Article(id=1151881499524608525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559550410, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559550410, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559550410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559550410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=254, endPage=261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923897995195132, articleId=1151881499524608525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Identification of cereal allergens based on high-throughput sequencing technology, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a high-throughput sequencing method for detecting cereal allergen species based on next-generation sequencing technology. Methods Taking Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum as research objects, next-generation sequencing technology was used for the high-throughput identification of cereal allergen samples with different proportions and mixing methods and commercially available samples were collected to verify the method’s applicability. Results In different proportions of simulated samples, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum were detected, the limit of detection was as low as 0.1%, but the measured relative abundance of species and the actual amount of different additives; in different mixing methods but the same proportion of simulated samples, cereal allergens had been detected; the relative abundance of DNA mixing and mixing of raw materials and raw material mixing methods were different from the actual amount of species, and raw material mixing methods of species relative abundance closer to the exact amount of additives; commercial samples contained varying degrees of grain allergens, while a small number of samples with the ingredient list or label. Conclusion The detection method established in this study enables specific and simultaneous identification of 4 cereal allergens (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum). By conducting relative quantitative analysis of species abundance, the method can effectively determine the content of cereal allergens in samples.

, correspAuthors=Ying CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Xin TANG, Ning YU, Wen-Han KANG, Shao-Zong WU, Hong-Tao LEI, Ying CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923908912967886, articleId=1151881499524608525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于高通量测序技术的谷物过敏原识别研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立基于下一代测序技术的谷物过敏原物种高通量检测方法。方法 以大麦、小麦、甜荞、苦荞为研究对象, 针对不同比例、不同混合方式的谷物过敏原样品, 采用下一代测序技术进行高通量鉴别, 并收集市售样品对方法适用性进行验证。结果 在不同比例的模拟样品中, 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞均被检出, 检出限低至0.1%, 但所测得的物种相对丰度与实际添加量不同; 在不同混合方式但比例相同的模拟样品中, 谷物类过敏原均被检出, DNA混合与原料混合方式测得的物种相对丰度均与实际添加量不同, 且原料混合方式所得的物种相对丰度更接近实际添加量; 市售样品中含有不同程度的谷物过敏原, 同时存在少部分样品与配料表或标签不符的情况。结论 本研究建立的检测方法可实现小麦、大麦、甜荞及苦荞4类谷物类过敏原的特异性同步鉴别, 并通过物种丰度的相对定量分析, 可以有效判别样品中谷物类过敏原物种成分的含量高低。

, correspAuthors=陈颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈颖(1972—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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唐雨馨(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食物过敏原检测。E-mail:

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Genome Biology, 2024, 25(1): 61., articleTitle=Genomic insight into the origin, domestication, dispersal, diversification and human selection of tartary buckwheat, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158640122274011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, awardId=2022MK194, language=CN, fundingSource=国家市场监督管理总局科技计划项目(2022MK194), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158635693088930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158635701477539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, companyId=1167158635693088930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Gangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158635705671844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, companyId=1167158635693088930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167158635760197797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158635768586406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, companyId=1167158635760197797, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158635772780711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, companyId=1167158635760197797, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国质量检验检测科学研究院, 北京 100176)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167158638729765071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Relative species abundance of DNA mixes of cereal-based allergens based on NGS, figureFileSmall=f76XgbJ2nWk/boDsco/tLw==, figureFileBig=rO1le8J3aiEOB50xSPD6Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638826234064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于NGS的谷物类过敏原DNA原液混合的物种相对丰度, figureFileSmall=f76XgbJ2nWk/boDsco/tLw==, figureFileBig=rO1le8J3aiEOB50xSPD6Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638910120145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relative abundance of species in a mixture of cereal-based allergenic ingredients based on NGS, figureFileSmall=VwM9utnXKl9Y/OamV8T1XA==, figureFileBig=IQjdOnhjCt57f10Sh9j6BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638998200530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于NGS的谷物类过敏原原料混合的物种相对丰度, figureFileSmall=VwM9utnXKl9Y/OamV8T1XA==, figureFileBig=IQjdOnhjCt57f10Sh9j6BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639077892307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relative abundance of each allergen species in commercially available foods, figureFileSmall=UDPsxBXbkPhdjjkArSbJCQ==, figureFileBig=Jrk8kf8GLzmbzuOu4m/QGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639153389780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=CN, label=图3, caption=市售食品中各过敏原的物种相对丰度, figureFileSmall=UDPsxBXbkPhdjjkArSbJCQ==, figureFileBig=Jrk8kf8GLzmbzuOu4m/QGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158639262441685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mixed samples of cereal allergens of known proportions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 混合物 混合方式
DNA提取液直接混合(D组) 原料混合后提取DNA (Y组)
1 小麦:大麦:甜荞:苦荞 80:6.67:6.67:6.67 80:6.67:6.67:6.67
2 50:16.67:16.67:16.67 50:16.67:16.67:16.67
3 25:25:25:25 25:25:25:25
4 10:30:30:30 10:30:30:30
5 5:31.67:31.67:31.67 5:31.67:31.67:31.67
6 1:33:33:33 1:33:33:33
7 0.5:33.17:33.17:33.17 0.5:33.17:33.17:33.17
8 0.1:33.3:33.3:33.3 0.1:33.3:33.3:33.3
9 小麦:大麦:甜荞:苦荞:大米 10:10:10:10:60 10:10:10:10:60
10 5:5:5:5:80 5:5:5:5:80
11 1:1:1:1:96 1:1:1:1:96
12 0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5:98 0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5:98
13 0.1:0.1:0.1:0.1:99.6 0.1:0.1:0.1:0.1:99.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639367299286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已知比例的谷物类过敏原混合样品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 混合物 混合方式
DNA提取液直接混合(D组) 原料混合后提取DNA (Y组)
1 小麦:大麦:甜荞:苦荞 80:6.67:6.67:6.67 80:6.67:6.67:6.67
2 50:16.67:16.67:16.67 50:16.67:16.67:16.67
3 25:25:25:25 25:25:25:25
4 10:30:30:30 10:30:30:30
5 5:31.67:31.67:31.67 5:31.67:31.67:31.67
6 1:33:33:33 1:33:33:33
7 0.5:33.17:33.17:33.17 0.5:33.17:33.17:33.17
8 0.1:33.3:33.3:33.3 0.1:33.3:33.3:33.3
9 小麦:大麦:甜荞:苦荞:大米 10:10:10:10:60 10:10:10:10:60
10 5:5:5:5:80 5:5:5:5:80
11 1:1:1:1:96 1:1:1:1:96
12 0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5:98 0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5:98
13 0.1:0.1:0.1:0.1:99.6 0.1:0.1:0.1:0.1:99.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639560237271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identification results of Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum, Fagopyrum tataricum and Oryza sativa using ITS2 barcoding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 物种
名称
DNA质量浓度
/(ng/μL)
A260/A280 鉴定结果
1 大麦 1290.1 1.97
2 小麦 2026.4 1.91
3 甜荞 1814.2 1.95
4 苦荞 2358.9 1.93
5 大米 1171.3 1.98
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639669289176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ITS2条形码鉴定小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞、大米结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 物种
名称
DNA质量浓度
/(ng/μL)
A260/A280 鉴定结果
1 大麦 1290.1 1.97
2 小麦 2026.4 1.91
3 甜荞 1814.2 1.95
4 苦荞 2358.9 1.93
5 大米 1171.3 1.98
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639774146777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of cereal allergens in commercially available food labeling with cereal allergens in high-throughput identification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 配料表中含有的谷物类过敏原 过敏原标签 检出的过敏原名称
S1 小麦 小麦
S2 × 小麦
S3 小麦、荞麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞
S4 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、甜荞、苦荞
S5 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦
S6 × 小麦、大麦、苦荞
S7 × 含麸质谷物及其制品 *
S8 小麦 小麦、大麦
S9 荞麦 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞
S10 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、苦荞
S11 小麦 小麦、大麦、苦荞
S12 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、大麦
S13 小麦 小麦、大麦
), ArticleFig(id=1167158639862227162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881499524608525, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

市售食品标签标识的谷物类过敏原与高通量鉴定中谷物过敏原的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 配料表中含有的谷物类过敏原 过敏原标签 检出的过敏原名称
S1 小麦 小麦
S2 × 小麦
S3 小麦、荞麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞
S4 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、甜荞、苦荞
S5 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦
S6 × 小麦、大麦、苦荞
S7 × 含麸质谷物及其制品 *
S8 小麦 小麦、大麦
S9 荞麦 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞
S10 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、苦荞
S11 小麦 小麦、大麦、苦荞
S12 小麦 含麸质谷物及其制品 小麦、大麦
S13 小麦 小麦、大麦
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基于高通量测序技术的谷物过敏原识别研究
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唐雨馨 1, 2 , 于宁 2 , 康文瀚 2 , 吴绍宗 1 , 雷红涛 1 , 陈颖 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(10): 254-261
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(10): 254-261
基于高通量测序技术的谷物过敏原识别研究
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唐雨馨1, 2 , 于宁2, 康文瀚2, 吴绍宗1, 雷红涛1, 陈颖2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642
  • 2.中国质量检验检测科学研究院, 北京 100176
  • 唐雨馨(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食物过敏原检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈颖(1972—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
Identification of cereal allergens based on high-throughput sequencing technology
Yu-Xin TANG1, 2 , Ning YU2, Wen-Han KANG2, Shao-Zong WU1, Hong-Tao LEI1, Ying CHEN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Gangzhou 510642, China
  • 2. Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304001
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目的 建立基于下一代测序技术的谷物过敏原物种高通量检测方法。方法 以大麦、小麦、甜荞、苦荞为研究对象, 针对不同比例、不同混合方式的谷物过敏原样品, 采用下一代测序技术进行高通量鉴别, 并收集市售样品对方法适用性进行验证。结果 在不同比例的模拟样品中, 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞均被检出, 检出限低至0.1%, 但所测得的物种相对丰度与实际添加量不同; 在不同混合方式但比例相同的模拟样品中, 谷物类过敏原均被检出, DNA混合与原料混合方式测得的物种相对丰度均与实际添加量不同, 且原料混合方式所得的物种相对丰度更接近实际添加量; 市售样品中含有不同程度的谷物过敏原, 同时存在少部分样品与配料表或标签不符的情况。结论 本研究建立的检测方法可实现小麦、大麦、甜荞及苦荞4类谷物类过敏原的特异性同步鉴别, 并通过物种丰度的相对定量分析, 可以有效判别样品中谷物类过敏原物种成分的含量高低。

谷物过敏原  /  麸质过敏原  /  无麸质过敏原  /  高通量检测技术

Objective To establish a high-throughput sequencing method for detecting cereal allergen species based on next-generation sequencing technology. Methods Taking Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum as research objects, next-generation sequencing technology was used for the high-throughput identification of cereal allergen samples with different proportions and mixing methods and commercially available samples were collected to verify the method’s applicability. Results In different proportions of simulated samples, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum were detected, the limit of detection was as low as 0.1%, but the measured relative abundance of species and the actual amount of different additives; in different mixing methods but the same proportion of simulated samples, cereal allergens had been detected; the relative abundance of DNA mixing and mixing of raw materials and raw material mixing methods were different from the actual amount of species, and raw material mixing methods of species relative abundance closer to the exact amount of additives; commercial samples contained varying degrees of grain allergens, while a small number of samples with the ingredient list or label. Conclusion The detection method established in this study enables specific and simultaneous identification of 4 cereal allergens (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum). By conducting relative quantitative analysis of species abundance, the method can effectively determine the content of cereal allergens in samples.

cereal allergens  /  gluten allergens  /  gluten-free allergens  /  high-throughput detection technology
唐雨馨, 于宁, 康文瀚, 吴绍宗, 雷红涛, 陈颖. 基于高通量测序技术的谷物过敏原识别研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 254 -261 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304001
Yu-Xin TANG, Ning YU, Wen-Han KANG, Shao-Zong WU, Hong-Tao LEI, Ying CHEN. Identification of cereal allergens based on high-throughput sequencing technology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 254 -261 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304001
谷物是全球人口赖以生存的关键粮食作物, 然而, 食用小麦(Triticum aestivum)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、荞麦等谷物可能会在特定人群中引发过敏反应。研究显示, 小麦、大麦引发麸质过敏, 常导致腹痛、腹泻等胃肠道症状[1]; 荞麦[甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)、苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)]引发非麸质过敏, 常导致咳嗽、喘息等呼吸道症状[2], 给谷物过敏人群的饮食和生活造成很大的影响。国际食品法典委员会将含麸质谷物列为“八大类过敏原之一”[3]。无麸质谷物过敏则在亚洲更为常见[4-5], 如韩国、日本将荞麦列为强制标识的过敏原[6-7]。在现代食品工业发展的背景下, 以大麦、小麦、甜荞和苦荞这4类谷物为原料的加工食品数量显著增加。这些食品经高温挤压、酶解等深度加工工艺处理后, 难以通过传统的形态学进行鉴别。与此同时, 食品中不仅存在多种谷物类过敏原, 而且其基质构成复杂, 各类成分相互交织, 严重干扰了目标过敏原的鉴定工作。此外也有研究显示, 加工食品在生产、储存和运输等环节中, 极易受到小麦和荞麦的污染[8-10]。这些因素都可能增加谷物类过敏人群接触过敏原的风险, 因此, 需要建立准确可靠的检测方法。由于DNA在加工食品里稳定性较高, 不易被高热、高压、辐射等因素破坏, 分子生物技术因此成为食物过敏原检测的重要手段[11-12]。基于DNA的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)检测技术被日本定为检测食品中小麦、荞麦成分的官方标准[13], 然而该方法通常只能准确鉴定一种谷物类过敏原。多重PCR技术虽可实现多靶标同步扩增, 却需要设计不同的引物[14]。因此亟需建立高通量检测多种谷物过敏原方法, 为谷物过敏原高效识别与防控提供技术手段。
下一代测序技术(next-generation sequencing technology, NGS), 也被称为高通量测序技术, 可同时对数百万个DNA分子进行测序, 能够鉴别样品中的多个物种成分, 通过并行测序提高准确率[15]。NGS可以检测到极少量的DNA分子, 适用于高度加工和存在DNA降解的产品[16]。还有研究表明, 该技术所表现的相对丰度能够对物种成分进行相对定量[17-18]。LIU等[19]的研究结果表明, NGS能够同时正确识别5种肉类, 检出限低至0.5%。PIREDDA等[20]基于NGS对混合海产品中的物种进行鉴定, 发现有45%的海鲜存在错误标记, 且食品中含有未申报的使人致敏的软体动物。MOTTOLA等[21]通过NGS对禽肉制品中的物种成分进行鉴别, 结果显示有62%的禽肉制品中存在未申报的动物物种, 如猪、牛等。尽管NGS常被用于食品中物种成分的鉴别, 但在食物过敏原中的研究较少。WANG等[22]利用杂交探针簇和NGS检测食物中的多种过敏原, 但需要对每种食物的过敏原基因设计一种或多种引物探针, 实验操作复杂, 价格较为昂贵。DNA条形码则具备独特能力, 能够使用一对引物对多个物种进行同时扩增。鉴于此, NGS与DNA条形码两者相结合, 是食品领域中物种鉴别的有力工具, 可用于混合样品中的多物种识别[23-25]。有研究表明, 核糖体内转录间隔区2 (internal transcribed spacer 2, ITS2)属于核基因, 具有较强的物种种水平鉴定能力, 同时其序列片段较短, 在易降解样品中的扩增效果优于其他基因, 是植物通用DNA条形码强有力的候选区段[26]。此外, 在开展高通量测序工作时, 受测序平台限制, 扩增片段长度需小于600 bp, 而ITS2基因片段长度适宜, 是谷物类过敏原物种鉴定的理想基因片段。
本研究基于NGS, 以大麦、小麦、甜荞和苦荞过敏原为靶标, 对制备的不同比例、不同混合方式的模拟样品进行高通量测序, 并收集市售食品验证其适用性, 旨在为谷物过敏原的高效识别与精准鉴定提供技术支持。
小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞、大米(Oryza sativa)及市售样品均购于京东网上平台。
Nucleospin® Food kit(德国Machereye-Nagel公司); TruSeq Nano DNA Library Prep Kit(美国Illumina公司); Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 2×Taq PCR StarMix、DL2000 StarMarker(中国TIANGEN公司); 无水乙醇(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
TissueLyser-II高通量组织研磨器(德国QIAGEN公司); Quintix65-1CN天平[精度0.0001 mg, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; Heraeus Pico 17微量离心机、NC2000 Nanodrop ONE超微量分光光度计(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 1645050电泳仪、ChemiDoc MP凝胶成像系统(美国Bio-Rad公司); Research plus微量移液器(德国Eppendorf公司); Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler PCR仪、ABI 3500测序仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司); NextSeq 2000测序仪(美国Illumina公司); Qubit®3.0核酸荧光蛋白定量仪(美国Invitrogen公司); 2100生物分析仪(美国Agilent公司); FLx800荧光酶标仪(美国Bio-Tek公司)。
为确保DNA样本的质量, 所有样品在粉碎处理前均使用无水乙醇和蒸馏水进行擦拭并晾干, 以减少污染。使用研磨器分别对谷物类过敏原进行粉碎, 每处理完一个样品后需对研磨机进行清洗。分别以50目的筛网对样品进行过筛, 最后将粉碎后的样品粉末转移到离心管中, 标号登记, 置于低温冰箱(-20 ℃)待用。
将收集的小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞和大米按预设比例制备模拟样品(表1)。研究表明样品的混合方式会对测序结果造成一定影响[27], 为探究具体影响, 本研究制备了两种混合物: D组将单个样品的DNA提取液按比例混合; Y组将样品原料按比例混合后, 再提取DNA。同时, 为全面模拟市售食品中谷物过类敏原的复杂场景, 参考前人研究设计, 设定0.1%~80.0%的物种丰度梯度, 系统评估本方法的准确性与灵敏度[28]
DNA提取液直接混合: 使用Nucleospin® Food kit对谷物类过敏原(小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞)和大米进行基因组DNA提取, 按照制造商的方案, 进行了部分修改, 具体为DNA裂解时间由30 min延长至120 min, 使用100 μL洗脱缓冲液洗脱DNA两次。然后使用NanoDrop ONE分光光度计测量A260A280处的吸光度值, 初步确定提取样品的DNA浓度、纯度。将小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞、大米的单一物种的DNA提取液统一稀释至10 ng/μL, 使用Qubit确定浓度, 按照如表1所示比例制备混合物, 以小麦为优势物种。
原料混合后提取DNA: 将过筛好的小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞、大米按照表1所示比例制备混合物。然后使用Nucleospin® Food kit试剂盒进行提取, 按照制造商的方案, 进行了部分修改, 具体为DNA裂解时间由30 min延长至120 min, 使用100 μL洗脱缓冲液洗脱DNA两次。最后使用NanoDrop ONE分光光度计测量A260A280处的吸光度值来测定提取样品的DNA浓度、纯度。
市售样品的DNA提取: 使用Nucleospin® Food试剂盒对市售食品的基因组DNA进行提取, 按照制造商的方案, 进行了部分修改, 具体为DNA裂解时间由30 min延长至120 min, 使用100 μL洗脱缓冲液洗脱DNA两次。最后使用NanoDrop ONE分光光度计测量A260A280处的吸光度值来测定提取样品的DNA浓度、纯度。
以上所有样本的基因组DNA均置于-20 ℃储存待用。
为确保样品的真实性, 基于桑格测序, 使用以下一对ITS2条形码的通用引物[29]对谷物类过敏原及大米进行验证(反应体系及扩增出程序做了部分调整): ITS2F: 5'-ATGCGATACTTGGTGTGTGAAT-3'和ITS3R: 5'-GACG CTTCTCCAGACTACAAT-3'。使用的PCR反应体系为25 μL, 其中包含12.5 μL mix、上游和下游引物(10 μmol/mL)各0.5 μL、DNA 模板3 μL (10 ng/μL)、其余用双蒸水补足至25 μL, 也可以根据具体情况加以调整(设置未加DNA模板的阴性对照)。PCR扩增程序为: 94 ℃, 5 min; 94 ℃, 30 s, 58 ℃, 30 s, 72 ℃, 45 s, 35个循环; 72 ℃, 10 min。
测序文库制备和高通量测序均委托上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司完成。具体的操作步骤为: 已知混合物样品和市售样品进行PCR扩增, 切取目的片段采用分选磁珠回收法回收目的片段, 然后在荧光酶标仪上对PCR产物进行定量。纯化后的PCR产物使用TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep试剂盒进行建库。具体操作按照试剂盒说明书进行。然后, 构建好的文库使用Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100进行质检, 再使用Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay 试剂盒对文库进行定量。最后文库在Illumina NextSeq平台上进行测序, 所得到的数据经过QIIME2 (2022.11)软件进行修改和完善。原始序列数据使用demux插件进行解码处理, cutadapt 插件进行引物切除, 然后使用DADA2插件对序列进行质量过滤、去噪、拼接和嵌合体去除等数据处理。对上述获得的序列按97%的序列相似度进行归并, 生成特征性序列以及丰度数据表格。通过采用本地数据库, 将特征序列与数据库中的参考序列相比对, 获取每个特征序列所对应的分类学信息。
使用Excel 2019软件进行鉴定结果统计及表格绘制, Origin 2021软件进行图片绘制。
所提取的小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞和大米的DNA质量浓度范围在1171.3~2358.9 ng/μL之间, A260~A280在1.70~2.00之间(表2), 表明所提取的DNA质量较好, 满足后续实验要求。样品的ITS2序列的PCR扩增率为100%, 鉴定成功率为100%, 测序结果显示购买的的小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞、大米均为目标物种(表2)。
本研究制备了小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞的原料混合物和DNA混合物作为模拟样品, 并收集13种市售食品作为验证(标签中声称含有谷物类过敏原或未声称含有过敏原)。使用Illumina NextSeq 2000对所有样品进行测序, 将获得的序列进行裁剪和合并, 并除去低质量序列: 模拟样品组共获得3271162个组合序列, 2884612个合格序列, 市售样品组共获得1160594个组合序列, 1159703个合格序列。结果表明, 获得的数据量具有足够的测序深度, 能够为后续高通量测序的物种信息注释提供充足的数据支持[30]。研究显示物种的信息注释通常需要建立数据库, 尽管有许多开源和商业物种基因数据库可供使用, 但许多数据库无法确定序列信息的真实性, 也缺乏适当的注释, 而使用定制数据库能够使高通量测序鉴定结果更为准确[31-32]。因此, 本研究采用定制数据库对模拟样品和市售食品进行分析比较。
不同的市售食品中可能存在的谷物类过敏原含量不同, 为尽可能全面地评估ITS2条形码与NGS相结合的方法能否对食品中存在的各种含量的谷物类过敏原进行鉴别, 本研究使用均为10 ng/μL的谷物类过敏原的单一物种DNA提取液按比例混合(表1)。结果显示(图1), D1~D13组中的4种谷物类过敏原和大米均能被鉴别出, 但所得到的物种相对丰度却与添加比例不同。如D1组中小麦作为优势物种, 添加量为80%, 但其物种的相对丰度为22.52%; D3组小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞等比添加, 但其物种相对丰度分别为2.24%、11.14%、69.65%和16.90%; D13组添加99.6%的大米为基质, 分别掺入0.1%的小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞, 高通量测序结果显示大米的物种相对丰度为14.36%, 小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞的物种相对丰度分别为2.24%、6.74%、65.52%、14.83%。研究结果表明, 本方法能够准确鉴别出DNA混合方式中的4种谷物类过敏原, 但单纯依据物种相对丰度这一指标, 无法实现对样品中的小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞以及大米的精准定量分析, 该结论与前人的相关研究成果相符[33]。同时, D8组与D13组中添加的微量(0.1%)小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞过敏原均被成功鉴别, 这表明本研究方法具备较高的灵敏度, 能有效捕捉样品中的低含量过敏原信息。此外, 据总体趋势而言, 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞和大米的物种丰富度与添加量成正比关系。其中, 甜荞的物种相对丰度远高于实际添加量, 这可能是由于引物存在偏好性[34], 在扩增过程中偏向于甜荞。同时, 甜荞的实际占比总体呈增高趋势, 与实际添加比例增高趋势大致相同。综上, 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞过敏原均能够被本方法准确鉴别, 且灵敏度低至0.1%。
制作市售食品时一般将原料直接混合, 因此本研究模拟直接购买的市售食品, 将小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞和大米原料按比例(表1)混合后提取DNA, 进行高通量测序。结果显示(图2), Y1~Y13组中的4种谷物类过敏原和大米均能被鉴别出, 但所得到的物种分布却与预期比例有所不同。如, Y2组加入50%的小麦, 但其物种相对丰度为16.98%; Y3组将4种谷物类过敏原等比混合, 小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞的物种相对丰度分别为2.16%、30.85%、28.05%、38.86%; Y8组掺入了0.1%的小麦, 其物种相对丰度为0.20%; Y12组添加98%的大米为基质, 分别掺入0.5%的4种谷物类过敏原, 高通量测序结果显示大米的物种相对丰度为19.34%, 小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞过敏原的物种相对丰度分别为3.18%、15.88%、24.11%、34.43%。与DNA混合组研究结果相同, 本方法能准确鉴别样品中的小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞过敏原, 但无法进行准确定量, 且原料混合方式所得的物种相对丰度更接近实际添加量。同时, 也能检测出样品中含量低至0.1%的4种谷物类过敏原。此外, 据总体趋势而言, 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞和大米的物种丰富度与添加量成正比关系。但与使用单一物种的DNA原液混合相比, 甜荞的实际占变低, 小麦的实际占比变高, 这可能是因为DNA原液在混合过程中各物种初始DNA浓度相同, 原料混合组中则由于荞麦富含的丰富多酚与黄酮类物质, 在DNA提取时易与多糖或蛋白质结合, 形成黏稠的胶状物, 阻碍荞麦的DNA释放, 同时引物具有偏好性、扩增效率也存在差异, 这些原因都可能导致原料混合组中测得的甜荞物种相对丰度降低[35-36]。综上, 小麦、大麦、甜荞、苦荞过敏原均能够被本方法准确鉴别, 且灵敏度低至0.1%。
为评估本方法的实用性, 收集市面上常见的市售食品进行检测, 这些市售食品中部分声称可能存在含麸质谷物及其制品, 部分为配料表中显示存在谷物类过敏原, 部分未标识过敏原标签或配料表中无谷物类过敏原物种。市售食品的Illumina测序结果显示, 13份样品含有不同程度的谷物类过敏原(表3, 图3): 如样品S4中声称存在含麸质谷物及其制品, 实际检出小麦与非麸质谷物(甜荞、苦荞); 样品S6中未标识过敏原标签, 并且配料表中无谷物类过敏原, 实际检出小麦和大麦; 样品S9中配料表显示仅存在荞麦过敏原物种, 但实际检出小麦、大麦过敏原物种。同时, 微量的谷物类过敏原也能够被检测到。例如样品S2中检测到的小麦过敏原物种相对丰度仅为2.98%; 样品S3中检出苦荞、大麦和甜荞过敏原物种, 它们的物种相对丰度分别为0.56%、0.24%和0.38%; 样品S10中检测到存在小麦和苦荞过敏原, 物种相对丰度分别为2.05%、0.79%; 样品S13中检测存在小麦、大麦过敏原, 物种相对丰度分别为0.72%、0.60%。上述结果均表明, 市售食品存在不同程度的过敏原标签、配料表与实际检测结果不符的情况。
需要注意的是, 在随机收集的市售食品中, 少数与配料表和过敏原标签不符的样品, 其NGS测序数据显示存在0.2%阈值以下的低丰度谷物类过敏原, 此类微量检出信号不能作为产品存在故意添加行为的判断依据, 推测可能由于以下潜在因素: (1)样品原料在田野间由于共生关系受到污染; (2)生产环节中多产品共用设备导致的交叉污染; (3)供应链运输过程的非预期接触污染。据此提出判定标准: 当目标过敏原物种在本方法检测体系中的相对丰度低于0.2%临界值时, 建议结合生产溯源信息进行综合评估。以样品S7为例, NGS测序结果显示含有0.01%物种相对丰度的小麦过敏原物种, 但配料表未标注小麦成分, 综合判定该产品不含小麦过敏原物种。
谷物过敏原广泛存在于谷物相关制品中, 当谷物过敏人群接触目标过敏原时, 会引发一系列的变态反应, 严重影响人们的日常生活。NGS具有高灵敏度和高准确性、通量高等优点, 不仅能鉴别样品中的多个物种, 还能鉴别样品中的微量成分。因此, 本研究基于NGS并结合ITS2通用条形码来鉴定模拟样品和市售食品中是否含有谷物类过敏原。将小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞按不同比例的原料或DNA原液混合, 来制备含谷物类过敏原的混合样品, 并模拟市售食品中谷物类过敏原可能存在的不同含量与混合方式。结果显示, 所鉴别的过敏原物种与已知比例的模拟样品一致, 表明该方法可以准确鉴别出样品中是否含有小麦、大麦、甜荞和苦荞过敏原, 且当模拟样品中目标过敏原含量为0.1%时, 仍能被鉴别, 具有高灵敏度。关于混合方式, 两种混合方式均能检测到目标过敏原物种, 灵敏度同为0.1%, 但原料混合方式的样品相对物种丰度与实际添加比例更为接近。在收集的市售食品检测数据中, 部分样品的谷物类过敏原物种检测结果与商品标注的过敏原信息或配料组成呈一致性, 但也有部分样本存在检测结果与标签信息不符的情况。本研究为谷物过敏原的正确标签标识提供有力技术手段, 助力谷物过敏原市场监管, 为过敏人群健康提供保障。
  • 国家市场监督管理总局科技计划项目(2022MK194)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
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国家市场监督管理总局科技计划项目(2022MK194)
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    1.华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642
    2.中国质量检验检测科学研究院, 北京 100176

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* 陈颖(1972—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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