Article(id=1151881504247869492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559551536, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559551536, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559551536, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559551536, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=111, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923892873474735, articleId=1151881504247869492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Concentration characteristics and health risk assessment of 8 kinds of heavy metals in Chishui insect tea, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the levels of 8 kinds of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and assess their potential health risks. Methods The 88 insect tea samples from Chishui City were soaked in ultrapure water at 80 ℃ for 40 min, and the supernatant was shaken and filtered, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the single-factor pollution index and Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index, and the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were used for dietary health risk assessment. Results The average content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the insect tea samples were 1.558, 3.344, 3.366, 27.020, 1.774, 0.858, 0.011 and 1.385 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of the contamination degree of the heavy metals showed that the Pi and the Pn value of those samples were less than 1.0, and the contamination level was clean and safe. The EDI values were ranked in the order of Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr> Pb>Cd>Hg, and all of them were lower than their corresponding RFD values. THQ values ranked in the order of 1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, and the risks were all low. The TCR values for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were evaluated, and their values were all below the acceptable range. Conclusion The samples of insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, shows a low level of heavy metal contamination, and the dietary health risk and carcinogenic risk to consumers are low.

, correspAuthors=Gui-Rong LIU, Wen-Zheng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-Qiang ZHOU, Xian-Jie FU, Gui-Rong LIU, Wen-Zheng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923907914248258, articleId=1151881504247869492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=赤水虫茶中8种重金属含量特征及健康风险评估, columnId=1151923892995109553, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究贵州省赤水市所产虫茶中8种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的含量水平并评估其潜在的饮用健康风险。方法 将采自赤水市的88份虫茶样品用80 ℃的超纯水浸泡40 min, 取上清液摇匀过滤, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行测定。利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属的污染程度进行评价, 利用预估每日摄入量(modeling daily intake, EDI)、目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)和目标致癌风险模型(target carcinogenic risk, TCR)进行膳食健康风险评估。结果 虫茶样品中8种重金属的平均含量分别为1.558、3.344、3.366、27.020、1.774、0.858、0.011、1.385 mg/kg。重金属的污染程度评价结果显示, 本批次虫茶的单因子污染指数值(Pi)和内梅罗综合污染指数值(Pn)均小于1.0, 污染等级为清洁、安全。EDI值的顺序为Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr>Pb>Cd>Hg, 且都低于其相应的RFD值。THQ值排名依次为1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, 风险均较低。对Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的TCR值进行评估, 其值均在可接受范围以下。结论 贵州省赤水市所产虫茶样本的重金属污染程度尚轻, 对消费者的膳食健康风险和致癌风险均较低。

, correspAuthors=刘贵荣, 刘文政, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘贵荣(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
刘文政(1988—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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周立强(1996—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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周立强(1996—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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周立强(1996—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Plant Diseases and Pests, 2010, 1(2): 5755-5762., articleTitle=Biological safety evaluation of white insect tea in Guizhou, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158640453628352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, awardId=gzwkj2022-208, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金资助项目(gzwkj2022-208), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158636737474886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158636745863494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, companyId=1167158636737474886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158636750057799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, companyId=1167158636737474886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州省疾病预防控制中心, 贵阳 550004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167158638813655433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=single factor pollution index of metal pollutants in tea soups of insect tea, figureFileSmall=ASInB2xKemWvXIZctvZz4g==, figureFileBig=qYD88LWjVV/SCDy8yh/3TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638855598476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=图1, caption=虫茶茶汤中重金属的单因子污染指数, figureFileSmall=ASInB2xKemWvXIZctvZz4g==, figureFileBig=qYD88LWjVV/SCDy8yh/3TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638947873167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=EDI values of 8 kinds of heavy metals in tea soups of insect tea, figureFileSmall=yCrfrPfhxVNMUgEiu2AI8g==, figureFileBig=dqvyyTBdf9xdcyDddBfv8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639002399122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=图2, caption=虫茶茶汤中8种重金属的EDI值, figureFileSmall=yCrfrPfhxVNMUgEiu2AI8g==, figureFileBig=dqvyyTBdf9xdcyDddBfv8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639082090901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=THQ values of 8 kinds of heavy metals in tea soups of insect tea, figureFileSmall=VwwR6Nn5fVu99FAPClXtEg==, figureFileBig=ynuK1zb48OARXPdQXuXi+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639153394072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=图3, caption=虫茶茶汤中8种重金属的THQ值, figureFileSmall=VwwR6Nn5fVu99FAPClXtEg==, figureFileBig=ynuK1zb48OARXPdQXuXi+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639237280155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=TCR values of Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb in tea soups of insect tea, figureFileSmall=tGw1ahAWXcX4yKxRP5Mpzw==, figureFileBig=hjBjyKgURnvLC5lvVeQwNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639312777630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=图4, caption=虫茶中Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的TCR值, figureFileSmall=tGw1ahAWXcX4yKxRP5Mpzw==, figureFileBig=hjBjyKgURnvLC5lvVeQwNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639375692193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Grading standards for metal pollutants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级 单项污染 综合污染
污染指数 污染等级 污染指数 污染等级
1 Pi≤0.7 优良 Pn≤0.7 安全
2 0.7<Pi≤1.0 清洁 0.7<Pn≤1.0 警戒线
3 1.0<Pi≤2.0 轻度污染 1.0<Pn≤2.0 轻度污染
4 2.0<Pi≤3.0 中度污染 2.0<Pn≤3.0 中度污染
5 Pi>3.0 重度污染 P>3.0 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639526687140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

金属污染物分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级 单项污染 综合污染
污染指数 污染等级 污染指数 污染等级
1 Pi≤0.7 优良 Pn≤0.7 安全
2 0.7<Pi≤1.0 清洁 0.7<Pn≤1.0 警戒线
3 1.0<Pi≤2.0 轻度污染 1.0<Pn≤2.0 轻度污染
4 2.0<Pi≤3.0 中度污染 2.0<Pn≤3.0 中度污染
5 Pi>3.0 重度污染 P>3.0 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639656710567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters related to oral intake of various elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 元素类别 参数取值
RFD/[mg/(kg·day)] Cr 0.0030
Ni 0.0054
Cu 0.0050
Zn 0.3000
As 0.0003
Cd 0.0005
Hg 0.0050
Pb 0.0014
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639744790953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各种元素经口摄入相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 元素类别 参数取值
RFD/[mg/(kg·day)] Cr 0.0030
Ni 0.0054
Cu 0.0050
Zn 0.3000
As 0.0003
Cd 0.0005
Hg 0.0050
Pb 0.0014
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639832871340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in tea soups of insect tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属 含量/(mg/kg) 金属 含量/(mg/kg)
Cr 1.558±0.306 As 1.774±0.087
Ni 3.344±0.319 Cd 0.858±0.235
Cu 3.366±0.526 Hg 0.011±0.002
Zn 27.020±4.93 Pb 1.385±0.178
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639895785902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

虫茶茶汤中8种重金属的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属 含量/(mg/kg) 金属 含量/(mg/kg)
Cr 1.558±0.306 As 1.774±0.087
Ni 3.344±0.319 Cd 0.858±0.235
Cu 3.366±0.526 Hg 0.011±0.002
Zn 27.020±4.93 Pb 1.385±0.178
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639992254897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Spike recovery of tea soups of insect tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 本底/(mg/kg) 加标1
/(mg/kg)
结果1
/(mg/kg)
回收率/% 加标2
/(mg/kg)
结果2
/(mg/kg)
回收率/% 加标3
/(mg/kg)
结果3
/(mg/kg)
回收率/%
Cr 1.159 0.8 1.871 89.0 1.6 2.660 93.8 4 5.077 97.9
Ni 3.477 4.191 89.3 4.878 87.6 7.270 94.8
Cu 3.598 4.282 85.5 5.069 91.9 7.344 93.7
Zn 27.097 27.829 91.5 28.594 93.6 30.876 94.5
As 0.142 0.885 92.9 1.760 101.1 3.964 95.6
Cd 0.448 1.193 93.1 2.054 100.4 4.417 99.2
Pb 1.060 1.771 88.9 2.670 100.6 5.124 101.6
Hg 0.010 0.1 0.0996 89.6 0.2 0.209 99.5 0.5 0.514 100.8
), ArticleFig(id=1167158640063558068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

虫茶茶汤的加标回收率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 本底/(mg/kg) 加标1
/(mg/kg)
结果1
/(mg/kg)
回收率/% 加标2
/(mg/kg)
结果2
/(mg/kg)
回收率/% 加标3
/(mg/kg)
结果3
/(mg/kg)
回收率/%
Cr 1.159 0.8 1.871 89.0 1.6 2.660 93.8 4 5.077 97.9
Ni 3.477 4.191 89.3 4.878 87.6 7.270 94.8
Cu 3.598 4.282 85.5 5.069 91.9 7.344 93.7
Zn 27.097 27.829 91.5 28.594 93.6 30.876 94.5
As 0.142 0.885 92.9 1.760 101.1 3.964 95.6
Cd 0.448 1.193 93.1 2.054 100.4 4.417 99.2
Pb 1.060 1.771 88.9 2.670 100.6 5.124 101.6
Hg 0.010 0.1 0.0996 89.6 0.2 0.209 99.5 0.5 0.514 100.8
), ArticleFig(id=1167158640147444150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Determination results and relative standard deviations of green tea standard substance (GBW 10052a)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 证书指示值
/(mg/kg)
测定值
/(mg/kg)
相对标准
偏差/%
As 0.1600±0.0200 0.165±0.008 5.0
Cd 0.2000±0.0200 0.196±0.007 3.7
Cr 0.6000±0.1000 0.632±0.029 4.6
Cu 13.2000±0.9000 13.270±0.490 3.7
Hg 0.0073±0.0007 0.008±0.001 7.2
Ni 4.4000±0.3000 4.470±0.130 3.0
Pb 1.6000±0.2000 1.660±0.070 4.3
Zn 26.0000±3.0000 26.500±1.400 5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1167158640252301753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881504247869492, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

绿茶标准物质(GBW 10052a)的测定结果及相对标准偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 证书指示值
/(mg/kg)
测定值
/(mg/kg)
相对标准
偏差/%
As 0.1600±0.0200 0.165±0.008 5.0
Cd 0.2000±0.0200 0.196±0.007 3.7
Cr 0.6000±0.1000 0.632±0.029 4.6
Cu 13.2000±0.9000 13.270±0.490 3.7
Hg 0.0073±0.0007 0.008±0.001 7.2
Ni 4.4000±0.3000 4.470±0.130 3.0
Pb 1.6000±0.2000 1.660±0.070 4.3
Zn 26.0000±3.0000 26.500±1.400 5.2
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赤水虫茶中8种重金属含量特征及健康风险评估
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周立强 , 付贤杰 , 刘贵荣 * , 刘文政 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(10): 105-111
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(10): 105-111
赤水虫茶中8种重金属含量特征及健康风险评估
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周立强 , 付贤杰, 刘贵荣* , 刘文政*
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心, 贵阳 550004
  • 周立强(1996—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘贵荣(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
刘文政(1988—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Concentration characteristics and health risk assessment of 8 kinds of heavy metals in Chishui insect tea
Li-Qiang ZHOU , Xian-Jie FU, Gui-Rong LIU* , Wen-Zheng LIU*
Affiliations
  • Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202001
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目的 探究贵州省赤水市所产虫茶中8种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的含量水平并评估其潜在的饮用健康风险。方法 将采自赤水市的88份虫茶样品用80 ℃的超纯水浸泡40 min, 取上清液摇匀过滤, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行测定。利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属的污染程度进行评价, 利用预估每日摄入量(modeling daily intake, EDI)、目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)和目标致癌风险模型(target carcinogenic risk, TCR)进行膳食健康风险评估。结果 虫茶样品中8种重金属的平均含量分别为1.558、3.344、3.366、27.020、1.774、0.858、0.011、1.385 mg/kg。重金属的污染程度评价结果显示, 本批次虫茶的单因子污染指数值(Pi)和内梅罗综合污染指数值(Pn)均小于1.0, 污染等级为清洁、安全。EDI值的顺序为Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr>Pb>Cd>Hg, 且都低于其相应的RFD值。THQ值排名依次为1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, 风险均较低。对Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的TCR值进行评估, 其值均在可接受范围以下。结论 贵州省赤水市所产虫茶样本的重金属污染程度尚轻, 对消费者的膳食健康风险和致癌风险均较低。

电感耦合等离子体质谱法  /  虫茶  /  重金属  /  健康风险评估

Objective To investigate the levels of 8 kinds of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and assess their potential health risks. Methods The 88 insect tea samples from Chishui City were soaked in ultrapure water at 80 ℃ for 40 min, and the supernatant was shaken and filtered, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the single-factor pollution index and Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index, and the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were used for dietary health risk assessment. Results The average content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the insect tea samples were 1.558, 3.344, 3.366, 27.020, 1.774, 0.858, 0.011 and 1.385 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of the contamination degree of the heavy metals showed that the Pi and the Pn value of those samples were less than 1.0, and the contamination level was clean and safe. The EDI values were ranked in the order of Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr> Pb>Cd>Hg, and all of them were lower than their corresponding RFD values. THQ values ranked in the order of 1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, and the risks were all low. The TCR values for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were evaluated, and their values were all below the acceptable range. Conclusion The samples of insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, shows a low level of heavy metal contamination, and the dietary health risk and carcinogenic risk to consumers are low.

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry  /  insect tea  /  heavy metals  /  health risk assessment
周立强, 付贤杰, 刘贵荣, 刘文政. 赤水虫茶中8种重金属含量特征及健康风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 105 -111 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202001
Li-Qiang ZHOU, Xian-Jie FU, Gui-Rong LIU, Wen-Zheng LIU. Concentration characteristics and health risk assessment of 8 kinds of heavy metals in Chishui insect tea[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 105 -111 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202001
虫茶又称“茶精”“虫酿茶”“虫屎茶”“虫粪茶”等, 是由特种昆虫食用特定植物后经体内消化酶或消化微生物发酵后所产生的粪便加工而成的茶叶代用品[1-3], 其含有人体必需的氨基酸、脂肪酸、蛋白质、多酚等多种活性成分[4], 具有健脾胃[5]、降血糖[6]、降血压[7]、降血脂[8]、抗肿瘤[9]等功效, 是一种集保健、营养、食疗、药用于一体的保健食品资源。
近年来, 虫茶因其独特的品质特征和药用保健功效而逐渐引起人们的关注, 从20世纪90年代中期开始, 有关虫茶的研究文献不断增多, 尤其是对虫茶的生物活性、疾病预防和治疗等方面的研究[5-9]。随着城市工业的发展, 人类生活环境已经受到不同程度的污染和破坏, 其中重金属污染就是严重威胁人类健康的一大因素。由于虫茶主要产自我国西南地区, 而西南地区土壤重金属污染问题突出[10-14], 因此, 开展虫茶中重金属的含量分析及膳食风险评估, 对安全饮用虫茶具有重要的现实意义。
贵州赤水是我国虫茶的主产地之一, 赤水虫茶为茶中极品, 历史悠久, 市场罕见, 价格昂贵, 仅产于赤水市四洞沟附近, 省内其他地区仅零星生产。因此, 本研究以赤水虫茶为研究对象, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定虫茶样品中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 8种重金属的含量, 并对其进行污染水平和饮用健康风险评估。本研究详细呈现出所测8种重金属各自平均含量的具体数值, 以及在不同评价方法下各项指标的排序情况、具体数值范围和对应的风险等级判定, 对贵州省赤水市虫茶重金属相关风险有较为细致、全面的量化呈现与解读, 为后续该地区虫茶产业发展以及消费者认知等方面提供了更具参考价值的数据支撑。
iCAP-Q电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); Ethos A微波消解系统(意大利Milestone公司); Milli-Q integral超纯水处理系统(美国Millipore公司); AL204万分之一分析天平(瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司)。
Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Sc、In、Ge单元素标准物质溶液(质量浓度1000 μg/mL, 国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心); 硝酸、过氧化氢(优级纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 水相针式过滤器(0.22 μm, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司)。
经过前期深入调研, 选取赤水市11家在规模、生产工艺、产量和市场份额等方面均具有一定的代表性的虫茶生产商, 确保能够较为全面地反映赤水市虫茶生产的整体状况。针对每家生产商随机采集8份虫茶样品, 共采集到88份, 每份重量严格控制在50 g左右。将虫茶样品装入洁净的玻璃瓶内, 存放于阴凉干燥、通风良好且无异味的环境中, 温度控制在20 ℃以下, 相对湿度保持在40%~60%之间, 以最大程度减少环境因素对样品中重金属含量的影响, 确保样品在待测期间保持原始状态, 为后续实验分析的准确性提供有力保障。
参考刘文政等[15]对绿茶中重金属浸出规律进行样品前处理。分别称取1.00 g不同生产商的虫茶样品于一系列250 mL烧杯内, 加100 mL 80 ℃的超纯水, 浸泡40 min, 取上清液摇匀、过滤, 上机测定。
在测定过程中, 为了保证质量控制, 采用试剂空白、平行双样、加标回收以及标准物质测定的方法进行控制, 具体操作及要求如下:
试剂空白: 8种重金属的含量均须远低于混合标准系列曲线的最低浓度点。
平行双样: 每5个样品设置一个平行样, 要求平行双样测定结果的相对偏差不得超过5%。
加标回收: 随机抽取一份虫茶样品, 分别向其茶汤中加入低、中、高3个不同浓度水平的混合标准溶液, 要求加标回收率范围为80%~120%。
标准物质测定: 测定结果须在标准证书规定的范围内。
单一重金属元素的污染程度采用单因子污染指数法[16]进行评价, 其计算如公式(1):
${{P}_{i}}=\frac{{{C}_{i}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$
式中: Pi为重金属元素i的单项污染指数; Ci为重金属元素i的实际测量值, mg/kg; Si为污染物i的评价标准值, mg/kg。当Pi≤1时, 表明研究对象未受到重金属污染; 若Pi>1时, 表明研究对象已受到重金属污染, 且污染程度与Pi呈正相关。Pb的限量标准按照GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》, 为5 mg/kg; Cr、Cd、Hg、As的限量标准按照NY 659—2003《茶叶中铬、镉、汞、砷及氟化物限量》, 分别为5.0、1.0、0.3、2.0 mg/kg; Cu的限量标准按照NYT 288—2018《绿色食品 茶叶》, 为30 mg/kg。
利用内梅罗综合污染指数法[16]对虫茶中重金属元素污染程度进行综合评价, 计算如公式(2):
${{P}_{n}}=\sqrt{\frac{P_{\text{ave}}^{2}+P_{\max }^{2}}{2}}$
式中: Pn为内梅罗综合污染指数; Pave为重金属元素单项污染指数的平均值; Pmax为重金属元素单项污染指数的最大值; 评价标准分为5个等级(见表1)。
预估每日摄入量(modeling daily intake, EDI)是通过假定每人每天平均摄入量来计算所有的风险限值和因素。本研究中具有致癌风险的重金属元素有Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb, 其每日摄入量的计算方法如公式(3):
$\text{EDI}=\frac{C\times \text{IR}}{\text{BW}}$
式中: C为重金属元素的测量值, mg/kg; IR为虫茶平均日摄入量, 参照茶叶的平均日摄入量, 为8 g/(人·d)[18-19]; BW为平均体重, kg, 中国成人平均体重为64.3 kg[20]
使用目标危害系数(target hazard quotient, THQ)法对虫茶中的单一重金属进行健康风险评估, 其计算如公式(4):
$\text{THQ}=\frac{{{E}_{\text{F}}}\times {{E}_{\text{D}}}\times {{F}_{\text{IR}}}\times C}{{{R}_{\text{FD}}}\times {{W}_{\text{AB}}}\times {{T}_{\text{A}}}}\times {{10}^{-3}}$
式中: EF为暴露频率, 365 day/year; ED为暴露时间, 70 year; FIR为虫茶的日均摄入量, 8 g/day; C为虫茶中重金属的含量, mg/kg; RFD为每天每千克体重对应的非致癌口服参考剂量(见表2), mg/(kg·day)[21-22]; WAB为平均体重, 64.3 kg; TA为非致癌平均暴露时间(EF×ED), 25550 day。
当THQ<1时, 表示暴露量未超过不良反应阈值, 风险较低; 当THQ≥1时, 表明暴露人群很可能面临健康风险。
目标致癌风险(target carcinogenic risk, TCR), 用于评估终身接触致癌物的潜在风险。该公式利用经口斜率因子而不是经口参考剂量来计算暴露个体的估计终生癌症风险, 其计算如公式(5):
$\text{TCR}=\frac{{{E}_{\text{F}}}\times {{E}_{\text{D}}}\times {{F}_{\text{IR}}}\times C\times \text{OSF}}{{{W}_{\text{AB}}}\times {{T}_{\text{A}}}}\times {{10}^{-3}}$
式中: EF为暴露频率: 365 day/year; ED为暴露时间: 70 year; FIR为虫茶的每日摄入量: 8 g/day; C为虫茶中重金属元素的浓度, mg/kg; OSF为经口斜率因子: Cr, 0.5 mg/(kg·day); Ni, 0.91 mg/(kg·day); As, 1.5 mg/(kg·day); Cd, 0.38 mg/(kg·day); Hg, 1.0 mg/(kg·day); Pb, 0.0085 mg/(kg·day)[23-24]; WAB为平均体重: 成人64.3 kg; TA为非致癌平均暴露时间: 25550 day。风险类别: TCR<1×10-6为非显著风险; 1×10-6<TCR<1×10-4为低或可接受风险, 1×10-4<TCR<1×10-1为高风险。
用SPSS 27.0进行统计分析, 每份样品平行测定3次, Microsoft Excel 2021.3.61.40完成表格及图片的制作。
将虫茶用80 ℃的开水浸泡40 min后, 所得茶汤中8种重金属金属的含量水平如表3所示。由表3可知, 含量最高的金属是Zn, 为27.020 mg/kg, Hg含量最低, 为0.011 mg/kg, 结果由大到小分别是Cu、Ni、As、Cr、Pb、Cd, 这与吴梅等[25]报道的结果相似。由于虫茶不同于常规茶叶, 其颗粒较细, 与水接触更完全, 因此溶出量更高。根据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》、NY 659—2003《茶叶中铬、镉、汞、砷及氟化物限量》、NYT 288—2018《绿色食品 茶叶》可知, 本批次虫茶存在一定程度的Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb污染, 究其原因可能是受产茶原料植物重金属污染的影响, 因此有必要进行重金属污染程度评价, 同时进行健康风险评估。
样品平行测定的相对偏差均小于5%, 试剂空白中8种金属的含量均远低于混合标准系列曲线的最低浓度点(1 μg/L), 符合对应的质量控制要求。随机抽取一份虫茶样品, 对其茶汤进行低浓度(Hg: 0.10 mg/kg, 其他7种元素: 0.80 mg/kg)、中浓度(Hg: 0.20 mg/kg, 其他7种元素: 1.60 mg/kg)、高浓度(Hg: 0.50 mg/kg, 其他7种元素: 4.00 mg/kg) 3个浓度水平的加标回收实验, 样品加标回收率及其相对标准偏差的结果如表4所示。由表4可知, 实际样品中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 8种金属的本底值分别为1.159、3.477、3.598、27.097、0.142、0.448、1.060、0.010 mg/kg, 加标回收率为85.5%~101.6%, 满足样品加标回收率应在80.0%~120%范围的相应要求。同时对绿茶标准物质(GBW 10052a)进行8种金属的测定, 测定值与证书值的相对标准偏差为3.0%~7.2%, 符合对应的质量控制要求, 结果如表5所示。
由于现有标准中只规定了Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的限值, 故根据所测定的结果, 对本批次虫茶茶汤中Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量进行重金属污染程度评价(见图1)。由图1可知, 各金属的Pi均小于1, 为清洁等级, 说明本批次虫茶样品中单一重金属的污染程度比较轻。As、Cd的数值最高, 分别为0.89和0.86, 是主要风险因素, 其次是Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg。Pn为0.69, 为安全等级, 说明虫茶的重金属综合污染程度尚不严重。
根据虫茶茶汤中8种重金属的估计日摄入量估算人体接触量, 如图2结果表明, 随着虫茶的消费量上升, 人类接触这些污染物的量也随之增大。根据美国环境保护署(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)推荐的RFD进行比较, 当人体平均日摄入量超出RFD值时, 则表明该污染物可引起人体的健康风险, 而健康风险指数越大则表明该污染物对人体健康风险越大。由图2可知, 8种金属元素的EDI顺序为Hg<Cd<Pb<Cr<As<Ni=Cu<Zn, 且都明显低于其相应的RFD值, 表明饮用健康风险并不显著。
对本批次虫茶茶汤中的重金属进行THQ评估, 结果如图3所示。由图3可知, 8种重金属的单一健康风险指数的大小顺序为1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu=Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, 表明人体摄入虫茶无明显的健康风险。对复合健康风险贡献最高的几种金属元素分别是As、Cd、Pb, 是主要风险因素, 但风险均较低。总体而言, 虫茶的膳食健康风险较低, 处于安全水平。
对Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb进行TCR评估, 结果如图4。根据图4中结果可知, Ni、As的TCR值较其他4种金属高, 分别为3.78×10-4、3.30×10-4, Hg的TCR值最低, 为1.37×10-6。但值得注意的是, 6种重金属的TCR值均在可接受范围内, 无高风险值, 因此, 本批次虫茶的TCR评估结果较为满意。
本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析了赤水市88份虫茶样品茶汤中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 8种重金属元素的含量, 结果显示, 本批次虫茶存在一定程度的重金属污染。经单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属的污染程度进行评价, 再利用EDI、THQ和TCR模型进行健康风险评估, 结果表明其重金属污染程度尚轻, 摄入后对消费者造成的健康风险并不显著。
由于虫茶是特种昆虫幼虫啃食特种植物嫩叶并经体内特殊代谢排出的粪粒而制成, 属昆虫特殊排泄物, 因此其重金属污染来源较普通茶叶复杂[26]。近年来, 农药化肥、工业废水及汽车尾气等的排放造成环境、肥料和土壤的污染, 使茶叶受到污染的概率上升, 同样茶制品受到污染的可能性也相应增加[27]。其中重金属污染持久性长, 不可生物降解, 隐蔽性强[28]。而茶树是嗜酸性植物, 具有富集金属的能力, 从空气、灌溉水和土壤中吸收金属元素蓄积在叶片中, 昆虫啃食受污染的茶叶后, 所产的虫茶中金属的含量将会大大增加[29-32]。在后续的虫茶制作工艺中, 也会引入相应的的金属污染, 因此虫茶重金属累积规律、污染程度、检测项目及其限量标准等问题亟待解决。
  • 贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金资助项目(gzwkj2022-208)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
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贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金资助项目(gzwkj2022-208)
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    贵州省疾病预防控制中心, 贵阳 550004

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* 刘贵荣(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
刘文政(1988—), 男, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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