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Article(id=1151437195500990763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241219003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734537600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453620076, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453620076, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453620076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453620076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=266, endPage=274, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895325657673736, articleId=1151437195500990763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Pesticide residue testing and dietary exposure risk assessment of vegetables sold in Tibet, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the pollution level of pesticide residues in vegetables sold in Tibet. Methods In August 2024, 50 vegetable samples (eggplant, celery, lettuce, cucumber, broccoli) were randomly collected from 5 cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The 43 kinds of pesticide residues were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and a risk assessment dietary exposure was conducted. Results The detection rate of pesticides in 50 vegetable samples was 6.05%, with a total of 14 kinds of pesticides detected, with the highest detection rate being enoxymorpholine. The pesticide exceedance rate in 50 vegetable samples was 0.326%, and a total of 3 kinds of exceedance pesticides were detected, with the highest exceedance rate being avermectin. Pesticide residues had been detected in 5 cities, with the exception of Naqu City, the other 4 cities had exceeded the standard. The chronic ingestion risk values of pesticides detected in 5 kinds of vegetables were: Eggplant (0.001-0.023 mg/kg), celery (0.006-3.665 mg/kg), lettuce (0.001-0.697 mg/kg), cucumber (0.001-0.188 mg/kg) and broccoli (0.002-0.463 mg/kg). Conclusion Different levels of pesticide residues can still be detected in 50 vegetables sold in Tibet, but the residue level is low; the chronic intake risk values of 5 kinds of vegetables are all far below 100%, and the health risks of residents ingesting pesticide residues in vegetables through dietary pathways are within an acceptable range.

, correspAuthors=Lang-La-Zhen SI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xing-Yu YANG, Yong ZHA, Sang-Zhuo-Ga LUO, Lang-La-Zhen SI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895328111341589, articleId=1151437195500990763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=西藏市售蔬菜的农药残留检测及膳食暴露风险评估, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解西藏市售蔬菜中农药残留污染水平。方法 2024年8月从西藏自治区5个市随机采集50份蔬菜样品(茄子、芹菜、油麦菜、黄瓜、青花菜), 通过液相色谱-串联质谱法检测43种农药的残留情况, 并进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 50份蔬菜样品中农药检出率为6.05%, 共检出14种农药, 检出率最高为烯酰吗啉; 50份蔬菜样品中农药超标率为0.326%, 共检出3种超标农药, 超标率最高为阿维菌素。5个市均有农药残留检出, 除那曲市外均有超标现象。5种蔬菜所检出农药的慢性摄入风险值分别为: 茄子(0.001~0.023 mg/kg)、芹菜(0.006~3.665 mg/kg)、油麦菜(0.001~0.697 mg/kg)、黄瓜(0.001~0.188 mg/kg)、青花菜(0.002~0.463 mg/kg)。结论 西藏市售的50份蔬菜中仍能检出不同水平的农药残留, 但其残留水平较低; 5种蔬菜的慢性摄入风险值均远小于100%, 居民通过膳食途径摄入蔬菜中农药残留的健康风险在可接受范围内。

, correspAuthors=斯郎拉珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 斯郎拉珍(1994—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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杨兴玉(2000—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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杨兴玉(2000—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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杨兴玉(2000—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Heliyon, 2024, 10(5): e25505., articleTitle=Pesticide residue and dietary intake risk of vegetables grown in Shanghai under modern urban agriculture in 2018—2021, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030670053351498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=195, issue=11, pageStart=1392, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=SUN P, DING G, REN D, journalName=Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN P, DING G, REN D, et al. Pesticide residues in agricultural end-products and risk assessment for consumers in North China[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2023, 195(11): 1392., articleTitle=Pesticide residues in agricultural end-products and risk assessment for consumers in North China, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167030664349098977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030664357487586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, companyId=1167030664349098977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030664365876195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, companyId=1167030664349098977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心, 传染病预防控制重点实验室, 拉萨 850000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167030665703859200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Table of standard curve configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
质量浓度
/(µg/L)		 5 10 20 50 100 200
溶液2
(1.0 µg/mL)/µL		 5 10 20 50 0 0
溶液1
(10.0 µg/mL)/µL		 0 0 0 0 10 20
乙腈/µL 45 40 30 0 40 30
基质空白溶液/µL 950 950 950 950 950 950
), ArticleFig(id=1167030665779355648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准曲线溶液配制表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
质量浓度
/(µg/L)		 5 10 20 50 100 200
溶液2
(1.0 µg/mL)/µL		 5 10 20 50 0 0
溶液1
(10.0 µg/mL)/µL		 0 0 0 0 10 20
乙腈/µL 45 40 30 0 40 30
基质空白溶液/µL 950 950 950 950 950 950
), ArticleFig(id=1167030665867436033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mobile phase and gradient conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流动相A/% 流动相B/%
0 100 0
4.0 80 20
5.5 60 40
10.5 0 100
12.9 0 100
15.0 100 0
20.0 100 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030665926156290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

流动相及其梯度条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流动相A/% 流动相B/%
0 100 0
4.0 80 20
5.5 60 40
10.5 0 100
12.9 0 100
15.0 100 0
20.0 100 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030665993265155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mother ion and daughter ion of compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称 前级离子对 产物离子对 化合物名称 前级离子对 产物离子对
阿维菌素 890.5 305.1 甲拌磷亚砜 277.0 199.0
144.9 143.0
螺螨酯 411.0 313.1 烯啶虫胺 271.1 237.0
158.9 224.0
苯醚甲环唑 406.2 337.0 56.1
251.0 氯噻啉 262.0 181.0
烯酰吗啉 388.3 301.1 122.0
165.0 甲拌磷 261.0 199.0
吡唑醚菌酯 388.0 194.1 75.0
163.0 吡虫啉 256.1 209.0
炔螨特 368.1 231.1 175.0
175.1 噻虫啉 253.0 126.0
哌虫啶 367.2 321.2 90.1
306.1 噻虫胺 250.2 169.1
263.1 132.0
137.1 3-羟基克百威 238.0 181.0
哒螨灵 365.1 309.1 163.0
147.1 乐果 230.0 199.0
132.1 171.0
乙螨唑 360.0 304.3 125.0
141.1 涕灭威砜 223.0 148.0
环氧虫啶 323.2 277.0 86.0
151.0 76.0
126.0 啶虫脒 223.0 126.0
戊唑醇 308.2 125.0 56.0
70.1 克百威 222.0 165.0
联苯肼酯 301.1 198.2 123.0
170.1 氧乐果 214.0 183.0
153.1 155.0
三唑酮 294.2 197.0 125.0
69.0 残杀威 210.0 111.0
甲拌磷砜 293.0 171.0 93.0
143.0 涕灭威 208.1 190.7
噻虫嗪 292.1 211.0 116.0
181.0 涕灭威亚砜 207.0 132.1
氟吡呋喃酮 289.0 126.1 105.1
90.0 呋虫胺 203.2 129.2
腈菌唑 289.0 125.0 87.1
70.0 嘧霉胺 200.0 183.0
吗菌灵 282.0 116.1 107.0
111.1 多菌灵 192.1 160.1
甲霜灵 280.3 220.0 132.1
192.0 乙酰甲胺磷 183.9 143.0
氟啶虫胺腈 278.0 174.0 125.0
105.1 灭蝇胺 167.0 125.0
甲胺磷 142.0 125.0 108.0
94.1 氟啶胺 462.9 415.9
398.0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666064568324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

化合物的母离子、子离子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称 前级离子对 产物离子对 化合物名称 前级离子对 产物离子对
阿维菌素 890.5 305.1 甲拌磷亚砜 277.0 199.0
144.9 143.0
螺螨酯 411.0 313.1 烯啶虫胺 271.1 237.0
158.9 224.0
苯醚甲环唑 406.2 337.0 56.1
251.0 氯噻啉 262.0 181.0
烯酰吗啉 388.3 301.1 122.0
165.0 甲拌磷 261.0 199.0
吡唑醚菌酯 388.0 194.1 75.0
163.0 吡虫啉 256.1 209.0
炔螨特 368.1 231.1 175.0
175.1 噻虫啉 253.0 126.0
哌虫啶 367.2 321.2 90.1
306.1 噻虫胺 250.2 169.1
263.1 132.0
137.1 3-羟基克百威 238.0 181.0
哒螨灵 365.1 309.1 163.0
147.1 乐果 230.0 199.0
132.1 171.0
乙螨唑 360.0 304.3 125.0
141.1 涕灭威砜 223.0 148.0
环氧虫啶 323.2 277.0 86.0
151.0 76.0
126.0 啶虫脒 223.0 126.0
戊唑醇 308.2 125.0 56.0
70.1 克百威 222.0 165.0
联苯肼酯 301.1 198.2 123.0
170.1 氧乐果 214.0 183.0
153.1 155.0
三唑酮 294.2 197.0 125.0
69.0 残杀威 210.0 111.0
甲拌磷砜 293.0 171.0 93.0
143.0 涕灭威 208.1 190.7
噻虫嗪 292.1 211.0 116.0
181.0 涕灭威亚砜 207.0 132.1
氟吡呋喃酮 289.0 126.1 105.1
90.0 呋虫胺 203.2 129.2
腈菌唑 289.0 125.0 87.1
70.0 嘧霉胺 200.0 183.0
吗菌灵 282.0 116.1 107.0
111.1 多菌灵 192.1 160.1
甲霜灵 280.3 220.0 132.1
192.0 乙酰甲胺磷 183.9 143.0
氟啶虫胺腈 278.0 174.0 125.0
105.1 灭蝇胺 167.0 125.0
甲胺磷 142.0 125.0 108.0
94.1 氟啶胺 462.9 415.9
398.0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666140065797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Linear regression equation of the method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 线性回归方程
灭蝇胺 Y=13.918X
甲胺磷 Y=192.034X+134.662
氧乐果 Y=162.014X
甲拌磷 Y=173.092X
甲拌磷砜 Y=181.908X
甲拌磷亚砜 Y=275.004X+732.711
乙酰甲胺磷 Y=131.732X
乐果 Y=557.187X+592.875
克百威 Y=389.910X+1465.508
3-羟基克百威 Y=356.774X+272.221
涕灭威 Y=42.842X
涕灭威砜 Y=41.127X
涕灭威亚砜 Y=139.560X
残杀威 Y=902.971X+867.651
阿维菌素 Y=10.811X
吡虫啉 Y=126.167X+164.345
啶虫脒 Y=387.290X+1733.038
噻虫啉 Y=717.065X
噻虫嗪 Y=240.108X
噻虫胺 Y=84.574X+150.158
呋虫胺 Y=50.021X
烯啶虫胺 Y=35.969X
氯噻啉 Y=114.675X+105.061
哌虫啶 Y=162.326X
环氧虫啶 Y=141.445X
氟啶虫胺腈 Y=230.875X
氟吡呋喃酮 Y=185.863X+1506.698
哒螨灵 Y=2105.349X+6886.012
乙螨唑 Y=1364.049X+5007.773
螺螨酯 Y=216.816X
炔螨特 Y=915.202X+3890.550
联苯肼酯 Y=447.215X+83.044
氟啶胺 Y=57.849X225.795
苯醚甲环唑 Y=75.576X+362.863
吡唑醚菌酯 Y=830.150X+1650.797
烯酰吗啉 Y=466.095X
嘧霉胺 Y=211.505X
甲霜灵 Y=167.618X+1373.273
多菌灵 Y=194.600X+241.759
三唑酮 Y=56.640X
戊唑醇 Y=472.654X
腈菌唑 Y=160.430X+523.273
吗菌灵 Y=484.084X
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666202980358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方法的线性回归方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 线性回归方程
灭蝇胺 Y=13.918X
甲胺磷 Y=192.034X+134.662
氧乐果 Y=162.014X
甲拌磷 Y=173.092X
甲拌磷砜 Y=181.908X
甲拌磷亚砜 Y=275.004X+732.711
乙酰甲胺磷 Y=131.732X
乐果 Y=557.187X+592.875
克百威 Y=389.910X+1465.508
3-羟基克百威 Y=356.774X+272.221
涕灭威 Y=42.842X
涕灭威砜 Y=41.127X
涕灭威亚砜 Y=139.560X
残杀威 Y=902.971X+867.651
阿维菌素 Y=10.811X
吡虫啉 Y=126.167X+164.345
啶虫脒 Y=387.290X+1733.038
噻虫啉 Y=717.065X
噻虫嗪 Y=240.108X
噻虫胺 Y=84.574X+150.158
呋虫胺 Y=50.021X
烯啶虫胺 Y=35.969X
氯噻啉 Y=114.675X+105.061
哌虫啶 Y=162.326X
环氧虫啶 Y=141.445X
氟啶虫胺腈 Y=230.875X
氟吡呋喃酮 Y=185.863X+1506.698
哒螨灵 Y=2105.349X+6886.012
乙螨唑 Y=1364.049X+5007.773
螺螨酯 Y=216.816X
炔螨特 Y=915.202X+3890.550
联苯肼酯 Y=447.215X+83.044
氟啶胺 Y=57.849X225.795
苯醚甲环唑 Y=75.576X+362.863
吡唑醚菌酯 Y=830.150X+1650.797
烯酰吗啉 Y=466.095X
嘧霉胺 Y=211.505X
甲霜灵 Y=167.618X+1373.273
多菌灵 Y=194.600X+241.759
三唑酮 Y=56.640X
戊唑醇 Y=472.654X
腈菌唑 Y=160.430X+523.273
吗菌灵 Y=484.084X
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666274283527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Detection of pesticide residues in 5 kinds of vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名 检出农药项目及数量 超标农药项目及数量 平均残留值/(mg/kg) 最大残留值/(mg/kg) 项目检出数 项目超标数
茄子 吡虫啉2 — 0.0040 0.0097 13 0
噻虫嗪3 — 0.0034 0.0113
呋虫胺1 — 0.0135 0.0445
苯醚甲环唑1 — 0.0095 0.0499
吡唑醚菌酯1 — 0.0054 0.0356
烯酰吗啉3 — 0.0024 0.0045
嘧霉胺2 — 0.0175 0.1460
芹菜 噻虫嗪4 — 0.0134 0.0739 36 3
多菌灵3 — 0.1881 1.0100
噻虫胺2 噻虫胺1 0.1759 1.7300
甲霜灵1 — 0.0265 0.2470
嘧霉胺4 — 0.0086 0.0501
烯酰吗啉8 — 0.1712 1.0700
戊唑醇3 — 0.1045 0.9830
吡唑醚菌酯4 — 0.4910 2.1200
苯醚甲环唑4 — 0.0707 0.3290
阿维菌素3 阿维菌素2 0.0529 0.3080
油麦菜
 阿维菌素2 阿维菌素1 0.0136 0.0740 37 2
吡虫啉3 吡虫啉1 0.3101 2.0600
啶虫脒2 — 0.0380 0.2640
噻虫嗪5 — 0.0073 0.0239
噻虫胺4 — 0.0425 0.3580
螺螨酯1 — 0.0836 0.8180
苯醚甲环唑2 — 0.0629 0.5250
吡唑醚菌酯3 — 0.0213 0.1820
烯酰吗啉10 — 1.8989 6.6900
嘧霉胺1 — 0.0143 0.1160
多菌灵2 — 0.0447 0.4100
戊唑醇2 — 0.0312 0.2940
黄瓜 噻虫嗪7 — 0.0417 0.3120 29 0
多菌灵2 — 0.0046 0.0097
吡虫啉2 — 0.0241 0.1350
噻虫胺3 — 0.0090 0.0455
啶虫脒1 — 0.0071 0.0526
甲霜灵3 — 0.0082 0.0165
嘧霉胺1 — 0.0031 0.0042
烯酰吗啉7 — 0.0504 0.1800
吡唑醚菌酯2 — 0.0075 0.0550
苯醚甲环唑1 — 0.0062 0.0172
青花菜 噻虫嗪2 — 0.0105 0.0467 15 2
噻虫胺1 — 0.0020 0.0023
啶虫脒2 — 0.0055 0.0228
烯酰吗啉4 — 0.0045 0.0123
苯醚甲环唑2 — 0.0114 0.0391
阿维菌素2 阿维菌素2 0.0278 0.1380
多菌灵2 — 0.0203 0.0863
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666450444296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

5种蔬菜农药残留检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名 检出农药项目及数量 超标农药项目及数量 平均残留值/(mg/kg) 最大残留值/(mg/kg) 项目检出数 项目超标数
茄子 吡虫啉2 — 0.0040 0.0097 13 0
噻虫嗪3 — 0.0034 0.0113
呋虫胺1 — 0.0135 0.0445
苯醚甲环唑1 — 0.0095 0.0499
吡唑醚菌酯1 — 0.0054 0.0356
烯酰吗啉3 — 0.0024 0.0045
嘧霉胺2 — 0.0175 0.1460
芹菜 噻虫嗪4 — 0.0134 0.0739 36 3
多菌灵3 — 0.1881 1.0100
噻虫胺2 噻虫胺1 0.1759 1.7300
甲霜灵1 — 0.0265 0.2470
嘧霉胺4 — 0.0086 0.0501
烯酰吗啉8 — 0.1712 1.0700
戊唑醇3 — 0.1045 0.9830
吡唑醚菌酯4 — 0.4910 2.1200
苯醚甲环唑4 — 0.0707 0.3290
阿维菌素3 阿维菌素2 0.0529 0.3080
油麦菜
 阿维菌素2 阿维菌素1 0.0136 0.0740 37 2
吡虫啉3 吡虫啉1 0.3101 2.0600
啶虫脒2 — 0.0380 0.2640
噻虫嗪5 — 0.0073 0.0239
噻虫胺4 — 0.0425 0.3580
螺螨酯1 — 0.0836 0.8180
苯醚甲环唑2 — 0.0629 0.5250
吡唑醚菌酯3 — 0.0213 0.1820
烯酰吗啉10 — 1.8989 6.6900
嘧霉胺1 — 0.0143 0.1160
多菌灵2 — 0.0447 0.4100
戊唑醇2 — 0.0312 0.2940
黄瓜 噻虫嗪7 — 0.0417 0.3120 29 0
多菌灵2 — 0.0046 0.0097
吡虫啉2 — 0.0241 0.1350
噻虫胺3 — 0.0090 0.0455
啶虫脒1 — 0.0071 0.0526
甲霜灵3 — 0.0082 0.0165
嘧霉胺1 — 0.0031 0.0042
烯酰吗啉7 — 0.0504 0.1800
吡唑醚菌酯2 — 0.0075 0.0550
苯醚甲环唑1 — 0.0062 0.0172
青花菜 噻虫嗪2 — 0.0105 0.0467 15 2
噻虫胺1 — 0.0020 0.0023
啶虫脒2 — 0.0055 0.0228
烯酰吗啉4 — 0.0045 0.0123
苯醚甲环唑2 — 0.0114 0.0391
阿维菌素2 阿维菌素2 0.0278 0.1380
多菌灵2 — 0.0203 0.0863
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666555301897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Dietary risk assessment of 5 types of vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蔬菜种类 农药项目 最大残留限量1/(mg/kg) 最大残留限量2/(mg/kg) %ADI
茄子 吡虫啉 1.00 — 0.003
噻虫嗪 0.50 — 0.006
呋虫胺 0.50 — 0.023
苯醚甲环唑 0.60 — 0.013
吡唑醚菌酯 0.30 — 0.015
烯酰吗啉 2.00 — 0.001
嘧霉胺 — 1.00 0.015
芹菜 噻虫嗪 1.00 — 0.011
多菌灵 — 2.00 0.078
噻虫胺 0.04 — 3.665
甲霜灵 — 1.00 0.022
嘧霉胺 — 1.00 0.007
烯酰吗啉 15.00 — 0.010
戊唑醇 15.00 — 0.006
吡唑醚菌酯 30.00 — 0.014
苯醚甲环唑 3.00 — 0.020
阿维菌素 0.05 — 0.882
油麦菜 阿维菌素 0.05 — 0.227
吡虫啉 1.00 — 0.258
啶虫脒 1.50 — 0.021
噻虫嗪 3.00 — 0.002
噻虫胺 2.00 — 0.018
螺螨酯 — 0.10 0.697
苯醚甲环唑 10.00 — 0.005
吡唑醚菌酯 20.00 — 0.001
烯酰吗啉 40.00 — 0.040
嘧霉胺 20.00 — 0.001
多菌灵 — 2.00 0.019
戊唑醇 — 1.00 0.026
黄瓜 噻虫嗪 — 0.20 0.174
多菌灵 2.00 — 0.002
吡虫啉 1.00 — 0.020
噻虫胺 — 0.04 0.188
啶虫脒 1.00 — 0.006
甲霜灵 0.50 — 0.014
嘧霉胺 2.00 — 0.001
烯酰吗啉 5.00 — 0.008
吡唑醚菌酯 0.50 — 0.013
苯醚甲环唑 1.00 — 0.005
青花菜 噻虫嗪 5.00 — 0.002
噻虫胺 0.20 — 0.008
啶虫脒 0.10 — 0.046
烯酰吗啉 1.00 — 0.004
苯醚甲环唑 0.50 — 0.019
阿维菌素 0.05 — 0.463
多菌灵 — 2.00 0.008
), ArticleFig(id=1167030666630799370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437195500990763, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

5种蔬菜的膳食风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蔬菜种类 农药项目 最大残留限量1/(mg/kg) 最大残留限量2/(mg/kg) %ADI
茄子 吡虫啉 1.00 — 0.003
噻虫嗪 0.50 — 0.006
呋虫胺 0.50 — 0.023
苯醚甲环唑 0.60 — 0.013
吡唑醚菌酯 0.30 — 0.015
烯酰吗啉 2.00 — 0.001
嘧霉胺 — 1.00 0.015
芹菜 噻虫嗪 1.00 — 0.011
多菌灵 — 2.00 0.078
噻虫胺 0.04 — 3.665
甲霜灵 — 1.00 0.022
嘧霉胺 — 1.00 0.007
烯酰吗啉 15.00 — 0.010
戊唑醇 15.00 — 0.006
吡唑醚菌酯 30.00 — 0.014
苯醚甲环唑 3.00 — 0.020
阿维菌素 0.05 — 0.882
油麦菜 阿维菌素 0.05 — 0.227
吡虫啉 1.00 — 0.258
啶虫脒 1.50 — 0.021
噻虫嗪 3.00 — 0.002
噻虫胺 2.00 — 0.018
螺螨酯 — 0.10 0.697
苯醚甲环唑 10.00 — 0.005
吡唑醚菌酯 20.00 — 0.001
烯酰吗啉 40.00 — 0.040
嘧霉胺 20.00 — 0.001
多菌灵 — 2.00 0.019
戊唑醇 — 1.00 0.026
黄瓜 噻虫嗪 — 0.20 0.174
多菌灵 2.00 — 0.002
吡虫啉 1.00 — 0.020
噻虫胺 — 0.04 0.188
啶虫脒 1.00 — 0.006
甲霜灵 0.50 — 0.014
嘧霉胺 2.00 — 0.001
烯酰吗啉 5.00 — 0.008
吡唑醚菌酯 0.50 — 0.013
苯醚甲环唑 1.00 — 0.005
青花菜 噻虫嗪 5.00 — 0.002
噻虫胺 0.20 — 0.008
啶虫脒 0.10 — 0.046
烯酰吗啉 1.00 — 0.004
苯醚甲环唑 0.50 — 0.019
阿维菌素 0.05 — 0.463
多菌灵 — 2.00 0.008
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西藏市售蔬菜的农药残留检测及膳食暴露风险评估
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杨兴玉 , 扎永 , 洛桑卓嘎 , 斯郎拉珍 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(11): 266-274
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(11): 266-274
西藏市售蔬菜的农药残留检测及膳食暴露风险评估
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杨兴玉 , 扎永, 洛桑卓嘎, 斯郎拉珍*
作者信息
  • 西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心, 传染病预防控制重点实验室, 拉萨 850000

    • 杨兴玉(2000—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 斯郎拉珍(1994—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Pesticide residue testing and dietary exposure risk assessment of vegetables sold in Tibet
Xing-Yu YANG , Yong ZHA, Sang-Zhuo-Ga LUO, Lang-La-Zhen SI*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241219003
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摘要
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目的 了解西藏市售蔬菜中农药残留污染水平。方法 2024年8月从西藏自治区5个市随机采集50份蔬菜样品(茄子、芹菜、油麦菜、黄瓜、青花菜), 通过液相色谱-串联质谱法检测43种农药的残留情况, 并进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 50份蔬菜样品中农药检出率为6.05%, 共检出14种农药, 检出率最高为烯酰吗啉; 50份蔬菜样品中农药超标率为0.326%, 共检出3种超标农药, 超标率最高为阿维菌素。5个市均有农药残留检出, 除那曲市外均有超标现象。5种蔬菜所检出农药的慢性摄入风险值分别为: 茄子(0.001~0.023 mg/kg)、芹菜(0.006~3.665 mg/kg)、油麦菜(0.001~0.697 mg/kg)、黄瓜(0.001~0.188 mg/kg)、青花菜(0.002~0.463 mg/kg)。结论 西藏市售的50份蔬菜中仍能检出不同水平的农药残留, 但其残留水平较低; 5种蔬菜的慢性摄入风险值均远小于100%, 居民通过膳食途径摄入蔬菜中农药残留的健康风险在可接受范围内。

蔬菜  /  农药残留  /  膳食摄入  /  慢性摄入风险评估

Objective To understand the pollution level of pesticide residues in vegetables sold in Tibet. Methods In August 2024, 50 vegetable samples (eggplant, celery, lettuce, cucumber, broccoli) were randomly collected from 5 cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The 43 kinds of pesticide residues were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and a risk assessment dietary exposure was conducted. Results The detection rate of pesticides in 50 vegetable samples was 6.05%, with a total of 14 kinds of pesticides detected, with the highest detection rate being enoxymorpholine. The pesticide exceedance rate in 50 vegetable samples was 0.326%, and a total of 3 kinds of exceedance pesticides were detected, with the highest exceedance rate being avermectin. Pesticide residues had been detected in 5 cities, with the exception of Naqu City, the other 4 cities had exceeded the standard. The chronic ingestion risk values of pesticides detected in 5 kinds of vegetables were: Eggplant (0.001-0.023 mg/kg), celery (0.006-3.665 mg/kg), lettuce (0.001-0.697 mg/kg), cucumber (0.001-0.188 mg/kg) and broccoli (0.002-0.463 mg/kg). Conclusion Different levels of pesticide residues can still be detected in 50 vegetables sold in Tibet, but the residue level is low; the chronic intake risk values of 5 kinds of vegetables are all far below 100%, and the health risks of residents ingesting pesticide residues in vegetables through dietary pathways are within an acceptable range.

vegetables  /  pesticide residue  /  dietary intake  /  risk assessment of chronic ingestion
杨兴玉, 扎永, 洛桑卓嘎, 斯郎拉珍. 西藏市售蔬菜的农药残留检测及膳食暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 266 -274 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241219003
Xing-Yu YANG, Yong ZHA, Sang-Zhuo-Ga LUO, Lang-La-Zhen SI. Pesticide residue testing and dietary exposure risk assessment of vegetables sold in Tibet[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 266 -274 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241219003
正文
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0 引言
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农药是在农作物种植的各个阶段以及收获后储存期间施用的化学物质[1], 其在农业上的广泛使用具有双面性。一方面, 农药可以减少田间杂草和害虫的侵害, 从而改善粮食作物的质量和提高粮食作物的产量[2-3]; 另一方面, 农药具有一定的毒性, 不仅会对生态系统会造成持久的污染, 还会对人体健康产生多种负面影响[4-5], 如皮肤病、胃肠道、呼吸系统、生殖、内分泌、儿童发育、神经系统和致癌作用等[6-7]。农药可以通过胃肠摄入、口鼻吸入和皮肤接触等多种方式进入人体[8], 但人们最关心的暴露方式还是摄入受农药污染的食物。有研究表明, 通过饮食接触农药的量被认为比其他接触途径(例如空气和饮用水)高出5个数量级[9-10]。家庭中常用简单清洗和剥落方式来处理这些食物, 但有研究证实仅仅通过这种方式并不能消除农药残留物[11]。此外, 部分种类的蔬菜食用习惯是新鲜或半加工的形式, 所以与其他植物来源的粮食作物相比, 这些蔬菜中的化学物质含量可能较高[12]。蔬菜中农药残留的现象时有发生, 并且其残留水平各不相同[13-14]。我国对不同蔬菜中不同农药的残留限量值规定不全面, 需要进一步研究。
因此, 本研究以西藏5个市的5种蔬菜为调查对象, 选取蔬菜中43种常用的高风险农药为监测项目, 通过液相色谱-串联质谱法分析蔬菜样品中农药残留的种类和含量, 并进行膳食暴露风险评估, 为当地蔬菜食品的质量安全监管工作提供科学数据和技术支撑。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样品来源
从西藏自治区拉萨市、日喀则市、山南市、林芝市、那曲市5个不同市随机采集蔬菜样品, 选择农贸市场和商店两种采样地点类型采样。总共采集蔬菜样品50份, 包括茄子10份、芹菜10份、油麦菜10份、黄瓜10份、青花菜10份。
1.2 试剂
乙腈、甲醇(色谱纯)、氯化钠(优级纯)(成都市科隆化学品有限公司); 甲酸[色谱纯, 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; 甲酸铵(色谱纯, 上海安谱试验科技股份有限公司); 硫酸镁(优级纯, 山东西亚化学有限公司); 柠檬酸钠、柠檬酸氢二钠(优级纯, 天津市光复精细化工研究所); 乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶(ethylenediamine- N-propylsilane silica gel, PSA)(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); 陶瓷均质子[2 cm(长)×1 cm(外径), 潍坊聚凯电子科技有限公司]; 氧乐果等43种单一农药标准品(质量浓度1000 μg/mL, 国家标准物质中心)。
1.3 仪器
6420-1290液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); BT124S电子天平(感量0.1 mg, 北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); AE240S电子天平(感量0.01 mg, 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); 3K15离心机(德国SIGMA公司); 3205食品加工捣碎机(德国德龙博朗家电有限公司); MX-S可调式混匀仪(北京大龙兴创仪器); Thermo FisherTM Accucore aQ (150 mm×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm)色谱柱(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 微孔滤膜(有机相)(13 mm× 0.22 μm)(上海安谱试验科技股份有限公司)。
1.4 方法
1.4.1 样品制备与前处理
(1)样品的制备及保存
蔬菜的取样部位按GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》附录A执行, 取样量按照GB 23200.12—2021《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱联用法》执行。对于个体较小的样品, 取样后全部处理; 对于个体较大的基本均匀样品, 可在对称轴或对称面上分割或切成小块后处理; 对于细长、扁平或组分含量在各部分有差异的样品, 可在不同部位切取小片或截成小段后处理; 取后的样品将其切碎, 充分混匀, 用四分法取样或直接放入组织捣碎机中捣碎成匀浆, 放入聚乙烯瓶中。将样品保存于-18 ℃冷冻保存。
(2)蔬菜样品的前处理
称取10 g试样(精确至0.01 g)于50 mL塑料离心管中, 加入10 mL乙腈振荡1 min, 然后加入4 g硫酸镁、1 g 氯化钠、1 g柠檬酸钠、0.5 g 柠檬酸氢二钠及1颗陶瓷均质子, 盖上离心管盖, 剧烈振荡1 min后4200 r/min离心5 min。吸取一定量上清液至内含除水剂和净化材料的塑料离心管中(每mL提取液使用150 mg无水硫酸镁、25 mg PSA), 涡旋混匀1 min。4200 r/min离心5 min, 吸取上清液0.5 mL加入0.5 mL去离子水, 混匀后过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 用于测定。
1.4.2 标准溶液制备
(1)农药标准储备液
标准储备溶液(1000 µg/mL): 购买的有证标准储备溶液43种单一农药标准品。
(2)农药标准中间液
溶液1: 移取0.4 mL的各储备液于4 mL的样品瓶中, 用乙腈稀释至4 mL, 摇匀, 配成10.0 µg/mL的溶液1, 临用时配制。
溶液2: 移取0.1 mL的溶液1于1 mL的样品瓶中, 用乙腈稀释至1 mL, 摇匀, 配成1.0 µg/mL的溶液2, 临用时配制。
(3)基质混合标准工作溶液
基质空白溶液是按1.4.1进行前处理后, 待用[15]。按表1配制标准曲线溶液。
1.4.3 液相色谱-串联质谱法检测
(1)检测依据
按照GB 23200.121—2021《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱联用法》方法检测。
(2)液相色谱条件
色谱柱: Thermo FisherTM Accucore aQ (150 mm× 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm)色谱柱; 流动相: A相为水:甲醇=98:2 (V:V)(含5 mmol甲酸铵和0.1%甲酸), B相为甲醇:水=98:2 (V:V)(含5 mmol甲酸铵和0.1%甲酸)。流动相梯度条件见表2; 流速: 0.3 mL/min; 柱温: 35 ℃; 进样量: 5 μL。
(3)质谱条件
离子源: 电喷雾离子源(electron spray ionization, ESI)(+/-); 毛细管正电压4000 V; 干燥气温度: 180 ℃; 干燥气流速: 16 L/min; 雾化器压力: 35 psi; 扫描类型: 质谱多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM), 离子对如表3所示。
1.4.4 蔬菜膳食农药残留摄入风险评估
《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》推荐每人每天摄入蔬菜300~500 g[16], 本研究采用500 g作为评估参数。成人体重按60 kg计[17], 用公式(1)[18]估算国家每日摄入量。
$\mathrm{NEDI}=\frac{C \times F}{b_{\mathrm{w}}}$
式中: NEDI为国家估算每日摄入量(national estimated daily intake), mg/(kg·d); C为规范实验农药的平均残留量, mg/kg, 若样品未检出则按定量限参与计算; F为农产品的摄入量, kg/d; bW为消费者平均体量, kg。农药的慢性摄入风险用%ADI表示, 用式(2)[18]计算。
%ADI=$\frac{\text{NEDI}}{\text{ADI}}$×100
式中: %ADI为慢性摄入风险; ADI为每日允许摄入量, mg/(kg·d), 当%ADI>100%时, 表示慢性膳食摄入风险在不可接受范围; 当%ADI≤100%时, 表示慢性摄入风险在可接受范围, %ADI越低表明风险越低[19]。
1.5 数据处理
液相色谱-质谱联用仪测得的43组标准工作曲线的线性方程及结果数据通过安捷伦MassHunter Workstation工作站分析得到。NEDI及%ADI根据公式(1)和(2)采用WPS Office Excel (12.1.0.19302)软件进行数据处理。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 线性回归方程、相关系数、检出限和定量限
将43种农药残留用基质空白配制标准系列, 以质量浓度(X, µg/L)作为横坐标, 以峰面积(Y)作为纵坐标进行线性拟合。分别以3倍信噪比所对应的质量浓度计算检出限, 以10倍信噪比所对应的质量浓度计算定量限。43种农药残留标准曲线在5~200 µg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)>0.990, 检出限范围为0.001~0.003 mg/kg, 定量限范围为0.002~0.010 mg/kg, 满足检测要求, 详见表4。
2.2 质量控制
选取农药残留基质空白蔬菜样品进行方法回收率实验, 分别添加0.01、0.10、0.40 mg/kg低、中、高3个水平浓度, 每个浓度水平做3次平行实验, 计算其加标回收率。结果发现, 43种农药残留化合物回收率范围在66%~119%之间, 基本满足农药残留检测要求。相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于3%, 保证了检出结果的准确度及精密度。同时, 检测时也进行了平行测定, 具体方法为每做10份样, 则第10份样就做一次平行测定。最后, 规定如果初检发现超限量样品则必须进行复检测定。
2.3 蔬菜中农药残留检出情况分析
2.3.1 总体农药残留检出情况
本研究共采集50份蔬菜样品, 共检出43项农药残留项目, 共获取2150个数据。5个市均有农药残留检出, 除那曲市外的其他4个市均有超标现象, 而同类蔬菜在5个市之间的农药残留检出情况没有明显区别。蔬菜样品按照项目检出数统计, 共检出130项, 总检出率为6.05%; 共超标7项, 总超标率为0.326%。共检出14种非禁用农药, 按照项目检出数从高到低依次排序为: 烯酰吗啉(32)>噻虫嗪(21)>苯醚甲环唑(10)=吡唑醚菌酯(10)=噻虫胺(10)>多菌灵(9)>嘧霉胺(8)>吡虫啉(7)=阿维菌素(7)>戊唑醇(5)=啶虫脒(5)>甲霜灵(4)>呋虫胺(1)=螺螨酯(1)。共超标3种非禁用农药, 按照项目超标数从高到低依次排序为: 阿维菌素(5)>噻虫胺(1)=吡虫啉(1)。
2.3.2 不同种类蔬菜农药残留检出情况
从不同蔬菜种类来看, 每种蔬菜均有农药残留检出, 有3种蔬菜存在农药残留超标。按检出率从高到低依次排序为: 油麦菜(8.60%)>芹菜(8.37%)>黄瓜(6.74%)>青花菜(3.49%)>茄子(3.02%)。按超标率从高到低依此排序为: 芹菜(0.70%)>油麦菜(0.47%)=青花菜(0.47%)。结果详见表5。
此外, 每种蔬菜均存在不同程度的农药混用情况。50份蔬菜样中, 6份蔬菜样未检出任何农药, 9份蔬菜样只检出了1种农药, 其余35份蔬菜样均有农药混用情况。最多有5份蔬菜样同时检出6种农药, 分别是2份芹菜、2份油麦菜、1份黄瓜。按照不同蔬菜种类来看, 存在农药混用情况的样品个数从高到低依次排序为: 油麦菜(9)>芹菜(8)=黄瓜(8)>青花菜(7)>茄子(3)。
2.4 蔬菜中农药残留膳食风险评估
对5种蔬菜检出的农药进行安全性评估, 根据膳食评估公式(1)和(2)计算得到表6, ADI值参考GB 2763—2021。结果显示, 5种蔬菜所检出农药的慢性摄入风险值分别为: 茄子(0.001~0.023 mg/kg), 芹菜(0.006~3.665 mg/kg), 油麦菜(0.001~0.697 mg/kg), 黄瓜(0.001~0.188 mg/kg), 青花菜(0.002~0.463 mg/kg)。其中芹菜中的噻虫胺%ADI值最高, 也仅为3.665%, 而其余样品中的农药化合物%ADI值均小于1%。5种蔬菜所检出农药的%ADI值远远低于100%, 这表明其暴露于这些农药给人体健康所带来的慢性摄入风险较低, 可以放心食用。
3 结论与讨论
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通过对西藏市售的50份蔬菜样品中43种农药残留的检测发现, 其整体检出率(6.05%)和超标率(0.326%)都较低, 并且检出的14种农药中以低毒农药为主, 并未检出到禁用农药。这与北京昌平地区蔬菜中农药残留的监测结果一致[20]。这些农药之所以检出率普遍偏高, 可能与其具有广谱、高效、低毒等优点而被农业广泛应用有关[21]。虽然多为一些低毒农药, 但仍需防止该类低毒农药的滥用。特别是, 新型低毒农药的广泛应用也会对检测分析方法和相关标准的制定提出新的要求[22]。
从不同种类蔬菜来看, 两种叶菜类蔬菜(芹菜、油麦菜)的农药检出率高于其他类蔬菜, 分别为8.37%、8.60%, 这与FARHA等[23]的研究结果一致, 其认为叶类蔬菜表面积很大, 其农药残留水平可能会较高。农药超标率最高的是芹菜, 这与FANG等[24]的研究结果一致, 其研究发现芹菜的农药残留量比其他蔬菜高。此外, 监测结果还发现西藏市售蔬菜中还普遍存在多种农药联用的情况, 5种蔬菜中均存在同时检出3种以上农药残留的情况, 且最多同时检出了6种农药残留。这与山东省聊城市蔬菜农药残留监测的结果一致[25]。值得关注的是, 某些作用机制不同的农药混配混用, 能够提高防治效果[26]。但是如果不合理混用不仅会降低防治效果, 还可能产生有严重药害的物质降低农作物品质和污染生态环境[27-28]。
本研究在做蔬菜中检出农药的风险评估时, 居民人均摄入量采用的是中国居民膳食指南推荐的最大摄入量500 g。使风险评估的假设条件趋向于化学物暴露量风险最大化, 在此假设下所得的评估结果%ADI值仍均远小于100%, 说明西藏市售的这5种蔬菜的膳食慢性摄入风险在可接受范围内的结论是可行的。这一评估结果也与近几年来我国其他省市居民消费蔬菜的农药残留膳食暴露风险评估情况基本一致。李传秀等[29]报道青岛市的680份蔬菜样品的各类农药急性、慢性膳食暴露风险评估急性暴露评估(acute, HQ)与慢性暴露评估(chronic, HQ)均小于1, 摄入风险在可接受范围内。TONG等[30]报道上海市2018—2021年7028份蔬菜样品的目标危险系数(target hazard quotient, THQ)、危险指数(hazard index, HI)均小于1, 摄入风险在可接受范围内。SUN等[31]报道河北省市售蔬菜中的HI均小于100%, 摄入风险在可接受范围内。需要注意的是, 国家标准中规定不同农药残留在不同种类蔬菜中的最大限量值并不全。所以, 由于部分最大限量值在国标中并未规定, 本次评估时这部分最大限量值是参考其他蔬菜而设置的合理参考值, 可能会有一定的局限性。
综上所述, 本次抽检的西藏市售5种蔬菜中均存在不同程度的农药残留, 但农药残留的整体水平较低, 膳食暴露风险评估的结果表明其风险在安全范围内, 这表明西藏自治区市售的这5种蔬菜的质量整体安全良好。但仍有少数超标农药的检出和频繁农药混用的情况出现, 这说明公众科学用药的意识还不够。建议各有关部门继续在蔬菜生产的各环节中加强监管和进行科学指导, 对于消费者而言, 为了最大程度减少可能摄入的农药残留, 在食用蔬菜前应采取充分的清洗措施。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241219003
  • 接收时间：2024-12-19
  • 首发时间：2025-07-14
  • 出版时间：2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-19
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    西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心, 传染病预防控制重点实验室, 拉萨 850000

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* 斯郎拉珍(1994—), 女, 检验师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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