三烯酚显著富集, αγ-生育酚则呈波动状态。这种酶激活驱动的组分重构强化其抗氧化、抗炎功能, 研究可聚焦发芽参数调控机制与健康效应关联, 深化营养强化策略。发芽糙米中还含有肌醇, 肌醇又称环己六醇, 属于B簇维生素, 多与磷酸离子结合形成多磷酸肌醇, 具有治疗糖尿病、肝硬化、防癌的功效, 可作为水产动物饲料营养强化剂, 有促进动物生长的作用[26]
高级脂肪醇是指碳链较长的脂肪族伯醇的统称, 其碳链长度通常在20至34个碳原子之间。主要包括以下成员: 二十四烷醇(C24)、二十六烷醇(C26)、二十七烷醇(C27)、二十八烷醇(C28)、二十九烷醇(C29)、三十烷醇(C30)、三十二烷醇(C32)和三十四烷醇(C34)。具有生理活性与工业价值。糙米发芽时多数高级脂肪醇(如主成分C28)含量稳定, 但二十二烷醇含量增加61%, 二十五烷醇的含量下降[27]
发芽糙米富含多种生物活性成分, 展现出广泛的生理功能和健康益处。
在糙米的发芽过程中, 其抗氧化能力显著增强, 这表明发芽不仅有助于改善其营养成分, 还能显著提高其抵抗氧化损伤的能力。发芽糙米抗氧化活性与其富含生物活性物质有关, 如γ-谷维素、维生素E等生物活性物质[28], 这些生物活性物质的含量或活性在发芽过程中会有所增加[25,29]。低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)还可以被发芽糙米保护不被氧化[30]
发芽糙米展现显著调脂效应: 动物实验显示, SD大鼠血脂指标下降, 兔模型高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)上升/LDL-C下降[31]; 人体研究证实血清总胆固醇(serum total cholesterol, TC)/LDL-C下降[32]。其机制通过调控胆固醇代谢改善病理性脂质紊乱[33], 富硒品种兼具护肝功能[34]
发芽糙米的降血脂功效主要与其所含的生物活性物质相关, 如GABA、γ-谷维素、膳食纤维和植物甾醇等。且植物甾醇对血脂异常人群具有改善作用[35]
发芽糙米具显著降压功效。研究表明, 添加40%~50%至自发性高血压小鼠饲料可有效降低血压[36]。其膳食干预在动物模型与临床中均验证降压效应, 建议作为天然辅助降压食品推广[37]。发芽糙米降压机制多元: GABA通过延髓血管运动中枢抑制加压素分泌+促血管舒张[11]; γ-谷维素(含阿魏酸)协同降压[38-39]; 角鲨烯调节携氧细胞与HDL水平[40]; 发芽激活蛋白酶生成血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE)抑制肽, 靶向阻断血管紧张素转化酶活性强化调控效应[41]
发芽糙米的降压功能与其加工过程中活性肽的生成密切相关。例如, 延长发芽时间至72 h可显著提升蛋白酶活性, 催化生成ACE抑制肽[半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)值降低40%][42]。此类肽在后续加工中需避免高温破坏: 在面包生产中, 低温短时烘烤(180 ℃, 15 min)可使ACE抑制肽保留率达85%, 而传统工艺(200 ℃, 20 min)仅保留60%[43]。因此, 优化加工参数(如温度-时间组合)对保留功能成分至关重要。
发芽糙米中富含膳食纤维、γ-GABA、γ-谷维素、植物甾醇, 具有预防糖尿病、缓解糖尿病精神病变和外周神经障碍的功能[44]。发芽糙米饭能明显改善糖尿病人的血糖和血脂水平[45], 还能预防糖尿病并发症[46]。发芽糙米提取物不仅能降低体内α-葡萄糖苷酶活性, 且能调节小肠钠依赖葡萄糖转运蛋白I的表达[47]
发芽糙米具有一定的抗癌潜力, 能够在预防和辅助治疗癌症方面发挥作用。大鼠肠黏膜中异常隐窝灶的数量能被发芽糙米显著地降低, 对结肠癌具有优秀的防治效果。
发芽糙米的谷维素能抑制皮肤癌小鼠癌细胞增殖, 维生素E可抑制人结直肠癌、胃癌、肝癌等多种肿瘤细胞的生长, 角鲨烯在治疗胃癌、食道癌和肺癌方面的总有效率可达到88.4%, 使用过程中未出现明显的不良反应, 显示出其作为抗癌药物的潜力[48-49]
发芽糙米还具有改善记忆、预防老年痴呆、醒酒、调节情绪、改善皮肤及改善肠道菌群等生理功能[50-53]
发芽糙米虽然营养丰富, 但由于其外层糙米皮富含纤维且质地紧密, 导致蒸煮时水分难以渗透至内部, 胚乳中的淀粉难以糊化, 从而延长了蒸煮时间并使其口感较为粗糙, 影响了食用品质。酶解技术在发芽糙米的应用可软化胚乳结构, 促进膳食纤维的释放, 进一步增强肠道调节功能[54]。因此, 优化加工工艺不仅是改善口感的关键, 更是实现营养与功能协同强化的核心策略。
目前我国已系统突破营养与工艺瓶颈, 成功开发以芽糙米为原料加工的主食产品发芽糙米馒头、发芽糙米米饭、发芽糙米面条等[55-57]。在面粉中加入适量的发芽糙米粉制作的馒头, 具有良好的咀嚼性和适口性, 不易黏牙, 同时散发着浓郁的米香味。这些产品也起到了加速主食化进程并拓展市场空间的作用。
发芽糙米面包主要分两类: 无麸质型(纯发芽糙米粉)与传统复配型(混小麦粉)。前者因缺乏面筋需添加黄原胶等改良剂改善持水/持气性, 后者通过调整配比维持风味。当前应用以部分替代小麦粉为主, 但添加量增加会导致感官品质下降(需延长醒发时间优化)。产品富含GABA、γ-谷维素等活性成分, 营养价值显著提升。发芽糙米面包的功能性直接受加工技术影响。添加发芽糙米粉(20%~30%)替代小麦粉时, 需结合转谷氨酰胺酶(0.1%)改善面团持气性, 避免因纤维含量高导致质地粗糙。然而, 高温烘烤(>200 ℃)会导致GABA损失30%~40%, 削弱降压功能。采用分段控温工艺(初始阶段160 ℃激活酶活, 后期180 ℃定型)可减少损失至15%, 同时维持感官品质[58]。此类技术改进不仅提升产品营养密度, 更契合健康食品市场需求(潜在规模千亿级), 推动产业升级。同时, 发芽糙米面包的植酸含量较低, 血糖指数也有所降低, 显示出其在改善健康方面的潜力。因此, 发芽糙米面包不仅具有显著的营养优势, 还具备广阔的市场前景, 尤其在健康食品领域具有较大的发展空间[43]
发芽糙米粉经工艺优化可制成酥脆营养的饼干/桃酥。研究表明替代小麦粉比例增加会加深色泽、提升硬度, 但延展性与感官评分呈先升后降趋势。优化工艺后成品色泽金黄、松脆适口, 感官品质优良[59]
通过优化糙米发芽、烘烤时间等工艺条件, 制备出发芽糙米茶, 富含茶多酚、GABA, 营养价值高。通过浸泡和发芽试验, 优化发芽糙米茶制备工艺, 提升糙米茶的营养价值[60]。通过研究烘烤时间对发芽糙米茶色度的影响及稳定剂、茶米比、白砂糖、柠檬酸等添加量对感官品质的影响, 利用正交试验得到发芽糙米茶的最佳工艺, 结果得到发芽糙米茶中的茶多酚、GABA含量明显增加[61]
发酵糙米饮料兼有谷物饮料和乳酸菌饮料的优点, 是一种高蛋白、高膳食纤维、高活菌数、低脂肪、低能量的均衡营养型饮料。采用发芽糙米、酸枣仁、百合、茯苓和山药等天然成分, 并结合保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌等混合菌种对牛奶进行发酵, 成功研发出了一种具有发芽糙米风味的发酵乳。这一创新不仅拓宽了发芽糙米的应用范围, 也为发酵乳产品的多样化提供了新的思路; 发酵乳中的生物活性成分GABA含量为0.0966 mg/mL, 多酚含量为1.1219 mg/mL, 总黄酮含量为0.4071 mg/mL, 营养价值较高[62]。以碎米、小米、发芽糙米和红豆为主要原料, 结合糊化、酶解、均质、营养复配和杀菌等多项工艺, 成功优化了发芽糙米饮品的配方。经过调试, 确定了最佳配比: 碎米与小米的比例为5:5 (g/g), 发芽糙米含量为12%, 红豆比例为10%, α-淀粉酶添加量为0.02%, 酶解时间为30 min, 黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠和海藻酸钠的添加量分别为0.08%、0.10%和0.08%, 最终制成的饮品呈现出色泽均匀、口感纯正、甜度适宜、组织结构良好的优质特性[63]
发芽糙米酒是以发芽糙米为原料, 经酶解发酵工艺制成的营养型酒品, 其工艺有效释放糙米营养(GABA等保留率>80%), 兼具风味与保健功能。现有研究已明确发芽糙米酒最优工艺参数, 实现营养活性成分高效转化[64]
国内外发芽糙米产品还包括粉、面条等。研究以发芽糙米粉复配燕麦粉等辅料制成全谷物代餐粉, 冲调后谷香浓郁、口感细腻[64]。另开发含70%发芽糙米的GABA营养粥(浸泡50 min、料液比1:12、蒸煮15 min), GABA达35.4 mg/100 g、蛋白质11.7%, 兼具营养与便利性[65]
发芽糙米虽在营养功效与食用品质上超越糙米, 但口感仍逊于精米且成本偏高, 制约市场拓展。当前产品同质化突出、产业化薄弱, 亟待创新产品形态。现有应用多作为功能原料添加于主食, 后续需突破加工技术瓶颈, 完善产业链配套。
发芽糙米通过激活多酶系提升活性成分与食用品质。精准调控温控、时长、pH等发芽参数可强化营养特性, 结合加工技术改良可突破纤维粗硬、脂肪易氧化及植酸阻碍吸收等产业瓶颈, 拓宽功能食品开发空间。
市售发芽糙米产品同质化严重, 需开发兼具营养、口感与外观的创新产品。现代技术可优化膳食纤维结构、调控淀粉老化并降解植酸, 提升营养与食用品质。通过应用微波、超声、超高压等加工技术, 能提升产品品质与消化性能, 推动健康食品创新。
强化发芽糙米基础研究是解析其活性成分变化的关键。解析发芽过程成分转化机制可为功效提供依据, 基于分子营养学等多组学方法探究活性物质作用机制, 可拓展其在功能食品中的应用。成果既可挖掘产品潜力, 又能优化产销流程, 支撑全谷物产业发展, 助推市场培育与产品创新。
传统食品加工存在效率低、人工依赖性强、精度与稳定性不足等问题。现代自动化设备(如智能生产线、高效粉碎/混合机组)能有效提升产能、降低人力成本, 并通过先进工艺与环保材料减少污染与交叉感染风险。其精准调控温湿度及压力参数可稳定食品品质, 同时实现生产流程可追溯与透明化管理, 确保原料可溯。通过整合科研力量研发发芽糙米专用设备, 推动加工技术革新与产业化应用, 有效对接市场升级需求。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2100301)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2100301)
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    1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院, 锦州 121013
    2.辽宁省农产品加工减排增效与资源综合利用重点实验室, 锦州 121013

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* 何余堂(1967—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与食品生物技术。E-mail:
刘贺(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为粮油植物蛋白与碳水化合物。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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