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Article(id=1151881496819282381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241205002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733328000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559549765, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559549765, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559549765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559549765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923894161126094, articleId=1151881496819282381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Contamination situations and exposure risks assessments of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the contamination situations and exposure risks of deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province. Methods Totally 1594 grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023 were investigated. DON and its derivatives were determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Their concentrations were analyzed, and the exposure risk of DON to grains and their products among residents in Hebei Province was evaluated based on adult dietary consumption. Results The detection rates of DON were the highest in wheat and their products, ranging from 61.40% to 97.78%. The detection rates of DON in corn and its products were ranging from 36.13% to 86.75%. The detection rate of DON in rice was relatively low, with a detection rate of 0% in rice and 20.31% in Job’s tears. Risk assessment showed that the chronic exposure range for adults was 0.02-0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), which was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake guidance value of 1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d). Conclusion DON contamination is relatively common in grains and their products. Among these, wheat and their products exhibit the highest detection rate and contamination levels of DON, followed by corn-based products, while rice-based products show relatively lower contamination levels. For adults, the dietary exposure to DON through the consumption of wheat-based foods, corn, and rice does not pose a significant chronic intake risk. Wheat-based foods are the primary source of DON exposure in the population. Continuous monitoring of DON contamination in grains and their products is necessary to reduce dietary exposure risks.

, correspAuthors=Li-Ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bei-Bei REN, Meng-Ying LIU, Fu-Zun CHEN, Jia GAO, Chen-Xi ZHAO, Yang LU, Li-Ying WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923901123670879, articleId=1151881496819282381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2016—2023年河北省谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染状况及暴露风险评估, columnId=1151923892995109553, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解河北地区谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其衍生物的污染状况及暴露风险。方法 对河北地区2016年到2023年风险监测的1594份谷物及其制品, 采用同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定DON及其衍生物, 分析其浓度, 根据成人膳食消费量评估河北省居民对谷物及其制品中DON的暴露风险。结果 DON在小麦及其制品中检出率最高, 检出率范围在61.40%~97.78%。DON在玉米及其制品中检出率范围在36.13%~86.75%。DON在米类中检出率较低, 在大米中检出率为0%; 在薏米中检出率为20.31%。风险评估显示, 成人慢性暴露范围为0.02~0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), 结果均小于每日最大容许摄入量指导值1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)。结论 DON在谷物及其制品中污染较为普遍, 谷物及其制品中小麦及其制品的DON检出率和污染水平均最高, 玉米类的污染水平次之, 米类的污染水平相对较低。成人通过摄入面类、玉米和米类造成DON的膳食暴露无显著慢性摄入风险。面类是人群DON暴露的主要来源, 应持续关注谷物及其制品中DON污染问题, 降低膳食暴露风险。

, correspAuthors=王丽英, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王丽英(1982—), 女, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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任贝贝(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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任贝贝(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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任贝贝(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Shanghai Journal of Prerentice Medicine, 2023, 25(8): 729-734., articleTitle=Dietary exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour and its products sold in Shanghai., refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158560849929175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, awardId=20210101, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省医学科学研究课题计划资助项目(20210101), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158556999558039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158557033112472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, companyId=1167158556999558039, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158557045695385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, companyId=1167158556999558039, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北省疾病预防控制中心, 石家庄 050021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167158559608415173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Contamination level data distribution of DON in wheat and its products, figureFileSmall=QHpXdHQDayym70wD2lzFvw==, figureFileBig=dASjwbH3w2R5NGHfYFKd7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158559709078470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小麦及其制品中DON污染水平数据分布情况, figureFileSmall=QHpXdHQDayym70wD2lzFvw==, figureFileBig=dASjwbH3w2R5NGHfYFKd7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158559788770247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Contamination level data distribution of DON in corn and its products and rice, figureFileSmall=uXFHNcTU60QZu/6iQzlhiQ==, figureFileBig=pIiVkas425JMHueTcYPtww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158559839101896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=图2, caption=玉米及其制品及米类中DON污染水平数据分布情况, figureFileSmall=uXFHNcTU60QZu/6iQzlhiQ==, figureFileBig=pIiVkas425JMHueTcYPtww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158559885239241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Contamination of DON in 3 major types of grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 样品数量/份 DON
检出率/% 检出范围/(µg/kg) 平均值/(µg/kg) 超标率/%
小麦及其制品 958 78.91 (756/958) ND~4183 263.9 3.34 (32/958)
玉米及其制品 540 64.44 (348/540) ND~3065 227.8 1.85 (10/540)
米类 96 13.54 (13/96) ND~275 28.1 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167158559935570890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2016—2023年河北省三大类谷物及其制品中DON污染状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 样品数量/份 DON
检出率/% 检出范围/(µg/kg) 平均值/(µg/kg) 超标率/%
小麦及其制品 958 78.91 (756/958) ND~4183 263.9 3.34 (32/958)
玉米及其制品 540 64.44 (348/540) ND~3065 227.8 1.85 (10/540)
米类 96 13.54 (13/96) ND~275 28.1 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560011068364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contamination of DON in grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 样品
数量/份		 DON
检出率/% 检出范围
/(µg/kg)		 平均值
/(µg/kg)		 超标率
/%		 P50
/(µg/kg)		 P75
/(µg/kg)		 P90
/(µg/kg)		 P95
/(µg/kg)
生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮) 45 97.78 (44/45) ND~914 145.5 0 105 154 298 432
生干面制品(挂面) 124 97.58 (121/124) ND~1440 216.0 0.81 (1/124) 136 324 515 602
小麦粉 239 90.38 (216/239) ND~786 125.9 0 88 142 262 366
小麦 443 61.40 (272/443) ND~4183 394.9 7.00 (31/443) 190 615 961 1430
馒头 85 96.47 (82/85) ND~691 138.7 0 89 147 333 521
油炸型方便面 22 95.45 (21/22) ND~334 119.5 0 109 154 230 262
玉米面(糁、片) 302 86.75 (262/302) ND~3065 288.9 2.32 (7/302) 205 366 639 836
玉米(玉米粒) 238 36.13 (86/238) ND~1972 150.3 1.26 (3/238) 20 170 456 631
大米 32 0 (0/32) ND ND 0 ND ND ND ND
薏米 64 20.31 (13/64) ND~275 32.2 0 20 20 59 72
合计 1594 70.08 (1117/1594) ND~4183 237.5 2.63 (42/1594) 103 306 640 897
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560094954447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2016—2023年河北省谷物及其制品中DON污染状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 样品
数量/份		 DON
检出率/% 检出范围
/(µg/kg)		 平均值
/(µg/kg)		 超标率
/%		 P50
/(µg/kg)		 P75
/(µg/kg)		 P90
/(µg/kg)		 P95
/(µg/kg)
生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮) 45 97.78 (44/45) ND~914 145.5 0 105 154 298 432
生干面制品(挂面) 124 97.58 (121/124) ND~1440 216.0 0.81 (1/124) 136 324 515 602
小麦粉 239 90.38 (216/239) ND~786 125.9 0 88 142 262 366
小麦 443 61.40 (272/443) ND~4183 394.9 7.00 (31/443) 190 615 961 1430
馒头 85 96.47 (82/85) ND~691 138.7 0 89 147 333 521
油炸型方便面 22 95.45 (21/22) ND~334 119.5 0 109 154 230 262
玉米面(糁、片) 302 86.75 (262/302) ND~3065 288.9 2.32 (7/302) 205 366 639 836
玉米(玉米粒) 238 36.13 (86/238) ND~1972 150.3 1.26 (3/238) 20 170 456 631
大米 32 0 (0/32) ND ND 0 ND ND ND ND
薏米 64 20.31 (13/64) ND~275 32.2 0 20 20 59 72
合计 1594 70.08 (1117/1594) ND~4183 237.5 2.63 (42/1594) 103 306 640 897
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560157869009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contamination of DON derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 样品数量/份 3-ADON 15-ADON
检出率/% 检出范围/(µg/kg) 平均值/(µg/kg) 检出率/% 检出范围/(µg/kg) 平均值/(µg/kg)
生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮) 45 0 (0/45) ND ND 0 (0/45) ND ND
生干面制品(挂面) 124 0 (0/124) ND ND 0 (0/124) ND ND
小麦粉 239 0 (0/239) ND ND 0 (0/239) ND ND
小麦 443 4.29 (19/443) ND~66.9 20.3 2.71 (12/443) ND~91 20.6
馒头 85 0 (0/85) ND ND 0 (0/85) ND ND
油炸型方便面 22 0 (0/22) ND ND 0 (0/22) ND ND
玉米面(糁、片) 302 2.98 (9/302) ND~24.8 20.0 36.09 (109/302) ND~274 43.4
玉米(玉米粒) 238 0 (0/238) ND ND 0 (0/238) ND ND
大米 32 0 (0/32) ND ND 0 (0/32) ND ND
薏米 64 0 (0/64) ND ND 0 (0/64) ND ND
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560224977874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2016—2023年河北省谷物及其制品中DON衍生物污染状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 样品数量/份 3-ADON 15-ADON
检出率/% 检出范围/(µg/kg) 平均值/(µg/kg) 检出率/% 检出范围/(µg/kg) 平均值/(µg/kg)
生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮) 45 0 (0/45) ND ND 0 (0/45) ND ND
生干面制品(挂面) 124 0 (0/124) ND ND 0 (0/124) ND ND
小麦粉 239 0 (0/239) ND ND 0 (0/239) ND ND
小麦 443 4.29 (19/443) ND~66.9 20.3 2.71 (12/443) ND~91 20.6
馒头 85 0 (0/85) ND ND 0 (0/85) ND ND
油炸型方便面 22 0 (0/22) ND ND 0 (0/22) ND ND
玉米面(糁、片) 302 2.98 (9/302) ND~24.8 20.0 36.09 (109/302) ND~274 43.4
玉米(玉米粒) 238 0 (0/238) ND ND 0 (0/238) ND ND
大米 32 0 (0/32) ND ND 0 (0/32) ND ND
薏米 64 0 (0/64) ND ND 0 (0/64) ND ND
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560401138643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Contamination of DON with different packaging types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 散装食品 定型包装食品
样品
数量/份		 检出率/% 检出范围
/(µg/kg)		 平均值/(µg/kg) 超标率/% 样品
数量/份		 检出率/% 检出范围
/(µg/kg)		 平均值/(µg/kg) 超标率
/%
生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮) 43 97.67 (42/43) ND~914 147.6 0 2 100.00 (2/2) 44.3~154 99.2 0
生干面制品(挂面) 27 92.59 (25/27) ND~763 234.4 0 97 98.97 (96/97) ND~1440 212.0 1.03 (1/97)
小麦粉 152 88.82 (135/152) ND~786 122.4 0 87 93.10 (81/87) ND~446 132.0 0
小麦 443 61.40 (272/443) ND~4183 394.9 7.00 (31/443) 0 0 (0/0) / / /
馒头 85 96.47 (82/85) ND~691 138.7 0 0 0 (0/0) / / /
油炸型方便面 0 0 (0/0) / / / 22 95.45 (21/22) ND~334 119.5 0
玉米面(糁、片) 291 86.25 (251/291) ND~3065 286.2 2.41 (7/291) 11 100 (11/11) 116~620 361.0 0
玉米(玉米粒) 232 37.07 (86/232) ND~1972 153.7 1.29 (3/232) 6 0 (0/6) ND ND 0
大米 27 0 (0/27) ND 0 0 5 0 (0/5) ND ND 0
薏米 57 17.54 (10/57) ND~275 32.1 0 7 42.86 (3/7) ND~68.4 32.9 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560472441812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同包装类型中DON污染状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类 散装食品 定型包装食品
样品
数量/份		 检出率/% 检出范围
/(µg/kg)		 平均值/(µg/kg) 超标率/% 样品
数量/份		 检出率/% 检出范围
/(µg/kg)		 平均值/(µg/kg) 超标率
/%
生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮) 43 97.67 (42/43) ND~914 147.6 0 2 100.00 (2/2) 44.3~154 99.2 0
生干面制品(挂面) 27 92.59 (25/27) ND~763 234.4 0 97 98.97 (96/97) ND~1440 212.0 1.03 (1/97)
小麦粉 152 88.82 (135/152) ND~786 122.4 0 87 93.10 (81/87) ND~446 132.0 0
小麦 443 61.40 (272/443) ND~4183 394.9 7.00 (31/443) 0 0 (0/0) / / /
馒头 85 96.47 (82/85) ND~691 138.7 0 0 0 (0/0) / / /
油炸型方便面 0 0 (0/0) / / / 22 95.45 (21/22) ND~334 119.5 0
玉米面(糁、片) 291 86.25 (251/291) ND~3065 286.2 2.41 (7/291) 11 100 (11/11) 116~620 361.0 0
玉米(玉米粒) 232 37.07 (86/232) ND~1972 153.7 1.29 (3/232) 6 0 (0/6) ND ND 0
大米 27 0 (0/27) ND 0 0 5 0 (0/5) ND ND 0
薏米 57 17.54 (10/57) ND~275 32.1 0 7 42.86 (3/7) ND~68.4 32.9 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560552133589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Daily dietary exposure of DON from grains and their products in residents of different age groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别 年龄组 体重
/kg		 小麦及其制品
/(g·bw·d)		 EDI面类
/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]		 玉米及其制品
/(g·bw·d)		 EDI玉米类
/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]		 米类
/(g·bw·d)		 EDI米类/[μg/(kg·bw·d)] EDI合计/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]
男性 18~29岁 67.0 156.9 0.62 5.1 0.02 191.6 0.08 0.72
30~44岁 67.0 153.4 0.60 5.7 0.02 206.8 0.09 0.71
45~59岁 66.6 151.2 0.60 7.1 0.02 182.5 0.08 0.70
60~69岁 62.4 138.4 0.59 9.2 0.03 168.8 0.08 0.70
70岁以上 62.4 118.6 0.50 8.2 0.03 150.6 0.07 0.60
女性 18~29岁 56.7 125.3 0.58 6.9 0.03 152.3 0.08 0.69
30~44岁 56.7 126.8 0.59 6.4 0.03 166.5 0.08 0.70
45~59岁 59.5 122.8 0.54 8.0 0.03 153.2 0.07 0.65
60~69岁 55.6 118.8 0.56 9.9 0.04 141.4 0.07 0.68
70岁以上 55.6 96.8 0.46 7.5 0.03 128.0 0.06 0.56
), ArticleFig(id=1167158560661185494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496819282381, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同年龄组居民每日经谷物及其制品摄入DON的膳食暴露量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别 年龄组 体重
/kg		 小麦及其制品
/(g·bw·d)		 EDI面类
/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]		 玉米及其制品
/(g·bw·d)		 EDI玉米类
/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]		 米类
/(g·bw·d)		 EDI米类/[μg/(kg·bw·d)] EDI合计/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]
男性 18~29岁 67.0 156.9 0.62 5.1 0.02 191.6 0.08 0.72
30~44岁 67.0 153.4 0.60 5.7 0.02 206.8 0.09 0.71
45~59岁 66.6 151.2 0.60 7.1 0.02 182.5 0.08 0.70
60~69岁 62.4 138.4 0.59 9.2 0.03 168.8 0.08 0.70
70岁以上 62.4 118.6 0.50 8.2 0.03 150.6 0.07 0.60
女性 18~29岁 56.7 125.3 0.58 6.9 0.03 152.3 0.08 0.69
30~44岁 56.7 126.8 0.59 6.4 0.03 166.5 0.08 0.70
45~59岁 59.5 122.8 0.54 8.0 0.03 153.2 0.07 0.65
60~69岁 55.6 118.8 0.56 9.9 0.04 141.4 0.07 0.68
70岁以上 55.6 96.8 0.46 7.5 0.03 128.0 0.06 0.56
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2016—2023年河北省谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染状况及暴露风险评估
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任贝贝 , 刘梦颖 , 陈福尊 , 高佳 , 赵晨曦 , 路杨 , 王丽英 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(10): 82-88
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(10): 82-88
2016—2023年河北省谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染状况及暴露风险评估
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任贝贝 , 刘梦颖, 陈福尊, 高佳, 赵晨曦, 路杨, 王丽英*
作者信息
  • 河北省疾病预防控制中心, 石家庄 050021

    • 任贝贝(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王丽英(1982—), 女, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Contamination situations and exposure risks assessments of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023
Bei-Bei REN , Meng-Ying LIU, Fu-Zun CHEN, Jia GAO, Chen-Xi ZHAO, Yang LU, Li-Ying WANG*
Affiliations
  • Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241205002
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摘要
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目的 了解河北地区谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其衍生物的污染状况及暴露风险。方法 对河北地区2016年到2023年风险监测的1594份谷物及其制品, 采用同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定DON及其衍生物, 分析其浓度, 根据成人膳食消费量评估河北省居民对谷物及其制品中DON的暴露风险。结果 DON在小麦及其制品中检出率最高, 检出率范围在61.40%~97.78%。DON在玉米及其制品中检出率范围在36.13%~86.75%。DON在米类中检出率较低, 在大米中检出率为0%; 在薏米中检出率为20.31%。风险评估显示, 成人慢性暴露范围为0.02~0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), 结果均小于每日最大容许摄入量指导值1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)。结论 DON在谷物及其制品中污染较为普遍, 谷物及其制品中小麦及其制品的DON检出率和污染水平均最高, 玉米类的污染水平次之, 米类的污染水平相对较低。成人通过摄入面类、玉米和米类造成DON的膳食暴露无显著慢性摄入风险。面类是人群DON暴露的主要来源, 应持续关注谷物及其制品中DON污染问题, 降低膳食暴露风险。

河北省  /  谷物及其制品  /  脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇  /  风险评估

Objective To investigate the contamination situations and exposure risks of deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province. Methods Totally 1594 grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023 were investigated. DON and its derivatives were determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Their concentrations were analyzed, and the exposure risk of DON to grains and their products among residents in Hebei Province was evaluated based on adult dietary consumption. Results The detection rates of DON were the highest in wheat and their products, ranging from 61.40% to 97.78%. The detection rates of DON in corn and its products were ranging from 36.13% to 86.75%. The detection rate of DON in rice was relatively low, with a detection rate of 0% in rice and 20.31% in Job’s tears. Risk assessment showed that the chronic exposure range for adults was 0.02-0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), which was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake guidance value of 1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d). Conclusion DON contamination is relatively common in grains and their products. Among these, wheat and their products exhibit the highest detection rate and contamination levels of DON, followed by corn-based products, while rice-based products show relatively lower contamination levels. For adults, the dietary exposure to DON through the consumption of wheat-based foods, corn, and rice does not pose a significant chronic intake risk. Wheat-based foods are the primary source of DON exposure in the population. Continuous monitoring of DON contamination in grains and their products is necessary to reduce dietary exposure risks.

Hebei Province  /  grains and their products  /  deoxynivalenol  /  risk assessment
任贝贝, 刘梦颖, 陈福尊, 高佳, 赵晨曦, 路杨, 王丽英. 2016—2023年河北省谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染状况及暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 82 -88 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241205002
Bei-Bei REN, Meng-Ying LIU, Fu-Zun CHEN, Jia GAO, Chen-Xi ZHAO, Yang LU, Li-Ying WANG. Contamination situations and exposure risks assessments of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 82 -88 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241205002
正文
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0 引言
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脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)属B型单端孢霉烯族化合物。单端孢霉烯族化合物是镰孢属的菌种产生的一组生物活性和化学结构相似的有毒代谢产物, 主要污染小麦、玉米、大麦、燕麦等谷物及其制品[1-3]。天然污染谷物的单端孢霉烯族化合物主要有T-2毒素、DON和雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)等[4-5]。单端孢霉烯族化合物的主要毒性作用为细胞毒性、免疫抑制和致畸作用及可能的弱致癌性[6]。DON毒性稳定、耐热、耐酸、耐贮藏, 主要污染大麦、小麦、玉米、燕麦等[7]。DON的两种乙酰化产物3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ADON)和15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON)是真菌DON生物合成的中间体, 常与DON同时存在[8-9]。低剂量DON可能引起动物的食欲下降、代谢紊乱等, 大剂量可导致呕吐, 人摄食被DON污染的谷物制成的食品后可能会引起呕吐、腹泻、头晕等以消化系统和神经系统为主要症状的真菌毒素中毒症[10-12]。
由于DON的毒性, 不同人群的DON暴露值得关注[13-14]。目前谷物及其制品中DON的健康风险评估也得到了越来越多的研究[15-16]。通过对整个小麦加工链的研究, 可以了解DON、3-ADON和15-ADON在小麦产品加工链中的分布情况, 并评估不同人群的DON膳食风险[17]。河北省处于华北平原地区, 夏季闷热潮湿, 食品存储不当容易发生霉变, 致使真菌毒素的污染风险增高。本研究对2016—2023年河北省内采集的1594份谷物及其制品中DON及其衍生物的污染状况进行监测和比较, 分析了不同的样品种类和包装类型中DON的污染状况, 并评估了不同年龄段人群通过不同谷物的摄入量的暴露风险, 为本地区DON及其衍生物的防控和管理提供相应的数据支持, 为流行病学调查提供理论指导和饮食风险数据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样品与试剂
选择河北省11个地级市为采样点。为保证所采样品的代表性, 取具有本地地域代表特征的行政县、区为采样点。样品从每个分采样点随机进行采样。2016年到2023年全省采集谷物及其制品样品共计1594份, 包括45份生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮)、124份生干面制品(挂面)、239份小麦粉、443份小麦、85份馒头、22份油炸型方便面、302份玉米面(糁、片)、238份玉米(玉米粒)、32份大米和64份薏米。样品采集后置于塑料自封袋内, 编号并记录, 于-20 ℃冰箱冷冻保存。
乙腈(色谱纯, 德国Merk公司); DON标准品(质量浓度200 mg/L, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 13C15-DON标准品(质量浓度25 µg/mL, 美国Romer Labs公司); 3-ADON标准品(纯度>96%)、15-ADON标准品(纯度>98%)(加拿大TRC公司); 实验所用水为超纯水(一级水)。
1.2 仪器与设备
Waters TQ-S高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪(美国Waters公司); JJ600电子天平(精度0.01 g, 常熟市双杰测试仪器厂); GM 200碾磨仪(德国莱驰公司); XM-800UVF超声仪[小美超声仪器(昆山)公司]; 3-30K高速台式离心机(德国Sigma实验室离心机公司)。
1.3 实验方法
1.3.1 检测方法
根据2016年到2023年《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中规定的食品中真菌毒素多组分测定的标准操作程序(同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法)进行谷物及其制品中DON及其衍生物的检测[18]。
1.3.2 结果评价
根据 GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定限量值小麦、小麦粉和玉米、玉米面(渣、片)中的DON限量值1000 μg/kg对样品中DON进行判定合格与否。
1.4 膳食暴露评估
本研究采用点评估方法计算18岁及以上成年人来源于谷物及其制品的DON暴露量, 根据所测得的不同谷物及其制品中DON的污染水平和居民的食物消费量数据, 计算得到每人每日膳食暴露量, 通过与暂定每日最大容许摄入量(provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, PMTDI)进行比较, 评价慢性暴露风险。计算见式(1):
$EDI=\frac{R\times F}{bw} $
式中: EDI为日膳食暴露量(estimated daily intake), μg/(kg·bw·d); R为样品中DON浓度, μg/kg; F为食品消费量, g/d; bw为体重, kg。DON的PMTDI按照食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA)提出的1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d)。
1.5 数据处理
使用Excel 2016进行数据的导入和整理, 运用OriginPro 8对实验数据进行处理和分析。考虑到未检出数据的不确定性, 根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)对未检出数据的处理原则[13]: 未检出数据的比例高于60%时, 所有未检出数据用检出限(limit of detection, LOD)替代; 未检出数据的比例小于等于60%时, 所有未检出数据用1/2 LOD替代[19]。本研究中DON、3-ADON、15-ADON的LOD为20 μg/kg。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 食品中DON及其衍生物污染情况
2.1.1 不同类别食品中DON及其衍生物污染情况
谷物及其制品食品类别包括小麦及其制品、玉米及其制品、米类3大类样品, 其中小麦及其制品包括生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮)、生干面制品(挂面)、小麦粉、小麦、馒头、油炸型方便面; 玉米及其制品包括玉米面(糁、片)、玉米(玉米粒); 米类包括大米和薏米。DON在小麦及其制品中检出率最高, 检出率范围在61.40%~97.78%。从样品类型来看, 生湿面制品(面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮)检出率最高, 检出率为97.78%; 其次为生干面制品(挂面)检出率为97.58%; 馒头检出率为96.47%; 油炸型方便面为95.45%; 小麦粉检出率为90.38%; 小麦检出率为61.40%。DON在小麦中检出率最低, 在小麦制品中检出率明显偏高, 其原因可能与小麦收获后的运输、储存条件有关。DON在玉米及其制品中检出率范围在36.13%~86.75%, 玉米面(糁、片)中检出率为86.75%, 玉米(玉米粒)中检出率为36.13%。玉米(玉米粒)检出率明显低于玉米面(糁、片), 相对于玉米(玉米粒), 玉米面(糁、片)在储存过程中更容易受DON的污染。DON在米类中检出率较低。在大米中检出率为0%, 在薏米中检出率为20.31%。按食品类别DON检出率从高到低依次为小麦及其制品>玉米及其制品>米类。
DON超标样品为生干面制品(挂面)、小麦、玉米面(糁、片)、玉米(玉米粒)。按样品种类超标率从高到低依次为小麦>玉米面(糁、片)>玉米(玉米粒)>生干面制品(挂面)。不同类别食品中DON检出情况见表1、表2。
DON衍生物3-ADON和15-ADON整体检出率较低。3-ADON检出率范围为0%~4.29%, 15-ADON检出率范围为0%~36.09%。3-ADON检出最大值食品类别为小麦, 检测值为66.9 µg/kg; 15-ADON检出最大值食品类别为玉米面(糁、片), 检测值为274 µg/kg。不同类别食品中3-ADON和15-ADON检出情况见表3。
以上结果表明, 谷物及其制品中3-ADON和15-ADON检出率均较低, 检出值较低, 污染情况较轻, 而DON检出率高, 污染程度严重, 是3类样品的主要污染物。
2.1.2 DON在不同类型食品中污染水平分布
对不同类型食品中DON污染水平分布进行了研究, 见图1、图2。图1为958份小麦及其制品中DON污染水平数据分布趋势图。图2为540份玉米及其制品和96份米类中DON污染水平数据分布趋势图。从图1可以看出, 小麦及其制品中DON的污染浓度主要集中在500 µg/kg以下。小麦中有一部分样品DON污染浓度在500~1000 µg/kg。随着DON污染数值的增大, DON浓度在1000 µg/kg以上的样品份数逐渐减少。从图2可以看出, 玉米及其制品中DON的污染浓度主要集中在400 µg/kg以下。玉米及其制品中有一部分样品DON污染浓度在400~800 µg/kg。米类中DON的污染浓度主要集中在200 µg/kg以下。同样随着DON污染数值的增大, 受污染的样品份数逐渐减少。
2.1.3 DON在不同包装类型食品中的污染情况
对不同包装类型的谷物及其制品进行DON污染状况研究, 结果见表4。从表4中可以看出, 生干面制品(挂面)中, 散装制品的平均值略高于定型包装食品。小麦粉、玉米面(糁、片)中, 定型包装食品平均值高于散装食品。由于DON普遍存在于谷物及其制品中, 总体来说, DON在散装食品和定型包装食品中平均值差距不大, 也可能跟不同的包装类型样品数量有关。
2.2 暴露量与风险评估情况
两种衍生物在所有样品中的检出率和含量均较低, 因此在估算膳食摄入风险时, 忽略3-ADON和15-ADON对于膳食摄入的风险贡献, 仅对DON的膳食暴露水平进行评估。根据中国居民营养与健康状况监测报告之一和中国居民营养与健康状况监测报告之二[20-21], 按公式(1)计算成年的EDI值, 见表5。从表5中可以看出EDI的范围为0.02~0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), EDI合计的范围为0.56~0.72 μg/(kg·bw·d), 结果均小于PMTDI指导值1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d), 表明成人通过摄入小麦及其制品、玉米及其制品和米类造成DON的膳食暴露无显著慢性摄入风险。3类食物中小麦及其制品摄入量大, DON含量相对较高, 是人群DON暴露的主要来源, 由于玉米及其制品摄入量少, 米类DON含量相对较低, 因此贡献率较低。
3 结论
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本研究表明, 谷物及其制品中小麦及其制品的DON检出率和污染水平均最高, 部分样品存在毒素含量超标情况。玉米及其制品的污染水平次之, 米类的污染水平相对较低。DON是我国小麦污染的主要真菌毒素, 且存在其衍生物3-ADON和15-ADON的同时污染[22-25]。DON与低水平的3-ADON和15-A-DON共同存在于小麦及其制品中[17]。小麦中DON污染主要原因是小麦在田间受到禾谷镰刀菌等真菌侵染, 导致小麦发生赤霉病[26-28]。小麦中DON防控最有效的方法为注重生长阶段赤霉病的防治; 同时保证收获后采用合适的干燥、储运程序[29-30]。
评估结果显示人群对DON的总体暴露无显著慢性摄入风险, 小麦及其制品是人群DON暴露的主要来源, 玉米类和米类贡献率较低。不同人群谷物制品中DON平均暴露量为0.56~0.72 μg/(kg·bw·d), 结果均小于PMTDI指导值, 与王小丹等[31]报道的我国居民通过谷类食品摄入DON平均暴露量0.78 μg/kg, 其中小麦制品DON平均暴露量的贡献率最高(88.5%)的结果基本一致。本研究中不同人群小麦及其制品中DON平均暴露量为0.46~0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), 高于上海市全人群经小麦粉及其制品DON的平均暴露量0.279 μg/(kg·bw·d)[32], 其原因除了南北方小麦类食品DON污染状况不同, 主要为南北方居民小麦类食物消费量不同, 北方食用小麦类食物明显多于南方。因此为降低谷物及其制品中DON暴露量, 除采取有效措施降低小麦中DON污染水平, 还应该建议居民主食多样化。
基金
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  • 河北省医学科学研究课题计划资助项目(20210101)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241205002
  • 接收时间：2024-12-05
  • 首发时间：2025-07-15
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-05
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河北省医学科学研究课题计划资助项目(20210101)
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    河北省疾病预防控制中心, 石家庄 050021

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* 王丽英(1982—), 女, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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