Article(id=1151881497729921857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250210003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739116800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559549981, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559549981, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559549981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559549981, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=229, endPage=238, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923891527103129, articleId=1151881497729921857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of metabolite differences in apple powder processing based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the effects of two kinds of processing techniques, ultrafine grinding and spray drying, on the metabolites of apple powder. Methods Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to compare the effects of ultrafine grinding and spray drying technologies on the types of metabolites, expression abundance, correlation analysis, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways of apple powder. Results The results indicated that compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had reduced particle size D[50] 3.91 μm, D[3,2] 2.62 μm, D[4,3] 5.52 μm, increased specific surface area (850.10 m2/kg), and decreased span value (2.51). Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of apple powder under these two processing technologies was 82.7%, suggesting that the processing methods had a significant influence on the metabolite composition. A total of 244 metabolites were identified, including lipids, phenylpropanoids, and benzenoids. Abundance expression showed that ultrafine grinding outperformed spray drying in retaining natural nutritional components. The sample correlation analysis and heatmaps indicated that metabolite expression in spray-dried apple powder had higher uniformity and stability. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that, compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had 1172 kinds of substances upregulated and 2550 kinds of substances downregulated. Differential metabolite correlation analysis showed that different processing techniques were positively correlated with specific metabolites in apple powder, such as ginsenoside F1 and N-fructosyl pyroglutamate, and negatively correlated with salicylic acid and aspartic acid, among others. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the most active pathway as the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion It has been demonstrated that ultrafine grinding is suitable for the production of healthy and special nutritional food products, while spray drying is more appropriate for quick-service foods and the baking industry, laying a theoretical foundation for ensuring food safety and quality control.

, correspAuthors=San-Jiang KANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juan SONG, San-Jiang KANG, Hai-Yan ZHANG, Chao-Zhen ZENG, Jing YUAN, Yu-Wen MU, Li-Na GOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923917959606798, articleId=1151881497729921857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于液相色谱-串联质谱法分析苹果粉加工代谢物差异, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究超微粉碎和喷雾干燥两种加工技术对苹果粉代谢产物的影响。方法 通过液相色谱-串联质谱法, 研究超微粉碎和喷雾干燥两种加工技术对苹果粉的代谢物种类、表达丰度、相关性分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路等代谢产物的影响。结果 与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥的苹果粉粒径减小(D[50] 3.91 μm, D[3,2] 2.62 μm, D[4,3] 5.52 μm)、比表面积增大(850.10 m2/kg)、跨度值减小(2.51)。主成分分析显示, 两种技术的苹果粉累计方差贡献率达82.7%, 表明加工方式对代谢物组成有显著影响。代谢物鉴定发现了244种代谢物, 包括脂类、苯丙素类和苯型化合物等。表达丰度显示, 超微粉碎在保持天然营养成分方面优于喷雾干燥。样本相关性分析和热图显示, 喷雾干燥的代谢物表达具有较高的均一性和稳定性。单变量统计分析发现, 与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥的苹果粉共有1172种物质上调、2550种物质下调。差异代谢物相关性分析显示, 不同加工技术与苹果粉的特定代谢物人参皂苷F1与N-果糖基焦谷氨酸等呈正相关, 水杨酸与天冬氨酸等呈负相关。KEGG通路富集分析显示, 不饱和脂肪酸生物合成途径最为活跃。结论 超微粉碎苹果粉适合生产健康和特殊营养食品, 喷雾干燥苹果粉适合快餐食品和烘焙行业, 为保障食品安全和质量控制奠定理论基础。

, correspAuthors=康三江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 康三江(1977—), 男, 研究员, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工。E-mail:
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宋娟(1988—), 女, 博士研究生, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2024, 448: 139085., articleTitle=Binary probiotic fermentation promotes signal (cyclic AMP) exchange to increases the number of viable probiotics, anthocyanins and polyphenol content, and the odor scores of wolfberry fermented beverages, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158737551765792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, awardId=22ZD6NA045, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省科技重大专项项目(22ZD6NA045), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167158737627263266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, awardId=CARS-27-2025, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-27-2025), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158733747531944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158733755920553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, companyId=1167158733747531944, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158733827223726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, companyId=1167158733814640812, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.甘肃农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167158736230559994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overall PCA of apple powder samples under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=meEZ8MFCArypuMYqo9ZyXw==, figureFileBig=q77Gsk9ClBos/rGx4YhQ/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736289280252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉样本总体PCA

注: E1、E2和E3代表超微粉碎苹果粉样本的3个重复组; F1、F2和F3代表喷雾干燥苹果粉样本的3个重复组; QC-1、QC-2和QC-3代表质量控制样本的3个重复组。图3~5同。

, figureFileSmall=meEZ8MFCArypuMYqo9ZyXw==, figureFileBig=q77Gsk9ClBos/rGx4YhQ/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736356389118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Metabolite identification analysis of apple powder under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=wxB3Jay4LI3UdzcDUnmS+w==, figureFileBig=rDetzlKxTtQENquGjGQO4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736415109376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉的代谢物鉴定分析, figureFileSmall=wxB3Jay4LI3UdzcDUnmS+w==, figureFileBig=rDetzlKxTtQENquGjGQO4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736478023939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Density plot of expression abundance of apple powder under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=yUn9CL/XNW3tC/Zbrb+Ahg==, figureFileBig=ZP2Kc+6hwm2tHZP+c4A/ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736540938501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉的表达丰度密度图

注: 表达丰度密度图中, 横坐标为代谢物的log10丰度值, 纵坐标为对应丰度值的代谢物分布密度。

, figureFileSmall=yUn9CL/XNW3tC/Zbrb+Ahg==, figureFileBig=ZP2Kc+6hwm2tHZP+c4A/ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736612241671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sample correlation analysis of apple powder under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=c9aZ7XdJEA1Og1MtBhz0cQ==, figureFileBig=4isXb5m04xaUIp//qUWyRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736670961929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉的样本相关性分析, figureFileSmall=c9aZ7XdJEA1Og1MtBhz0cQ==, figureFileBig=4isXb5m04xaUIp//qUWyRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736759042315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Heat map of clustering of surrogate substances of apple powder under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=7qCa3H0GzGACwQWxPyYRtw==, figureFileBig=1l8ZIUZ8Jv70jD6zPQu+MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736830345485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉的代谢物质聚类热图, figureFileSmall=7qCa3H0GzGACwQWxPyYRtw==, figureFileBig=1l8ZIUZ8Jv70jD6zPQu+MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736893260047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Volcano plot of univariate statistical analysis of apple powder under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=O1hU1q9apg/WUoowZOIT2w==, figureFileBig=LdlCmZRGEvLrJeN9RnsqGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158736951980305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉的单变量统计分析火山图

注: 图中横坐标为差异表达倍数(Fold Change)的log2的对数值, 纵坐标为显著性P value的-log10的对数值。Control: E代表对照组, E(超微粉碎苹果粉样本); Case: F代表实验组, F(喷雾干燥苹果粉样本);Up (1172): 上调(1172), 代表在实验组中, 与对照组相比, 有1172个代谢物的表达水平上升; Down (2550): 下调(2550), 代表在实验组中, 与对照组相比, 有2550个代谢物的表达水平下降;NoDiff (7212): 无差异(7212), 代表在实验组和对照组之间, 有7212个代谢物的表达水平没有显著变化。

, figureFileSmall=O1hU1q9apg/WUoowZOIT2w==, figureFileBig=LdlCmZRGEvLrJeN9RnsqGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158737014894867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation analysis of different substances in apple powder with different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=WJjG7OcUQzYqxXoinbBomA==, figureFileBig=HGGgT/VdnA4dRwI2IikO+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158737073615125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同加工技术的苹果粉差异物质相关性分析

注: 纵坐标和斜纵坐标都代表差异代谢物的名称, 颜色代表相关性, 红色正相关, 蓝色负相关, 颜色越深相关性越大。

, figureFileSmall=WJjG7OcUQzYqxXoinbBomA==, figureFileBig=HGGgT/VdnA4dRwI2IikO+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158737140723991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Differential metabolite enrichment bubble plots of apple powder under different processing techniques, figureFileSmall=Awn3X2rkfoKOxetRegXaiA==, figureFileBig=KxyEEWPcJxmCrRhBhqVD8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158737212027161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同加工技术下苹果粉的差异代谢物富集气泡图

注: 三磷酸腺苷-结合盒(ATP-binding cassette, ABC)转运蛋白。

, figureFileSmall=Awn3X2rkfoKOxetRegXaiA==, figureFileBig=KxyEEWPcJxmCrRhBhqVD8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158737295913243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Impact of different processing techniques on apple powder particle size

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工技术 D[3,2]/μm D[4,3]/μm D[10]/μm D[50]/μm D[90]/μm 比表面积 /(m2/kg) 跨度 遮光率/%
超微粉碎 75.14±0.31a 335.80±0.40a 34.26±0.28a 257.90±0.38a 754.00±0.27a 29.57±0.38a 2.79±0.35a 1.30±0.28a
喷雾干燥 2.62±0.34b 5.52±0.38b 1.21±0.37b 3.91±0.24b 11.01±0.25b 850.10±0.41b 2.51±0.29b 0.72±0.31b
), ArticleFig(id=1167158737363022109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881497729921857, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同加工技术对苹果粉粒径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工技术 D[3,2]/μm D[4,3]/μm D[10]/μm D[50]/μm D[90]/μm 比表面积 /(m2/kg) 跨度 遮光率/%
超微粉碎 75.14±0.31a 335.80±0.40a 34.26±0.28a 257.90±0.38a 754.00±0.27a 29.57±0.38a 2.79±0.35a 1.30±0.28a
喷雾干燥 2.62±0.34b 5.52±0.38b 1.21±0.37b 3.91±0.24b 11.01±0.25b 850.10±0.41b 2.51±0.29b 0.72±0.31b
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基于液相色谱-串联质谱法分析苹果粉加工代谢物差异
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宋娟 1, 2 , 康三江 1, * , 张海燕 1 , 曾朝珍 1 , 袁晶 1 , 慕钰文 1 , 苟丽娜 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(10): 229-238
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(10): 229-238
基于液相色谱-串联质谱法分析苹果粉加工代谢物差异
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宋娟1, 2 , 康三江1, * , 张海燕1, 曾朝珍1, 袁晶1, 慕钰文1, 苟丽娜1
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃省农业科学院农产品贮藏加工研究所, 兰州 730070
  • 2.甘肃农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 兰州 730070
  • 宋娟(1988—), 女, 博士研究生, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 康三江(1977—), 男, 研究员, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工。E-mail:
Analysis of metabolite differences in apple powder processing based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Juan SONG1, 2 , San-Jiang KANG1, * , Hai-Yan ZHANG1, Chao-Zhen ZENG1, Jing YUAN1, Yu-Wen MU1, Li-Na GOU1
Affiliations
  • 1. Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2. College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250210003
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目的 探究超微粉碎和喷雾干燥两种加工技术对苹果粉代谢产物的影响。方法 通过液相色谱-串联质谱法, 研究超微粉碎和喷雾干燥两种加工技术对苹果粉的代谢物种类、表达丰度、相关性分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路等代谢产物的影响。结果 与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥的苹果粉粒径减小(D[50] 3.91 μm, D[3,2] 2.62 μm, D[4,3] 5.52 μm)、比表面积增大(850.10 m2/kg)、跨度值减小(2.51)。主成分分析显示, 两种技术的苹果粉累计方差贡献率达82.7%, 表明加工方式对代谢物组成有显著影响。代谢物鉴定发现了244种代谢物, 包括脂类、苯丙素类和苯型化合物等。表达丰度显示, 超微粉碎在保持天然营养成分方面优于喷雾干燥。样本相关性分析和热图显示, 喷雾干燥的代谢物表达具有较高的均一性和稳定性。单变量统计分析发现, 与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥的苹果粉共有1172种物质上调、2550种物质下调。差异代谢物相关性分析显示, 不同加工技术与苹果粉的特定代谢物人参皂苷F1与N-果糖基焦谷氨酸等呈正相关, 水杨酸与天冬氨酸等呈负相关。KEGG通路富集分析显示, 不饱和脂肪酸生物合成途径最为活跃。结论 超微粉碎苹果粉适合生产健康和特殊营养食品, 喷雾干燥苹果粉适合快餐食品和烘焙行业, 为保障食品安全和质量控制奠定理论基础。

液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  超微粉碎  /  喷雾干燥  /  苹果粉  /  代谢物表达

Objective To study the effects of two kinds of processing techniques, ultrafine grinding and spray drying, on the metabolites of apple powder. Methods Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to compare the effects of ultrafine grinding and spray drying technologies on the types of metabolites, expression abundance, correlation analysis, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways of apple powder. Results The results indicated that compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had reduced particle size D[50] 3.91 μm, D[3,2] 2.62 μm, D[4,3] 5.52 μm, increased specific surface area (850.10 m2/kg), and decreased span value (2.51). Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of apple powder under these two processing technologies was 82.7%, suggesting that the processing methods had a significant influence on the metabolite composition. A total of 244 metabolites were identified, including lipids, phenylpropanoids, and benzenoids. Abundance expression showed that ultrafine grinding outperformed spray drying in retaining natural nutritional components. The sample correlation analysis and heatmaps indicated that metabolite expression in spray-dried apple powder had higher uniformity and stability. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that, compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had 1172 kinds of substances upregulated and 2550 kinds of substances downregulated. Differential metabolite correlation analysis showed that different processing techniques were positively correlated with specific metabolites in apple powder, such as ginsenoside F1 and N-fructosyl pyroglutamate, and negatively correlated with salicylic acid and aspartic acid, among others. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the most active pathway as the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion It has been demonstrated that ultrafine grinding is suitable for the production of healthy and special nutritional food products, while spray drying is more appropriate for quick-service foods and the baking industry, laying a theoretical foundation for ensuring food safety and quality control.

liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  ultrafine grinding  /  spray drying  /  apple powder  /  metabolite expression
宋娟, 康三江, 张海燕, 曾朝珍, 袁晶, 慕钰文, 苟丽娜. 基于液相色谱-串联质谱法分析苹果粉加工代谢物差异. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 229 -238 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250210003
Juan SONG, San-Jiang KANG, Hai-Yan ZHANG, Chao-Zhen ZENG, Jing YUAN, Yu-Wen MU, Li-Na GOU. Analysis of metabolite differences in apple powder processing based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 229 -238 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250210003
苹果是富含维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维的健康水果[1], 苹果粉作为新兴的苹果加工产品, 不仅简化了苹果的储存和运输, 还扩展了其在食品加工中的应用范围。苹果粉的加工技术主要包括热风干燥、喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥和超微粉碎等, 这些技术对其理化特性和营养价值有显著影响[2-3]。基于液相色谱-质谱联用的非靶向代谢组学技术, 有助于追踪食品粉末制备过程中的代谢物变化, 优化生产流程, 科学评估产品质量、功能性和安全性。
国内外学者通过非靶向代谢组学技术识别和定量加工后食品粉末的代谢物, 有效评估食品粉末的风味、色泽和营养物质含量等重要品质指标。如GREÑO等[4]利用超高效液相色谱与高分辨率质谱联用代谢组学方法, 研究了可可粉在整个碱化过程中氨基酸、生物碱、有机酸或多酚等代谢物的变化; ROCCHETTI等[5]通过超高压液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱和顶空-气相色谱-质谱结合的非靶向代谢组学方法, 发现戊酸甲酯和2-糠基硫醇这两种化合物与咖啡粉的感官品质存在显著的正相关性(P<0.05); 王士佳[6]运用非靶向代谢组学方法, 研究发现超微粉碎的鹰嘴豆芽粉中亚麻酸和二萜类化合物等关键差异代谢物的生物活性显著高于未经超微处理的粗粉; 张亚琨[7]利用非靶向代谢组学研究发现, 经过微细加工处理的燕麦麸皮在改善由高脂食物引起的C16鞘氨醇、Δ2-二十四碳六烯酸(Δ2-tetracosahexaenoic acid, Δ2-THA)、2-花生四烯酰甘油、12-酮石胆酸、7-酮石胆酸、前列腺素E2等关键代谢物紊乱方面展现了显著的功效。此外, 苹果粉作为调味品、营养保健品、婴幼儿食品和固体饮料等多种领域的食品添加剂, 面临储存时吸湿结块的挑战, 这不仅影响粉末的流动性和稳定性, 还可能降低其品质和功能性。然而, 超微粉碎和喷雾干燥技术的应用为解决这一问题带来了希望。QIN等[8]通过超微粉碎处理的马铃薯粉更容易流动, 从而减少了粉末颗粒间的接触面积, 降低了因吸湿而导致的结块风险; SICCAMA等[9]通过喷雾干燥技术调控入口温度、雾化压力和添加壁材(如麦芽糊精)使得粉末液体浓缩物喷雾成雾滴后迅速蒸发水分, 有效防止芦笋粉由于水分过多引起的结块, 形成了较为均匀的颗粒, 显著改善了粉末的流动性。此外, 超微粉碎技术显著提高了短尾金龟子粉的蛋白质和总酚含量[10], 喷雾干燥的芦笋粉鉴定出70种挥发性化合物的代谢物谱, 有效保留了芦笋粉中醇和醛等关键风味化合物[9]。因此, 超微粉碎和喷雾干燥技术不仅能改善食品粉末的物理特性和应用范围[11], 还能显著提高粉末中活性功能成分的含量[12]。但是, 当前研究主要集中在通过物理因素(调控粒径、表面积等)来研究食品粉末的粉质特性, 缺乏从代谢组层面动态解析加工技术下食品粉末的粉质特性和功能成分问题。
本研究旨在深入评估超微粉碎和喷雾干燥技术对苹果粉代谢物的影响, 利用液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)技术对苹果粉在加工技术下的代谢物进行深入分析, 并通过综合运用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)、聚类分析以及京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路富集等统计方法, 精准地识别并定量分析苹果粉在加工中的关键代谢物, 以期为苹果粉的产业化制造提供重要的科学依据, 同时也为开发具有安全健康效益的苹果粉制品奠定理论基础。
苹果: 静宁苹果(“长富二号”), 果径80 mm以上, 无病虫害, 无机械损伤, 来源甘肃省静宁县。每次物料量为1 kg, 平行测3次。
抗坏血酸、甲醇(色谱纯, ‌深圳金富源生物科技有限公司); 麦芽糊精(食品级, 陕西晨明生物科技有限公司); 甲酸、乙腈(质谱纯, 美国Fisher Scientific公司)。
DHG-9145A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); XMQ间歇式超微粉碎机(济南天方机械有限公司); HR2196榨汁机(佛山市顺德区爱派电器实业有限公司); JM85-240胶体磨(山东龙兴化工机械集团有限公司); DH-09J均质机(上海耐驰仪器有限公司); HH-2恒温水浴锅(上海拓赫机电科技有限公司); SP-1500实验型喷雾干燥机(上海顺仪实验设备有限公司); BL-2200H电子天平(精度0.01 g, 上海凯士电子有限公司); Bettersize2600激光粒度分布仪(丹东百特仪器有限公司); TGL-16LM高速冷冻离心机(湖南星科科学仪器有限公司); ICS-3000离子色谱仪(美国Dionex公司); Q-Exactive Orbitrap质谱仪(德国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国Agilent公司); Hei-VAP Precision旋转蒸发仪(德国海道尔夫公司)。
不同加工技术下苹果粉制备的工艺流程参考宋娟等[13]的方法, 稍有改动, 具体操作如下:
(1)苹果→筛选、清洗→去核、切片→护色(0.2%抗坏血酸溶液)→热风干燥(设定温度45 ℃, 同时维持风速1.2 m/s, 干燥到原料水分指标低于8%)→粗粉碎(用粉碎机将热风干燥苹果片粉碎, 过80目筛)→超微粉碎20 min[采用间歇式(4 min操作+2 min强制空气冷却)], 过200目筛→样本(标记为E组);
(2)苹果→筛选、清洗→切片→榨汁→护色(0.2%抗坏血酸溶液)→过胶体磨→添加麦芽糊精(苹果汁和麦芽糊精的质量比为10:1)→均质→喷雾干燥(调整进口温度130 ℃, 出口温度70 ℃, 控制蠕动泵流量60 mL/min, 设定风机频率35 Hz, 干燥到原料水分指标低于8%)→样本(标记为F组)。
采用激光粒度分布仪湿法测定苹果粉样本粒径大小及分布, 采用跨度表征样本粒径大小、比表面积表征样本粒径分布。每个样本重复测定3次取平均值。
精确称量20 mg苹果粉, 与相同体积的甲醇和乙腈混合, 放入超声波浴中处理30 min, 确保充分融合。把混合液体放入4 ℃的冷冻离心机, 14000 r/min的速度离心10 min。离心结束后, 利用0.22 μm的过滤器过滤, 除去杂质。将过滤后的清液转移到旋转蒸发仪中进行干燥, 样本保存备用。
参照陈光武[14]的方法, 稍有改动。色谱柱: DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)。使用两种不同的流动相, 分别是0.1%甲酸水溶液(简称为A)和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(简称为B)。利用梯度洗脱的方法, 实验开始时, 溶液A占95%。在最初的5 min内, 溶液A的比例逐渐线性降低至40%。在随后的5 min, 比例继续下降, 直到达到5%。为了重置和稳定色谱柱, 在最后5 min里将溶液A的比例重新调整至95%。实验中流速为0.4 mL/min, 柱温设为40 ℃, 每次进样量为5 μL, 保证实验的精确度和重复性。
使用Q-Exactive Orbitrap质谱仪进行高精度的测量[15], 设定喷雾电压3.5 kV, 辅助气体温度400 ℃, 鞘气和辅助气体流量分别为52 Arb和14 Arb。仪器的质量扫描范围设定在150~1500 (m/z), 覆盖了广泛的代谢物检测需求, 并对每个检测周期内最高丰度的离子进行5次的MS/MS扫描, 确保获得高质量的质谱数据。
采用Microsoft Excel 2022和SPSS 27数据分析软件对所获的数据进行分析处理、作图及显著性分析。统计分析的工具包括proteowizard V3.0.8789、clusterProfifiler V4.6.0、pheatmap V1.0.12、corrplot V4.0.3、KEGG Mapper软件。所有实验重复3次。
粒径是影响苹果粉物理性质和应用性能的关键因素, 直接决定了苹果粉的溶解性、分散性、流动性和吸湿性等物理特性, 从而显著影响其在食品、医药等领域的应用效果和适用范围。从表1可以看出, 不同加工技术对苹果粉粒径大小和比表面积的影响差异显著(P<0.05)。与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥苹果粉的中位粒径D[50]降低到3.91 μm, D[3,2]降低到2.62 μm, D[4,3]降低到5.52 μm, 比表面积增加到850.10 m2/kg, 跨度减小到2.51, 这表明喷雾干燥苹果粉的粒径减小、比表面积增大、跨度值减小。这可能是由于超微粉碎的前处理(热风干燥)时间较长, 物料表面硬化及收缩, 所以干燥后组织致密且坚硬, 破碎难度大, 棱角多, 粒径大; 在喷雾干燥过程中, 苹果粉的粒径较小, 这主要是由料液浓度、雾化时雾滴的大小等因素决定。因此, 喷雾干燥制备的苹果粉每单位重量含有更多的颗粒, 使得与其他物质结合时接触面积更大, 更容易混合均匀。
PCA是一种广泛应用于数据分析领域的统计方法, 其核心目的是从复杂的数据集中提取和展示数据的基本模式与内在关系, 主要是通过最大化数据方差的方式有效地捕捉数据中的主要变化趋势。如图1所示, 经过超微粉碎的苹果粉(标记为E组)和喷雾干燥的苹果粉(标记为F组)在PCA图中被明显的分开, PC1和PC2解释了总变异的82.7%, 表明这两种加工技术对苹果粉的化学和物理属性有显著的差异(P<0.05)。同时, PCA发现喷雾干燥的苹果粉表现出较高的一致性, 显示出该技术能够制备出稳定且一致的产品, 而超微粉碎技术的苹果粉一致性较低, 表明其加工过程可能影响了苹果粉的物理性质和化学结构, 从而影响产品的均匀性。此外, 质量控制样本(QC-1、QC-2和QC-3)的密集分布进一步证实了实验的一致性和数据的可靠性。这些结果与PCA可以精确分类24种天然植物产品粉末[16], 与PCA联合偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)区分西班牙与捷克辣椒粉样本[17]等已有研究结果相似。加工技术对食品粉末的内部特性, 如表面积、粒度等造成了显著的影响。对于不同的加工技术来说, 超微粉碎可能导致产品一致性较低, 可以通过改进加工流程来提高产品质量。喷雾干燥技术, 由于其瞬间高温的干燥特性, 可能更适合保持产品的一致性, 特别是适用于大规模的工业生产。
代谢物鉴定分析是研究苹果粉代谢变化的关键手段, 它能够精准地识别和量化苹果粉中各种代谢物的种类与含量。如图2所示, 不同加工技术的苹果粉代谢物分析发现其代谢物组成存在显著差异(P<0.05), 共鉴定了244种代谢物, 其中脂质和类脂分子占总代谢物的28.6%, 这类物质不仅对细胞壁的组成至关重要, 还在能量储备和细胞信号传递中发挥重要作用。超微粉碎通过高剪切力破坏细胞膜, 释放脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX), 催化多不饱和脂肪酸氧化生成挥发性醛酮类, 导致脂质氧化标志物含量升高。而喷雾干燥则因瞬间高温引发脂质热氧化, 形成氧化聚合物, 同时促进脂溶性维生素(如维生素E)的异构化或降解。苯丙素类和聚酮类化合物占总代谢物的17.0%, 因为它们在植物体内具备的抗炎、抗氧化和抗菌属性而备受关注。超微粉碎的机械应力激活苯丙烷代谢途径中的关键酶, 促进酚酸类合成, 但细胞破裂引发多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性增强, 导致邻苯二酚类物质氧化褐变。喷雾干燥的高温快速灭活PPO, 保留游离酚酸。苯型化合物和有机杂环化合物均占总代谢物的11.9%, 它们在自然界和医学领域有其独特的价值。超微粉碎破坏细胞壁, 引发苯环氧化开环或多环的苯型化合物生成。喷雾干燥则通过高温促进美拉德反应生成含氮杂环化合物, 但会降解呋喃类物质, 保留了非挥发性杂环化合物。含氧有机化合物如醇、酮、醛和酸等类别则占总代谢物的11.6%, 它们在生物体内承担多种生理功能。超微粉碎通过释放醇脱氢酶催化醇类氧化为醛或酮, 并产生活性氧加速氧化反应。喷雾干燥则促使羟基酸脱水生成内酯, 促进酮类的挥发损失, 并生成糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛等美拉德中间体。有机酸及其衍生物占代谢物总量8.4%, 它们在代谢调节与能量储存方面也有其作用。超微粉碎使细胞液泡破裂释放有机酸, 局部摩擦热引发酸催化酯水解。喷雾干燥的高温促进有机酸与还原糖的脱水缩合, 生成美拉德反应中间体, 同时加速抗坏血酸氧化脱氢生成脱氢抗坏血酸。有机氮化合物如氨基酸和蛋白质, 这些生命的基础元素占总代谢物的4.0%。超微粉碎破坏蛋白质-多酚复合物, 释放游离氨基酸, 激活β-葡萄糖苷酶使木脂素糖苷水解为苷元, 但可能引发蛋白酶活性增强生成苦味肽; 喷雾干燥的高温导致热敏感氨基酸斯特雷克降解生成吡嗪类物质, 灭活脲酶等抗营养因子, 同时引起核苷酸脱氨基, 保留木脂素糖苷形式。生物碱及其衍生物占总代谢物的3.8%, 它们在医药领域具有显著的疗效。超微粉碎通过高剪切力破坏植物细胞壁和液泡膜, 释放结合态生物碱(如葫芦巴碱、茄碱), 提高游离生物碱含量。喷雾干燥的瞬间高温导致热敏感生物碱(如阿托品、莨菪碱)的酯键断裂或差向异构化(如L-型向D-型转化), 降低药理活性, 但部分生物碱(如咖啡因)因热稳定性高得以保留。尽管核苷、核苷酸及其类似物仅占总代谢物的1.6%, 但它们在细胞信号传递和维护核酸结构中极其重要。超微粉碎破坏RNA/DNA结构, 释放单磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate, AMP), 而喷雾干燥的高温可能引起核苷酸脱氨基(如腺苷→肌苷)。此外, 木脂素、新木脂素及其相关化合物占总代谢物的1.2%, 因其抗肿瘤和抗氧化特性而受到重视。超微粉碎激活β-葡萄糖苷酶, 促进木脂素糖苷(如松脂苷)水解为苷元, 而喷雾干燥通过瞬间高温能够快速钝化β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性, 从而保留木脂素糖苷的原始形式。总体上, 这些代谢物的多样性不仅体现在其化学结构的丰富性上, 更反映于加工过程中伴随的复杂生化转化网络及代谢通路动态调控。这些发现与豆类复合粉中的生物碱和多酚类物质[18]以及鼠尾草粉中有机酸和萜类化合物[19]等已有研究结果相似, 表明食品加工体系中代谢物组变化既存在普遍规律(如美拉德反应介导的共性转化), 又具有加工体系特异性(原料-工艺互作引发的特征代谢通路激活)。这些变化不仅受加工技术的影响, 还可能与原料的成熟度和微生物活性等因素相关。
表达丰度密度图展示了两种不同加工技术对苹果粉中代谢物水平的影响。通过这种可视化分析, 可以清晰地看到不同加工技术下苹果粉中代谢物的相对丰度分布。如图3显示, 超微粉碎的苹果粉(标记为E1、E2和E3)在代谢物含量上显著高于喷雾干燥的苹果粉(标记为F1、F2和F3) (P<0.05), 表明超微粉碎技术在保存苹果的营养成分方面效果更好, 这可能是因为超微粉碎技术减小了热敏感营养成分受损和氧化的风险, 从而更有效地保留了苹果粉的营养价值。相比之下, 喷雾干燥技术在改善产品的外观和延长保存期限方面表现更加突出, 但高温处理可能导致一部分营养成分的流失。此外, 实验中对照质量控制样本(QC-1、QC-2和QC-3)以确保数据的一致性和可信度。这些结果与超微粉碎技术显著提高了全麦青稞的营养成分、理化性质和抗氧化活性[20], 喷雾干燥技术成功制备出了具有高玻璃化转变温度、低黏着性和特定颜色特性等生物学稳定性良好的蜂蜜粉[21]等已有研究结果相似。超微粉碎技术通过细化苹果细胞结构, 不仅促进了营养物质的释放, 减少了热敏感成分的损害, 使得产品在口感和质感上优于喷雾干燥的产品, 特别适合生产特殊营养需求或健康效益更高的食品。此外, 超微粉碎技术的封闭式加工方式还能有效控制微生物和灰尘污染, 确保食品安全和质量。然而, 喷雾干燥技术通过快速干燥减少营养成分的损失, 同时避免了热处理和氧化作用对产品功能活性的负面影响, 适合于需要快速加工的烘焙食品等行业。
通过样本相关性分析图, 能够直观地呈现不同样本之间的相似性与差异性, 该分析主要借助Pearson相关系数来量化样本间的相似程度, 从而为数据的深入解读提供有力支持。如图4所示, 超微粉碎苹果粉(标记为E1、E2、E3)与喷雾干燥苹果粉(标记为F1、F2、F3)的相关性存在显著差异(P<0.05)。超微粉碎(E组)样本之间具有较高的相关性, 例如E1和E2、E1和E3的相关系数分别为0.74和0.73, 而E2与E3之间的相关系数较高, 达到0.94, 表明超微粉碎过程可能改变了苹果粉末的化学和物理特性, 从而影响其均匀性。喷雾干燥(F组)样本之间的相关性非常高, 例如F1与F2、F1与F3、F2与F3的相关系数分别是0.96、0.94和0.95。对比超微粉碎和喷雾干燥加工的苹果粉, E系列与F系列之间的相似度显著降低, 例如E1与F3的相关系数仅为0.35, 表明不同的加工技术对苹果粉末的化学和物理特性有显著的影响。这种差异与苹果粉总体PCA(图1)的结果一致, 表明超微粉碎可能破坏了苹果粉的细胞结构, 导致营养成分的流失, 降低了产品的一致性; 热处理和氧化作用可能改变关键成分, 影响了喷雾干燥苹果粉的功能活性, 还可能对食品安全和质量产生潜在影响, 可能产生有害物质。
热图通过色彩变化直观地展示了样本之间的相似性和差异性, 不同颜色的深浅程度清晰地反映了代谢物含量的显著差异, 这些差异可能由样本来源、处理方式或环境条件等因素引起, 为后续研究提供重要线索。如图5所示, 超微粉碎的苹果粉(标识为E)与喷雾干燥的苹果粉(标识为F)在代谢物含量上呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。其中, 喷雾干燥苹果粉的代谢物含量具有高度的一致性, 表明该技术的产品稳定性和一致性较强。超微粉碎苹果粉的代谢物含量不均一, 表明超微粉碎技术的苹果粉一致性较低。这些结果与喷雾干燥和超微粉碎制备黄花菜粉聚类显著差异[22-23]的研究结果相似, 可能是因为超微粉碎的加工过程破坏了样本细胞结构, 从而促进营养素的释放, 潜在地导致了一些代谢物的含量差异, 该技术特别适合生产特殊营养需求的食品。喷雾干燥由于使用了更高的温度, 可能对某些热敏性分子造成损害, 适合于需要快速加工的烘焙行业。
在非靶向代谢组学研究中, 单变量统计分析常被运用于检测不同样本中代谢物的变动情况。如图6所示, 超微粉碎(标识为E)和喷雾干燥(标识为F)的苹果粉中的代谢物产生了显著差异(P<0.05)。与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥的苹果粉呈现出1172种代谢物(标记为红色)含量明显增加, 表明这些代谢物在喷雾干燥加工后显著上升。反之, 有2550种代谢物(标记为蓝色)的含量明显降低, 指示这些代谢物在处理过程中有所减少。此外, 有7212种代谢物(标记为灰色)的含量未见明显变化, 意味着这些代谢物在两种不同的加工技术下维持了较为稳定的水平。单变量统计的这些代谢物变化规律与其他食品加工的研究结果相类似。例如, 喷雾干燥后的蛋黄粉表现出N-糖蛋白的共价交联增加, 其中有21个N-糖基化位点下调, 2个N-糖基化位点上调[24], 以及喷雾干燥咖啡粉中5-羟甲基糠醛和碳水化合物等33种化合物表达上调[25]。这些变化可能与喷雾干燥的独特处理技术有关, 如快速蒸发和热处理, 这些过程可能促进特定代谢物的增加或影响其稳定性。同时, 喷雾干燥的高度标准化和自动化也有助于减少批次间的变异, 提升产品品质的一致性, 也为食品安全和质量方面提供了潜在优势。相比之下, 超微粉碎因其较低的物理均匀性可能导致更广泛的代谢物变动, 因此需要优化技术参数生产出更高品质的食品粉末。
通过差异物质相关性分析, 可以探究代谢物之间变化趋势的一致性, 揭示苹果粉在加工过程中的相互作用和影响。如图7显示, 超微粉碎(标记为E)与喷雾干燥(标记为F)加工技术对苹果粉的多个代谢物相关性存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结果表明, 呈现显著正相关代谢物包括人参皂苷F1与N-果糖基焦谷氨酸、香豆酸4-O-葡萄糖苷与天冬氨酸、神经酸与乳糖等。其中, N-果糖基焦谷氨酸可能通过激活谷胱甘肽合成酶间接增强抗氧化能力。人参皂苷F1作为一种三萜皂苷, 具有抗氧化和抗炎特性。两者在抗氧化防御系统中可能协同作用, 增强细胞的抗氧化能力, 从而在代谢网络中呈现正相关。香豆酸4-O-葡萄糖苷通过清除自由基直接抗氧化。天冬氨酸在细胞代谢中参与多种生化反应, 包括氮代谢和能量生成。在干旱或病原胁迫下, 香豆酸4-O-葡萄糖苷和天冬氨酸可能在糖-氨基酸和苯丙烷代谢交联途径中协同作用, 强化细胞壁抵御能力。神经酸为不饱和脂肪酸, 增强细胞膜流动性, 而乳糖为二糖(葡萄糖+半乳糖), 在能量代谢中提供能量支持。在能量过剩时(如高脂饮食), 神经酸和乳糖通过调控固醇调节元件结合蛋白通路, 促进脂滴形成与储存。这种协同作用有助于维持细胞的能量平衡和膜功能, 从而在代谢网络中呈现正相关。这些代谢物的正相关性反映了它们在细胞代谢中的协同作用, 尤其是在抗氧化、能量代谢和细胞防御机制中。这些协同作用有助于细胞在应激条件下维持稳定性和功能性。这些研究结果与先前在苦瓜粉中观察到的黄酮类和皂苷类物质增加相关的生物功能[26]的发现相类似, 进一步验证了食品加工技术对代谢物特性的影响具有普遍性和特异性。然而, 呈现显著负相关代谢物包括水杨酸与天冬氨酸、硬脂酸与丁酸等。其中, 水杨酸为苯甲酸衍生物, 主导生物胁迫响应(如病原菌感染)。天冬氨酸为酸性氨基酸, 参与氮代谢与能量生成, 在非生物胁迫(如盐胁迫)中积累。病原侵染时, 水杨酸信号抑制天冬氨酸的碳氮代谢分配, 优先支持防御物质合成。硬脂酸为长链饱和脂肪酸, 丁酸为短链饱和脂肪酸。硬脂酸通过血栓海绵蛋白受体(cluster of differentiation 36, CD36)促进脂质储存, 丁酸通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-γ)抑制脂质积累并促进氧化。硬脂酸激活Toll样受体4/核因子κB (Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, TLR4/NF-κB)通路促炎, 丁酸通过组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC)抑制抗炎。高硬脂酸饮食可能抑制丁酸的抗炎与代谢保护作用, 加剧代谢综合征。这些结果与抹茶金枪鱼油粉中对心血管健康和大脑功能的负相关性代谢物[二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)][27]的研究结果相似。超微粉碎技术通过高强度剪切力破碎苹果细胞壁, 释放酚类(如香豆酸4-O-葡萄糖苷)、黄酮类(如千层纸素A)和膜脂(如磷脂酰肌醇), 导致这些代谢物浓度显著升高, 同时细胞破碎加速内源酶(如多酚氧化酶)与底物接触, 引发酚类氧化褐变或脂质过氧化, 形成负相关代谢物。粉碎后颗粒比表面积增大, 暴露于氧气和自由基, 促进不饱和脂肪酸(如神经酸)氧化生成环氧化产物(如冠状酸), 同时消耗抗氧化物质(如谷胱甘肽), 加剧氧化型代谢物与抗氧化剂的负相关性。喷雾干燥的高温(150~200 ℃)导致热敏感代谢物(如维生素C、部分黄酮苷)降解或异构化, 而热稳定化合物(如香豆酸糖苷、山梨糖醇)因脱水浓缩和玻璃化保护得以保留甚至富集。高温下还原糖(如乳糖)与游离氨基酸(如天冬氨酸)发生美拉德反应, 生成呋喃类衍生物并消耗反应底物, 导致糖-氨基酸代谢网络失衡, 同时生成新代谢物改变原有相关性结构。因此, 超微粉碎通过物理破坏和氧化应激主导代谢物释放与降解, 喷雾干燥通过热效应和化学反应重塑代谢物组成, 二者共同作用导致正负相关代谢物的动态平衡被打破。
通过深入分析KEGG数据库, 探讨苹果粉在经过不同的加工技术的代谢产物及生物活性变化, 从而更好地理解加工技术对苹果粉品质和功能的影响。如图8所示, 气泡图中不同大小的气泡呈现了苹果粉代谢途径生物活性的显著差异(P<0.05)。结果表明, 加工技术显著影响了苹果粉的核心代谢途径, 主要包括不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成(具有最高的富集因子和显著性)、氨基酸的生物合成、亚油酸代谢及ABC转运蛋白等。这些代谢途径对于保证细胞的基础功能、促进心脏健康以及维持细胞内外物质的有效运输非常关键。这些结果与新西兰番茄喷雾干燥粉[28]和甜菜根汁粉[29]参与氨基酸合成、ABC转运蛋白和氨酰-tRNA生物合成等高活性代谢途径的已有研究结果相似。这表明不同食品粉末中的代谢途径对不同加工技术引起的生物及环境变化的响应具有一定的共性。这可能是因为超微粉碎通过高剪切力破坏细胞膜, 释放磷脂酶A2和LOX, 催化亚油酸氧化生成挥发性醛类, 导致不饱和脂肪酸含量下降, 同时抑制Δ9-去饱和酶活性, 阻碍单不饱和脂肪酸合成。在氨基酸合成途径方面, 超微粉碎使细胞破裂, 释放谷氨酰胺合成酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶, 促进氨基酸合成, 但机械力干扰氨酰-tRNA生物合成途径。同时, 活性氧激活丝氨酸/苏氨酸代谢支路, 支持谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统。在ABC转运系统与物质跨膜运输方面, 超微粉碎破坏细胞膜完整性, 导致ABC转运蛋白失活, 扰乱代谢物区域化分布, 同时细胞膜电位崩溃影响次级代谢物的质子驱动运输。喷雾干燥的高温引发脂质过氧化, 生成共轭亚油酸等氧化产物, 但高温也灭活了相关酶, 导致脂质氧化中间体积累。这些变化降低了苹果粉的降胆固醇潜力, 也可能赋予其抗炎特性, 但需注意氧化副产物的食品安全风险。在氨基酸合成途径方面, 喷雾干燥通过高温促使赖氨酸等氨基酸参与美拉德反应, 导致游离氨基酸减少, 而热稳定氨基酸相对富集。这些变化影响了苹果粉的蛋白质营养价值和必需氨基酸的生物利用度。在ABC转运系统与物质跨膜运输方面, 喷雾干燥形成的玻璃态基质抑制分子扩散, 干扰ABC转运蛋白的底物识别与运输, 微囊表面亲水性增强也可能干扰脂溶性代谢物的跨膜转运。这些干扰可能导致苹果粉中生物活性成分的异常积累或外泄, 影响其稳定性和缓释特性。尽管某些路径, 如氨酰-tRNA生物合成途径[30]、磷脂酰肌醇信号系统[31]及植物激素信号转导[32]等表现出较低的生物活性, 但它们在蛋白质合成、细胞信号传递和植物生长调控中仍发挥着核心作用, 可能对苹果粉的营养品质和功能性产生重要影响。此外, 虽然2-氧羧酸代谢和D-氨基酸代谢的途径生物活性不高, 但是对苹果粉的抗氧化、能量代谢和细胞保护等功能性和环境适应性发挥重要作用[33]。这些发现揭示了不同加工技术对苹果粉的生物活性和代谢途径的重大影响, 为食品加工与健康影响的分子层面分析提供科学依据。
本研究通过LC-MS/MS技术分析了超微粉碎和喷雾干燥对苹果粉代谢物的影响。与超微粉碎相比, 喷雾干燥苹果粉的粒径减小、比表面积增大、跨度值减小。通过PCA分析, 揭示了两种加工技术对苹果粉累计方差贡献率为82.7%。代谢物鉴定分析出244种关键代谢物, 涉及脂类、苯丙素类和苯型化合物等, 这些是构成细胞结构的基础成分。表达丰度分析发现, 超微粉碎技术能够更有效地保留苹果粉的天然营养成分。样本相关性分析和热图显示, 喷雾干燥处理的苹果粉在代谢物表达上表现出较高的一致性和稳定性。差异性物质相关性分析发现, 两种加工技术对特定代谢物的影响呈现出明显的正负相关性, 如人参皂苷F1与N-果糖基焦谷氨酸等呈现正相关, 水杨酸与天冬氨酸等呈现负相关。KEGG通路富集分析主要呈现了苹果粉在不同加工技术下不饱和脂肪酸合成途径最为活跃, 诸多代谢途径在维持细胞功能和营养健康具有重要角色。因此, 超微粉碎技术通过优化加工过程增强了苹果粉的口感和质量, 使其更适合用于制备营养密集型食品, 而喷雾干燥技术则显示出在快餐食品及烘焙行业的适用性。这些发现为苹果粉的加工技术优化及其在食品工业中的应用提供了科学的理论基础。未来可进一步探索优化超微粉碎与喷雾干燥联合工艺参数(粒径控制、温度梯度、载体材料复配、进料速率等), 以更好地平衡苹果粉中营养成分的保留与代谢物的稳定性。同时, 基于代谢物互作网络, 设计出能够增强特定功能特性的苹果粉配方, 拓展其在代餐能量棒等高附加值产品中的应用。
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项项目(22ZD6NA045)
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-27-2025)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250210003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-10
基金
甘肃省科技重大专项项目(22ZD6NA045)
国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-27-2025)
作者信息
    1.甘肃省农业科学院农产品贮藏加工研究所, 兰州 730070
    2.甘肃农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 兰州 730070

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* 康三江(1977—), 男, 研究员, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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