Article(id=1151881496052200214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559549582, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559549582, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559549582, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559549582, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923892026700403, articleId=1151881496052200214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Residue behavior and dietary risk assessment of oxine-copper in Prunus persica, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the residual behavior and dietary risk assessment of oxine-copper in Prunus persica. Methods The samples were extracted by homogenate with acetonitrile-10% acetic solution, centrifuged after salting out, detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and quantified by external standard method. Results There was a good linear relationship in the range of 0.0025 to 0.2500 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients was 0.999; in the range of 0.01 to 1.00 mg/kg; the average recoveries of oxine-copper in Prunus persica ranged from 86% to 102%, with the relative standard deviation was 1.4% to 6.0%, and the limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipation process of oxine-copper in Prunus persica followed a first-order kinetic model. The dissipation half-lives of oxine-copper in Prunus persica from Ningxia, Beijing, Shandong and Sichuan were 13.9, 9.9, 7.7 and 23.1 days, respectively, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.635 to 0.948, after 14 days of application, the maximum residual amount of oxine-copper in Prunus persica samples was 0.920 mg/kg. The dietary risk assessment showed that after 14 d of application, the probability of dietary intake risk in the general population was far less than 100%. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, and highly sensitive, and is suitable for the residual detection oxine-copper in Prunus persica. The final residue tests show that the amount of copper quinoline residue does not exceed the established maximum residue limits, and does not pose an unacceptable risk to the health of the general population.

, correspAuthors=Xing LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei LIU, Xi LI, Min CHEN, Yi-Rong ZHANG, Fu-Li ZHANG, Xing LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923894459396774, articleId=1151881496052200214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=喹啉铜在桃中的残留行为及膳食风险评估, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究喹啉铜在桃中的残留及其膳食风险评估。方法 样品经10%冰乙酸-乙腈匀浆提取, 盐析离心, 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)分析检测, 外标法定量。结果 在0.0025~0.2500 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系, 相关系数为0.999; 添加浓度为0.01~1.00 mg/kg时, 喹啉铜的平均回收率范围为86%~102%, 相对标准偏差为1.4%~6.0%, 定量限为0.01 mg/kg。喹啉铜在桃中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型, 宁夏、北京市、山东省、四川省三地喹啉铜在桃中的消解半衰期分别为13.9、9.9、7.7、23.1 d, 决定系数为0.635~0.948, 施药14 d后, 喹啉铜在桃样品中最大残留量为0.920 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明, 施药14 d后, 一般人群膳食风险概率均远小100%。结论 该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高, 可用于桃中喹啉铜的残留检测。最终残留量试验显示, 喹啉铜残留量未超过已制定的最大残留限量, 对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。

, correspAuthors=刘行, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘行(1991—), 男, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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刘炜(1988—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 2022, 24(3): 572-580., articleTitle=Residue and chronic dietary risk assessment of penthiopyrad, trifloxystrobin and their metabolites in tomato by QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167158670191239824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=149, issue=null, pageStart=233, pageEnd=236, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=55, authorNames=LIU CY, LU DH, WANG YC, journalName=Food Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU CY, LU DH, WANG YC, et al. Residue and risk assessment of pyridaben in cabbage[J]. Food Chemistry, 2014, 149: 233-236., articleTitle=Residue and risk assessment of pyridaben in cabbage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158665246155255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, awardId=2024ZZCX, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省财政自主创新专项(2024ZZCX), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158660527563121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158660548534642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, companyId=1167158660527563121, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Gradient elution program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流量/(mL/min) A/% B/%
0.00 0.3 80.0 20.0
1.80 0.3 80.0 20.0
1.90 0.3 10.0 90.0
3.00 0.3 10.0 90.0
3.10 0.3 80.0 20.0
4.00 0.3 80.0 20.0
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664063361483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流量/(mL/min) A/% B/%
0.00 0.3 80.0 20.0
1.80 0.3 80.0 20.0
1.90 0.3 10.0 90.0
3.00 0.3 10.0 90.0
3.10 0.3 80.0 20.0
4.00 0.3 80.0 20.0
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664180801999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Retention time, characteristic ions and scanning parameters of 8-hydroxyquinoline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 保留时间/min 母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
锥孔电压
/V
碰撞能量/eV
8-羟基喹啉 1.62 146.0 117.9* 10 20
101.0 26
127.9 20
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664243716563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

8-羟基喹啉的保留时间、特征离子和扫描参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 保留时间/min 母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
锥孔电压
/V
碰撞能量/eV
8-羟基喹啉 1.62 146.0 117.9* 10 20
101.0 26
127.9 20
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664319214037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average recoveries and RSDs of oxine-copper in Prunus persica (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加水平/(mg/kg) 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
0.01 102 6.0
0.10 90 1.4
1.00 86 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664411488728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

喹啉铜在桃中的平均回收率和RSDs (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加水平/(mg/kg) 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
0.01 102 6.0
0.10 90 1.4
1.00 86 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664495374811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Storage stability of oxine-copper in Prunus persica (0.20 mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储藏时间/d 储藏试验样品 质控样品
残留量/(mg/kg) 降解率/% 平均降解率/% 回收率/% 平均回收率/%
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0.18 0.18 - - - 92 88 90
30 0.18 0.17 0 5.6 2.8 94 86 90
90 0.17 0.16 5.6 11.1 8.3 94 81 88
180 0.15 0.16 16.7 11.1 13.9 88 89 88
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664558289374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

喹啉铜在桃样品中的储藏稳定性(0.20 mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储藏时间/d 储藏试验样品 质控样品
残留量/(mg/kg) 降解率/% 平均降解率/% 回收率/% 平均回收率/%
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0.18 0.18 - - - 92 88 90
30 0.18 0.17 0 5.6 2.8 94 86 90
90 0.17 0.16 5.6 11.1 8.3 94 81 88
180 0.15 0.16 16.7 11.1 13.9 88 89 88
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664675729887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Degradation dynamics of oxine-copper in Prunus persica

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采收间隔/d 试验地
宁夏回族自治区 北京市 山东省 四川省
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
10 0.96 - 0.45 - 0.25 - 0.058 -
14 0.84 12.5 0.19 57.8 0.24 4.0 0.066 -
21 0.74 22.9 0.12 73.3 0.084 66.4 0.042 27.6
28 0.58 39.6 0.087 80.7 0.039 84.4 <0.010 -
35 0.21 78.1 0.065 85.6 0.032 87.2 <0.010 -
消解方程 Ct=1.911e-0.05t Ct=0.651e-0.07t Ct=0.681e-0.09t Ct=0.090e-0.09t
决定系数(r2) 0.821 0.893 0.948 0.635
半衰期(T1/2)/d 13.9 9.9 7.7 23.1
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664755421666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

喹啉铜在桃中消解动态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采收间隔/d 试验地
宁夏回族自治区 北京市 山东省 四川省
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
残留量
/(mg/kg)
消解率
/%
10 0.96 - 0.45 - 0.25 - 0.058 -
14 0.84 12.5 0.19 57.8 0.24 4.0 0.066 -
21 0.74 22.9 0.12 73.3 0.084 66.4 0.042 27.6
28 0.58 39.6 0.087 80.7 0.039 84.4 <0.010 -
35 0.21 78.1 0.065 85.6 0.032 87.2 <0.010 -
消解方程 Ct=1.911e-0.05t Ct=0.651e-0.07t Ct=0.681e-0.09t Ct=0.090e-0.09t
决定系数(r2) 0.821 0.893 0.948 0.635
半衰期(T1/2)/d 13.9 9.9 7.7 23.1
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664843502055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Total amount of oxine-copper final residues in Prunus persica

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采收间隔/d 残留量/(mg/kg) STMR/(mg/kg) HR/(mg/kg)
14 <0.010、0.012、0.012、0.014、0.017、0.047、0.060、0.061、0.220、0.250、0.250、0.250、0.250、0.340、0.900、0.920 0.140 0.92
21 <0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、0.041、0.052、0.070、0.086、0.088、0.096、0.110、0.140、0.820、0.820 0.061 0.82
28 <0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、0.015、0.038、0.040、0.045、0.074、0.074、0.120、0.190、0.220 0.027 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1167158664918999529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

桃中喹啉铜的残留总量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采收间隔/d 残留量/(mg/kg) STMR/(mg/kg) HR/(mg/kg)
14 <0.010、0.012、0.012、0.014、0.017、0.047、0.060、0.061、0.220、0.250、0.250、0.250、0.250、0.340、0.900、0.920 0.140 0.92
21 <0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、0.041、0.052、0.070、0.086、0.088、0.096、0.110、0.140、0.820、0.820 0.061 0.82
28 <0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、<0.010、0.015、0.038、0.040、0.045、0.074、0.074、0.120、0.190、0.220 0.027 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1167158665007079918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Dietary risk assessment for oxine-copper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
登记作物 食物种类 膳食量/kg 参考限量或STMR
/(mg/kg)
限量来源 NEDI
/(mg/kg bw)
RQ/%
黄瓜 浅色蔬菜 0.1837 2 中国 0.3674
番茄、辣椒 深色蔬菜 0.0915 2 中国 0.183
马铃薯 薯类 0.0495 0.2 中国 0.0099
柑橘、梨、荔枝、苹果桃、西瓜、葡萄、芒果、杨梅、猕猴桃 水果 0.0457 0.14~5.00 中国/STMR 0.006398~0.228500
山核桃 坚果 0.0039 0.5 中国 0.00195
三七、铁皮石斛 药用植物 0.0090 3 中国 0.027
咖啡 饮料类 0.0120 1 中国 0.012
合计 - 0.3953 - - 0.61~0.83 48.23~65.85
), ArticleFig(id=1167158665090966002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881496052200214, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

喹啉铜的膳食风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
登记作物 食物种类 膳食量/kg 参考限量或STMR
/(mg/kg)
限量来源 NEDI
/(mg/kg bw)
RQ/%
黄瓜 浅色蔬菜 0.1837 2 中国 0.3674
番茄、辣椒 深色蔬菜 0.0915 2 中国 0.183
马铃薯 薯类 0.0495 0.2 中国 0.0099
柑橘、梨、荔枝、苹果桃、西瓜、葡萄、芒果、杨梅、猕猴桃 水果 0.0457 0.14~5.00 中国/STMR 0.006398~0.228500
山核桃 坚果 0.0039 0.5 中国 0.00195
三七、铁皮石斛 药用植物 0.0090 3 中国 0.027
咖啡 饮料类 0.0120 1 中国 0.012
合计 - 0.3953 - - 0.61~0.83 48.23~65.85
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喹啉铜在桃中的残留行为及膳食风险评估
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刘炜 1 , 李曦 1 , 陈敏 1 , 张义蓉 1 , 张富丽 1 , 刘行 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(10): 179-185
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(10): 179-185
喹啉铜在桃中的残留行为及膳食风险评估
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刘炜1 , 李曦1, 陈敏1, 张义蓉1, 张富丽1, 刘行2, *
作者信息
  • 1.四川省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所, 成都 610066
  • 2.四川省农业科学院经济作物研究所, 成都 610300
  • 刘炜(1988—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘行(1991—), 男, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
Residue behavior and dietary risk assessment of oxine-copper in Prunus persica
Wei LIU1 , Xi LI1, Min CHEN1, Yi-Rong ZHANG1, Fu-Li ZHANG1, Xing LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 2. Industrial Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610300, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212004
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目的 研究喹啉铜在桃中的残留及其膳食风险评估。方法 样品经10%冰乙酸-乙腈匀浆提取, 盐析离心, 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)分析检测, 外标法定量。结果 在0.0025~0.2500 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系, 相关系数为0.999; 添加浓度为0.01~1.00 mg/kg时, 喹啉铜的平均回收率范围为86%~102%, 相对标准偏差为1.4%~6.0%, 定量限为0.01 mg/kg。喹啉铜在桃中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型, 宁夏、北京市、山东省、四川省三地喹啉铜在桃中的消解半衰期分别为13.9、9.9、7.7、23.1 d, 决定系数为0.635~0.948, 施药14 d后, 喹啉铜在桃样品中最大残留量为0.920 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明, 施药14 d后, 一般人群膳食风险概率均远小100%。结论 该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高, 可用于桃中喹啉铜的残留检测。最终残留量试验显示, 喹啉铜残留量未超过已制定的最大残留限量, 对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。

喹啉铜  /  桃  /  残留  /  膳食风险评估

Objective To study the residual behavior and dietary risk assessment of oxine-copper in Prunus persica. Methods The samples were extracted by homogenate with acetonitrile-10% acetic solution, centrifuged after salting out, detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and quantified by external standard method. Results There was a good linear relationship in the range of 0.0025 to 0.2500 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients was 0.999; in the range of 0.01 to 1.00 mg/kg; the average recoveries of oxine-copper in Prunus persica ranged from 86% to 102%, with the relative standard deviation was 1.4% to 6.0%, and the limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipation process of oxine-copper in Prunus persica followed a first-order kinetic model. The dissipation half-lives of oxine-copper in Prunus persica from Ningxia, Beijing, Shandong and Sichuan were 13.9, 9.9, 7.7 and 23.1 days, respectively, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.635 to 0.948, after 14 days of application, the maximum residual amount of oxine-copper in Prunus persica samples was 0.920 mg/kg. The dietary risk assessment showed that after 14 d of application, the probability of dietary intake risk in the general population was far less than 100%. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, and highly sensitive, and is suitable for the residual detection oxine-copper in Prunus persica. The final residue tests show that the amount of copper quinoline residue does not exceed the established maximum residue limits, and does not pose an unacceptable risk to the health of the general population.

oxine-copper  /  Prunus persica  /  residues  /  dietary risk assessment
刘炜, 李曦, 陈敏, 张义蓉, 张富丽, 刘行. 喹啉铜在桃中的残留行为及膳食风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 179 -185 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212004
Wei LIU, Xi LI, Min CHEN, Yi-Rong ZHANG, Fu-Li ZHANG, Xing LIU. Residue behavior and dietary risk assessment of oxine-copper in Prunus persica[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 179 -185 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212004
桃树是蔷薇科李属落叶小乔木植物, 原产于中国西部[1], 在我国有4000多年的种植史, 在中国落叶果树中, 其栽培面积仅次于苹果、梨, 居第3位, 目前, 我国桃树种植面积稳定78万hm2, 产量达1500万t, 产出了全球50%以上的桃果[2-5]。其果实肉质甜美, 富含糖类、有机酸、蛋白质、维生素、矿物质及β-胡萝卜素等多种人体所需的大量元素[6-8]。桃树细菌性穿孔病(Prunus persica bacterial shot hole)是常见的细菌性病害, 该病害分布广泛, 传播速度快, 危害较严重, 各地桃园均有发生, 防治不及时易造成叶片大量穿孔, 影响光合作用、蒸腾作用以及输导功能、早落, 削弱树势, 影响花芽形成, 降低产量, 制约产业发展[9-11]。目前针对桃树细菌性穿孔病的防治主要以化学防治为主, 目前我国登记桃上的防治细菌性穿孔病的杀菌剂有噻菌铜、四霉素、春雷霉素、噻唑锌、春雷霉素、喹啉铜、戊唑醇等[12], 而杀菌剂的过量频繁使用易导致病原菌抗药性的产生和发展, 增加防治难度和成本[13-15]
喹啉铜(oxine-copper)是一种以铜为基础的有机杀菌剂, 属有机铜鳌合物, 具有广谱、高效、低残留、安全等特点, 可以与环境协调缓慢释放铜离子, 限制病原菌中DNA合成酶和主要信号传递器的活性, 在植物表面形成保护膜, 有效抑制细菌入侵, 对真菌和细菌疾病有良好的预防和治疗作用[16-17]。目前45%春雷·喹啉铜悬浮剂已在我国取得登记, 主要用于防治桃的细菌性穿孔病, 但我国GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》及国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Committee, CAC)尚未制定桃上喹啉铜的最大残留限量值(maximum residue limits, MRL), 台湾制定喹啉铜在桃中的MRL为2.0 mg/kg, 因而研究喹啉铜在桃上的消解、储藏稳定性及风险评估具有重要意义。
目前, 我国有关喹啉铜的残留检测分析方法主要有气相色谱法[18]、高效液相色谱法[19-23]、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法[24-28]。结合以上相关文献, 气相色谱法因需衍生后测定, 步骤烦琐, 分析周期较长; 液相色谱法具有有机溶剂用量很大等缺点。本研究针对桃基质, 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)分析桃中喹啉铜的消解动态、最终残留及膳食风险评估, 以期为喹啉铜在桃中的最大残留限量制定和合理使用提供科学依据。
桃品种: 辽宁为寒蜜露、宁夏回族自治区为北京七号、北京为晚白凤、河北为酒保、河南为映霜红、山东为春雪桃、安徽为中秋红蜜、四川为皮球桃。
45%春雷·喹啉铜悬浮剂[春雷霉素4.5%; 喹啉铜40.5%, 兴农药业(中国)有限公司]; 喹啉铜标准品(纯度≥98.0%)、8-羟基喹啉标准品(纯度≥98.0%)(德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司); 甲醇、乙腈、乙酸铵(质谱纯)、甲酸(色谱纯)(上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 氯化钠(分析纯, 四川西陇化工有限公司), 用前在450 ℃烘5 h, 200 ℃时取出冷却备用; 超纯水: Milli-Q型超纯水仪制备。
Waters XEVO TQ-XS超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪[配电喷雾电离源(electron spray ionization, ESI)]、Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 Column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)(美国Waters公司); AE224C万分之一天平、FB323千分之一天平(上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司); Vortex3涡旋混合仪、T18 ULTRA-TUR-RAX高速匀浆机(德国IKA公司); Neofuge 18R高速离心机(香港力康生物医疗科技控股集团); 0.22 μm有机系滤膜(美国安捷伦公司)。
试验地点: 辽宁省大连市普兰店铁西街道农场社区、宁夏自治区银川市西夏区北堡镇、北京市大兴区采育镇、河北省保定市顺平县台鱼乡、河南省济源市轵城镇、山东省潍坊市昌乐宝城街道、安徽省宿州市孙圩子乡、四川省成都市龙泉驿区山泉镇。按照NY/T 788-2018《农作物中农药残留试验准则》的要求设置试验小区, 最终残留和消解动态试验混做试验小区设2个处理小区和1个对照小区, 小区面积≥4株树, 小区间设保护带, 以防止交叉污染。采样方式为在果树的各部位(上、下、内、外、向阳和背阴面)等且不少于4株果树上至少采集12个生长正常、无病害、成熟果实, 处理小区采样≥2 kg, 对照小区采样≥2 kg, 装入样本容器中包扎妥当, 作好标记。匀浆后按四分法留样200 g, 于-20 ℃保存, 备用。作物最终残留试验在桃树病害发病前或发病初期开始施药, 施药质量分数为225 mg/kg(制剂用量为2000倍液), 采用喷雾施药, 施药3次, 施药间隔7 d, 安全间隔期14 d。于末次施药后分别于14、21、28 d采集桃样品; 作物残留消解试验施药剂量、次数、间隔和时期与最终残留试验一致。在最终残留试验小区末次施药后10、14、21、28、35 d分别采集桃样品。
分别称取10.0 g解冻后匀浆的桃试样(精确至0.001 g)于50 mL离心管中, 加入20.0 mL 10%冰乙酸-乙腈, 于涡旋混匀器上充分涡旋混匀2 min, 高速匀浆提取2 min后抽滤, 滤液全部过滤到装有3~5 g氯化钠的50 mL比色管中, 盖上塞子, 振荡1 min, 吸取1.0 mL上清液, 甲醇:水(1:1, V:V)定容至2.0 mL, 过0.22 μm有机相滤膜, 待UPLC-MS/MS检测。
色谱柱: Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 Column (2.1 mm× 100 mm, 1.8 μm); 流动相: A相为0.1%甲酸水, B相为甲醇; 流速为0.3 mL/min; 样品室温为15 ℃; 柱温为40 ℃; 进样量为1.0 μL。梯度洗脱程序见表1
质谱条件: 采用ESI+扫描, 多重反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式, 毛细管电压为3.0 kV; 锥孔反吹气为氮气, 流速为150 L/h; 碰撞气为氩气, 压力为230 kPa; 脱溶剂气体流速为800 L/h; 脱溶剂温度为500 ℃; 离子源温度为150 ℃。其他质谱条件见表2
准确称取10.00 mg 8-羟基喹啉(喹啉铜解络合后产物)标准品, 用乙腈溶解并定容至10 mL, 配制成质量浓度为1000 mg/L的标准储备液, 避光于-18 ℃保存。临用时, 根据试验需要, 用空白基质提取液稀释配制标准曲线溶液: 0.0025、0.0050、0.0125、0.0250、0.0500、0.1250、0.2500 mg/L系列标准溶液, 以8-羟基喹啉标准溶液质量浓度与监测离子峰面积作标准曲线。
根据桃中喹啉铜的MRL值以及方法的灵敏度, 在空白桃样品中添加0.01、1.00、2.00 mg/kg质量分数水平的喹啉铜标准溶液, 每个质量分数重复5次, 按1.3.2所述方法进行提取, 按1.3.3方法测定喹啉铜解络合后产物8-羟基喹啉, 外标-标准曲线法定量8-羟基喹啉含量, 通过换算(换算系数: 喹啉铜的分子质量/[2×(8-羟基喹啉的分子质量)]=1.2倍, 即8-羟基喹啉残留量乘以1.2, 即为喹啉铜残留量)计算喹啉铜残留量, 计算平均回收率及相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)。
按照NY/T 3094—2017《植物源性农产品中农药残留储藏稳定性试验准则》, 进行喹啉铜在桃中的储藏稳定性试验, 取样分析时间为0、30、90、180 d。称取10.00 g桃空白样品于50 mL聚四氟乙烯离心管中, 往样品中准确加入20.0 μL 100 mg/L喹啉铜储备液, 添加浓度均为0.20 mg/kg, 共2个试验样品, 于2 h内储藏于-20 ℃冷冻保存。每次取样测定储藏稳定性试验样品2个、空白对照样品1个、添加水平为0.2 mg/kg的质控样品2个, 通过1.3.2方法测定试验样品中的喹啉铜质量浓度。根据公式(1)计算样品储藏过程中喹啉铜残留的降解率。
$D /\%=\frac{C_{0}-C_{t}}{C_{0}} \times 100 \%$
式中: C0为试验样品喹啉铜的初始残留量, mg/kg; Ct为样品保存后试验样品中喹啉铜的检测残留量, mg/kg; D为样品保存后样品中喹啉铜降解率, %。当D<30%, 表明农药在样品中储藏试验期间稳定, 反之, 则不稳定。
(1)降解率
储藏稳定性试验中, 喹啉铜的降解率根据公式(1)计算。
(2)半衰期
采用SigmaPlot version 12.0一级动力学方程模型对残留消解试验中获得的桃中喹啉铜残留量进行分析拟合[29]。一级动力学方程见公式(2):
Ct=C0ekt
式中: C0为施用喹啉铜后2 h的初始浓度, mg/kg; Ct为喹啉铜在时间t的残留浓度, mg/kg; k为降解速率常数; t为降解时间。
根据公式(3)计算农药的半衰期(T1/2)。
T1/2=(ln2)/k
根据规范残留试验中值(standard test median residue, STMR)或最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL), 喹啉铜的国家估算每日摄入量(national estimated daily intake, NEDI)按公式(4)计算[30]:
NEDI=∑(STMRi×Fi)
式中: NEDI为国家估计每日摄入量, mg/kg bw; STMRi为第i级农产品中目标化合物已登记其他作物中的规范残留试验中值, mg/kg; Fi为同人群对第i级农产品的膳食消费量, kg[31]
用风险商(risk quotient, RQ)评价农药长期膳食暴露风险, RQ值越高表示风险越高。当RQ<100%, 表明膳食风险处于可接受范围; 反之则表示风险不可接受, 且数值越大风险越高, 按公式(5)计算:
$\mathrm{RQ} /\%=\frac{\mathrm{NEDI}}{\mathrm{ADI} \times \mathrm{bw}} \times 100 \%$
式中: 每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI), mg/kg bw; bw为中国消费者的平均体重(63 kg)。
在质量浓度为0.0025~0.2500 mg/L时, 喹啉铜的峰面积与其质量浓度呈良好的线性关系, 标准曲线方程为Y=2×107X-19669 (r2=0.999)。在上述色谱-质谱检测条件下, 喹啉铜在桃基质中的定量限为0.01 mg/kg。由表3可知, 在添加水平为0.01、0.10、1.00 mg/kg时, 喹啉铜在桃中的平均回收率在86%~102%之间, RSDs在1.4%~6.0%之间, 表明方法的线性关系、回收率、准确度和精密度均符合农药残留试验要求。
喹啉铜在桃中的储藏稳定性试验结果见表4。由表4可以看出, 空白桃中0.20 mg/kg添加水平下, 喹啉铜初始残留量为0.18 mg/kg, 于-20 ℃冷冻储藏0、30、90和180 d后喹啉铜平均降解率最大为13.9%, 随着储藏时间的增加, 残留量变化不大。储藏样品的平均回收率为88%~90%, 整个储藏试验期间喹啉铜的平均降解率为2.8%~13.9%, 未超过植物源性农产品中农药残留储藏稳定性试验准则规定的30%, 因此喹啉铜在上述条件下, 可以在桃中稳定存在180 d以上。
分别于宁夏回族自治区、北京市、山东省、四川省进行喹啉铜在桃上的残留消解试验, 喹啉铜在桃中消解动力学方程、半衰期及决定系数等, 见图1表5。随着采样时间的延长, 样品中的喹啉铜残留量逐渐降低, 施药35 d后, 宁夏回族自治区样品中喹啉铜残留量为0.21 mg/kg, 降解率为85.6%; 北京市样品中喹啉铜残留量为0.065 mg/kg, 降解率为85.0%; 山东省样品中喹啉铜残留量为0.032 mg/kg, 降解率为87.2%。试验结果表明: 喹啉铜在桃中降解动态均符合一级动力学方程(图1): 宁夏回族自治区为Ct=1.911e-0.05t, 北京市为Ct=0.651e-0.07t; 山东省为Ct=0.681e-0.09t; 四川省为Ct=0.090e-0.09t, 决定系数(r2)分别为0.821、0.893、0.948和0.635; 消解半衰期分别为13.9、9.9、7.7、23.1 d, 属于易降解农药(T1/2<30 d), 说明喹啉铜在桃中消解半衰期短, 降解均较快。山东省试验地桃中喹啉铜的降解速率更快, 半衰期更短, 这可能主要因为农药的降解与农药的性质、农药的初始浓度、环境pH、温湿度、作物栽培条件与生长状况等因素有关, 在不同条件下, 半衰期有不同程度的变化。
四川等8地桃中喹啉铜最终残留数据见表6。从表6可知, 随着时间的延长, 喹啉铜在桃中残留量逐渐降低。在末次施药后的28 d时, 桃中喹啉铜的残留总量为<0.010~0.220 mg/kg (<0.01为喹啉铜在桃样品中的残留量低于其定量限0.01 mg/kg), STMR为0.027 mg/kg; 残留最大值(highest residue, HR)为0.22 mg/kg; 在末次施药后的21 d时, 桃中喹啉铜的残留总量为<0.010~0.820 mg/kg, STMR为0.061 mg/kg, HR为0.82 mg/kg; 在末次施药后的14 d时, 桃中喹啉铜的残留总量为<0.010~0.920 mg/kg, STMR为0.140 mg/kg, HR为0.92 mg/kg。从最终残留数据可以看出, 即使在间隔期为14 d的条件下, 喹啉铜在桃中的最大残留量为0.920 mg/kg。GB 2763—2021规定及CAC均未制定喹啉铜的MRL, 中国台湾规定桃中喹啉铜的MRL为2.0 mg/kg。参考中国台湾的限量标准, 对比桃中喹啉铜最终残留试验结果, 喹啉铜按推荐剂量, 施药间隔14~28 d, 施药3次, 安全间隔期14 d, 喹啉铜在桃中残留量低于MRL值, 食用安全。
风险评估以中国居民的平均体重(63 kg)进行评估, 喹啉铜在黄瓜、荔枝、番茄、柑橘、桃、芒果、西瓜、咖啡、苹果、葡萄、马铃薯、猕猴桃、山核桃、三七、辣椒、梨、杨梅、铁皮石斛18类可食用作物上获得登记。GB 2763—2021中规定喹啉铜的ADI为0.02 mg/kg bw。各类登记作物的膳食量和参考限量见表7。根据喹啉铜在不同作物中登记情况, 居民的人均膳食结构, 距末次施药间隔14 d的STMR为0.14 mg/kg, 根据公式进行膳食风险计算, 风险评估结果见表7, 可知一般人群中喹啉铜的NEDI为0.61~0.83 mg/kg bw, RQ为48.23%~65.85%, 低于100%, 对我国一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。
样品经10%冰乙酸-乙腈匀浆提取, 盐析离心, 采用UPLC-MS/MS分析检测, 外标法定量, 该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高, 且线性关系、准确度和精密度均满足测定桃样品中喹啉铜的残留水平。通过定性、定量研究桃样品中喹啉铜的最终残留和消解动态。消解试验表明, 喹啉铜在桃样品中的消解趋势符合一级动力学方程, 宁夏回族自治区、北京市、山东省、四川省消解半衰期分别为13.9、9.9、7.7、23.1 d, 属易降解农药(T1/2<30 d)。最终残留试验显示, 在末次施药后的14 d后, 喹啉铜在桃样品中残留量均低于0.92 mg/kg。
中国台湾规定喹啉铜在桃中的MRL为2.0 mg/kg, 最终残留量试验显示, 桃中喹啉铜残留量未超过最大限量值。膳食风险评估结果得出一般人群中喹啉铜的国家估算每日摄入量为0.61~0.83 mg/kg bw, RQ为48.23%~65.85%, 低于100%, 在可接受范围内, 对我国一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。
  • 四川省财政自主创新专项(2024ZZCX)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250212004
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
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四川省财政自主创新专项(2024ZZCX)
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    1.四川省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所, 成都 610066
    2.四川省农业科学院经济作物研究所, 成都 610300

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* 刘行(1991—), 男, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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