Article(id=1152687435839353440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751700600, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751700600, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751700600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751700600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687436309115491, articleId=1152687435839353440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the biological functions and applications of postbiotics, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Postbiotics refer to microecological preparations made from inactivated microbial cells (dead bacterial bodies), cell lysates and fermentation metabolites, which are beneficial to the health of the host. They have attracted much attention in the fields of food and medicine due to their various biological functions such as improving intestinal health, antibacterial, anticancer and immune enhancement. The preparation of postbiotics mainly includes several steps such as fermentation, inactivation and bacterial cell disruption. The choice of fermentation strains and different inactivation methods can affect the activity of postbiotics. The active substances in postbiotics mainly include teichoic acid, proteins, peptides, short-chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, organic acids, etc. This paper summarized the definition, preparation methods, main components and active functions of postbiotics in combination with the research progress at home and abroad. It focused on elucidating the latest research results of postbiotics in maintaining intestinal health, enhancing immune function, and maintaining oral health, and reviewed the application progress of postbiotics in the fields of drugs, food and food preservation. At the same time, it analyzed the challenges of postbiotics in the application of the health industry from aspects such as production, product standardization, and regulatory and evaluation systems. This review aims to provide references for the development of postbiotics-related functional products and for innovation in research and application in the field of human health.

, correspAuthors=Yan JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han-Chi LU, Wen-Hao YU, Yang YU, Wei-Lian HONG, Hang-Lian LAN, Yan-Xia QI, Yan JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687441455526539, articleId=1152687435839353440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=后生元的生物功能及其应用研究进展, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

后生元是指对宿主健康有益的无生命微生物细胞(灭活后菌体)、细胞裂解物以及发酵代谢产物制成的微生态制剂, 因其具有改善肠道健康、抗菌、抗癌、增强免疫力等多种生物功能在食品、药品领域备受关注。后生元的制备方式主要包括发酵、灭活、菌体破碎等几个环节, 其中发酵菌种的选择以及不同的灭活方式都会对后生元的活性产生影响。后生元中的活性物质主要包括磷壁酸、蛋白、肽类、短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖、有机酸等。本文结合国内外后生元的研究进展, 对其定义、制备方式、主要成分及活性功能进行了概述, 重点阐释了后生元在维护肠道健康、增强免疫功能、维护口腔健康等方面的最新研究成果, 并综述了后生元在药物、食品、食品防腐等相关领域的应用进展。同时从生产、产品标准化以及监管与评价体系等方面分析了后生元在健康产业应用中的挑战, 为后生元相关功能产品的开发以及在人类健康领域中的研究与应用创新提供参考。

, correspAuthors=靳艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 靳艳(1968—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为基于蛋白质组学的生物活性肽筛选新技术、新方法的研究。E-mail:
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陆寒池(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为后生元中功能肽的研究。E-mail:

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陆寒池(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为后生元中功能肽的研究。E-mail:

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Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2024, 12: 1379574., articleTitle=Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 live probiotics and postbiotics: Production strategies and bioactivity evaluation for potential therapeutic properties, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272696123699753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, awardId=2022-科研公关-6, language=CN, fundingSource=国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2022-科研公关-6), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272691941978602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272691950367211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, companyId=1169272691941978602, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Principles and pros and cons of microbial inactivation technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灭活方式 技术名称 原理 优点 缺点
热灭活 巴氏杀菌 在60~85 ℃进行灭菌处理 较温和的热处理方法, 对热敏感性生物活性分子损伤小且操作简便 杀菌效果有限, 杀菌时间长
高温杀菌 高温条件下(121 ℃)短时杀菌 杀菌效果强, 时间短 高温破坏热敏感性分子, 影响后生元的生物活性
非热灭活 高压脉冲电场 利用脉冲电压对微生物进行灭活, 细胞膜发生电穿孔, 导致细胞死亡 保持活性, 快速高效, 可控性强 设备成本高、能耗高, 影响细胞完整性
超声波技术 超声波通过微泡在微生物细胞膜上形成开口破坏细胞膜 保持活性, 操作简单, 易于控制 设备成本高, 处理效果不一致
超临界二氧化碳杀菌技术 通过干扰细胞内电解质平衡引起细胞代谢酶失活破坏细胞膜 保持活性, 高效杀菌 设备成本高, 操作复杂
pH调控技术 通过调节pH破坏微生物细胞膜 操作简单, 成本低 需要精确调节, 极端pH影响生物活性
电离辐射技术 通过放射性同位素, 发出的电离辐射造成细胞的核酸损伤和氧化损伤 高效杀菌, 操作简单 设备成本高, 辐射操作需要进行安全防护
), ArticleFig(id=1169272694794105376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微生物灭活技术原理及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灭活方式 技术名称 原理 优点 缺点
热灭活 巴氏杀菌 在60~85 ℃进行灭菌处理 较温和的热处理方法, 对热敏感性生物活性分子损伤小且操作简便 杀菌效果有限, 杀菌时间长
高温杀菌 高温条件下(121 ℃)短时杀菌 杀菌效果强, 时间短 高温破坏热敏感性分子, 影响后生元的生物活性
非热灭活 高压脉冲电场 利用脉冲电压对微生物进行灭活, 细胞膜发生电穿孔, 导致细胞死亡 保持活性, 快速高效, 可控性强 设备成本高、能耗高, 影响细胞完整性
超声波技术 超声波通过微泡在微生物细胞膜上形成开口破坏细胞膜 保持活性, 操作简单, 易于控制 设备成本高, 处理效果不一致
超临界二氧化碳杀菌技术 通过干扰细胞内电解质平衡引起细胞代谢酶失活破坏细胞膜 保持活性, 高效杀菌 设备成本高, 操作复杂
pH调控技术 通过调节pH破坏微生物细胞膜 操作简单, 成本低 需要精确调节, 极端pH影响生物活性
电离辐射技术 通过放射性同位素, 发出的电离辐射造成细胞的核酸损伤和氧化损伤 高效杀菌, 操作简单 设备成本高, 辐射操作需要进行安全防护
), ArticleFig(id=1169272694936711713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Principles and pros and cons of bacterial lysis methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
破碎方法 原理 优点 缺点
机械破碎 通过机械力使菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 成本低廉 破碎细胞能力有限
超声破碎 利用超声波的振动和空化效应破坏细胞膜, 实现菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 适用范围广, 破碎效率高, 不会引入杂质 成本高, 长时间进行超声破碎会对活性物质造成破坏
液氮研磨 液氮的低温环境下使菌体细胞变得脆硬, 通过研磨机械力将菌体细胞破碎 破碎效率高, 低温条件适用于含低温环境需保持活性物质的菌体细胞, 可避免活性物质在破碎时因升温变性、降解 成本高, 操作复杂
热破碎 利用热胀冷缩的原理, 使菌体细胞在快速加热的过程中产生应力, 实现菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 成本低廉 破碎细胞能力有限, 温度的升高会导致活性物质的失活
冻融破碎 温度的降低使菌体细胞内冰粒形成, 同时剩余细胞液的盐浓度增高引起细胞溶胀, 使菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 成本低廉 细胞破碎能力有限
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695133844002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌体裂解方法原理及优缺点

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破碎方法 原理 优点 缺点
机械破碎 通过机械力使菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 成本低廉 破碎细胞能力有限
超声破碎 利用超声波的振动和空化效应破坏细胞膜, 实现菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 适用范围广, 破碎效率高, 不会引入杂质 成本高, 长时间进行超声破碎会对活性物质造成破坏
液氮研磨 液氮的低温环境下使菌体细胞变得脆硬, 通过研磨机械力将菌体细胞破碎 破碎效率高, 低温条件适用于含低温环境需保持活性物质的菌体细胞, 可避免活性物质在破碎时因升温变性、降解 成本高, 操作复杂
热破碎 利用热胀冷缩的原理, 使菌体细胞在快速加热的过程中产生应力, 实现菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 成本低廉 破碎细胞能力有限, 温度的升高会导致活性物质的失活
冻融破碎 温度的降低使菌体细胞内冰粒形成, 同时剩余细胞液的盐浓度增高引起细胞溶胀, 使菌体细胞破碎 操作简单, 成本低廉 细胞破碎能力有限
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695200952867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Principles and pros and cons of purification methods

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纯化方式 名称 原理 优点 缺点
膜分离 微滤 以微孔滤膜为介质, 利用筛分作用分离悬浮固体颗粒和大分子物质 效率高, 应用范围广泛 对微小颗粒的拦截效果不理想, 处理高浓度悬浮物的液体时滤速降低
超滤 以压力差为推动力, 利用膜的筛分作用, 将溶液中的大分子物质、胶体、细菌、微生物等分离出来 能耗低, 效率高 对可溶性物质去除有限, 膜成本较高
纳滤 基于膜的孔径大小和表面电荷, 实现目标物质的分离 具有高选择性, 能耗低, 效率高 膜成本高、对一价离子去除率较低
色谱分离 离子交换层析 属于液相层析, 原借助目标分子表面电荷性质的差异来分离, 广泛应用于蛋白质、核酸等带电生物分子的分离 具有高分辨率和高载量 对缓冲液条件(如离子强度、pH)敏感、操作条件要求高
凝胶过滤层析 属于尺寸排阻层析, 依据分子大小和形状的差异进行分离, 适用于分子量差异显著的物质分离, 如蛋白质脱盐、聚合体分析 操作条件温和且不依赖分子电荷或亲和性 分离效率较低, 上样量受限
亲和层析 属于特异性吸附层析, 利用生物分子间特异性相互作用实现分离, 适合复杂体系中微量组分的纯化 具有极高的选择性和纯度提升能力 需针对目标分子设计或筛选合适配体, 成本高
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695301616164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

纯化方法原理及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯化方式 名称 原理 优点 缺点
膜分离 微滤 以微孔滤膜为介质, 利用筛分作用分离悬浮固体颗粒和大分子物质 效率高, 应用范围广泛 对微小颗粒的拦截效果不理想, 处理高浓度悬浮物的液体时滤速降低
超滤 以压力差为推动力, 利用膜的筛分作用, 将溶液中的大分子物质、胶体、细菌、微生物等分离出来 能耗低, 效率高 对可溶性物质去除有限, 膜成本较高
纳滤 基于膜的孔径大小和表面电荷, 实现目标物质的分离 具有高选择性, 能耗低, 效率高 膜成本高、对一价离子去除率较低
色谱分离 离子交换层析 属于液相层析, 原借助目标分子表面电荷性质的差异来分离, 广泛应用于蛋白质、核酸等带电生物分子的分离 具有高分辨率和高载量 对缓冲液条件(如离子强度、pH)敏感、操作条件要求高
凝胶过滤层析 属于尺寸排阻层析, 依据分子大小和形状的差异进行分离, 适用于分子量差异显著的物质分离, 如蛋白质脱盐、聚合体分析 操作条件温和且不依赖分子电荷或亲和性 分离效率较低, 上样量受限
亲和层析 属于特异性吸附层析, 利用生物分子间特异性相互作用实现分离, 适合复杂体系中微量组分的纯化 具有极高的选择性和纯度提升能力 需针对目标分子设计或筛选合适配体, 成本高
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695448416805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Composition and functions of postbiotic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备菌种 组成成分 功能 参考文献
乳酸乳球菌HF08 灭活菌体 减轻与衰老相关的肠道屏障功能障碍、炎症状态和肠道菌群失调 [16]
植物乳植杆菌DPULF232 灭活菌体 减轻食物过敏症状 [17]
鼠李糖乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) LRH-B2 菌体裂解物 抗菌(革兰氏阳性病原体)活性、抗氧化活性、低细胞毒性 [18]
假肠膜明串珠菌(Lacticaseibacillus pseudomesenteroides) Y4 菌体裂解物及发酵代谢物 抑制结肠癌细胞Caco-2和HT-29生长、抗氧化
活性
[19]
植物乳植杆菌E1K2R2 发酵代谢物 抗氧化活性、肝保护作用、抗炎作用 [20]
植物乳植杆菌P3、P4、P5 发酵代谢物 抑制致病菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等)生长, 抑制生物膜活性 [21]
植物乳植杆菌IUL4、TL1、RS5、RI11、RG11、RG14 发酵代谢物 通过抗增殖效应和诱导凋亡对恶性癌细胞表现出选择性细胞毒性, 同时不损害正常细胞 [22]
副干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei) TK1501 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 降低小鼠胃部炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)的水平且对幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)和肠道沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica)具有抑制作用 [23]
植物乳植杆菌Q7 发酵代谢物 抑制单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)生长, 延缓食品腐败 [24]
短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei) 发酵代谢物 抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的生长、诱导MCF-7凋亡, 抑制癌细胞表达和增殖 [25]
布拉迪酵母菌(Saccharomyces boulardii) 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 调节与高血压相关的人类肠道菌群、促进肠道有益菌群生长, 调节乙酸水平 [26]
鼠李糖乳酪杆菌LR-32 发酵代谢物 抑制变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)生物膜形成, 减少细菌的定植与扩散, 同时抑制细菌生长 [27]
干酪乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌P-8、动物双歧杆菌动物亚种 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 减轻结肠炎大鼠结肠组织损伤、降低血清中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平, 促进抗炎因子IL-10表达 [28]
植物乳植杆菌LRCC5314 灭活菌体 调节小鼠肠道中细胞因子[IL-1βγ-干扰素(interferon-γ, IFN-γ)等]表达水平, 促进短链脂肪酸的产生, 具有抗炎、调节免疫反应及葡萄糖代谢、缓解Ⅱ型糖尿病等作用 [29]
副干酪乳酪杆菌ET-22 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 抑制小鼠口腔白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)生长, 调节小鼠血清中IFN-γ、TNF-α表达水平 [30]
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695595217446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

后生元的组成成分及功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备菌种 组成成分 功能 参考文献
乳酸乳球菌HF08 灭活菌体 减轻与衰老相关的肠道屏障功能障碍、炎症状态和肠道菌群失调 [16]
植物乳植杆菌DPULF232 灭活菌体 减轻食物过敏症状 [17]
鼠李糖乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) LRH-B2 菌体裂解物 抗菌(革兰氏阳性病原体)活性、抗氧化活性、低细胞毒性 [18]
假肠膜明串珠菌(Lacticaseibacillus pseudomesenteroides) Y4 菌体裂解物及发酵代谢物 抑制结肠癌细胞Caco-2和HT-29生长、抗氧化
活性
[19]
植物乳植杆菌E1K2R2 发酵代谢物 抗氧化活性、肝保护作用、抗炎作用 [20]
植物乳植杆菌P3、P4、P5 发酵代谢物 抑制致病菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等)生长, 抑制生物膜活性 [21]
植物乳植杆菌IUL4、TL1、RS5、RI11、RG11、RG14 发酵代谢物 通过抗增殖效应和诱导凋亡对恶性癌细胞表现出选择性细胞毒性, 同时不损害正常细胞 [22]
副干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei) TK1501 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 降低小鼠胃部炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)的水平且对幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)和肠道沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica)具有抑制作用 [23]
植物乳植杆菌Q7 发酵代谢物 抑制单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)生长, 延缓食品腐败 [24]
短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei) 发酵代谢物 抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的生长、诱导MCF-7凋亡, 抑制癌细胞表达和增殖 [25]
布拉迪酵母菌(Saccharomyces boulardii) 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 调节与高血压相关的人类肠道菌群、促进肠道有益菌群生长, 调节乙酸水平 [26]
鼠李糖乳酪杆菌LR-32 发酵代谢物 抑制变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)生物膜形成, 减少细菌的定植与扩散, 同时抑制细菌生长 [27]
干酪乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌P-8、动物双歧杆菌动物亚种 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 减轻结肠炎大鼠结肠组织损伤、降低血清中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平, 促进抗炎因子IL-10表达 [28]
植物乳植杆菌LRCC5314 灭活菌体 调节小鼠肠道中细胞因子[IL-1βγ-干扰素(interferon-γ, IFN-γ)等]表达水平, 促进短链脂肪酸的产生, 具有抗炎、调节免疫反应及葡萄糖代谢、缓解Ⅱ型糖尿病等作用 [29]
副干酪乳酪杆菌ET-22 灭活菌体及发酵代谢物 抑制小鼠口腔白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)生长, 调节小鼠血清中IFN-γ、TNF-α表达水平 [30]
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695767183911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Types of oral pathogenic bacteria and their pathogenic mechanisms[54-55]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 菌种名称 致病机制
致龋性致
病菌
变形链球菌 代谢糖类产生乳酸, 导致牙釉质脱矿形成龋损; 生物膜特性增强对牙齿的黏附性
放线菌(Actinomycetes) 定植于根面及窝沟, 通过葡萄糖发酵产酸, 诱导根面龋及邻面龋的产生
牙周病相关致病菌 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 分泌蛋白酶破坏牙周组织, 抑制宿主免疫反应
伴放线放线杆菌(Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) 产生白细胞毒素导致中性粒细胞凋亡, 释放炎症介质
中间普氏菌(Prevotella intermedia) 分泌内毒素、蛋白酶破坏牙周组织, 抑制宿主免疫反应
具核梭形杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum) 分泌内毒素直接损伤牙周组织, 同时表达成纤维细胞抑制因子, 抑制宿主牙周组织修复能力
其他条件致病菌 白色念珠菌 抑制宿主免疫反应, 使宿主产生免疫耐受
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) 可通过口腔创面引发局部感染, 生物膜特性增强抗生素耐药性
), ArticleFig(id=1169272695934956072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687435839353440, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

口腔致病菌种类及致病机制[54-55]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 菌种名称 致病机制
致龋性致
病菌
变形链球菌 代谢糖类产生乳酸, 导致牙釉质脱矿形成龋损; 生物膜特性增强对牙齿的黏附性
放线菌(Actinomycetes) 定植于根面及窝沟, 通过葡萄糖发酵产酸, 诱导根面龋及邻面龋的产生
牙周病相关致病菌 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 分泌蛋白酶破坏牙周组织, 抑制宿主免疫反应
伴放线放线杆菌(Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) 产生白细胞毒素导致中性粒细胞凋亡, 释放炎症介质
中间普氏菌(Prevotella intermedia) 分泌内毒素、蛋白酶破坏牙周组织, 抑制宿主免疫反应
具核梭形杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum) 分泌内毒素直接损伤牙周组织, 同时表达成纤维细胞抑制因子, 抑制宿主牙周组织修复能力
其他条件致病菌 白色念珠菌 抑制宿主免疫反应, 使宿主产生免疫耐受
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) 可通过口腔创面引发局部感染, 生物膜特性增强抗生素耐药性
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后生元的生物功能及其应用研究进展
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陆寒池1, 2 , 于文皓2, 于洋2, 洪维鍊3, 蓝航莲3, 祁艳霞1, 靳艳2, *
作者信息
  • 1.大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院, 大连 116023
  • 2.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所, 大连 116023
  • 3.国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010000
  • 陆寒池(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为后生元中功能肽的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 靳艳(1968—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为基于蛋白质组学的生物活性肽筛选新技术、新方法的研究。E-mail:
Research progress on the biological functions and applications of postbiotics
Han-Chi LU1, 2 , Wen-Hao YU2, Yang YU2, Wei-Lian HONG3, Hang-Lian LAN3, Yan-Xia QI1, Yan JIN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2. Dalian Institute of Chemistry and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3. National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116001
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后生元是指对宿主健康有益的无生命微生物细胞(灭活后菌体)、细胞裂解物以及发酵代谢产物制成的微生态制剂, 因其具有改善肠道健康、抗菌、抗癌、增强免疫力等多种生物功能在食品、药品领域备受关注。后生元的制备方式主要包括发酵、灭活、菌体破碎等几个环节, 其中发酵菌种的选择以及不同的灭活方式都会对后生元的活性产生影响。后生元中的活性物质主要包括磷壁酸、蛋白、肽类、短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖、有机酸等。本文结合国内外后生元的研究进展, 对其定义、制备方式、主要成分及活性功能进行了概述, 重点阐释了后生元在维护肠道健康、增强免疫功能、维护口腔健康等方面的最新研究成果, 并综述了后生元在药物、食品、食品防腐等相关领域的应用进展。同时从生产、产品标准化以及监管与评价体系等方面分析了后生元在健康产业应用中的挑战, 为后生元相关功能产品的开发以及在人类健康领域中的研究与应用创新提供参考。

后生元  /  生物功能  /  制备方法

Postbiotics refer to microecological preparations made from inactivated microbial cells (dead bacterial bodies), cell lysates and fermentation metabolites, which are beneficial to the health of the host. They have attracted much attention in the fields of food and medicine due to their various biological functions such as improving intestinal health, antibacterial, anticancer and immune enhancement. The preparation of postbiotics mainly includes several steps such as fermentation, inactivation and bacterial cell disruption. The choice of fermentation strains and different inactivation methods can affect the activity of postbiotics. The active substances in postbiotics mainly include teichoic acid, proteins, peptides, short-chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, organic acids, etc. This paper summarized the definition, preparation methods, main components and active functions of postbiotics in combination with the research progress at home and abroad. It focused on elucidating the latest research results of postbiotics in maintaining intestinal health, enhancing immune function, and maintaining oral health, and reviewed the application progress of postbiotics in the fields of drugs, food and food preservation. At the same time, it analyzed the challenges of postbiotics in the application of the health industry from aspects such as production, product standardization, and regulatory and evaluation systems. This review aims to provide references for the development of postbiotics-related functional products and for innovation in research and application in the field of human health.

postbiotic  /  biological function  /  manufacturing methods
陆寒池, 于文皓, 于洋, 洪维鍊, 蓝航莲, 祁艳霞, 靳艳. 后生元的生物功能及其应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116001
Han-Chi LU, Wen-Hao YU, Yang YU, Wei-Lian HONG, Hang-Lian LAN, Yan-Xia QI, Yan JIN. Research progress on the biological functions and applications of postbiotics[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116001
“后生元”的概念最早于2013年由TSILINGIRI提出[1]。2021年, 国际益生菌和益生元科学协会正式将后生元定义为“能为宿主健康提供益处的无生命微生物细胞(灭活后菌体)、菌体裂解物及发酵代谢产物”[2-3]。与含有活菌的益生菌相比, 后生元具有易于加工、组成及性能稳定的特点, 同时微生物灭活处理又使其具有更高的安全性[4]。因此, 后生元逐渐成为继益生菌和益生元之后又一种新型功能性原料。丰富多样的组分使后生元具有增强免疫、调节肠道、抗炎、抗菌等多样的生物活性, 在功能性食品和健康产品中展现出巨大应用潜力。本文综述了后生元的制备、组成及其功能的最新研究进展, 以期为后生元相关功能产品的开发以及在人类健康领域中的研究与应用创新提供参考。
后生元的制备流程主要包括发酵、灭活、菌体破碎等几个环节。在发酵过程中, 微生物菌种是影响后生元性质及功能的关键因素。目前制备后生元通常使用细菌和真菌, 常用的细菌有乳酸菌属如植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)[5]、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)[6], 双歧杆菌属如长双歧杆菌长亚种(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum)[7]、动物双歧杆菌动物亚种(Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis)[8]; 常用的真菌有酵母属如酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)[9], 丛梗孢科曲霉属[10]的黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger)等。
灭活方式会影响后生元的组成及生物活性, 因此灭活方式也是后生元的制备过程中的重要环节。常用微生物灭活技术分为热灭活和非热灭活两类[11], 不同的灭活方式具有各自的特点及优势(表1)。总体而言, 热灭活技术具有操作简单、设备投资小等特点, 但较长时间的高温容易破坏发酵组分的活性; 非热灭活技术具有高效、可控、不破坏物质活性等特点, 但设备投资较高。目前, 高温杀菌技术因其简便的操作流程和较低的成本被广泛应用。
灭活后的菌液需根据产物的要求进行后续的加工, 通常包括灭活菌体分离、灭活菌体裂解与菌体内容物分离、发酵代谢物的分离等。灭活菌体的分离常采用离心的方式对菌体进行富集, 灭活菌体裂解方法包括机械破碎、超声破碎、液氮研磨、热破碎及冻融破碎等[12], 不同的裂解方法具有各自的特点(表2)。菌体内容物与发酵代谢物的分离与纯化要根据实验条件及具体工艺参数进行选择, 进行初步分离时, 可以根据目标物的理化性质等特点采用膜分离技术进行分离, 在对后生元中具体活性物质(肽、蛋白、多糖等)进行分离纯化时可以根据活性物质的电荷性质、分子量大小、分子间特异性相互作用等特点进行色谱分离(表3)。经过以上处理后的产物再采用喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥技术等技术干燥, 至此完成后生元的制备。
后生元主要由灭活菌体、菌体裂解物以及发酵代谢物3种成分构成(图1), 主要的活性物质包括磷壁酸、蛋白、肽类、短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖、有机酸等。LUNDBERG等[13]研究发现罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri) DSM17938发酵代谢物中的主要活性物质为胞外多糖、色胺、甘油、丙二酸、甲戊酸等, 可以提高抗炎因子白细胞介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10)和与免疫激活相关因子白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)的表达。CEYLAN[14]对格式乳杆菌(Lactobacillus gasseri)发酵的无细胞后生元(cell-free supernatant, CFS)和全细胞后生元(whole-cell postbiotic, WCP)中的总酚进行了分析, 发现WCP中的总酚含量是CFS的1.7倍, 然而CFS的抗氧化能力优于WCP, 这一现象充分表明, 在后生元中酚类物质并不是后生元中的唯一活性物质, CFS内还存在诸如胞外多糖、肽聚糖、短链脂肪酸等多样化的活性成分, 它们共同作用, 赋予后生元复杂的生物活性。SHIN等[15]利用芽孢杆菌KMU01的CFS对高脂肪饮食诱导的小鼠模型进行了研究, 发现CFS中存在的短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖等代谢物可以通过调节小鼠肠道微生物群落结构、抑制脂质的合成以及改善小鼠血清中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平从而产生抗肥胖作用。不同类型菌株制备的后生元中均含有丰富的活性物质, 这些活性物质在调节免疫、抗氧化、改善代谢等多方面展现出巨大的潜力, 为开发利用相关微生物资源提供了有力的理论依据。
由乳酸乳球菌(Lactobacillus lactis) HF08的灭活菌体单独制备的后生元能够通过增强肠道屏障功能缓解与年龄相关的结肠炎症状[16]; 由植物乳植杆菌DPULF232的灭活菌体制备的后生元能够通过调节肥大细胞蛋白酶-1水平以及调节辅助性T细胞1型/2型的平衡等机制减轻食物过敏症状[17]; 由鼠李糖乳酪杆菌的菌体裂解物单独制备的后生元具有抗菌作用[18]。有大量研究表明了由不同组成成分制备的后生元具有抗菌、抗炎、抑制癌细胞等多种生物功能(表4)。本文主要从改善肠道健康、调节免疫力、改善口腔健康3个方面详细论述后生元的最新研究进展。
肠道屏障由黏膜层、黏液层、肠道微生物群、紧密连接蛋白和分泌型免疫球蛋白等物质组成, 是保护肠道免受外界因素侵害的重要防御屏障[31]。肠道微生物群直接影响宿主的消化功能、免疫稳态及整体健康, 肠道微生物群的失衡可能导致便秘[32]、腹泻[33]、肠易激综合征[34]及癌症[35-36]等疾病。
后生元主要通过两种机制来调节肠道菌群平衡, 第一种机制是通过释放活性物质为有益菌创造适宜的生长的环境介导竞争性抑制。后生元中含有多种活性代谢产物, 这些活性产物是在调节宿主生理功能中发挥重要作用。例如, 短链脂肪酸和次级胆汁酸等活性物质能够为肠道有益菌的生长提供营养基质, 促进有益菌增长与定植, 从而减少有害菌的相对丰度, 达到维护肠道菌群平衡的目的。COMERLATO等[37]利用生长于果寡糖和半乳糖寡糖上的肠球菌(Enterococcus) LAB18S的发酵代谢物制备了后生元, 通过体外培养从健康人群中获得的肠道微生物组模拟人体肠道环境, 研究发现该后生元可通过刺激肠道中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)数量的增长来显著降低厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)与拟杆菌门的比例, 达到优化肠道菌群结构、维持肠道平衡的目的。第二种机制是通过分泌抗菌活性成分, 抑制有害菌的生长与定植。研究表明, 后生元中的细菌素(乳酸菌素、芽孢杆菌素)、有机酸(丁酸、乙酸)、抗菌肽及酚类化合物等活性物质可以直接作用于肠道致病菌的细胞膜结构或干扰其代谢通路, 实现抑制、杀灭致病菌的目的。İNCILI等[38]对乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)发酵代谢物制备的后生元以及清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei)、木葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus xylosus)发酵代谢物制备的后生元进行了体外抗菌实验, 发现两种后生元对于单核细胞增生李斯特菌均具有良好的抑制作用。这两种后生元中具有大量乳酸、多酚类物质如香草酸和反式咖啡酸酸以及黄酮类化合物, 这些活性物质是产生抗菌作用的主要因素。除此以外, 后生元可以通过多重协同机制调节肠道菌群稳态, 其作用机制呈现出显著的交叉互补特性。肖灵等[39]利用复合型(动物双歧杆菌动物亚种IOBL07、植物乳植杆菌IOB602和副干酪乳酪杆菌IOB413发酵代谢物)后生元, 探究了其对D-半乳糖和AlCl3诱导的阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)大鼠记忆认知能力的影响, 研究发现后生元在维护AD大鼠小肠组织结构的同时可以减轻小肠组织损伤、提升肠道中有益菌的丰度, 从而通过肠-脑轴改善AD大鼠的学习记忆能力。这种靶向调控特性使后生元在改善肠道失衡方面展现出独特优势, 为神经退行性疾病的干预提供了新的策略方向。
后生元可以通过增强肠黏膜屏障、促进肠道上皮重建及调控肠道细胞维持肠道稳态。首先后生元可以通过占位效应在肠道中形成物理屏障, 降低有害菌的定植。后生元中的灭活菌体表面存在菌毛、黏附素等, 能够促使菌体与肠上皮细胞紧密结合, 形成物理性的肠道黏膜屏障, 从而减少致病菌在肠道内的附着[40]。其次后生元中存在特定的活性物质, 可以促进肠上皮细胞的紧密连接, 增强肠道屏障。例如短链脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等)可通过增强黏蛋白的产生和上调紧密连接蛋白的表达增强肠黏膜屏障, 同时促进调节性T细胞的膨胀和从头分化, 减轻肠道炎症反应, 保护肠道内环境稳定[41]。MARCOLIN等[42]采用布拉迪酵母菌、酿酒酵母菌以及马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus) 3种菌株的灭活菌体及发酵代谢物共同培养制备了后生元ABB C22®。ABB C22®将巨噬细胞(THP-1细胞系)的TNF-α/IL-10比对照组降低了71%, 说明ABB C22®具有抗炎作用。在跨上皮电阻(transepithelial resistance, TEER)实验中, ABB C22®处理的肠上皮细胞TEER值相比于空白组显著增加, 说明ABB C22®在抗炎的同时改变了肠上皮细胞的紧密连接程度以及通透性, 通过促进肠上皮构建来增强肠道屏障的完整性, 达到有效抵御轮状病毒感染的目的。XIAO等[43]用副干酪乳酪杆菌SNB的菌体裂解物制备后生元, 在Caco-2细胞模型中后生元中的丁酸盐可促进TEER值提高至(95.58±5.41) Ω·cm2, 显著增强了肠上皮屏障的完整性。
此外, 后生元中的磷壁酸(脂磷壁酸、壁磷壁酸)、细菌表层蛋白、胞外多糖等多种活性物质可通过抑制炎症介质的产生及促进抗炎因子的分泌维持肠道稳态。LIU等[44]探究了发酵粘液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentum) HF06的发酵代谢物及灭活菌体制备的后生元对溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)小鼠的改善作用, 结果表明后生元可有效降低UC小鼠肠道中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平。炎症因子的减少有助于维持肠道屏障黏膜的完整性, 促进了肠道中ZO-1和occludin等肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达, 从而缓解小鼠结肠炎症、结肠缩短等情况。FREITAS等[45]发现德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii) CIDCA133菌体裂解物制备的后生元可有效减轻小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎的症状。该后生元中存在热休克蛋白Hsp60、磷酸丙酮酸水合酶、延伸因子TU等能够减少促炎细胞因子IFN-γ的水平, 同时增加抗炎细胞因子IL-10和IL-13的水平, 达到促进黏膜愈合、缓解结肠炎的目的。
后生元在调节肠道菌群、增强肠道屏障功能、缓解肠道炎症等方面表现出较为一致的积极效果, 不同组分制备的后生元在维持肠道健康中展现出不同的作用。但是, 在多数后生元对于胃肠道健康的研究中未明确后生元对于肠道健康产生作用的特定活性分子的贡献度, 需要结合其他研究手段如蛋白质组学、代谢组学等方法进行深入的解析, 明确后生元中活性成分的贡献度。
树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs)被誉为人类免疫系统的“司令官”。诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主Steinman在2011年首次揭示了其在诱导原发免疫应答和连接先天免疫与适应性免疫中具有关键作用[46-47]。有研究表明, 后生元可作为有效的免疫调节剂通过激活DCs及巨噬细胞等先天免疫细胞增强免疫应答实现免疫调节。LUONGO等[48]研究了格式乳杆菌OLL2809的发酵代谢物制备的后生元对小鼠骨髓DCs的免疫调节能力, 发现后生元能够调控DCs表面成熟标志物的表达及抗原摄取与处理能力, 进而影响DCs的成熟, 提高DCs激活T细胞免疫应答的能力。后生元对于免疫调节的作用是通过多维度机制实现的。部分后生元能够与免疫细胞表面受体相互作用, 影响细胞信号转导途径, 从而调控细胞因子的产生。SUSANA等[49]用鼠李糖乳酪杆菌CRL1505的菌体裂解物制备了后生元, 发现后生元可以调控人体分离出的DCs表面标志物如CD40、CD80的表达, 进而对DCs的细胞因子如TNF-α和IL-8的表达水平进行调节, 影响DCs的免疫调节能力。
在后生元对于免疫调节的研究领域中, 由乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)制备的后生元因对免疫调节的积极影响而成为研究热点。有研究揭示了乳酸菌属中存在特定蛋白质可对刺激宿主的免疫反应。FARHADY等[50]发现从健康孕妇阴道分离出的发酵乳杆菌L2具有刺激宿主免疫反应的作用, 该菌中存在的特定免疫原性蛋白S4和L5是刺激宿主免疫反应的关键因素, 这为乳酸菌属制备后生元的免疫调节作用提供了重要依据。乳酸菌属的中细菌的细胞壁、DNA以及代谢产物中其他活性成分如免疫蛋白等都具有强大的免疫作用, 可以通过影响信号转导从而调节宿主细胞炎症因子的分泌水平。LI等[51]发现鼠李糖乳杆菌GG的可溶性蛋白HM0539可以通过抑制TLR4/Myd88/NF-кB轴信号通路, 从而显著降低巨噬细胞中炎症因子的水平。由乳酸菌属制备的后生元制剂在免疫调节领域展现出多维度的应用价值。在动物饲养领域, 其不仅通过调节肠道微生态平衡增强宿主免疫机能, 还能通过特定代谢产物直接激活免疫应答。以肉鸡饲养为例, 徐大海等[52]采用酿酒酵母菌、产朊假丝酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌的代谢物制备的后生元, 经实验证实可显著提升血清免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)水平, 同时增强巨噬细胞吞噬活性指数(吞噬指数提高21%~35%), 且未对屠宰性能产生负面影响。这表明乳酸菌属后生元制剂既能有效激活动物免疫, 又具备良好的生物安全性。
后生元在免疫调节领域展现出巨大潜力。从作用机制上看, 后生元能够通过激活DCs及巨噬细胞等先天免疫细胞来增强免疫应答, 实现免疫调节功能。此外, 由乳杆菌属制备的后生元存在特定的免疫调节蛋白, 在刺激宿主免疫反应、调节促炎与抗炎因子平衡以及提升动物免疫力方面存在巨大潜力和广阔的应用前景, 在未来对于后生元与免疫调节的研究中可以着重关注乳杆菌属后生元在免疫调节中的作用。
常见口腔疾病如龋齿、牙龈炎、牙周炎及口臭等, 与口腔微生物群的失衡密切相关[53]。口腔微生物群在平衡状态下与人体和谐共处, 但一旦失衡, 有害菌数量便会增加, 引发口腔问题。常见的口腔致病菌包括变形链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)等, 这些致病菌的致病模式各不相同(表5)。变形链球菌能产生酸性物质, 腐蚀牙齿表面组织引发龋齿; 牙龈卟啉单胞菌会刺激牙龈, 导致牙龈炎甚至牙周炎, 破坏牙周组织; 白色念珠菌在生物体免疫低下时抑制宿主免疫反应引发鹅口疮等口腔疾病[54-55]
后生元对口腔疾病具有重要的防治作用, 其主要通过抑制致病菌的生长、降低口腔致病菌数量来实现[56]。后生元对于致病菌的抑制主要通过后生元中的活性功能物质对口腔致病菌产生直接的抗菌作用, 抑制致病菌生长。WASFI等[57]发现, 由干酪乳酪杆菌ATCC393、罗伊氏乳杆菌ATCC23272、植物乳植杆菌ATCC14917以及唾液乳杆菌(Lactobacillus salivarius) TCC11741制备的后生元对从龋齿样本中分离的变形链球菌ATCC25175具有抗菌活性。后生元中的过氧化氢物对变形链球菌具有毒性, 可抑制其生长; 有机酸(α-芒果苷和没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯)能降低环境的pH, 进一步抑制致病菌生长。此外, 后生元还可以通过对口腔致病菌生物被膜的破坏影响口腔致病菌的定植, 从而降低口腔致病菌的数量, 达到维护口腔健康的目的。后生元可以通过下调致病菌生物膜形成的关键基因以及抑制致病菌代谢物(蛋白、肽、多糖)的生成等产生抗生物膜作用。SANTANA等[58]发现鼠李糖乳酪杆菌LR-32发酵代谢物制备的后生元可通过下调口腔链球菌(Streptococcus oralis)生成生物膜关键基因(gtfBgtfCgtfDvicR)的表达抑制口腔链球菌的生物膜形成, 达到防治口腔疾病的目的。此外, 李佳珣等[59]发现植物乳植杆菌CCFM8724代谢产物中的环亮氨酸脯氨酸二肽、3-苯乳酸、苯丙酸可使口腔病原菌变形链球菌和白色念珠菌形成生物膜的关键物质胞外蛋白和胞外多糖分别降低了60.2%和63.8%, 从而抑制生物膜的形成。同时, 部分后生元中存在的生物表面活性剂也可减少致病菌生物膜的形成, 展现出抗生物膜活性[60-61]
近年来关于后生元的研究发展迅猛, 由后生元制备的药品、功能食品、食品防腐剂等多个产品已上市销售。国内上市的药品“乳酸菌素片”是由嗜酸乳杆菌制备的后生元, 该药具有增强肠道免疫、促进有益菌生长及改善消化功能的作用[62]。Hylak Forte是德国出品的一款药品, 是以嗜酸乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、大肠杆菌粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis) 4种菌株制备的后生元为主要成分, 可用于治疗腹泻、便秘等肠道问题[63]。这些后生元药物展现出了改善肠道健康的作用, 并提供了丰富的临床应用数据支持。
“Del Immune V”是美国出品的一款用于肠道和免疫健康的膳食补充剂, 其主要成分为鼠李糖乳酪杆菌DV的细胞裂解物, 具有增强免疫系统, 抵抗病毒、细菌、创伤和压力等功效[64]。此外, 美国出品的一款后生元制剂“EpiCor”具有增强免疫力的作用[65-66]。“EpiCor”自上市以来, 在全球销量复合年增长率达到67%, 显示了后生元作为功能性食品成分的巨大市场潜力。
后生元的抗菌特性还可用于食品防腐。植物乳植杆菌YML007制备的后生元可作为大豆的生物防腐剂[67]。由粘液乳杆菌Postbio-Q7、唾液乳杆菌Postbio-YY、副干酪乳酪杆菌Postbio-P6及乳酸乳杆菌Postbio-F3混合发酵制备的后生元对柿子具有显著的防腐效果[68]。清酒乳杆菌NRRLB-1917制备的后生元可有效抑制鲜牛肉中大肠杆菌和李斯特菌的生长[69]
后生元在实际应用如食品包装、生物肥料、废水处理中同样具有巨大潜力。后生元的抗菌特性可作为天然防腐剂应用于包装材料, 在延长食品货架期的同时又能避免传统包装材料可能造成的化学风险; 由于后生元中含有短链脂肪酸、多肽、蛋白等多种营养物质, 也可作为天然肥料为植物的提供营养, 也可以作为农药的潜在解毒剂[70], 助力绿色农业发展; 后生元中的胞外多糖与特定酶类可分解有机物[71],可应用到废水的有机污染物分解中, 同时利用后生元的抑菌作用抑制废水中有害菌群繁殖, 可提高废水处理效率。随着对后生元的功能的不断挖掘, 将功能与实际应用相结合, 将会促进后生元的不断创新与发展。
后生元生物功能的多样性为全球健康产业提供了广阔的发展前景。作为经过灭活处理的微生物及其代谢产物, 后生元具有改善肠道功能、增强免疫等作用, 且相较于益生菌而言, 后生元具有更强的加工耐受性和稳定性。然而, 后生元产业的规模化发展仍面临许多挑战。
在生产工艺层面, 菌株的选择、发酵参数的确定与灭活方式的一致性是后生元生产中的核心难点。首先, 后生元的前体菌株需具备明确的遗传背景和安全性认证, 如《益生菌制品乳酸菌类后生元》团体标准要求菌株需通过分子特征鉴定与安全基因筛选。除此以外, 不同的制备方式如灭活方式选择及组成成分的差异会显著改变菌体成分中活性物质的类别及保留率[72-73], 直接影响最终后生元产品的生物功能及有效性。这要求建立一个基于菌株特异性的生产工艺数据库, 并通过微生物组学等技术精准把握灭活过程中功能成分的变化规律。另一难点是后生元产品标准化体系及安全评价体系的构建。由于后生元成分包含灭活菌体、胞外多糖等多组分复合物, 这要求在后生元产品的生产过程中需要综合考虑组成成分与功能指标的关联性。除此以外, 需要加大对后生元的监管力度, 尽早形成标准的安全评价体系。国际益生菌和益生元科学协会(International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, ISAPP)强调后生元需要独立于原始活菌进行毒理学评价[2], 但在实际生产应用过程中依旧存在将后生元等同于原始活菌的情况。监管部门需要建立针对后生元产品的安全评估体系, 重点考察后生元中可能存在的风险物质。随着对后生元科学研究的持续深入、产业技术的持续创新、后生元相关法律法规的不断健全, 后生元将会在全球健康产业中的全面发展。
后生元作为益生菌在食品及医药领域的延伸概念, 涵盖灭活菌体、菌体裂解物、代谢产物等成分。随着后生元在维护肠道稳态、增强免疫力、维护口腔健康等方面展现出独特优势, 它逐渐成为了健康领域的研究热点。深入探究后生元的作用机制、精准评估由不同成分组成的后生元的功能效果, 对推动食品及医药行业的发展意义重大。
当前, 虽有后生元的部分研究取得了一定成果, 但仍有诸多问题待解决, 如后生元的稳定性、安全性、以及生物利用度等。后生元中的活性物质成分及保留率会随着发酵菌株、制备方式、组成成分的改变而发生变化, 这导致了后生元功能的不稳定性。除此以外, 在后生元产品的使用中, 确定后生元的适用人群以及使用方式仍是一大难题。这些问题都限制着后生元产业的发展。随着微生物组学、分子生物学、营养学等多学科的不断发展与交叉, 后生元的研究将更加系统深入。未来, 应加强多学科交叉融合, 进一步解析后生元的作用机制, 开发出成分更加明确、功能更加稳定、对人体更加安全的后生元产品, 以满足食品、医药等领域的需求, 为人类健康和产业发展做出更大贡献。
  • 国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2022-科研公关-6)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
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国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2022-科研公关-6)
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    1.大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院, 大连 116023
    2.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所, 大连 116023
    3.国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010000

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* 靳艳(1968—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为基于蛋白质组学的生物活性肽筛选新技术、新方法的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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