Article(id=1151881504646328391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559551630, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559551630, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559551630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559551630, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923891624047217, articleId=1151881504646328391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Detection and edible safety evaluation of 6 kinds of heavy metals in dorsal and abdominal muscles of Larimichthys crocea, columnId=1151923891565326960, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Processing and Quality Safety of Aquatic Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the content characteristics of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea, and carry out the food health threat and risk assessment. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the dorsal and abdominal parts of wild [(35.16±4.62) cm in length and (510.68±33.74) g in weight] and farmed [(32.90±1.11) cm in length and (454.19±20.03) g in weight] Larimichthys crocea. The pollution index method and health risk assessment were used for analysis. Results The average content of Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea were 0.128, 0.032, 4.179 and 5.526 mg/kg, and 0.023, 0.195, 4.106 and 5.389 mg/kg, respectively. Pb and Cd were not detected. Based on the single heavy metal pollution index, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea and Hg in the dorsal and abdominal of farmed Larimichthys crocea were pollution-free levels. There was slight pollution of Hg and As in the abdomen part of wild Larimichthys crocea, and mild pollution of Hg in the dorsal of wild Larimichthys crocea. Serious pollution level of As was found in the dorsal and abdominal of the farmed Larimichthys crocea. The comprehensive pollution index value of 6 kinds of heavy metals in the muscle of wild Larimichthys crocea was less than 1, which were pollution-free. And comprehensive pollution index value in the muscle tissue of farmed Larimichthys crocea was between 1.0<PI≤2.0, which were mildly polluted. Conclusion The content of heavy metals in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild Larimichthy crocea don’t exceed the detection standard, and the As element in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of farmed Larimichthys crocea exceeds the standard. There is no obvious health risk for the wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea muscles. This study systematically reveals the problem of As enrichment in farmed Larimichthys crocea, and early warning of feed or environmental risks; through the two-dimensional assessment of pollution index and health risk, the safety evaluation model of aquatic products is constructed. The research results have practical guiding significance for improving China’s aquaculture standards and improving the quality and safety supervision level of aquatic products.

, correspAuthors=Shuai WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shan LIANG, Xiao-Lin SHUI, Yu-Ying YANG, Xu-Meng CHEN, Shu-Cheng LIU, Shuai WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923892068643444, articleId=1151881504646328391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=大黄鱼背腹部肌肉6种重金属检测及食用安全评价, columnId=1151923891695350386, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:水产品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部中的铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和砷(As)金属元素的含量分布特征, 并进行食用健康风险评估。方法 采集野生大黄鱼[体长(35.16±4.62) cm, 体重(510.68±33.74) g]和养殖大黄鱼[体长(32.90±1.11) cm, 体重(454.19±20.03) g]的背部、腹部肌肉, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定6种重金属的含量, 采用污染指数法和健康风险评价进行分析。结果 野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部中Hg、As、Cu、Zn的平均含量依次为0.128、0.032、4.179、5.526 mg/kg和0.023、0.195、4.106、5.389 mg/kg, Pb、Cd均未检出。单项重金属污染指数表明, 两种大黄鱼背部、腹部Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部Hg均为无污染水平; 野生大黄鱼腹部Hg和As存在轻度污染, 野生大黄鱼背部Hg存在轻度污染; 养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部As存在重度污染。野生大黄鱼肌肉中6种重金属综合污染指数值小于1, 无污染; 养殖大黄鱼肌肉中6种重金属综合污染指数值在1.0<PI≤2.0之间, 为轻度污染。结论 野生大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉重金属含量未超出检测标准, 养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉As元素超标; 两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉无明显健康风险。本研究系统揭示养殖大黄鱼As元素富集问题, 预警饲料或环境风险; 通过污染指数与健康风险双维度评估, 构建水产品安全评价模型; 研究成果对完善我国水产养殖标准、提升水产品质量安全监管水平具有现实指导意义。

, correspAuthors=魏帅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 魏帅(1986—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为海洋食品保鲜与加工。E-mail:
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梁珊(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为海洋食品保鲜与加工。E-mail:

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梁珊(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为海洋食品保鲜与加工。E-mail:

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Standard curve and correlation coefficient

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重金属 回归方程 相关系数(r2)
Pb Y=0.806X+0.00005 0.9999
Cd Y=0.321X+0.00004 0.9996
Cu Y=2.122X-0.0022 0.9999
Zn Y=0921X+0.0020 0.9999
Hg Y=436.11X-16.055 0.9999
As Y=0.632X-0.0091 0.9998
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标准曲线及相关系数

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重金属 回归方程 相关系数(r2)
Pb Y=0.806X+0.00005 0.9999
Cd Y=0.321X+0.00004 0.9996
Cu Y=2.122X-0.0022 0.9999
Zn Y=0921X+0.0020 0.9999
Hg Y=436.11X-16.055 0.9999
As Y=0.632X-0.0091 0.9998
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Classification standard of SFP

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Pi Pi≤0.2 0.2<Pi≤0.6 0.6<Pi≤1.0 Pi>1.0
污染标准 无污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491060904781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SFP分级标准

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Pi Pi≤0.2 0.2<Pi≤0.6 0.6<Pi≤1.0 Pi>1.0
污染标准 无污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491161568078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Classification standard of comprehensive pollution index

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PI值 PI≤1.0 1.0<PI≤2.0 2.0<PI≤3.0 PI>3.0
分级标准 未受污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491207705423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

综合污染指数分级标准

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PI值 PI≤1.0 1.0<PI≤2.0 2.0<PI≤3.0 PI>3.0
分级标准 未受污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491279008592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Heavy metal content in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea (wet weight, mg/kg)

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组别 Pb Cd Cu Zn Hg As
野生大黄鱼背部 ND ND 4.191±0.012a 5.751±0.015a 0.111±0.004b 0.019±0.008d
野生大黄鱼腹部 ND ND 4.166±0.013a 5.301±0.011b 0.144±0.005a 0.046±0.003c
养殖大黄鱼背部 ND ND 4.111±0.003b 5.657±0.040a 0.023±0.001c 0.223±0.005a
养殖大黄鱼腹部 ND ND 4.102±0.011b 5.121±0.078c 0.023±0.001c 0.166±0.010b
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491329340241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部肌肉的重金属含量(湿重, mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 Pb Cd Cu Zn Hg As
野生大黄鱼背部 ND ND 4.191±0.012a 5.751±0.015a 0.111±0.004b 0.019±0.008d
野生大黄鱼腹部 ND ND 4.166±0.013a 5.301±0.011b 0.144±0.005a 0.046±0.003c
养殖大黄鱼背部 ND ND 4.111±0.003b 5.657±0.040a 0.023±0.001c 0.223±0.005a
养殖大黄鱼腹部 ND ND 4.102±0.011b 5.121±0.078c 0.023±0.001c 0.166±0.010b
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491396449106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

SFP and comprehensive pollution index of heavy metal of dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea

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分类 PCu PZn PPb PCd PHg PAs PI 综合评价
野生大黄鱼背部 0.0838±0.0002 0.1438±0.0003 ND ND 0.2215±0.0057 0.1928±0.0565 0.4540±0.0066 无污染
野生大黄鱼腹部 0.0833±0.0002 0.1325±0.0002 ND ND 0.2886±0.0068 0.4551±0.0207 0.3849±0.0065 无污染
平均值 0.0835±0.0002 0.1382±0.0002 ND ND 0.2551±0.0063 0.3240±0.0386 0.4195±0.0066
单因子污染评价 无污染 无污染 无污染 无污染 轻度污染 轻度污染 无污染
养殖大黄鱼背部 0.0822±0 0.1414±0.0007 ND ND 0.0464±0.0002 2.2328±0.0334 1.9188±0.0218 轻度污染
养殖大黄鱼腹部 0.0820±0.0002 0.1280±0.0014 ND ND 0.0463±0.0011 1.6648±0.0735 1.2252±0.0536 轻度污染
平均值 0.0821±0.0001 0.1347±0.0011 ND ND 0.0464±0.0007 1.9488±0.0534 1.5720±0.0377
单因子污染评价 无污染 无污染 无污染 无污染 无污染 重度污染 轻度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491455169363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部肌肉重金属SFP和综合污染指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 PCu PZn PPb PCd PHg PAs PI 综合评价
野生大黄鱼背部 0.0838±0.0002 0.1438±0.0003 ND ND 0.2215±0.0057 0.1928±0.0565 0.4540±0.0066 无污染
野生大黄鱼腹部 0.0833±0.0002 0.1325±0.0002 ND ND 0.2886±0.0068 0.4551±0.0207 0.3849±0.0065 无污染
平均值 0.0835±0.0002 0.1382±0.0002 ND ND 0.2551±0.0063 0.3240±0.0386 0.4195±0.0066
单因子污染评价 无污染 无污染 无污染 无污染 轻度污染 轻度污染 无污染
养殖大黄鱼背部 0.0822±0 0.1414±0.0007 ND ND 0.0464±0.0002 2.2328±0.0334 1.9188±0.0218 轻度污染
养殖大黄鱼腹部 0.0820±0.0002 0.1280±0.0014 ND ND 0.0463±0.0011 1.6648±0.0735 1.2252±0.0536 轻度污染
平均值 0.0821±0.0001 0.1347±0.0011 ND ND 0.0464±0.0007 1.9488±0.0534 1.5720±0.0377
单因子污染评价 无污染 无污染 无污染 无污染 无污染 重度污染 轻度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491518083924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea

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组别 THQ TTHQ
Cu Zn Hg As Pb Cd
野生大黄鱼背部 0.1107 0.0203 0.3902 0.0679 ND ND 0.5891
野生大黄鱼腹部 0.1101 0.0187 0.5084 0.1603 ND ND 0.7975
养殖大黄鱼背部 0.1086 0.0199 0.0818 0.7848 ND ND 0.9951
养殖大黄鱼腹部 0.1084 0.0180 0.0815 0.5865 ND ND 0.7944
), ArticleFig(id=1167158491589387093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504646328391, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部肌肉重金属的健康风险评价

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组别 THQ TTHQ
Cu Zn Hg As Pb Cd
野生大黄鱼背部 0.1107 0.0203 0.3902 0.0679 ND ND 0.5891
野生大黄鱼腹部 0.1101 0.0187 0.5084 0.1603 ND ND 0.7975
养殖大黄鱼背部 0.1086 0.0199 0.0818 0.7848 ND ND 0.9951
养殖大黄鱼腹部 0.1084 0.0180 0.0815 0.5865 ND ND 0.7944
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大黄鱼背腹部肌肉6种重金属检测及食用安全评价
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梁珊 1 , 税小林 1 , 杨玉莹 1 , 陈许萌 1 , 刘书成 1, 2 , 魏帅 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(10): 119-125
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(10): 119-125
大黄鱼背腹部肌肉6种重金属检测及食用安全评价
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梁珊1 , 税小林1, 杨玉莹1, 陈许萌1, 刘书成1, 2, 魏帅1, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学食品科技学院, 广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室, 广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室, 广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心, 水产品深加工广东普通高等学校重点实验室, 湛江 524088
  • 2.大连工业大学海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心, 大连 116034
  • 梁珊(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为海洋食品保鲜与加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 魏帅(1986—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为海洋食品保鲜与加工。E-mail:
Detection and edible safety evaluation of 6 kinds of heavy metals in dorsal and abdominal muscles of Larimichthys crocea
Shan LIANG1 , Xiao-Lin SHUI1, Yu-Ying YANG1, Xu-Meng CHEN1, Shu-Cheng LIU1, 2, Shuai WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226010
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目的 分析野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部中的铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和砷(As)金属元素的含量分布特征, 并进行食用健康风险评估。方法 采集野生大黄鱼[体长(35.16±4.62) cm, 体重(510.68±33.74) g]和养殖大黄鱼[体长(32.90±1.11) cm, 体重(454.19±20.03) g]的背部、腹部肌肉, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定6种重金属的含量, 采用污染指数法和健康风险评价进行分析。结果 野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部中Hg、As、Cu、Zn的平均含量依次为0.128、0.032、4.179、5.526 mg/kg和0.023、0.195、4.106、5.389 mg/kg, Pb、Cd均未检出。单项重金属污染指数表明, 两种大黄鱼背部、腹部Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部Hg均为无污染水平; 野生大黄鱼腹部Hg和As存在轻度污染, 野生大黄鱼背部Hg存在轻度污染; 养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部As存在重度污染。野生大黄鱼肌肉中6种重金属综合污染指数值小于1, 无污染; 养殖大黄鱼肌肉中6种重金属综合污染指数值在1.0<PI≤2.0之间, 为轻度污染。结论 野生大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉重金属含量未超出检测标准, 养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉As元素超标; 两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉无明显健康风险。本研究系统揭示养殖大黄鱼As元素富集问题, 预警饲料或环境风险; 通过污染指数与健康风险双维度评估, 构建水产品安全评价模型; 研究成果对完善我国水产养殖标准、提升水产品质量安全监管水平具有现实指导意义。

大黄鱼  /  重金属  /  健康风险评估  /  数据评价

Objective To analyze the content characteristics of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea, and carry out the food health threat and risk assessment. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the dorsal and abdominal parts of wild [(35.16±4.62) cm in length and (510.68±33.74) g in weight] and farmed [(32.90±1.11) cm in length and (454.19±20.03) g in weight] Larimichthys crocea. The pollution index method and health risk assessment were used for analysis. Results The average content of Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea were 0.128, 0.032, 4.179 and 5.526 mg/kg, and 0.023, 0.195, 4.106 and 5.389 mg/kg, respectively. Pb and Cd were not detected. Based on the single heavy metal pollution index, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea and Hg in the dorsal and abdominal of farmed Larimichthys crocea were pollution-free levels. There was slight pollution of Hg and As in the abdomen part of wild Larimichthys crocea, and mild pollution of Hg in the dorsal of wild Larimichthys crocea. Serious pollution level of As was found in the dorsal and abdominal of the farmed Larimichthys crocea. The comprehensive pollution index value of 6 kinds of heavy metals in the muscle of wild Larimichthys crocea was less than 1, which were pollution-free. And comprehensive pollution index value in the muscle tissue of farmed Larimichthys crocea was between 1.0<PI≤2.0, which were mildly polluted. Conclusion The content of heavy metals in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild Larimichthy crocea don’t exceed the detection standard, and the As element in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of farmed Larimichthys crocea exceeds the standard. There is no obvious health risk for the wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea muscles. This study systematically reveals the problem of As enrichment in farmed Larimichthys crocea, and early warning of feed or environmental risks; through the two-dimensional assessment of pollution index and health risk, the safety evaluation model of aquatic products is constructed. The research results have practical guiding significance for improving China’s aquaculture standards and improving the quality and safety supervision level of aquatic products.

Larimichthys crocea  /  heavy metal  /  health risk assessment  /  data evaluation
梁珊, 税小林, 杨玉莹, 陈许萌, 刘书成, 魏帅. 大黄鱼背腹部肌肉6种重金属检测及食用安全评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 119 -125 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226010
Shan LIANG, Xiao-Lin SHUI, Yu-Ying YANG, Xu-Meng CHEN, Shu-Cheng LIU, Shuai WEI. Detection and edible safety evaluation of 6 kinds of heavy metals in dorsal and abdominal muscles of Larimichthys crocea[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 119 -125 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226010
大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)又名大鲜、大黄花, 是石首鱼科、黄鱼属鱼类[1], 我国特有的4大传统海鲜之一。大黄鱼肉质细腻、味道鲜美、营养丰富, 显著的经济效益使其在海水鱼类的捕捞和养殖中占据重要地位[2]。大黄鱼作为一种经济海洋鱼类, 胆固醇含量低且富含多种微量元素、不饱和脂肪酸和氨基酸等营养物质, 食用价值高, 因此深受消费者喜爱[3-4]
随着城市化和工业化的快速发展, 重金属通过各种自然和人为活动引入环境中, 如未经处理的工业废水和生活用水直接或间接地排入江河、海洋等自然水域, 从而造成水域重金属污染, 并进一步在水生生物体内富集并积累[5], 而且重金属的毒性高, 可能对水生生物的肾组织、肝组织和神经组织等造成无法弥补的损害[6]。人类通过食物链、皮肤接触和吸入等途径不断接触污染物, 食物消费则是人类摄入污染物的主要途径, 占污染物总摄入量的90%以上[7]。目前, 市场上的大黄鱼资源主要来源于自然海域的野生大黄鱼及深海围网养殖的大黄鱼。作为一种海洋鱼类, 大黄鱼体内的重金属来源可能是直接从海域环境中吸收或者通过捕食浮游生物、小型鱼虾及底栖生物而吸收重金属并富集在体内[8-9]。重金属在环境中的残留具有持久性, 可以在植物和动物体内积累难以代谢出体外[10], 根据生物毒性特征, Hg、Pb、Cd和As的被世界卫生组织列为优先控制污染物, 具有强神经毒性、致癌性及致畸性, 其中甲基Hg可通过血脑屏障引发不可逆神经损伤, 而无机As已被国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)列为Ⅰ类人类致癌物; Cu、Zn作为必需微量元素, 在工业废水、船舶防污漆及水产饲料添加剂中广泛存在, 过量摄入会导致代谢紊乱; 大黄鱼肌肉组织因其蛋白质含量高更易与金属离子结合蓄积, 因此作为主要食用部位直接关系消费安全, 系统的评估这6种特征污染物对完善水产品安全标准具有重要科学价值。随着国民健康意识的提升, 重金属在鱼类的积累情况及产生的相关健康风险备受关注。郑瑞生等[11]对9种近海鱼类的头、尾、皮等部位进行了重金属含量检测, 结果表明内脏重金属污染较严重, 但鱼肉食用均安全。曾欢等[12]对鄱阳湖鱼类进行重金属含量进行测定, 结果表明鄱阳湖鱼类单项重金属含量无污染且复合目标危险系数均小于1, 该地区鱼类重金属的富集不会对人群食用产生潜在危害。王进芳等[13]对高体鰤的背肉、腹肉、皮等部位的重金属含量进行测定, 结果表明, 高体鰤的5种重金属均达到无污染水平, 且单一金属风险和重金属复合风险都小于1。MENDOZA等[14]对菲律宾卡拉潘市地区的罗非鱼内脏、皮、尾等不同部位的重金属含量进行检测分析, 结果表明Cu、Pb、锰、Hg和Zn在皮、鳍和内脏的浓度超出相关限定标准。PELIĆ等[15]对不同养殖水源的鲤鱼进行重金属分析, 研究结果表明鲤鱼不同器官中重金属的含量因季节而异, 重金属在鲤鱼体内的浓度远低于世界卫生组织标准。
而国内外关于野生和养殖大黄鱼背腹部肌肉重金属含量及健康风险评估的研究较少。鉴于此, 本研究测定了两种大黄鱼背腹部肌肉中的Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cd和As含量, 通过运用单因子污染指数法(single-factor pollution index, SFP)、综合污染指数法及目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)对两种大黄鱼可食用部位进行食用安全性评价, 根据大黄鱼体内的重金属含量情况, 为消费者提供安全预警, 合理调整食用量和食用频率, 降低因食用受污染大黄鱼而患病的风险。
2022年9月—2023年6月间采集大黄鱼样本, 其中野生大黄鱼[体长(35.16±4.62) cm, 体重(510.68±33.74) g]取样数量为3条, 采集于湛江市硇洲海域; 养殖大黄鱼[体长(32.90±1.11) cm, 体重(454.19±20.03) g]取样数量为3条, 购于三都港官方旗舰店, 养殖于福建省宁德市三都港海域, 主要采用深海围网养殖, 养殖时长达一年半, 采用小鱼小虾喂养。
过氧化氢(分析纯, 北京化工厂有限责任公司); 无水乙醇、硝酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cd和As标准品(质量浓度10 mg/L, 坛墨质检科技股份有限公司)。
7500cx型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); SK-锐析原子荧光光谱仪(北京金索坤技术开发有限公司); PRO 41HVT56型微波消解仪(奥地利安东帕有限公司); BSA235S-SH万分之一电子天平(上海精密有限公司)。
将新鲜大黄鱼样品装入带冰保温箱, 运回实验室, 去除内脏、头、尾、皮, 清洗干净后将鱼肉分为背部肌肉和腹部肌肉, 进行液氮速冻后放入-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
采用微波消解法对As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg金属元素进行前处理。
As、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb 5种重金属元素含量的测定使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法; Hg元素含量的测定使用原子荧光光谱法, 6种重金属含量的标准曲线及相关系数如表1所示。
(1)单因子污染指数法
通过SFP[16][对两种大黄鱼背部和腹部肌肉的重金属污染状况进行分析, 评价单项重金属元素在背部、腹部肌肉中的污染情况, 计算如公式(1)所示:
${{P}_{\text{i}}}=\frac{{{C}_{\text{i}}}}{{{S}_{\text{i}}}}$
式中: Pi为重金属的单项污染指数; Ci为重金属的实际测定测值, mg/kg; Si为重金属的标准值, mg/kg。重金属污染物限量标准参考GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》、NY 5073—2006《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》和联合国粮农组织[17]提供的鱼类重金属限量标准, 其中Zn元素的最高限量为40 mg/kg。SFP分级标准[18-19]表2所示。
(2)综合污染指数法
通过综合污染指数法[20]对两种大黄鱼背部和腹部肌肉的重金属污染进行计算分析, 评价重金属元素在背腹部肌肉中的污染情况, 计算如公式(2)所示:
$\mathrm{PI}=\sqrt{\frac{P_{\text {均值 }}^{2}+P_{\text {最大值 }}^{2}}{2}}$
式中: PI为综合污染指数; P均值Pi的平均值; P最大值Pi最大值。综合污染指数分级标准如表3所示。
(3)重金属健康风险分析
采用THQ评价两种大黄鱼背部和腹部肌肉重金属对人体健康的影响[21]。当THQ值≤1时, 污染物对暴露人群无明显的健康风险; 当THQ值>1时, 则表明污染物对暴露人群造成健康风险[22]。单一重金属健康风险THQ计算如公式(3)所示:
$\text{THQ}=\frac{{{E}_{\text{F}}}\times {{E}_{\text{D}}}\times {{F}_{\text{IR}}}\times C}{{{R}_{\text{FD}}}\times {{W}_{\text{AB}}}\times {{T}_{\text{A}}}}\times {{10}^{-3}}$
式中: EF为暴露频率, d/a, 取值为365; ED为暴露时间, 取值为75.76 a; FIR为日常近海鱼类的摄入率, 取值为63.41 g/d[23]; C为检测鱼类肌的重金属实际测量含量, mg/kg; RFD为参考剂量, mg/(kg·d); 其中RFD(Zn)=0.3 mg/(kg·d)、RFD(Pb)= 0.004 mg/(kg·d)、RFD(Cd)=0.001 mg/(kg·d)、RFD(As)= 0.0003 mg/(kg·d)、RFD(Hg)=0.0003 mg/(kg·d)[20-21]。参照NY 5073—2006中的标准RFD(Cu)=0.04 mg/(kg·d); WAB为人体平均体重, 取值为60.0 kg; TA为平均接触时间(ED×365 d/a), 即TA=27652.4 d/a。
多种重金属复合风险系数(total target hazard quotient, TTHQ)为各元素THQ的总和, 计算如公式(4)所示:
$\begin{align} & \text{TTHQ}=\sum \text{THQ}=\text{TH}{{\text{Q}}_{Z\text{n}}}+\text{TH}{{\text{Q}}_{\text{Cu}}}+\text{TH}{{\text{Q}}_{\text{Pb}}}+ \\ & \text{ TH}{{\text{Q}}_{\text{Cd}}}+\text{TH}{{\text{Q}}_{\text{Hg}}}+\text{TH}{{\text{Q}}_{\text{As}}} \\ \end{align}$
实验结果以平均值±标准偏差表示, 使用SPSS 20进行数据处理, 根据单因素方差分析和Duncan法多重检验进行数据显著差异性分析, P<0.05表示显著差异。
野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉重金属元素的含量见表4, 野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部中Hg、As、Cu、Zn的平均含量依次为0.128、0.032、4.179、5.526 mg/kg和0.023、0.195、4.106、5.389 mg/kg, 其中野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中所测重金属元素含量较高的是Cu元素: 4.102~4.191 mg/kg和Zn元素: 5.121~5.751 mg/kg, 其次为Hg元素: 0.023~0.144 mg/kg和As元素: 0.019~0.223 mg/kg, Zn和Cu元素的含量明显高于其他元素, 这与匡荟芬等[24]的研究结果一致。Zn和Cu元素在生物体内能够维持神经系统正常功能, 参与免疫调节活动, 是生物体中必需的微量元素, 更易于被生物体主动吸收[25-26], 因此在两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中Zn和Cu元素含量较高。而Pb、Cd、Hg和As元素作为非必需元素, 在鱼类中As元素和Hg元素的含量相对较低, Pb元素和Cd元素在两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中则未检出, 即Pb元素和Cd元素在两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中蓄积量较小, 对人体不构成危害。研究表明, Pb和Cd重金属中毒会导致影响神经系统的正常发育和功能, 增加高血压、心脏病等心血管疾病的发病风险以及肾小管功能障碍, 长期暴露可能引发肾功能衰竭[27]
表4所示, Hg、As和Cu元素在两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉的含量分别存在显著差异(P<0.05)。Cu元素在两种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉间存在显著差异(P<0.05), 而同种大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉间无显著差异(P>0.05); Zn元素在大黄鱼背部与腹部间存在差异显著(P<0.05); Hg元素在野生大黄鱼背部、腹部的含量显著高于养殖大黄鱼(P<0.05), 养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部间无显著差异(P>0.05); As元素在两种鱼背部、腹部中存在显著差异, 且养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部As元素的含量显著高于野生大黄鱼背部、腹部(P<0.05), 结果表明同种大黄鱼的同种重金属元素在不同的部位存在显著差异。参照NY 5073—2006和GB 2762—2022, 养殖大黄鱼背腹部As元素超标(最高限量值为0.1 mg/kg)。As元素在农业生产和工业中使用广泛, 如中As的一些化合物如亚砷酸钠、砷酸铅等曾经被广泛用作农药, 用于防治农作物的害虫、病菌和杂草, 能有效控制病虫害, 提高农作物产量, 也常使用在金属冶炼和半净化工业废气等方面。日常的生活生产中产生的As元素污染会通过工业排放、农药化肥的过度使用和陆地径流等途径进入湖泊海洋等水域环境, As元素污染已造成沿海地区严峻的环境问题之一[28]。因此, 在日常的养殖生产活动中应加强养殖海域环境监测, 重点关注As元素的污染动态。
对野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉重金属采用SFP和综合污染指数法进行分析(表5), SFP表明, 野生大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd 4大重金属元素为无污染, 而野生大黄鱼背部、腹部Hg和腹部As存在轻度污染。养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd和Hg 5种重金属元素为无污染, 而As元素在养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部中存在重度污染。平均值结果表明, 野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼肌肉组织中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd和养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中Hg均为无污染水平, 而野生大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中As和Hg存在轻度污染, 养殖大黄鱼肌肉中As为重度污染。由于野生大黄鱼栖息于开放海域, As污染主要源于自然地质活动或远距离工业排放, 污染强度相对较低。而养殖大黄鱼通常位于近岸或深海围网区域, 易受沿岸农业废水、工业排污及水产养殖过程中含As饲料添加剂、消毒剂残留等自身污染的影响, 导致养殖环境中As浓度显著高于自然海域。Hg在鱼类体内更易富集于肝脏、肾脏等代谢器官, 而肌肉中浓度相对较低。野生鱼因生存压力可能需更高能量代谢, 导致Hg向肌肉的二次分布增加; 养殖鱼代谢环境稳定, Hg主要滞留于内脏, 肌肉污染水平因而较低。
综合污染指数表明, 野生大黄鱼肌肉组织中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg综合污染指数值小于1, 说明野生大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉为无污染; 养殖大黄鱼肌肉组织中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg综合污染指数值在1.0<PI≤2.0之间, 表明为轻度污染。当生物体对重金属的富集和积累超过体内各大系统的能力承受范围, 就会干扰体内细胞的正常代谢和功能, 影响食物的消化和吸收, 导致营养不良, 更严重者会干扰生殖行为、阻碍胚胎发育, 对其繁衍和种群延续构成威胁[29]。养殖大黄鱼样品采集于福建省宁德市三都港海域, 福建作为全国大黄鱼养殖产量最高的地区, 当地海域的水质状况尤为重要, 对重金属污染的累积趋势等进行综合评估, 可以为防治工作提供科学依据[30-31]
综上, 野生与养殖大黄鱼重金属污染主要由环境暴露途径、食物来源及人为管理措施共同作用所致。未来可通过加强养殖饲料As源控制、优化养殖水域环境监测, 并针对无机As形态开展风险评估, 以保障水产品食用安全。
为进一步明确野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼的日常食用健康风险, 对野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部可食用肌肉进行健康风险评价, 其结果如表6所示。野生大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中6种重金属元素的单一重金属风险值由高到低分别为Hg>Cu>As>Zn>Pb=Cd、Hg>As>Cu>Zn>Pb=Cd, 养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中6种重金属元素的单一重金属风险值由高到低均为As>Cu>Hg>Zn>Pb=Cd, 两种大黄鱼背腹部肌肉THQ值均小于1, 且两种大黄鱼TTHQ值也小于1, 说明暴露人群没有明显的健康风险。TTHQ值由大到小依次为: 养殖大黄鱼背部>野生大黄鱼腹部>养殖大黄鱼腹部>野生大黄鱼背部。野生大黄鱼背腹部肌肉中Hg元素和养殖大黄鱼背部、腹部肌肉中As元素的THQ值相对较高, 对TTHQ值的影响较大。Hg元素和As元素是野生大黄鱼和养殖大黄鱼的主要风险重金属。
本研究测定了野生大黄鱼、养殖大黄鱼背部和腹部的6种重金属, 除养殖大黄鱼背部和腹部的As元素超出标准(0.1 mg/kg)外, 其余5种重金属元素含量均低于GB 2762—2022、NY 5073—2006和联合国粮农组织提供的鱼类重金属限量标准。综合污染指数表明野生大黄鱼背腹部肌肉为无污染, 养殖大黄鱼背腹部肌肉存在轻度污染。健康风险评估结果显示野生大黄鱼与养殖大黄鱼背腹部肌肉均无健康风险。对大黄鱼的重金属污染进行研究不仅为消费者、生产者和监管部门提供了明确的风险认知与行动依据, 丰富了水产动物污染物分布的基础数据, 为后续开展不同生长阶段、地域或养殖模式的对比研究提供了参考, 推动渔业环境与食品安全领域的深入探索, 对保障水产品质量安全和渔业绿色发展具有重要的现实意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2401404)
  • 广东海洋大学博士科研启动项目(R20048)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226010
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2401404)
广东海洋大学博士科研启动项目(R20048)
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学食品科技学院, 广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室, 广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室, 广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心, 水产品深加工广东普通高等学校重点实验室, 湛江 524088
    2.大连工业大学海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心, 大连 116034

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* 魏帅(1986—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为海洋食品保鲜与加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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